Annotated Question:

What long-term effects did Columbus’s arrival have on the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean? Initially, the encounters were marked by curiosity and trade, but they quickly turned violent as European powers tried to take control of the area. European diseases wiped out many indigenous people, and the need for labor led to the enslavement of those who survived. This question encourages us to look at the various impacts of colonization, such as cultural disruptions, loss of land, and social changes faced by these communities. How can we better understand how these cultures showed resilience despite these challenges?

One crucial question arising from Columbus’s account is how his descriptions of the indigenous peoples reflect his own cultural biases and assumptions. For instance, by portraying them as "very poor" and "simple," Columbus reveals a Eurocentric view that often disregarded the complexity of their societies. This raises further questions about the impact of these perceptions on subsequent colonial policies and attitudes toward indigenous peoples. How did Columbus's framing of these communities influence European views of colonization? Additionally, to what extent did these narratives shape the justifications for the exploitation of native resources and peoples? Understanding this bias is essential to critically examining the historical narratives surrounding European exploration

Columbus mostly encountered the Caribbean islands, which became important for European colonization after he arrived. These islands were rich in resources and in a good location, attracting various European countries looking to expand their empires. After Columbus landed, the indigenous populations faced terrible consequences, including violence, disease, and forced labor, which caused significant changes in their numbers. The first meetings between Columbus and the indigenous peoples set a pattern for future colonial relationships marked by exploitation and control. The effects of these encounters are still felt today, as they laid the groundwork for complicated histories of colonization, resistance, and cultural exchange in the region.

Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean from 1492 onward are credited with opening the Americas to European colonization. Sponsored by Spain, his journeys aimed to find a westward route to Asia but instead led him to the Caribbean. Columbus's encounters with indigenous peoples marked the beginning of a significant and often tragic chapter in history, characterized by exploration, conquest, and colonization that would profoundly alter the social, economic, and cultural landscapes of both Europe and the Americas.

"Inhabitants" refers to the people or animals that live in a specific place, often implying a sense of belonging or connection to their environment.

"Canarians" are the native people from the Canary Islands, known for their unique culture and history, which was influenced by their isolation and later contact with European explorers.

The women had no idea where her boy was gone because she was to busy doing something else and not taking care of him.

sounds like myth-teller had a important roll of unite people and build kinship.

Throughout the beginning of the text, the author chooses a path of "creation of the world" talking about a "godly" figure or person who provides for people in need. Questioning these thoughts persuade the reader to think deeply about "The Creation".

This probably means a house or a place to keep safe and when they said the world is going bad i think they ment a storm because they said it blew terably and every tree fell down. I see that they knew that bad things were going ot happen and they have plans on what to do so they won't get hurt by it.

All the videos on YouTube are generally of mechanics who are covering things up for a quick operation (like cleaning slugs) and not for longer cleans. This can be misleading for those who are doing longer term work where the rags need to withstand more liquid or are sitting for longer.

COVID forced industries to upgrade their tech due to the remote living conditions.

Human care workers are not available, which begs the question of if robots are a suitable replacement.

There is clearly a need for more attention on elder care, and robots is one of the tools being used.

Previous technology supports this idea.

They understand the threat of automation and view robots as an auxiliary tool, not a replacement.

There is government backing for this idea, demonstrated by funding for the National Institute.

Author response:

The following is the authors’ response to the previous reviews.

As you can see from the assessment (which is unchanged from before) and the reviews included below, the reviewers felt that the revisions did not yet address all of the major concerns. There was agreement that the strength of evidence would be upgraded to "solid" by addressing, at minimum, the following: 

(1) Which of the results are significant for individual monkeys; and 

(2) How trials from different target contrasts were analyzed 

In this revision, we have addressed the two primary editorial recommendations:

(1) We apologize if this information was not clear in the previous version. We have updated Table 1 to highlight clearly the significant results for individual monkeys. Six of our key results – pupil diameter (Fig 2B), microsaccades (Fig 2D), decoding performance for narrow-spiking units (Fig 3A), decoding performance for broad-spiking units (Fig 3B), target-evoked firing rate for all units (Fig 3E) and target-evoked firing rate for broad-spiking units (Fig 3F) – are significant for individual animals and therefore gives us high confidence regarding our results. Please also note that we present all results for individual animals in the Supplementary figures accompanying each main figure.

(2) We have updated the manuscript and methods to explain how trials of each contrast were included in each analysis, and how contrast normalization was performed for the analysis in Figure 3. In addition, we discuss this point in the Discussion section, which we quote below:

“Non-target stimulus contrasts were slightly different between hits and misses (mean: 33.1% in hits, 34.0% in misses, permutation test, 𝑝 = 0.02), but the contrast of the target was higher in hits compared to misses (mean: 38.7% in hits, 27.7% in misses, permutation test, 𝑝 = 1.6   𝑒 − 31). To control for potential effects of stimulus contrast, firing rates were first normalized by contrast before performing the analyses reported in Figure 3. For all other results, we considered only non-target stimuli, which had very minor differences in contrast (<1%) across hits and misses. In fact, this minor difference was in the opposite direction of our results with mean contrast being slightly higher for misses. While we cannot completely rule out any other effects of stimulus contrast, the normalization in Figure 3 and minor differences for non-target stimuli should minimize them.”

Reviewer #1 (Public Review): 

Summary: 

In this study, Nandy and colleagues examine neural, physiological and behavioral correlates of perceptual variability in monkeys performing a visual change detection task. They used a laminar probe to record from area V4 while two macaque monkeys detected a small change in stimulus orientation that occurred at a random time in one of two locations, focusing their analysis on stimulus conditions where the animal was equally likely to detect (hit) or not-detect (miss) a briefly presented orientation change (target). They discovered two behavioral and physiological measures that are significantly different between hit and miss trials - pupil size tends to be slightly larger on hits vs. misses, and monkeys are more likely to miss the target on trials in which they made a microsaccade shortly before target onset. They also examined multiple measures of neural activity across the cortical layers and found some measures that are significantly different between hits and misses. 

Strengths: 

Overall the study is well executed and the analyses are appropriate (though several issues still need to be addressed as discussed in Specific Comments). 

Thank you.

Weaknesses: 

My main concern with this study is that, with the exception of the pre-target microsaccades, the correlates of perceptual variability (differences between hits and misses) appear to be weak, potentially unreliable and disconnected. The GLM analysis of predictive power of trial outcome based on the behavioral and neural measures is only discussed at the end of the paper. This analysis shows that some of the measures have no significant predictive power, while others cannot be examined using the GLM analysis because these measures cannot be estimated in single trials. Given these weak and disconnected effects, my overall sense is that the current results provide limited advance to our understanding of the neural basis of perceptual variability. 

Please see our response above to item #1 of the editorial recommendation. Six of our key results are individually significant in both animals giving us high confidence about the reliability and strength of our results. 

Regarding the reviewer’s comment about the GLM, we note (also stated in the manuscript) that among the measures that we could estimate reliably on a single trial basis, two of these – pre-target microsaccades and input-layer firing rates – were reliable signatures of stimulus perception at threshold. This analysis does not imply that the other measures – Fano Factor, PPC, inter-laminar population correlations, SSC (which are all standard tools in modern systems neuroscience, and which cannot be estimated on a single-trial basis) – are irrelevant. Our intent in including the GLM analyses was to complement the results reported from these across-trial measures (Figs 4-7) with the predictive power of single-trial measures.

While no study is entirely complete in itself, we have attempted to synthesize our results into a conceptual model as depicted in Fig 8.

Reviewer #2 (Public Review): 

Strengths: 

The experiments were well-designed and executed with meticulous control. The analyses of both behavioural and electrophysiological data align with the standards in the field. 

Thank you.

Weaknesses: 

Many of the findings appear to be subtle differences and incremental compared to previous literature, including the authors' own work. While incremental findings are not necessarily a problem, the manuscript lacks clear statements about the extent to which the dataset, analysis, and findings overlap with the authors' prior research. For example, one of the main findings, which suggests that V4 neurons exhibit larger visual responses in hit trials (as shown in Fig. 3), appears to have been previously reported in their 2017 paper. 

We respectfully disagree with the assessment that the findings reported here are incremental over the results reported in our prior study (Nandy et al,. 2017). In the previous study, we compared the laminar profile of neural modulation due to the deployment of attention i.e. the main comparison points were the attend-in and the attend-away conditions while controlling for visual stimulation. In this study, we go one step further and home in on the attend-in condition and investigate the differences in the laminar profile of neural activity (and two additional physiological measures: pupil and microsaccades) when the animal either correctly reports or fails to report a stimulus with equal probability. We thus control for both the visual stimulation and the cued attention state of the animal. While there are parallels to our previous results (as the reviewer correctly noted), the results reported here cannot be trivially predicted from our previous results. Please also note that we discuss our new results in the context of prior results, from both our group and others, in the manuscript (lines 310-332).

