1,101 Matching Annotations
  1. Sep 2020
    1. 2020-08-30

    2. 10.31234/osf.io/s7qj8
    3. South Korea was able to successfully control the spread of COVID-19 without nationwide lockdowns or drastic social distancing efforts, but pandemic-related psychological outcome of the general population remains unknown. We aimed to document the mental health outcome in relation to social factors during the pandemic. Between March and June 2020, 400 South Korean residents participated in an online study of depression, anxiety, stress, psychosis-risk and loneliness, as well as indices of social network, physical health and demographics. Clinical levels of depression, anxiety or stress were reported by 45% of the respondents, and psychosis-risk was present in 12.8%; a drastic increase above the base rate prior to the pandemic. Subjective feelings of loneliness, but not the size of the social network accounted for poor mental health. Women were especially at increased risk for mental health problems. Thus, despite effective mitigation of the pandemic, there was a striking deterioration of mental health. As the psychological burden of the continuing pandemic accrues, the probability of an impending mental health crisis is increasing, especially in countries with greater infection and death rates than South Korea. Comprehensive efforts to address the psychological aftermath of the pandemic are urgently needed.
    4. Deterioration of mental health despite successful control of the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea
    1. Federico, Christopher, Agnieszka Golec, and Tomasz Baran. ‘Collective Narcissism, In-Group Satisfaction, and Solidarity in the Face of COVID-19’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 3 September 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/j6ut3.

    2. 2020-09-03

    3. 10.31234/osf.io/j6ut3
    4. The present study explored the antecedents of solidarity amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that solidarity during mass emergencies involves the development of a social identity encompassing those facing a common fate, we examined how national in-group satisfaction (a belief that the national in-group and one’s membership in it are of high value) versus national collective narcissism (a belief that the national in-group is exceptional and entitled to privileged treatment, but not sufficiently recognized by others) predicted solidarity with those affected by the pandemic in Poland. The results of cross-sectional and dynamic analyses from a panel study on a representative sample of Polish adults indicate that in-group satisfaction predicted greater COVID-19 solidarity, whereas collective narcissism predicted reduced COVID-19 solidarity.
    5. Collective Narcissism, In-Group Satisfaction, and Solidarity in the Face of COVID-19
    1. 2042-2695
    2. This paper estimates the link between population density and COVID-19 spread and severity in the contiguous United States. To overcome confounding factors, we use two Instrumental Variable (IV) strategies that exploit geological features and historical populations to induce exogenous variation in population density without affecting COVID-19 cases and deaths directly. We find that density has affected the timing of the outbreak, with denser locations more likely to have an early outbreak. However, we find no evidence that population density is positively associated with time-adjusted COVID-19 cases and deaths. Using data from Google, Facebook, the US Census and The County Health Rankings and Roadmaps program, we also investigate several possible mechanisms for our findings. We show that population density can affect the timing of outbreaks through higher connectedness of denser locations. Furthermore, we find that population density is positively associated with proxies for social distancing measures, access to healthcare and income, highlighting the importance of these mediating factors in containing the outbreak.
    3. 2020-08

    4. Urban Density and Covid-19
  2. Aug 2020
    1. Moshontz, Hannah, Grace Elizabeth Binion, Benjamin T. Brown, and Haley Walton. ‘A Guide to Self-Archiving Preprints’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 21 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dp4x9.

    2. 10.31234/osf.io/dp4x9
    3. Making work freely available online allows psychological scientists to get feedback on scholarly work in progress, speed dissemination of work, and ensure public access to completed work. Public access to research (Open Access) manifests core scientific values. Most scholars support Open Access, and most publishers in psychology allow it. Yet, most scholarship in psychology is not accessible to the public. This paper offers information and guidance to psychological scientists who want to self-archive their work. We first review terminology and provide a historical and legal overview of Open Access, and then give step by step guidance to psychological scientists who want to self-archive their work informed by legal, ethical, and logistical constraints.
    4. A Guide to Self-Archiving Preprints
    1. Liu, Zihan, Drake Van Egdom, Rhona Flin, Christiane Spitzmueller, Omolola Adepoju, and Ramanan Krishnamoorti. ‘I Don’t Want to Go Back: Examining the Return to Physical Workspaces During COVID-19’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 21 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/un2bp.

    2. 10.31234/osf.io/un2bp
    3. Objective: We study employee perspectives on return to physical workspaces to ultimately inform employers’ and policy makers’ decision making around the return to work during COVID-19. Methods: We tested the three-component conceptual model using survey data collected in the United States in May 2020 from samples of energy workers (N = 333). Results: Females, non-Caucasians, and employees living in multi-generational households were less willing to return. Concerns about childcare were negatively related to willingness to return, whereas organizational strategies for mitigating COVID-19 transmission at work were positively related to willingness to return. COVID-19 infections in an employees’ network were also negatively related to employees’ willingness to return. Conclusions: Blanket policies may miss the nuanced needs of different employee groups. Employers and policy makers should adopt flexible approaches to ensure a return to workspaces that addresses employee concerns and needs.
    4. I Don’t Want to Go Back: Examining the Return to Physical Workspaces During COVID-19
    1. Johnson, Samuel Gregory Blane. ‘Dimensions of Altruism: Do Evaluations of Prosocial Behavior Track Social Good or Personal Sacrifice?’ Preprint. PsyArXiv, 22 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/r85jv.

