Flag: suggested answer (don't read if don't want to see a (possibly incorrect) attempt:

Update - realise some bi-modal continuous distribution may be better (but potentially difficult to perform the update)

Attempt: we model the parameter pi in a Bayesian way: we put a distribution on pi (0.7 w.p 1/2, 0.2 w.p 1/2) then we weight the 1/2 with the likelihood of the observations, given that parameter (i.e. what is the likleihood when pi = 0.7, multiply that by 1/2 then divide by the normalizing constant to get our new probability for pi = 0.7 (do the same for pi = 0.2, the normalizing constant is the sum of the 'scores' for 0.7 and 0.2 i.e. 1/2 * likelihood so we can't 'divide by the normalising constant until we have the score for both 0.2 and 0.7)

Flag - suggested answer (don't read if don't want to see a (possibly incorrect) attempt:

Grateful for comments here as I am not very certain on the situations that the MLE approach is better vs situations where Bayesian approach is better

Suggested answer:

c(i) Is frequentist approach where we have one parameter estimate (the MLE) c(ii) bayesian approach - distribution over parameters and we update our prior belief based on observations If we have no prior belief - c(i) may be a better estimate (i.e. in (my version of) c(ii) we are constraining the parameters to be 0.7 or 0.2 and updating our relative convictions about these - which is a strong prior asssumption (we can never have 0.5 for instance) If we do have prior belief and also want to incorporate uncertainty estimations in our parameters, I think c(ii) is better If the MLE is 0.7 then we will have c(i) giving 0.7 and c(ii) giving 0.7 with a very high probability and 0/2 with a very low probability to the methods will perform similarly

Flag: suggested answer (don't read if don't want to see a )(possibly incorrect) attempt:

attempt: MLE = k/3

for - paper - Assessing the size and uncertainty of Remaining Carbon Budget (RCB) - Lamboll et al, 2023 - from - youtube - Climate scientist Kevin Anderson warns: Only 4 years left to stay below 1.5°C without urgent action

from - youtube - Climate scientist Kevin Anderson warns: Only 4 years left to stay below 1.5°C without urgent action - https://hyp.is/u-rKxK-6Ee-TT7OpdMUOTw/www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFDRp-JMf9Q

https://web.archive.org/web/20241201071240/https://www.dreamsongs.com/WorseIsBetter.html

Richard P Gabriel documents the history behind 'worse is better' a talk he held in Cambridge in #1989/ The role of LISP in the then AI wave stands out to me. And the emergence of C++ on Unix and OOP. I remember doing a study project (~91) w Andre en Martin in C++ v2 because we realised w OOP it would be easier to solve and the teacher thought it would be harder for us to use a diff language.

via via via Chris Aldrich in h. to Christian Tietze, https://forum.zettelkasten.de/discussion/comment/22075/#Comment_22075 to Christine Lemmer-Webber https://dustycloud.org/blog/how-decentralized-is-bluesky/ to here.

-[ ] find overv of AI history waves and what tech / languages drove them at the time

for - stats - Current National Declared Commitments (NDCs) only take us to a disastrous 2.6 Deg. C over the course of the century.- UN Emissions Gap Report 2024 - Key Messages

for - stats - GHG emissions grew 1.3 % year-on-year to 57.1 Gton CO2 eq in 2023 - UN Emissions Gap Report 2024 - Key Messages - stats - 7.5% decarbonization rate is now required every year to stay under 1.5 Deg C - UN Emissions Gap Report 2024 - Key Messages

for - stats - 2030 emissions - 42% lower than 2019 to stay within 1.5 Deg C - UN 2024 Emission's Gap Report

for - quote - climate crisis - In 2024, temperatures soared above 1.5 Deg C. Have we breached the threshold? Yes and No - Kevin Anderson

quote - climate crisis - In 2024, temperatures soared above 1.5 Deg C. Have we breached the threshold? Yes and No - Kevin Anderson - (see below) - We hit it for one year and that doesn't tell us we've hit it or we haven't hit it - We we typically want to see a longer running average so we typically use n 11-year running average - so a single year doesn't tell us we've hit it or we haven't hit it - But it may well be that we're already in that long run average - We might be already one of those years that means we're not going to drop below 1.5

for - climate target of 1.5 Deg C - incrementalism won't work - rapid system change is necessary

Case: patient is named case #2, male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info:

Case Presenting HPOs: Hyperammonemia (HP:0001987), oriticaciduria (HP:0003218), low plasma citrulline (HP:0003572), neonatal onset(HP:0003623), Hyperglutaminemia (HP:0003217)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: GDNA was isolated from lymphocytes. To examine the small mutations in the coding region of the OTC gene, all 10 exons and their flanking intron regions were amplified using PCR, and the nucleotide sequences of the amplified products were determined. To determine the intron 5 sequence of case 2, PCR was performed using primers OTCex5F and OTCint5R, and primers OTCint5F and OTCex6R (Table 1, Fig. 3). The amplified products were subcloned into the pT7 vector and the inserted DNA was sequenced using an automated DNA sequencer. Allopurinol test

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1, Notes:

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.540+265G>A

ClinVarID: NA

CAID: CA658658977

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Oliver Sacks Archive Heads to the New York Public Library by [[Jennifer Schuessler]]

The voluminous papers of the celebrated neurologist include letters, notebooks, drafts and other traces of a man who couldn’t stop writing.

You have to love the boos, notebooks, papers, fountain pen, typewriter, computer, printer, and even writing software all pictured in this... Add the glasses and it just reeks of someone who reads and writes.

DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-20-1043

Resource: RRID:IMSR_ORNL:IE-BALB-C

Curator: @bandrow

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_ORNL:IE-BALB-C

What is this?

Gemignani, Michael C. Elementary Topology. 2nd ed. Addison-Wesley Series in Mathematics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1971.

Annotations URL<br /> Alternate annotations URL

Case: Patient #8, Female, Spanish

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: Family history of disease

CasePresentingHPOs: Hyperammonemia (HP:0001987), Hyperglutaminemia (HP:0003217), Low plasma citrulline (HP:0003572), Oroticaciduria (HP:0003218), Childhood onset (HP:0011463)

CaseHPOFreeText:

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText:

CasePreviousTesting: Patients referred for mutational study because of enzymatically proven and/or laboratory proven OTC deficiency; genomic DNA extracted using commercial kit; amplified through PCR; SSCP analysis; sequenced using ABI Prism 3100 automated sequencer

SupplementalData: Table 1

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.391_397dup (p.Ser133Ilefs*3)

ClinVarID: 597358

CAID: CA913190354

gnomAD:

for - question - earth system boundaries - biodiversity - how do we reconcile these boundaries with climate departure?

question - earth system boundaries - biodiversity - how do we reconcile these boundaries with climate departure? - Does the term "functional integrity" imply autonomy from climate feedbacks? Obviously, climate feedback plays a huge role in determining biodiversity health - In 2013, Mora et al. found that climate departure, the year in which a climate variable moves out of the historical bounds will occur everywhere on the planet, regardless of an aggressive RCP pathway being taken. In this study, climate departure was found to take place (relative to 2013) - 37.5 years in the future under RCP45, or - 22.5 years in the future under RCP85 - It would seem that the biodiversity boundaries should take into consideration climate departure as species extinction and ecological system disruption is projected to occur, regardless of whether RCP45 or RCP85 is adopted. - Currently, we are still on a Business-As-Usual trajectory, but since 2013, scientific research has moved the danger threshold even lower so climate departure dates are likely even sooner than those calculated in the 2013 Mora paper

to - Mora, C., Frazier, A., Longman, R. et al. (2013). The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability. Nature 502, 183–187. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12540 - https://hyp.is/3wZrokX9Ee-XrSvMGWEN2g/www.nature.com/articles/nature12540 - Researchgate copy - https://hyp.is/go?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F257598710_The_projected_timing_of_climate_departure_from_recent_variability&group=world

DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117412

Resource: RRID:IMSR_ORNL:IE-BALB-C

Curator: @vtello

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_ORNL:IE-BALB-C

What is this?

34:00 ... 34:40 "why is it that we dont make vitamin C, but guinea pigs do?"<br /> some people say this is an acquired nutrient deficiency, curable by eating olive leafs.<br /> The Restoration of Vitamin C Synthesis in Humans<br /> by Thomas E. Levy, MD, JD and Ron Hunninghake, MD<br /> https://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v18n14.shtml

Crawford 25108 E-Ring and C-Clip Tool 8-1/2"

Case: Patient Proband SS, Female, Caucasian

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: De novo inheritance, no family history of disease

CasePresentingHPOs: Hyperammonemia (HP:0001987), oroticaciduria (HP:0003218), Childhood onset (HP:0011463)

CaseHPOFreeText:

CaseNOTHPOs: Positive allopurinol test

CaseNOTHPOFreeText:

CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes or cultured skin fibroblasts. Amplification by PCR used. SSCP analysis performed. Sequencing of both free and immobilized single strands carried out by dideoxy chain termination method.