Furthermore, the manuscript does not explore potentially interesting aspects of the dataset. For instance, the authors could have investigated instances where monkeys made 'false' reports, such as executing saccades towards visual stimuli when no orientation change occurred, which allows for a broader analysis that considers the perceptual component of neural activity over pure sensory responses. Overall, lacking broad interest with the current form.

We appreciate the reviewer’s feedback on analyzing false alarm trials. Our focus for this study was to investigate the behavioral and neural correlates accompanying a correct or incorrect perception of a target stimulus presented at perceptual threshold. False alarm trials, by definition, do not include a target presentation. Moreover, false alarm rates rapidly decline with duration into a trial, with high rates during the first non-target presentation and rates close to zero by the time of the eighth presentation (see figure). Investigating false alarms will thus involve a completely different form of analysis than we have undertaken here. We therefore feel that while analyzing false alarm trials will be an interesting avenue to pursue in the future, it is outside the scope of the present study.

Author response image 1.

Hadn't realised Daniel Dennett died last April. I read his The Mind's I (1981), Consciousness Explained (1991) and Darwin's Dangerous Idea (1995) while at university, those last two as they appeared. Have Elbow Room (1984) on the reading stack currently.

FW as constructing narratology through/via FORM -- still, the formal is substantive

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Gerty MacDowell

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Caroline Levine

The chapter would have the US completly disinvest from supporting and subsidizing renewable forms of energy arguing that the transition away from fossil fuels is bad for the economy, makes the US less energy secure, and involves the government picking winners and losers.

There are several problems with this analysis. First, burning fossil fuels produces pollution, an environmental externality, that is not factored into the price of oil, coal or natural gas. This is a subsidy that is not recognized by the authors of this chapter.

Second, the US economy is reliant on oil. Virtually every recession since 1945 has been preceded by a significant rise in oil prices. Even though the US is today 'energy independent' (i.e. a net exporter), world oil prices are determined by global supply and demand. It is in our interest not to see oil prices rise too high. There are two ways to achieve this goal: we can reduce our reliance on oil or insure that the world is sufficiently supplied. For the past fifty years, the focus has been on insuring the security of supply. Since the Middle East contains close to half the world's oil reserves and produces a large percentage of the world's oil and natural gas, the US cannot allow unfriendly regimes to control too large a percentage of that region's energy exports. As a result, the US has spent trillions of dollars over the past several decades attempting to support or create such friendly regimes. This interest doesn't change with energy independence and it serves as an enormous unacknowledged subsidy to the oil and gas industry since it would not exist absent our reliance on oil. https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780809075072/panicatthepump https://www.jstor.org/stable/41510316

Re-jiggering the understanding of reserve margins serves to tip the scales toward certain kinds of power. This is a political rather than engineering approach to our electrical grid.

LNG terminals have significant security concerns. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL32205

Translation: maybe global warming exists, but even if it did, addressing it is not a legitimate policy that serves the public interest.

Even staunchly conservative outlets such as the Wall Street Journal have found that problems with reliability of the electrical grid are substantially rooted in aging power lines and changing global climate. https://www.wsj.com/articles/americas-power-grid-is-increasingly-unreliable-11645196772

This is symbolic. But the US should work to deter nuclear weapons testing as well as the build-up of nuclear arsenals by our adversaries. To think that the only way to do so is by pouring trillions of dollars into designing and building thousands of new nuclear weapons is to learn nothing from history.

What happened to not picking winners and losers?

As pointed out, the region is of increasing strategic importance because of warming ocean temperatures and melting Arctic glaciers. https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/warmest-arctic-summer-on-record-is-evidence-of-accelerating-climate-change

Here we have conservatives applauding the expansion of government to address conditions created by global warming.

This office is only needed because global warming is melting glaciers in the Arctic. It is only a matter of time before goods shipped between Europe and Asia follow a northern route thereby making control and/or access to this region in our national interest.

The preferred forms of energy.

The previous page detailed how the original mission included, "minimizing the environmental impacts..."

Yes, this is a commendable goal. But it will never happen until conservatives recognize that addressing global warming is in the public interest.

This is a significant threat to the natural gas industry. Utility-scale wind and solar is cheaper than natural gas or will be in the future. Cheap batteries will eliminate the reliability issue threatening an important domestic market for the natural gas industry.

Deployment of grid-scale battery back up storage has grown dramatically in states with favorable policy environments, such as California and Texas. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=61202

Translation: research the energy technologies we like. Don't research the energy technologies we don't like.

Translation: we want less information on global warming.

China has become the world's leader in supply chains related to solar power. Ensuring that the US can maintain a place in markets and innovation related to photovoltaics and solar power is an important element of energy supply and infrastructure, but not one that Project 2025 acknowledges. https://www.iea.org/reports/solar-pv-global-supply-chains/executive-summary

The NRC was designed to be the cop on the beat. Any regulation could be viewed as "hampering" civilian nuclear deployment.

Subsidizing the commercialization of new energy technologies is not "government control of energy." This is sloppy analysis.

Finnland hatte sich beim Ziel der CO2-Neutralität 2035 darauf verlassen, dass große Mengen von CO2 von Wäldern, Böden und Feuchtgebieten absorbiert werden. Inzwischen ist das Land dort keine Kohlenstoffsenke mehr. Dazu trägt die globale Erhitzung selbst bei, durch die viele Bäume sterben, aber auch die Abholzung des Waldes. Finnland ist ein Beispiel für die Schwächung der ländlichen Kohlenstoffsenken, von der viele Länder betroffen sind. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/oct/15/finland-emissions-target-forests-peatlands-sinks-absorbing-carbon-aoe

refers to the way dominant groups in society maintain power not just through coercion or force but by securing the consent of the subordinate classes. This is achieved by shaping cultural norms, ideologies, and institutions in a way that makes the dominance of the ruling class seem natural, inevitable, and beneficial to all.

wishes to rewrite and dissemble rather than broaden and expand

personal authority can come from charisma

what status becomes apparent as determining someone's face the aspect of class is under attack

people justify inequality

what makes domination legit has empirical impacts

small number of leaders can address threats and reach understandings more quickly and effectively

can't categorize smaller dem admin from larger dem admin because of such a radically different system

as soon as a struggle for power comes into play, direct dem admin is lost and hierarchical structure comes in

Fight for a more democratic admin is used by poor to fight for their rights but also by the economically powerful who did not obtain this status group

this is where honoratiores come in

transition out of prestige of old age for various factors

honoroatiores- in dem admin, commonly people in power often have wealth with little labor and have social prestige

dem admin almost always falls to wealthy- they have the time to take on part-time low paying jobs

power holder is not to act in own self-interest but in servitude to a collective

immediately democratic admin- 1. assumes all are equally qualified to conduct public affairs 2. limited power

not always where one person had dominion or the person being dominated can't be the dominator

lack of clear set rules despite authority that needs to be followed feels sometimes more oppressive

same within workplace- meaning of "equal" parties and "voluntary" service are construed

monopolies can utilize control until it almost resembles a bureaucratic state agency

ex. monopoly can become authority

In its pure form- former is completely based on having the skills or the resources and engaging with other moving completely in their own interests. Latter is based wholly on an alleged duty to obey

Can have monopolistic domination of market or a sort of "non-rational" power

domination extends from situations in which person is "commanded"

Reminder- domination = ability to impose one own's will on another person

Domination doesn't necessarily = a particular economic org. but how domination is structured often factors into economic significance or is a result of it.

Linguistic example of domination- what dialect is the standard in schools

Membership must be contingent on participation in a certain congregation- beyond just geographic authorities and territories

Useful to pacify conquered people

congregation only when lay people or non- clergy are organized in a way where they can actively participate permanently

Rule of Persian kings made Judaism into religious community in which prophets and their admin were given political power

some religious congregations arose from the annihilated political powers- creating power voids filled in by priests

Spiritual designations make move towards organizational designations, as doctrine is institutionalized and incorporated into everyday life.

In prophet's and prophet admin's best interest to secure congregation through permanent organization

larger congregation verified status with offerings or fixed rules and obligations, depending on whether it was a exemplary or ethical prophet

religious community involves the monopolizing of the distribution of grace and privileges for those charged with religious functions

2023 haben Böden und Landpflanzen fast kein CO2 absorbiert. Dieser Kollaps der Landsenken vor allem durch Dürren und Waldbrände wurde in diesem Ausmaß kaum vorausgesehen, und es ist nicht klar, ob auf ihn eine Regeneration folgt. Er stellt Klimamodelle ebenso in Frage wie die meisten nationalen Pläne zum Erreichen von CO2-Neutralität, weil sie auf natürlichen Senken an Land beruhen. Es gibt Anzeichen dafür, dass die steigenden Temperaturen inzwischen auch die CO2-Aufnahmefähigkeit der Meere schwächen. Überblicksartikel mit Links zu Studien https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/oct/14/nature-carbon-sink-collapse-global-heating-models-emissions-targets-evidence-aoe

yeah!