    2. 10.31234/osf.io/r85jv
    3. Do we praise prosocial acts because they produce social benefits or because they entail a personal sacrifice? Six studies demonstrate that consumers primarily rely on personal cost rather than social benefit when evaluating prosocial actors. This occurs because sacrifice, but not benefit, is taken as a signal of moral character and an input to reputational judgments (Studies 1 and 2), reflecting a “character = sacrifice” heuristic predicted by costly signaling theory. The studies test four possible boundary conditions, finding that the effects are similar for actions that benefit one’s own country versus foreigners (Study 3), but differ for donations of time (Study 4), when information about personal sacrifice is unavailable (Study 5), and when high-cost but ineffective acts are pitted directly against low-cost but effective acts in joint evaluation (Study 6). These results help to account for the ineffectiveness of many charitable activities but also suggest directions for incentivizing effective charity.
    4. Dimensions of Altruism: Do Evaluations of Prosocial Behavior Track Social Good or Personal Sacrifice?
    1. Liebst, Lasse Suonperä, and Marie Rosenkrantz Lindegaard. ‘Face-Touching as a Possible Correlate of Mask-Wearing: A Video Observational Study of Public Place Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 22 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/u6wcp.

    2. Most countries in the world recommend or mandate face masks in public places during the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, until very recently, no studies have examined the potentially adverse effect of face masks on face-touching. Here, we video observed face-touching behavior among members of the public in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, during the pandemic. Our confirmatory analysis shows that face masks are not associated with face-touching, defined as touches of the face or the mask. However, a subsequent exploratory analysis found suggestive evidence that face masks are specifically associated with direct face contact. Our results add to the growing body of evidence suggesting that face masks are either not associated or negatively associated with face-touching, and thus are unlikely to have any adverse self-touching effect, as this has been raised as a concern.
    3. 10.31234/osf.io/u6wcp
    4. Face-touching as a possible correlate of mask-wearing: A video observational study of public place behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic
    1. Ballard, Timothy, Ashley Luckman, and Emmanouil Konstantinidis. ‘How Meaningful Are Parameter Estimates from Models of Inter-Temporal Choice?’, 21 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mvk67.

    2. 10.31234/osf.io/mvk67
    3. Decades of work has been dedicated to developing and testing models that characterize how people make inter-temporal choices. Although parameter estimates from these models are often interpreted as indices of latent components of the choice process, little work has been done to examine their reliability. This is problematic, because estimation error can bias conclusions that are drawn from these parameter estimates. We examine the reliability of inter-temporal choice model parameter estimates by conducting a parameter recovery analysis of 11 prominent models. We find that the reliability of parameter estimation varies considerably between models and the experimental designs upon which parameter estimates are based. We conclude that many parameter estimates reported in previous research are likely unreliable and provide recommendations on how to enhance reliability for those wishing to use inter-temporal choice models for measurement purposes.
    4. How meaningful are parameter estimates from models of inter-temporal choice?
    1. Lawlor, Jennifer, Zachary Neal, and Kyle Metta. ‘What Is a Coalition? A Systematic Review of Coalitions in Community Psychology’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 20 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ba4yw.

    2. 10.31234/osf.io/ba4yw
    3. Coalitions have a long history as part of the field of community psychology. While community psychologists often work with coalitions, these entities engage in a wide range of activities and structures that are not well defined within the field. In this paper, we explore the following questions: (1) What are the characteristics of coalitions that community psychologists study? (2) What are the themes in the way authors define coalitions in their work? To address these questions, we conducted a systematic review of articles about coalitions in journals serving community psychologists. Findings suggest coalitions can be characterized by a focus on local level community issues around health and wellness and include a diverse group of stakeholders. Coalitions are defined by a focus on three types of coordination: knowledge coordination, negotiated coordination, and action coordination. These types of coordination are used to address specific problems coalitions encounter and define the goals and techniques appropriate for resolving them.
    4. What is a coalition? A systematic review of coalitions in community psychology
    1. Sahi, Razia, Emilia Ninova, and Jennifer A Silvers. ‘With a Little Help From My Friends: Selective Social Potentiation of Emotion Regulation’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 20 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uc3bm.