SupplementalData: Table 1: Mutations in the Ornithine Transcarbamylase Gene of 17 Females

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.77+1G>A

ClinVarID: 97313

CAID: CA224773

gnomAD:

Case: Female Patient #1, Female, Japanese

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: N/A

CasePresentingHPOs: Childhood onset (HP:0011463)

CaseHPOFreeText: Onset at 2 years

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText: 16% OTC activity

CasePreviousTesting:

Variant: NM_000531.5:c.67C>T (p.Arg23*)

ClinVarID: 97292

CAID: CA224742

gnomAD:

Case: Patient #38, Female, Chinese

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: No family history of disease, mutation is inherited

CasePresentingHPOs: Hyperammonemia (HP:0001987), oroticaciduria (HP:0003218), vomiting (HP:0002013), coma (HP:0001259), lethargy (HP:0001254), seizures (HP:0001250), childhood onset (HP:0011463)

CaseHPOFreeText: Elevated plasma ammonia at 190 umol/L (Normal: 9-30 umol/L), Elevated urinary orotate at 202 mmol/mmol creatinine (Normal: 0-1.5 mmol/mmol creatinine)

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText: Normal plasma glutamine at 13.5 umol/L (Normal: 6-30 umol/L), Normal plasma citrulline at 15.75 umol/L (Normal: 7-35 umol/L)

CasePreviousTesting: gDNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. PCR all coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of the OTC gene using 9 pairs of synthetic oligonucleotide primers, and the primer sequences and annealing temperature. PCR products were then purified and bidirectionally sequenced. The library was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq4000 and generated 150 bp paired-end reads. Data analysis was performed as previously described [Sun Y, Hu G, Liu H, Zhang X, Huang Z, Yan H, et al. Further delineation of the phenotype of truncating KMT2A mutations: the extended Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2017;173:510–4.]. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed for samples in which Sanger sequencing or WES failed to detect any disease-causing mutation.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.67C>T (p.Arg23*)

ClinVarID: 97292

CAID: CA224742

gnomAD:

Case: Patient #4, Female, Caucasian

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: N/A

CasePresentingHPOs: Hyperammonemia (HP:0001987),

CaseHPOFreeText: Elevated plasma ammonia concentration at 123 uM/L

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText: Anxiety, plasma citrulline at 2 uM/L

CasePreviousTesting: N/A

Variant: NM_000531.5:c.67C>T (p.Arg23*)

ClinVarID: 97292

CAID: CA224742

gnomAD:

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/aug/02/great-salt-lake-shrinking-greenhouse-gas-emissions

Case: Patient #16, Male

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: N/A

CasePresentingHPOs: Neonatal onset (HP:0003623), Hyperammonemia (HP:0001987)

CaseHPOFreeText:

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText:

CasePreviousTesting: N/A

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.77+2dupT

ClinVarID: 567293

CAID: CA891844248

gnomAD:

Case: Patient #50, Male

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: N/A

CasePresentingHPOs: Neonatal onset (HP:0003623), Hyperammonemia (HP:0001987)

CaseHPOFreeText:

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText:

CasePreviousTesting: N/A

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.174G>A (p.Trp58*)

ClinVarID: 97127

CAID: CA224490

gnomAD:

Case: Patient #85, Male

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: N/A

CasePresentingHPOs:

CaseHPOFreeText:

CaseNOTHPOs: Late Onset

CaseNOTHPOFreeText: Milder phenotype

CasePreviousTesting: N/A

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.298+1G>T

ClinVarID: 97160

CAID: CA224544

gnomAD:

Case: Patient #32, Female

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: N/A

CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

CaseHPOFreeText:

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText:

CasePreviousTesting: N/A

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.140dup (p.(Asn47LysfsTer8))

ClinVarID:

CAID:

gnomAD:

Case: Patient #7, Female

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: N/A

CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

CaseHPOFreeText:

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText:

CasePreviousTesting: N/A

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.29_32del (p.Asn10fs)

ClinVarID: 97157

CAID: CA224540

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #15, Female

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: N/A

CasePresentingHPOs: N/A

CaseHPOFreeText:

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText:

CasePreviousTesting:

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.77+1G>A

ClinVarID: 97313

CAID: CA224773

gnomAD:

Case: patient #10, Male, Argentine

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: family history of the disease,

Case Presenting HPOs: Neonatal onset(HP:0003623), Hyperammonemia HP:0001987

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: The OTC gene mutations were identified using PCR amplification, classical sequencing (Sanger), and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification.10,11 Mutations were identified by comparison with the GenBank reference sequence for human OTC (GenBank entries: NG_008471.1, NP 000522.3, NM 000531.5, NC 000023.11) Missense mutations were analyzed using different computational algorithms: CLUSTALW2 (http://www.clustal.org/clustal2/), SIFT (http://blocks.fhcrc.org/sift/SIFT.html),Polyphen2(http://genetics.bwh.harvard.edu/pph/),PoPMuSiC(http://babylone.ulb.ac.be/popmusic/), and SIFT Indel(http://siftdna.org/www/SIFT_indels2.html).