The nuts on the ribbon selector and the ribbon reverse on Royal Quiet De Luxes is a 7/32 inch nut.

Royal Quiet DeLuxe Typewriter Complete Total Body Removal by [[The HotRod Typewriter Co.]]

Gerren uses a Weaver gunsmith screwdriver set for most of his screwdriver needs. [5:00]

On the newer QDLs two of the screws for removing the rear plate are accessible from the top underneath the carriage instead of all on the rear.

The screws for the front body plate can be loosened and don't need to be fully removed to take the body plate off of the machine.

This may be way more than what a normal person has available.

What's the maximum time between 'sessions' to count as deliberate practice? Even sportspeople have rest days.

Welcome back and in this demo lesson you're going to get the experience of bootstrapping an EC2 instance using user data.

So this is the ability to run a script during the provisioning process for an EC2 instance and automatically add a certain configuration to that instance during the build process.

So this is an alternative to creating a custom AMI.

Earlier in the course you created an Amazon machine image with the WordPress installation and configuration baked in.

Now that's really quick and simple but it does limit your ability to make changes to that configuration.

So the configuration is baked into the AMI and so you're limited as to what you can change during launch time.

With boot strapping you have the ability to perform all the steps in the form of a script during the provisioning process and so it can be a lot more flexible.

Now to get started we need to create the Animals for Life VPC within our general AWS account.

So this is the management account of the organization.

So make sure that you're logged into the IAM admin user of this account and as always make sure you have the Northern Virginia region selected.

Now attached to this lesson is a one-click deployment link so go ahead and open that.

This is going to take you to the quick create stack page and everything should be pre-populated.

The stack name should be bootstrap everything else has appropriate default so just scroll down to the bottom, check the capabilities acknowledgement box and then go ahead and click on create stack.

Now this will create the Animals for Life VPC which contains the public subnets that we'll be launching our instance into and so we're going to need this to be in a create complete state before we move on.

So go ahead and pause the video and once your stack changes from create in progress to create complete then we good to continue.

Okay so now that that stack has moved into a create complete state we good to continue.

Now also attached to this lesson is another link which is the user data that we're going to use for this demo lesson so go ahead and open that link.

This is the user data that we're going to use to bootstrap the EC2 instance so what I want you to do is to download this file to your local machine and then open it in a code editor or alternatively just copy all the text on screen now and paste that into a code editor.

So I've gone ahead and opened that file in my text editor and if you look through all of the different commands contained within this user data .txt file then you should recognize some of them.

These are basically the commands that we ran earlier in the course when we manually installed word press and when we created the Amazon machine image.

So we're essentially installing the MariaDB database server, the Apache web server, Wget and Cowsay.

We're installing PHP and its associated libraries.

We're making sure that both the database and the web server are set to automatically start when the instance reboots and are explicitly started when this script is run.

We're setting the root password of the MariaDB database server.

We're downloading the latest copy of the WordPress installation archive.

We're extracting it and we're moving the files into the correct locations.

Then we're configuring WordPress by copying the sample configuration file into the final and proper file name so wp-config.php and then we're performing a search and replace on those placeholders and replacing them with our actual chosen values for the database name, the database user and the database password.

And then after that we're fixing up the permissions on the web root folder with the WordPress installation files inside so we're making sure that the ownership is correct and then we're fixing up the permissions with a slightly improved version of what we've used previously.

Then we're creating our DB.setup script in the same way that we did when we were manually installing WordPress.

We're logging into the database using the MySQL command line utility, authenticating as the root user with the root password and then running this script and this creates the WordPress database, the user sets the password and gives that user permissions on the database.

And then finally we're configuring the Cowsay utility so we're setting up the message of the day file we're outputting our animals for life custom greeting and then we're forcing a refresh of the login banner.

So these are all of the steps that you've previously done manually so I hope it's still fresh in your memory just how annoying that manual installation was.

Okay so at this point this user data is ready to go and I want to demonstrate to you how you can use this to bootstrap an EC2 instance.

So let's go ahead and move back to the AWS console.

Once we're at the AWS console this CloudFormation 1 click deployment has created the Animals for Life VPC.

So what we're going to do is to click on the services drop down and then move to the EC2 console and go ahead and click on launch instance followed by launch instance again.

So first things first the instance is going to be called a4l for animals for life - manual WordPress so go ahead and enter that in the box at the top then scroll down select Amazon Linux and then make sure Amazon Linux 2023 is selected in the drop down and then make sure that you've got 64-bit x86 selected.

I want you to pick whichever type is free tier eligible within your account and region in my case it's t2.micro but you should pick the one that's free tier eligible.

Under key pair go ahead and pick proceed without a key pair then scroll down to network settings and click on edit and there are a few items on this page that we need to explicitly configure.

The first is we need to select the Animals for Life VPC next to network so select a4l -vpc1 next to subnet I want you to go ahead and pick sn -web -a so that's the web or public subnet within availability zone a then make sure auto assign public IP is set to enable we'll be using an existing security group so check that box and then in the drop down so click the drop down and select the bootstrap -instance security group so bootstrap was the name of the cloud formation stack that we created using the one-click deployment we won't be making any changes to the storage configuration and next we need to scroll down to an option that we've not used before we're going to enter some user data so scroll all the way down and under advanced details expand this if it isn't already and you're looking for the user data box what we're going to do is paste in the user data that you just downloaded so in my case this is the user data.txt which I downloaded so I'm going to go ahead and select all of the information in this user data.txt making sure I get everything including the last line and I'm going to copy that into my clipboard now back at the AWS console we need to paste that in to the user data box now by default EC2 accepts user data as base64 encoded data so we need to provide it with base64 encoded data and we're not we're just giving it a normal text file so in this case the user interface can actually do this conversion for us so if what you're pasting in is not base64 encoded and what we're pasting in isn't then we don't need to do anything else if we're pasting in data which is already base64 encoded we need to check this box below the user data box we don't need to worry about that because we're not pasting in anything with base64 encoding so we can just paste in our user data directly into this box and this will be run during the instance launch process so this is where our automatic configuration comes from this is what will bootstrap the EC2 instance okay so that's everything we need to configure so go ahead and click on launch instance now at this point while this is launching I want you to keep in mind that in the previous demo examples in this course we manually launched an instance and then once the instance was in a running state we had to connect into it download WordPress install WordPress and then configure WordPress along with all of the other associated dependencies that WordPress requires so that was a fairly time-intensive process that was open to errors in the AMI example we followed that same process but at the end we created the Amazon machine image so keep that in mind and compare it to what your experience is in this demo lesson so now we've launched the instance and it's now in a running state and we've provided some user data to this instance so I want you to leave it a couple of minutes after it's showing in a running state just give it a brief while to perform that additional configuration after a few minutes go ahead and right click on that instance and select connect we're going to be using EC2 instance connect so make sure that's selected make sure the user is set to EC2 - user and then just click connect now what you should see if we've given this enough time is our custom animals for life login banner and that means that the bootstrapping process has completed think about this for a minute as part of the launch process EC2 has provisioned us an EC2 instance and it's also run a relatively complex installation and configuration script that we've supplied in the form of user data and that's downloaded and installed WordPress and configured our custom login banner if we go back to EC2 select instances and then if we copy the public IP address into our clipboard so copy the actual IP address do not click on this link because this will open it using HTTPS which we haven't configured if you take that IP address and open that in a new tab you'll see the installation dialogue for WordPress and that's because the bootstrapping process using the user data has done all the configuration process that previously we've had to do manually now if we go back to the instance I want to demonstrate architecturally and operationally exactly how this works what we can do is use the curl utility to review the instance metadata now because we're using Amazon Linux 2023 we need to do this slightly differently we need to use version 2 of the metadata service so first we need to run this command to get a token which we can use to authenticate to the metadata service so run this next we can run this command which gets us the metadata of the instance and this uses the 169254 169254 address or as I like to call it 169.254 repeating now if we use this with meta hyphen data on the end then we get the metadata service but as we know user data is a component of the metadata service so instead of using forward slash latest forward slash metadata we can replace metadata with user data and this will allow us to see the user data supplied to the instance and don't worry all of these commands will be attached to the lesson so you should recognize this this is the user data that we passed into the instance so this is performed a download a configuration and an installation of Apache the database server and WordPress as well as our custom login banner so that's how the user data gets into the EC2 instance and there's a service running on the EC2 instance which takes this data and automatically performs these configuration steps essentially this is run as a script on the operating system now something else we can do is to move into the forward slash VAR forward slash log folder and this is a folder which contains many of the system logs and if we do an LS space hyphen LA we'll see a collection of logs within this folder there are two logs in particular that are really useful for diagnosing bootstrapping related problems these logs are cloud hyphen init dot log and cloud hyphen init hyphen output dot log and both of these are used for slightly different reasons so what I want to do is to output one of these logs and show you the content so we're going to output using shudu first to get admin permissions and then cat and we're going to use the cloud hyphen init hyphen output dot log and I'm going to press enter and that's going to show you the contents of this file and you'll be able to see using this log file exactly what's been executed on this EC2 instance so you'll be able to see all of the actual commands and the output from those commands as they've been executed on this EC2 instance so you'll be able to see all of the WordPress related downloads and copies the replacements of the database usernames and passwords the permissions fix section the database creation user creation and then permissions on that database as well as the command that actually executes those and then right at the bottom is where we configure our custom login banner so this is how you can see exactly what's been run on this EC2 instance and if you ever encounter any issues with any of the demo lessons within this course or any of my courses then you can use this file to determine exactly what's happened on the EC2 instance as part of the bootstrapping process okay so this is the end of part one of this lesson it was getting a little bit on the long side and so I wanted to add a break it's an opportunity just to take a rest or grab a coffee part two will be continuing immediately from the end of part one so go ahead complete the video and when you're ready join me in part two.