    2. 10.31234/osf.io/uc3bm
    3. Decades of research has pointed to emotion regulation (ER) as a critical ingredient for health, well-being, and social functioning. However, the vast majority of this research has examined emotion regulation in a social vacuum, despite the fact that in everyday life individuals frequently regulate their emotions with help from other people. The present collection of pre-registered studies examined whether social help increases the efficacy of reappraisal, a widely-studied ER strategy that involves changing how one thinks about emotional stimuli. In Study 1 (N = 40 friend pairs), we compared the efficacy of reinterpreting the content of negative stimuli alone (independent ER) to listening to a friend reinterpret the stimuli (social ER). We found that social ER was more effective than independent ER, and that the efficacy of these strategies was correlated within individuals. In Studies 2 and 3, we replicated effects from Study 1, and additionally tested alternate explanations for our findings. In Study 2 (N = 40 individuals), we ruled out the possibility that social ER was more effective than independent ER due to a difference in the quality of reinterpretations, and in Study 3 (N = 40 friend pairs), we found that social help did not attenuate negative affect in the absence of reappraisal. In sum, we found that social help selectively potentiates the efficacy of reappraisal, and that this effect was not merely the outcome of social buffering. Together, these results provide insight into how social relationships can directly lend a hand in implementing ER strategies.
    4. With a Little Help From My Friends: Selective Social Potentiation of Emotion Regulation
    1. Gruijters, Stefan L.K. ‘The Fallacy of Manipulation “Checks” in Psychological Experiments’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 20 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/fkzv5.

    2. 10.31234/osf.io/fkzv5
    3. Manipulation checks are thought to offer confidence in the validity of a causal explanation. As a general principle, it is worthwhile to have some degree of certainty that a manipulation or treatment caused variation in the independent variable of interest. However, this paper purports that manipulation checks do not pave the way towards inferential confidence. Specifically, this paper posits that a) manipulation checks do not improve our causal explanations, and b) that they are potential threats to internal validity. It is argued that rather than useful, manipulation checks are at best uninformative, but more likely compromise the interpretation of experimental results. As an alternative to manipulation checks, this paper proposes an approach to test a causal explanation which relies on falsification rather than confirmation. I conclude that rather than relying on manipulation checks as a ‘Band-Aid’ method to alleviate validity concerns, inferential rigor can be improved by attempting to cast doubt on the presumed explanation of the findings
    4. The Fallacy of Manipulation "Checks" in Psychological Experiments
    1. Ophir, Yaakov, and Yaffa Shir Raz. ‘Manipulations and Spins in Attention Disorders Research: The Case of ADHD and COVID-19’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 20 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/dmu4j.

    2. 10.31234/osf.io/dmu4j
    3. Background: Critics of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) warn against overdiagnosis and overtreatment of millions of children. Objective: The goal of this article is to raise awareness to manipulations and "spins" that might occur in attention disorders research. Method: An in-depth inspection was conducted on a high-profile study that suggested that ADHD increases the risk for infection with COVID-19 and that stimulants reduce that risk1. Two additional studies by the same first author were inspected as well – one that was published in the same journal and one that relied on the same dataset. Results: Seven manipulations and spins were identified, including inappropriate operational definitions, misrepresentations, and omissions that produced bogus results and might have concealed potential adverse effects of medications on COVID-19 outcomes. Without correcting for these distortions, it is therefore not possible to determine that ADHD increases the risk of COVID-19 and that stimulant medications reduce this risk. Conclusions: The manipulations and spins identified in this article may raise awareness to poor methodologies and biases that occur in the field of attention disorders, mainly due to the contaminating influences of the pharmaceutical industry. In turn, these biases may contribute to the ethically problematic phenomena of overdiagnosis and overmedication. Altogether, this article may encourage physicians to apply healthy scientific skepticism and serve scientists who wish to conduct reliable and transparent research on ADHD and its related medications.
    4. Manipulations and Spins in Attention Disorders Research: The Case of ADHD and COVID-19
    1. Druckman, James, Samara Klar, Yanna Krupnikov, Matthew Levendusky, and John B. Ryan. ‘The Political Impact of Affective Polarization: How Partisan Animus Shapes COVID-19 Attitudes’. Preprint. PsyArXiv, 19 August 2020. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ztgpn.

    2. 10.31234/osf.io/ztgpn
    3. Affective polarization is a defining feature of 21st century American politics—partisans harbor considerable dislike and distrust of those from the other party. Does this animus have consequences for citizens’ opinions? Such effects would highlight not only the consequences of polarization, but also shed new light onto how citizens form preferences more generally. Normally, this question is intractable, but the outbreak of the novel coronavirus allows us to answer it. We find that affective polarization powerfully shapes citizens’ attitudes about the pandemic, as well as the actions they have taken in response to it. However, these effects are conditional on the local severity of the outbreak, as the effects decline in areas with high caseloads—threat vitiates partisan reasoning. Our results clarify that closing the divide on important issues requires not just policy discourse but also attempts to reduce inter-partisan hostility.
    4. The Political Impact of Affective Polarization: How Partisan Animus Shapes COVID-19 Attitudes