I understand the point in an intuitive way, but I wonder how come companies can be run by managers, and it's only some that fail?

There's always the question, perhaps AirBnB without their founders would be twice as successful.

I believe in essence it comes down to copy/pasting models and frameworks without embracing a changing culture and landscape. Distributed teams across the globe is a relatively new phenomenon. The number of clients a company may have has not been seen earlier. Facebook has billions of users and probably millions of customers across the globe.

Amazon builds and sells hardware (Kindle), rents cloud space, and has a two-sided marketplace for random goods, in some cases managing inventory.

These are new types of companies that require new types of management. OKR's were useful decades ago, can still be used as a copy/paste model?

OK, a bit of intellectual honesty here.

Is this not similar to the football analogy? There's an extremely low chance of getting into the billion's range, we are just exposed to a large survivorship bias.

Imposing this believe benefits incubators and VC's the most, since they hedge the risks by working on multiple startups simultaneously. Entrepreneurs don't get this chance.

Some valuable resources on the Trivium (from Zaytuna College, Hamza Yusuf).

for - Adrian Bejan - constructal law - childhood - art and science - from - The End of Scarcity? From ‘Polycrisis’ to Planetary Phase Shift - Nafeez Ahmed - 2024, Oct 16

Summary - Good explainer video about constructal theory and flow

from - The End of Scarcity? From ‘Polycrisis’ to Planetary Phase Shift - Nafeez Ahmed - 2024, Oct 16 - https://hyp.is/Qt8IMI74Ee--f4O18QMPFQ/ageoftransformation.org/the-end-of-scarcity-from-polycrisis-to-planetary-phase-shift/

for - definition - constructal law - Adrian Bejan - to - The constructal law of design in evolution and nature

to - The constructal law of design in evolution and nature - https://hyp.is/ZRIXfo76Ee-5yZdY2quRaQ/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2871904/ - youtube explainer video - constructal theory - flow - Adrian Bejan - https://hyp.is/R7V4Yo79Ee-52gO6UYAaYQ/www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgEBTPee9ZM

for - question - entropy definition of life - investigate further - entropy definition of life

question - I'm not fully appreciating his explanation. This requires further investigation - This physical explanation of life appears to be aimed at showing that the hardware and software aspects of life work together to dissipate physical energy - Is he saying that life's purpose is to accelerate the heat death of the universe?

for - definition- hardware - software - Paul Davies

definition - hardware - software - Paul Davies - In the context of life, - hardware - configuration of matter which harnesses energy from its environment - software - complex information sturctures by which configurations of matter and energy are organized and instructed to self-reproduce

for - book - The Demon in the Machine: How Hidden Webs of Information Are Finally Solving the Mystery of Life - Paul Davies

for - article - The End of Scarcity? From ‘Polycrisis’ to Planetary Phase Shift - Nafeez Ahmed - gene-culture coevolution - adjacency - indyweb dev - individual / collective evolutionary learning - provenance - tracing the evolution of ideas - gene-culture coevolution

adjacency - between - indyweb dev - individual / collective evolutionary learning - provenance - tracing the evolution of ideas - gene-culture coevolution - adjacency relationship - As DNA and epigenetics plays the role of transmitting biological adaptations, language and symmathesy play the role of transmitting cultural adaptations

Customer engagement refers to the interactions and experiences a customer has with a brand, which fosters a relationship and emotional connection between the two. It goes beyond simply purchasing products; it involves how customers interact with the brand across various touchpoints, like social media, customer support, emails, or in-store visits. Engaged customers tend to be more loyal, advocate for the brand, and are more likely to make repeat purchases.

I feel I can relate to this because when this happened I was 8 years old, but to watch my family struggle with money and to couch hop so I was able to go to school was heart breaking. BUT my family is is a better place now and now own a house with land and has a beautiful family. it only took till 2012

Its very hard for individuals for example military or individuals who leave jail to leave and join the normal civilian life due to the fact they lived in a high structured environment

for - paper - The constructal law of design and evolution in nature - Adrian Bejan - Sylvie Lorente - 2010 - from - The End of Scarcity? From ‘Polycrisis’ to Planetary Phase Shift - Nafeez Ahmed - 2024, Oct 16

from - The End of Scarcity? From ‘Polycrisis’ to Planetary Phase Shift - Nafeez Ahmed - 2024, Oct 16 - https://hyp.is/Qt8IMI74Ee--f4O18QMPFQ/ageoftransformation.org/the-end-of-scarcity-from-polycrisis-to-planetary-phase-shift/

use like a method to prove or explain the relationship between inflation and unemployment

use like a method to prove or explain the relationship between inflation and unemployment

I believe this return statement should be within the if statement above it.

Concern for congressional oversight is important, but it isn't clear why the executive is responsible for protecting that oversight. Congress has the constitutional authority to amend NEPA as it pleases.

That Pendley does not specifically name Bears Ears may be especially telling. A few lines above, he notes Tribal objections to a monument in Colorado. The Bears Ears Inter-Tribal Coalition remained steadfast behind the Bears Ears designation by Obama, felt excluded by the Zinke process Pendley references, and were angered by the reduction.

https://www.bearsearscoalition.org/timeline/

Since the Antiquities Act passed in 1906, only three presidents have not used it to create national monuments (Nixon, Reagan, and GHW Bush). It has been used widely.

None of this is required. It isn't clear that any of this is even permitted, much less envisioned. The quote and statistic come from an op-ed by a former Trump official and longtime radical Sagebrush Rebel. The numbers and claims seem to be invented; I can find no record of these figures in the EO or other press coverage related to it.

While the Project 2025 authors call for approval and implementation of the most aggressive and expansive version of the controversial project, it is important to emphasize that the Biden administration has approved this massive expansion of fossil fuel development in Alaska--despite the efforts of a broad coalition of environmentalists, Indigenous peoples, and others to stop the project. Opponents of this project include many Alaska Natives who live in Nuiqsut, the town closest to the proposed drilling sites, and a place already encircled by massive oil and gas operations that pose environmental and health risks to the community. Coverage of this topic has been fairly extensive; a a few examples include: Adam Federman in Grist, https://grist.org/energy/permafrost-thaw-conocophillips-willow-project-alpine-leak/; Finis Dunaway in Truthout, https://truthout.org/articles/big-oil-wants-to-refreeze-alaska-permafrost-so-it-can-keep-drilling-there/; and Lisa Friedman and Clifford Krauss in the New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/06/climate/willow-alaska-oil-biden.html

You wouldn't know it from reading these pages, but there are many in Alaska (including Indigenous communities, environmental allies, and others) who are calling for a Just Transition away from fossil fuels and for a state economy that is so exclusively reliant on unsustainable extraction. For one article about this, see Winona LaDuke in Truthout: https://truthout.org/articles/native-activists-are-forging-a-just-transition-to-renewable-energy/

There are 229 federally recognized tribes in Alaska. They share some interests but do not constitute a single community. It is a minor point, perhaps, but it suggests an othering that is a problem.

https://www.bia.gov/regional-office/alaska-region

This paragraph acknowledges the basic situation, but with exaggerated numbers. Wild horse and burro populations are actually greater than Pendley states because the population growth rate is closer to 20%. The amount of dollars spent on off-range corrals is less annually. Pendley also does not acknowledge what is working in the wild horses and burros program. See https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/natural-resources/management-of-wild-horses-3-104/.

As acting director, Pendley stayed in DC.

Despite this cheery assessment, reporting indicates the move was disruptive, ineffective, and has been partly reversed.

One story explains: "But more than 87% of the affected employees either resigned or retired instead of moving to Colorado, The Washington Post reported. And it didn’t lead to the promised 27 to 40 jobs; only three BLM employees are currently based at the agency’s leased offices in Grand Junction, said Christian Reece, the executive director of Club 20, an organization that advocates for western Colorado interests."

https://www.denverpost.com/2021/09/17/bureau-of-land-management-colorado-dc-headquarters/

According to one source, "At the time of the move in 2019, the agency employed about 360 in Washington. Some 287 employees chose to retire or go work somewhere else, and that included more than half of the agency's Black employees. Another 41 employees relocated to other Western BLM offices.

Only three employees chose to move to Grand Junction."

https://www.coloradopolitics.com/news/blm-departs-grand-junction/article_e02e7910-5d0d-11ec-9acd-bf7eb917d6ed.html

State resource managers operate under different statutory requirements. A direct comparison to their management on state resource lands vs. federal lands is inappropriate and misleading.

It's worth noting that the Biden plans did not halt development on the petroleum reserve. Existing leases remain valid (https://www.blm.gov/sites/default/files/docs/2024-04/NPR-A%20Final%20Rule%20Factsheet_508.pdf), and developers have been able to bid on a total of 60 million acres between 1999 and 2019.

This has been a long-standing conservative critique of the Department of the Interior. When the Heritage Foundation prepared their report "Mandate for Leadership" for the Reagan administration and Interior's direction by James Watt, one claim they repeated was the federal government as a "monopolist of natural resources."

There are, in fact, broad swaths of this chapter that would comfortably fit in with "Mandate for Leadership," which likewise called for "maximiation of resources values," criticized supposed "zero leasing policies for coal and oil shale," and "rampant land withdrawals."

https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/the-conservative-promise/

Royalty rates is an important political issue. However, it is important note that the Federal Land Policy and Management Act directs the BLM to secure market value for federal resources, and the royalty rate of 12.5% is considerably lower than most state and private rates. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-17-540.pdf

It may be worth noting that Pendley did not write this section, according to the Author's Note at the end. The three authors include one who is part of an oil and gas industry group and another from a think tank that is skeptical of anthropogenic climate change.

https://www.hcn.org/articles/project-2025s-extreme-vision-for-the-west/

This is one of the only mentions of climate change in the entire document, aside from some of the planned rollbacks on Biden programs that are designed to address climate change.

The current Interior leadership's 2024-2027 plans: https://www.doi.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2024-07/doi-2024-climate-adaptation-report.pdf

This may be a minor point, but an error on such a basic figure raises questions about other figures in this chapter. The National Wildlife Refuge System is about 90 million acres of land and another 760 million acres of submerged marine acres. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42346#:~:text=Today%20the%20federal%20government%20owns%20and%20manages%20roughly,of%20all%20federal%20land%20in%20the%20United%20States.

National parks are extremely popular and the public by wide bipartisan margins want them to be protected more, including for recovering endangered species.

This chapter virtually ignores the national parks and their role in a conservation future. This neglect is baffling. The parks cover more than 85 million acres visited by more than 325 million people annually. Yet this reflects the orientation toward Interior being not the protector of American lands but as the facilitator of their exploitation.

https://www.npca.org/articles/3610-new-poll-shows-united-support-for-national-park-wildlife

https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/visitation-numbers.htm

It is true that the Biden administration has emphasized climate mitigation and called for reduced fossil fuels. But the Biden administration has fully complied with federal law in OCS leasing and approving the Willow project. There is a more important issue here, namely the fact that the author regularly confuses legal and political decisions. Congressional statutes grant broad discretion to the BLM and Forest Service in determining the appropriate mix of uses on public lands. When the Biden administration uses that discretion to advance interests with which the author disagrees, it is not violating the law. https://eplanning.blm.gov/eplanning-ui/project/109410/510 https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44504

This is a small quibble, but the statute cited doesn't govern BLM lands. It governs Forest Service lands. There is another law that does govern BLM under multiple use terms. The error in citation indicates some sloppiness in this overall planning and should undermine all of its claims.

As repeatedly used here, "multiple use" is implied to be all about economic development, extractive and consumptive uses. But the actual statutory authority, FLPMA, cites other uses, such as recreation, watershed, wildlife and fish, natural scenery, and scientific and historic values. These are entirely or mostly ignored throughout this document, misrepresenting management directives.

https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-90/pdf/STATUTE-90-Pg2743.pdf

Morale was low in agencies within Interior at the moment Pendley is claiming aid in accomplishing mission critical work. The Park Service is but one example. Never in the Trump administration was there a confirmed director of the agency. Pendley himself headed the Bureau of Land Management only as an "Acting" director. The haphazard, slipshod management spelled instability rather than what is described here.

(To be fair, morale remains low, but improving: https://peer.org/poor-national-park-service-morale-shows-scant-improvement/)

https://www.npca.org/articles/1878-how-zinke-is-undermining-national-park-service-employees

The Biden Administration issued nearly 50% more drilling permits during its first three years than did the Trump Administration during its first three years. The Department of Interior’s Bureau of Land Management granted 3,377 permits to drill on public land during Biden’s first three years, compared to only 2,507 permits during Trump’s first three years. https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/2024/01/biden-administration-oil-drilling-permits-outpaces-trump-00138376?source=email

The citation for this is an opinion piece by the author. Without clearer definitions around energy dominance or energy independence, it is difficult to verify claims. However, by using only 2019, Pendley cuts short the story and is terribly misleading with regard to the current administration. (As indicated in the next comment. https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/imports-and-exports.php

The chapter repeatedly appeals to the desires of "westerners" as if this is homogenous group. A quick review of voting maps shows that those living in the West are politically diverse, and many support environmental protection. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/upshot/2020-election-map.html

This is important history, as it reflects the nation's priorities in the early 20th century. But that history isn't normative. Congress has, over the last 125 years, developed a much broader set of priorities, informed by contemporary science and public values.

Navigation instrument that uses celestial bodies to determine latitude. Precursor to the sextant

Puget Sound is a large system of estuaries where the freshwater rivers mix and connect to open ocean; provided rich fishing and access to the Inner Passage

Sounds like maybe Irene had more expendable time than the teacher of the class as she was able to be all those things while the other teacher was not.

Editors Assessment:

This paper reports the establishment of the International Cannabis Genomics Research Consortium (ICGRC) web portal leveraging the open source Tripal platform to enhance data accessibility and integration for Cannabis sativa (Cannabis) multi-omics research. With the aim of bringing together the wealth of publicly available genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data sets to improve cannabis for food, fiber and medicinal traits. Tripal is a content management system for genomics data, presenting a ready-to-use specialized ‘omics modules for loading, visualization, and analysis, and is GMOD (Generic Model Organism Database) standards-compliant. The paper explaining how this was put together, what data and features are available, and providing a case study for other communities wanting to create their own Tripal platform. Covering their setup and customizations of the Tripal platform, and how they re-engineered modules for multi-omics data integration, and addition of many other custom features that can be reused. Peer review fixed a few minor bugs and added clarifications on how the platform will be updated.

*This evaluation refers to version 1 of the preprint *

This work has been published in GigaByte Journal under a CC-BY 4.0 license (https://doi.org/10.46471/gigabyte.137). These reviews are as follows.

Reviewer 1. Weiwen Wang

Is the code executable?

Unable to test.

This manuscript is about an online platform, and I am not sure how to test the code.

Is installation/deployment sufficiently outlined in the paper and documentation, and does it proceed as outlined?

Same as above.

Additional Comments:

With the increasing legalization of cannabis in many countries today, exploring this crop has become a hot topic of research. This manuscript by Mansueto et al. introduces a platform built on the Tripal framework, designed to facilitate multi-omics research in Cannabis sativa. The platform integrates genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data, providing researchers with a comprehensive resource for data analysis and sharing. Additionally, APIs have been developed, enabling rapid querying. This manuscript detailed information on how to customize Tripal modules and Chado schema for managing biological entities. Finally, this manuscript highlights the importance of standardization in data storage and analysis, proposing community-wide adoption of standardized nomenclature to ensure consistency and traceability of data. Overall, the platform is poised to become a valuable resource for cannabis research and to advance scientific progress in related fields.

While this manuscript was engaging, particularly in the sections on Tripal "re-engineering" and controlled vocabulary, I do have several concerns.

1 Because my registration (using business email) has not been approved, I cannot test the functions requiring ICGRC registration.

2 The authors noted that the Cannabis Genome Browser has not been updated. Do the authors have a plan for updating ICGRC? If so, what is the proposed update frequency?

3 ICGRC currently includes only a few cannabis cultivars, especially when compared to other platforms like Kannapedia and CannabisGDB. Do the authors have plans to add additional cultivars, such as First Light and Jamaican Lions mentioned in this manuscript, in the near future?

4 When I tried to register using Gmail, an error popped up: ‘Domain is not allowed to register for this site’. Perhaps it would be clearer to instruct users to use a business email for registration directly.

5 There is a data submission function in ICGRC, but the exact workings of this feature remain unclear to me. If a user submits a cannabis genome to the ICGRC, whether this data will be visualized within specific modules like synteny search or genetic mapping tools on the platform.

Reviewer 2. Hongyun Shang

Is the code executable?

Unable to test.

Is installation/deployment sufficiently outlined in the paper and documentation, and does it proceed as outlined?

Unable to test.

This is a comprehensive database with many features that improves the shortcomings of cannabis species that had no genome database in the past. It is a good work. Here are some minor suggestions:

1. Did not find the function of searching gene and protein sequences directly by gene id without providing chromosome location, which may be a common feature of many omics databases.
2. In the chapter "The need for cannabis multi-omics databases and analysis platforms", "There are no analysis tools or results available on this website", "No results available" seems inappropriate.
3. In the chapter "Cannabis - Omics, Genetic and Phenotypic Datasets in the Public Domain", "Crop Ontology" Crop Ontology, is "Crop Ontology" repeated?

it should be 20kg (according to the answer)

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:01][^1^][1] - [00:22:21][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo explore comment améliorer l'enseignement du calcul mental en classe, en insistant sur l'importance de l'équilibre entre les techniques écrites et mentales, et en proposant des outils ludiques et numériques.

Temps forts: + [00:00:01][^3^][3] Introduction et objectifs * Importance du calcul mental * Cadre général de l'enseignement * Outils pour le calcul mental + [00:01:04][^4^][4] Définition et enjeux * Qu'est-ce que le calcul mental * Difficultés liées à l'enseignement * Importance de la culture du calcul mental + [00:03:01][^5^][5] Problèmes actuels * Résultats des études internationales * Déclin des compétences en calcul * Plan Villani-Torossian + [00:07:01][^6^][6] Techniques opératoires * Équilibre entre écrit et mental * Problèmes des techniques opératoires * Importance de la mentalisation + [00:13:01][^7^][7] Automatismes et réflexion * Importance des automatismes * Calcul mental réfléchi * Exemples pratiques

Résumé de la vidéo [00:22:25][^1^][1] - [00:44:06][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo explique comment améliorer les discussions en classe, en se concentrant sur le calcul mental réfléchi et l'importance de la verbalisation et des échanges entre élèves.

Temps forts: + [00:22:25][^3^][3] Techniques de calcul mental * Importance des automatismes * Diversité des approches * Calculs ouverts et fermés + [00:24:02][^4^][4] Séances de calcul mental * Utilisation de l'écriture en ligne * Importance de la verbalisation * Échanges de procédures en classe + [00:27:25][^5^][5] Utilisation du diaporama * Outil pour créer des séquences de calcul * Intégration de jeux et de photos * Favorise la régularité et la répétition + [00:35:36][^6^][6] Déconstruction des techniques opératoires * Calcul mental de gauche à droite * Importance de la régularité * Diversité des démarches et échanges + [00:41:01][^7^][7] Calcul mental inversé * Importance de la diversité des décompositions * Richesse des échanges * Encouragement à la gymnastique mentale

Résumé de la vidéo [00:44:09][^1^][1] - [01:07:38][^2^][2]:

Cette partie de la vidéo explique comment améliorer les discussions en classe, en se concentrant sur des jeux de calcul mental et des techniques pour aider les élèves à mieux comprendre et apprécier les mathématiques.

Temps forts: + [00:44:09][^3^][3] Importance de la verbalisation et de la répétition * Utilisation de jeux pour rendre le calcul mental amusant * Encouragement à la manipulation et à la visualisation * Importance de l'écrit pour certains élèves + [00:46:01][^4^][4] Institutionnalisation du calcul mental * Exemples de progressions et de techniques * Importance de la mémorisation procédurale * Utilisation d'affichages en classe + [00:52:00][^5^][5] Décomposition des nombres * Travail sur les nombres du jour * Importance de la régularité et de la répétition * Utilisation de journaux de nombres + [00:57:03][^6^][6] Estimation des résultats * Importance des ordres de grandeur * Utilisation de calculs approchés dans la vie quotidienne * Moins d'importance aux techniques opératoires avec les outils modernes + [01:00:00][^7^][7] Gestion de l'hétérogénéité en classe * Utilisation de diaporamas avec plusieurs niveaux de questions * Importance des échanges et de la verbalisation * Progrès des élèves grâce à la pratique régulière du jeu

Résumé de la vidéo [01:07:40][^1^][1] - [01:30:41][^2^][2]:

Cette partie de la vidéo présente plusieurs jeux éducatifs pour améliorer les compétences en mathématiques des enfants, en se concentrant sur la décomposition des nombres et le calcul mental.

Temps forts: + [01:07:40][^3^][3] Présentation du jeu "Shot the Box" * Utilisation de dés pour relever des clapets numérotés * Décomposition des nombres de 2 à 12 * Stratégies pour choisir quels clapets relever + [01:10:00][^4^][4] Introduction du jeu "Détective Matteo" * Jeu basé sur les multiplications et leurs résultats * Utilisation en cycle 2 et 3 * Importance de la verbalisation des résultats + [01:15:00][^5^][5] Présentation du jeu "Trio" * Utilisation de jetons pour former des nombres cibles * Importance de la combinatoire et du tâtonnement * Adaptation pour différents niveaux scolaires + [01:25:00][^6^][6] Adaptation du jeu "Trio" pour le cycle 2 * Simplification des nombres cibles * Utilisation régulière pour installer des compétences * Importance des couleurs pour faciliter le jeu

Ces jeux sont recommandés pour leur efficacité à rendre l'apprentissage des mathématiques ludique et engageant.

Résumé de la vidéo [01:30:42][^1^][1] - [01:52:27][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo explique comment améliorer les discussions en classe en utilisant des jeux éducatifs, notamment Matador, pour pratiquer le calcul mental. Elle aborde les règles du jeu, les stratégies d'enseignement et l'intégration du numérique.

Temps forts: + [01:30:42][^3^][3] Introduction au jeu Matador * Utilisation en classe pour le calcul mental * Description des dés et des cibles * Importance de la diversité des solutions + [01:35:01][^4^][4] Règles du jeu et points * Points pour addition, multiplication, soustraction, division * Encouragement à complexifier les solutions * Introduction du "coup Matador" + [01:40:00][^5^][5] Évolution des compétences des élèves * Progression des élèves sur plusieurs mois * Importance de la régularité et de la répétition * Impact de la verbalisation et de l'écriture + [01:45:00][^6^][6] Intégration du numérique * Utilisation de l'application Matador Chrono * Avantages du numérique pour le travail répétitif * Statistiques et suivi des performances

Résumé de la vidéo [01:52:29][^1^][1] - [02:03:57][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo explique comment améliorer les discussions en classe en utilisant des outils numériques, des jeux et des diaporamas pour rendre l'apprentissage des mathématiques plus agréable et efficace.

Points forts : + [01:52:29][^3^][3] Utilisation des outils numériques * Création de comptes pour chaque élève * Suivi des statistiques individuelles * Installation de la régularité et du défi + [01:53:00][^4^][4] Importance de la régularité et de la répétition * Utilisation des diaporamas et des jeux * Verbalisation pour renforcer l'apprentissage * Progression annuelle avec des activités variées + [01:55:00][^5^][5] Questions et réponses * Importance de laisser les supports visibles * Adaptation des jeux pour différents niveaux * Utilisation des nombres décimaux et relatifs + [01:59:00][^6^][6] Adaptation des jeux pour les plus jeunes * Utilisation de grilles réduites * Variantes possibles pour les jeux * Adaptation en fonction du public + [02:01:00][^7^][7] Utilisation des unités de comptage * Facilitation de l'apprentissage avec des unités concrètes * Importance d'un répertoire mental riche * Amélioration de la résolution de problèmes grâce au jeu

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/16/climate/water-shortages-global-food-supply.html?searchResultPosition=2

Okay but once again the Bible relies on God. But if you aren't convinced in what the Bible says then how can you believe in God...?

Not only does the bible do this, but okay. This is a valid point

That part is true... But if the bible is "God's word," but it's the bible that says God exists, then is it not just the same source citing itself?

So there had already been bloodshed caused by the Spanish? Yet the Aztecs still hosted them with hospitality... could this be due to the fact that Montzuma & co. thought they were gods?

Welcome back and in this demo lesson you're going to be creating an ECS cluster with the Fargate cluster mode and using the container of CATS container that we created together earlier in this section of the course, you're going to deploy this container into your Fargate cluster.

So you're going to get some practical experience of how to deploy a real container into a Fargate cluster.

Now you won't need any cloud formation templates applied to perform this demo because we're going to use the default VPC.

All that you'll need is to be logged in as the IAM admin user inside the management account of the organization and just make sure that you're in the Northern Virginia region.

Once you've confirmed that then just click in Find Services and type ECS and then click to move to the ECS console.

Once you're at the ECS console, step one is to create a Fargate cluster.

So that's the cluster that our container is going to run inside.

So click on clusters, then create cluster.

You'll need to give the cluster a name.

You can put anything you want here, but I recommend using the same as me and I'll be putting all the CATS.

Now Fargate mode requires a VPC.

I'm going to be suggesting that we use the default VPC because that's already configured, remember, to give public IP addresses to anything deployed into the public subnets.

So just to keep it simple and avoid any extra configuration, we'll use the default VPC.

Now it should automatically select all of the subnets within the default VPC, in my case all six.

If yours doesn't, just make sure you select all of the available subnets from this dropdown, but it should do this by default.

Then scroll down and just note how AWS Fargate is already selected and that's the default.

If you wanted to, you could check to use Amazon EC2 instances or external instances using ECS anywhere, but for this demo, we won't be doing that.

Instead, we'll leave everything else as default, scroll down to the bottom and click create.

If this is the first time you're doing this in an AWS account, it's possible that you'll get the error that's shown on screen now.

If you do get this error, then what I would suggest is to wait a few minutes, then go back to the main ECS console, go to cluster again and then create the all the cats cluster again.

So follow exactly the same steps, call the cluster all the cats, make sure that the animals for live default VPC is selected and all those subnets are present, and then click on create.

You should find that the second time that you run this creation process, it works okay.

Now this generally happens because there's an approval process that needs to happen behind the scenes.

So if this is the first time that you're using ECS within this AWS account, then you might get this error.

It's nothing to worry about, just rerun the process and it should create fine the second time.

Once you've followed that process through again, or if it works the first time, then just go ahead and click on the all the cats cluster.

So this is the Fargate based cluster.

It's in an active state, so we're good to deploy things into this cluster.

And we can see that we've got no active services.

If I click on tasks, we can see we've got no active tasks.

There's a tab here, metrics where you can see cloud watch metrics about this cluster.

And again, because this is newly created and it doesn't have any activity, all of this is going to be blank.

For now, that's fine.

What we need to do for this demonstration is create a task definition that will deploy our container, our container of cats container into this Fargate cluster.

To do that, click on task definitions and create a new task definition.

You'll need to pick a name for your task definition.

Go ahead and put container of cats.

And then inside this task definition, the first thing to do set the details of the container for this task.

So under container details under name, go ahead and put container of cats web.

So this is going to be the web container for the container of cats task.

Then next to the name under image URI, you need to point this at the docker image that's going to be used for this container.

So I'm going to go ahead and paste in the URI for my docker image.

So this is the docker image that I created earlier in the course within the EC2 docker demo.

You might have also created your own container image.

You can feel free to use my container image or you can use yours.

If you want to keep things simple, you should go ahead and use mine.

Yours should be the same anyway.

Now just to be careful, this isn't a URL.

This is a URI to point at my docker image.

So it consists of three parts.

First we have docker.io, which is the docker hub.

Then we have my username, so acantral.

And then we have the repository name, which is container of cats.

So if you want to use your own docker image, you need to change both the username and the repository name.

Again, to keep things simple, feel free to use my docker image.

Then scrolling down, we need to make sure that the port mappings are correct.

It should show what's on screen now, so container port 80, TCP.

And then the port name should be the same or similar to what's on screen now.

Don't worry if it's slightly different and the application protocol should be HTTP.

This is controlling the port mapping from the container through to the Fargate IP address.

And I'll talk more about this IP address later on in this demo.

Everything else looks good, so scroll down to the bottom and click on next.

We need to specify some environment details.

So under operating system/architecture, it needs to be linux/x86_64.

Under task size for memory, go ahead and select 1GB and then under CPU, 0.5 vCPU.

That should be enough resources for this simple docker application.

Scroll down and under monitoring and logging, uncheck use log collection.

We won't be needing it for this demo lesson.

That's everything we need to do.

Go ahead and click on next.

This is just an overview of everything that we've configured, so you can scroll down to the bottom and click on create.

And at this point, the task definition has been created successfully.

And this is where you can see all of the details of the task definition.

If you want to see the raw JSON for the task definition itself, you don't need this for the exam, but this is actually what a task definition looks like.

So it contains all of this different information.

What it has got is one or more container definitions.

So this is just JSON.

This is a list of container definitions.

We've only got the one.

And if you're looking at this, you can see where we set the port mapping.

So we're mapping port 80.

You can see where it's got the image URL, which is where it pulls the docker image from.

This is exactly what a normal task and container definition look like.

They can be significantly more complex, but this format is consistent across all task definitions.

Okay, so now it's time to launch a task.

It's time to take the container and task definitions that we've defined and actually run up a container inside ECS using those definitions.

So to do that, click on clusters and then select the all the cats cluster.

Click on tasks and then click on run a new task.

Now, first we need to pick the compute options and we're going to select launch type.

So check that box.

If appropriate for the certification that you're studying for, I'll be talking about the differences between these two in a different lesson.

Once you've clicked on launch type, make sure Fargate is selected in the launch type drop down and latest is selected under platform version.

Then scroll down and we're going to be creating a task.

So make sure that task is selected.

Scroll down again and under family, make sure container of cats is selected.

And then under revision, select latest.

We want to make sure the latest version is used and we'll leave desired tasks at one and task group blank.

Scroll down and expand networking.

Make sure the default VPC is selected and then make sure again that all of the subnets inside the default VPC are present under subnets.

The default is that all of them should be in my case six.

Now the way that this task is going to work is that when the task is run within Fargate, an elastic network interface is going to be created within the default VPC.

And that elastic network interface is going to have a security group.

So we need to make sure that the security group is appropriate and allows us to access our containerized application.

So check the box to say create a new security group and then for security group name and description, use container of cats -sg.

We need to make sure that the rule on this security group is appropriate.

So under type select HTTP and then under source change this to anywhere.

And this will mean that anyone can access this containerized application.

Finally make sure that public IP is turned on.

This is really important because this is how we'll access our containerized application.

Everything else looks good.

We can scroll down to the bottom and click on create.

Now give that a couple of seconds.

It should initially show last status.

So the last status should be set to provisioning and the desired state should be set to running.

So we need to wait for this task provisioning to complete.

So just keep hitting refresh.

You'll see it first change into pending.

Now at this point we need this task to be in a running state before we can continue.

So go ahead and pause the video and wait for both of these states.

So last status and desired status both of those need to be running before we continue.

So pause the video, wait for both of those to change and then once they have you can resume and will continue.

After another refresh the last status should now be running and in green and the desired state should also be running.

So at that point we're good to go.

We can click on the task link below.

We can scroll down and our task has been allocated a private IP version for address in the default VPC and also a public IP version for address also in the default VPC.

So if we copy this public IP into our clipboard and then open a new tab and browse to this IP we'll see our very corporate professional web application.

If it fits, I sits in a container in a container.

So we've taken a Docker image that we created earlier in this section of the course.

We've created a Fargate cluster, created a task definition with a container definition inside and deployed our container image as a container to this Fargate cluster.

So it's a very simple example, but again this scales.

So you could deploy Docker containers which are a lot more complex in what functionality they offer.

In this case it's just an Apache web server loading up a web page but we could deploy any type of web application using the same steps that you've performed in this demo lesson.

So congratulations, you've learned all of the theory that you'll need for the exam and you've taken the steps to implement this theory in practice by deploying a Docker image as a container on an ECS Fargate cluster.

So great job.

At this point all that remains is to tidy up.

So go back to the AWS console.

Just stop this container.

Click on stop.

Click on task definitions and then go into this task definition.

Select this.

Click on actions, deregister and then click on deregister.

Click back on task definitions and make sure there's no results there.

That's good.

Click on clusters.

Click on all the cats.

Delete the cluster.

You'll need to type delete space all the cats and then click on delete to confirm.

And at that point the Fargate cluster has been deleted.

The running container has been stopped.

The task definitions been deleted and our account is back in the same state as when we started.

So at this point you've completed the demo.

You've done great and you've implemented some pretty complex theory.

So you should already have a head start on any exam questions which involve ECS.

We're going to be using ECS a lot more as we move through the course and we're going to be using it in some of the Animals for Life demos as we implement progressively more complex architectures later on in the course.

For now I just wanted to give you the basics but you've done really well if you've implemented this successfully without any issues.

So at this point go ahead, complete this video and when you're ready join me in the next.

Since not all plants show this diurnal time course I would write the sentence a bit different, putting the more important part in front: The optical properties of the epidermis vary strongly in response to exposure to blue light and UV radiation and may also vary even during the day (Barnes et al. 2015) and during the season (Solanki et al. 2019, Pescheck and Bilger 2019).

... than was thought 12 years AGO? I would not refer in this way to the previous edition. Suggestion: In recent years, the importance of the role of time and timing in responses to UV radiation became more obvious. However, the following text does not refer to the time factor, but rather to the interaction of the various photoreceptors.

... signalling in the shade avoidance response

Also cyanobacteria can sense UV-B radiation. I'm quite sure that we have not yet found all possible UV-B receptors. I think we need to do some more literature search and write something about the potential existrance of other UV-B receptors.

Since we don't talk about the consequences of light reception thorugh the other receptors, I would not include the generation of ROS by light reception here. There are two more figures for signal transduction below. Should we include another one on ROS? Since this is a somewhat uncertain topic, I would not do that but rather add a little paragraph (at the time of writing this I have not yet read the whole chapter).

For Japanese bidding? Who were these residents?

There are no Z variables in the equation given above

quietly cleaning a quiet deluxe by [[Just My Typewriter]]

Cleaning the case, exterior and some of interior of a Royal Quiet De Luxe typewriter. She does a somewhat minimal job here.

She could have disassembled a bit more and done a better job with a toothbrush and mineral spirits on the inside.

Not a horrible recommendation for a beginner, but could have gone further and been a bit more comprehensive.

Royal Quiet De Luxe Typewriter Adjustment Print Quality Height Balance On-Feet Shift Motion by [[Phoenix Typewriter]]

He made sure the carriage isn't out of alignment which can cause on feet issues as well.

Adjust the basket stops higher or lower as necessary. Try 1/2 to full turn and test each

The adjustment points are between the body and the carriage about an inch inside the body shell.

Do upper case first. The first set of screws/nuts just next to the outside of the typewriter are for lower case and the second set just inside of those are for upper case.

Turning the adjustment screws clockwise should push the carriage stops down just a bit.

Some good characters to check are H, h, p, y, and 8.

When doing type alignment, Duane Jensen was taught to use an old/used ribbon instead of a new, wet/dark ribbon for better performance in testing. New ribbons don't show the differences as well.

He's noticed that ribbon from Around the Office are dreadful.

• makes my weekly reviews a breeze

the information I have bothered to save and organise will be unused.

Surprising how low the percentage of "cases filed in California's trial courts result in an appellate disposition" are. Personally I thought it was a low number but something like 2-3%, not in the hundredths of a decimal. Given how low the percentage is it helps me get another reason why casebooks focus so much appellate rather than trial court designs. If a case is heard in appellate court that automatically gives it some importance in the legal world.

Sounds very similar to the phrase "when you're a hammer, everything looks like a nail." With very little understanding of the law these unimportant surface-level details are viewed as important, these "post-literate" individuals (as the paper calls them) trying to make these unrelated cases connect to what they are researching. I presume that only through a good understanding of how to properly do legal research that this issue is resolved.

Removing Feet from Royal Quiet DeLuxe Typewriter. by [[DC Types]]

Not what I was hoping for in terms of removing the screws holding the feet in.

Ryan Holiday says that our society struggles with accepting that we owe things to other people...

This reminds me of Simone Weil's notion of "no rights, only responsibilities"... A right by itself has no power, only obligation has. A right is an obligation toward us fulfilled. Only other people have rights, and we have obligations.

Getting into this frame of mind allows one to live a far more righteous and fulfilled as well as calm life. Once you acknowledge that you have no rights, you can not cling to them, and thus you don't view things as unfair to you.

"The Stoic Practice is a Dialogue With The Self" -- Ryan Holiday (~7:58)

I think this is also true for Zettelkasten. You write for yourself. Only you need to understand your notes, nobody else.

Stoicism is about taking the thorn out of your own eye before throwing stones at others.

( ~5:58)

"You get surprised even by your own notes."

Yes, that's exactly what Niklas Luhmann mentioned as the prerequisite for effective communication (with a Zettelkasten).

"You can see I have quite a lot notes I have to make."

This is a difference in mentality between Ryan Holiday and me (as well as Muhammed Ali Kilic)

@M.AKilic50

Our mentality (inspired by GTD and other standard productivity stuff, mostly Flow) is to avoid creating homework.

You don't HAVE to make notes on something. You select what you deem valuable and are interested in working with at the moment.

Because of the marginal gains effect I wrote about earlier, it doesn't matter if you don't make a lot of notes. Besides, you can always return later--especially with a proper bib card and potentially a custom index/ToC for a book.

A Zettelkasten is the lazy man's path to excellence.

(this is an ironic statement of mine because a Zettelkasten asks a lot of work over time. However, it doesn't have to be on a day to day basis. Plus you work only on what you want, hence it doesn't require that much discipline.)

"If you do one or two positive contributions a day, it adds up." - Ryan Holiday

Perhaps this is the essence of both Zettelkasten and Commonplace books; Marginal Gains.

Exponentional Increase over time. Upon first glance, it seems linear (1+1 = 2)... However, the formula is different because, at least in Zettelkasten, a new note means N new possible connections as this new note can virtually be connected to all other notes. In a Zettelkasten this is explicit, in a commonplace book connections are implicit.

New 3D-printed elements for the IBM Selectric by [[Richard Polt]]

David Hayden <br /> Austin Selectric Rescue<br /> https://selectricrescue.org/

Custom type elements for the IBM Selectric

ᔥ[[Joe Van Cleave]] in New Selectric Type Elements<br /> (accessed:: 2024-10-19 11:42:15)

Engaging in a Zettelkasten/Commonplace book in this way is equal to inherent spaced repetition and recall perhaps?

Especially if you allow some time of rumination... Read book, wait a few days to a few weeks before processing it. The book's contents remain in the back of your mind.

Then when processing you get engaged with the substance again and therefore interrupt the ebbinghaus curve.

Perhaps I need to argue more with the authors and the content, as Adler & van Doren also recommend.

This might be a limitation in (the way I do) Zettelkasten. Because I am not writing in the margins and not engage in "tearing up" the book, I am less inclined to argue against/with the work.

Maybe I need to do this more using bib-card. Further thought on implementation necessary...

Perhaps a different reason is that I like to get through most books quickly rather than slowly. Sometimes I do the arguing afterward, within my ZK.

I need to reflect on this at some point (in the near future) and optimize my processes.

to:

This is true due to the risk of getting robbed.

It is a good idea to rebuild trust within the community.

Its smart to play into what people want.

This makes sense, as people were in a big panic then.

This was after Elliot had laid into Tatiana about using the dragon for show and not for reasons that may somewhat be valuable for her in the long run.

This is a way that Elliot shows even though Tatiana can be worrisome he still felt some type of empathy for her in this situation.

I think it's very smart to focus on rebuilding the countrys economy.

I think this is only semi true, as another form of happiness is due to the relief having money brings.

I find it interesting that hes making it out, to seem like a problem he too faces.

I like the fact his trying to be honest.

How many things had to go perfectly for me to exist in the flesh?

It's interesting to see the major effect the Great Depression had on America.

It's crazy the difference in salary between farmers on the West Coast and farmers in the South.

I think it's interesting that his presidency had such a devastating effect.

I found this passage really shocking. It’s surprising that many people thought the economy would bounce back quickly when things were so bad. Hoover saying “the depression is over” feels almost unreal. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff made things worse, causing trade to drop a lot. This shows how quickly hope can turn into trouble, especially with bad decisions.

I found this information really surprising. It’s shocking that while the stock market was doing well, most Americans weren’t getting richer. The gap between the rich and poor was huge, with the wealthiest seeing their incomes rise a lot while everyday people struggled. It’s hard to believe that the government supported policies that helped the rich even more. This shows that a strong economy doesn’t mean everyone is doing well, and we need to pay attention to these inequalities to prevent future problems.

The light could be a symbol for the afterlife and by continuing on the group could be ultimately racing towards their end.

could be a demonstration of natural selection by showing how despite the groups best efforts, they still fall short of safety

Tragedy will often bring an unlikely group together and allow them to bond.

Creates a dark and cynical tone for the story and may foreshadow tragedy later on since they are all aware that there is a chance they will die at sea.

The rough sea environment coincides with the naturalism tendency to place the story in a harsh environment..

or leave the co

need to have a bias for action and realize when there's a sunk cost fallacy