Supplemental Data: Table 1 Notes: died at 6 months and had 2 brothers that died a neonatal stage

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.540+1G>A

ClinVarID: 1458773

CAID: CA412724226

gnomAD: X-38381340-A-T

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient#5 , female, Italian

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info:

Case Presenting HPOs: irritability(HP:0000737), lethargy(HP:0001254), vomiting(HP:0002013), Oriticaciduria (HP:0003218), low plasma citrulline (HP:0003572), Elevated circulating alanine aminotransferase concentration(HP:0031964), Elevated circulating aspartate aminotransferase concentration (HP:0031956), childhood onset (HP:0011463)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: Total RNA was isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes or lymphoblastoid cell lines and from frozen liver biopsy as described in Chomczynski and Sacchi (1987). For each patient two cDNA syntheses were performed: 10mg of total RNA with 800-1000 ng of oligo dT or 500ng of specific primer NR, mapping in the 3’UTR of OTC cDNA Identification of genetic lesions by amplification of the OTC mRNA, expressed in the liver tissue and intestine, from a non-specific tissue like PBL or lymphoblastoid cell lines. Some mutations, particularly those affecting splicing sites, may have a different expression in liver and PBL . In females, including manifesting carriers, this method allows the identification of deletions and gene rearrangements with certainty, but mutations, decreasing mRNA stability, are unlikely to be detected because the normal allele will constitute the majority of the RNA available for RT-PCR and will be preferentially amplified.

Supplemental Data: Case report section Notes: Hepatomegaly. This mutation, previously reported (Reish et al., 1993), has been correlated with a lethal disease form in a male patient, therefore the mild phenotype in our patient could be explained by a not completely unfavorable X-lyonization

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.928G>T(p.Glu310*)

ClinVarID: 97361

CAID: CA224838

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: 24 yo Laotse patient , female

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info:

Case Presenting HPOs:Hyperammonemia(HP:0001987), Adult onset (HP:0003581), Elevated circulating alanine aminotransferase concentration(HP:0031964), Elevated circulating aspartate aminotransferase concentration(HP:0031956), oriticaciduria(HP:0003218), Aminoaciduria(HP:0003355, Prolonged prothrombin time(HP:0008151), Cerebral edema(HP:0002181),

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: " Genomic DNA from the patient was isolated from cultivated fibroblasts. Nine pairs of primers were designed from the published sequence of the OTC gene6,7 to allow amplification of all 10 exons including adjacent intron sequences. Single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis of the polymerase chain reaction–amplified individual exon 8 yielded an unusual migration pattern of exon 9

Supplemental Data: Case report section Notes: Patient had a pregnancy 2 years prior and lost the baby. In this case report, She was a 14weeks pregnant(2nd pregnancy) 24yo . She died during this of severe hyperammonemia 5 days after being administered amino acids through parenteral nutrition. She developed signs of encephalopathy stage 4 with maximal dilated unresponsive pupils, brisk oculocephalic reflex, and severe hyperventilation, requiring mechanical ventilation. MRI revealed revealed diffuse cortical edema with loss of white to gray matter distinction. Increased excretion of Gly, Gln, Ser, Thr, and Lys was found in her urine. Treatment with benzoate was started but didn't save the patient.

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.892_893del(p.Trp298Aspfs*15)

ClinVarID: 97348

CAID: CA224820

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #11, female, 35yo, slovenian

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: family history of the disease,

Case Presenting HPOs: Adult onset(HP:0003581), hyperammonemia(HP:0001987), protein avoidance (HP:0002038)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: Sequencing was performed at a 3rd-party sequencing center using a standardized seq of procedures following PCR-free WGS library preparation protocol Illumina TrueSeq DNA Nano and sequenced on Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform with a mean autosomal depth greater than 30×. Variants were interpreted by a medical doctor specialized in the NGS sequencing data analysis and those classified as likely pathogenic or pathogenic according to the ACMG/AMP standards and guidelines were considered for reporting, while variants of uncertain clinical significance, were not considered. Likely pathogenic and pathogenic variants were further evaluated by the referring clinical geneticist and were considered and reported if they were classified as both a likely diagnostic finding and if they were compatible with the clinical presentation of referral.

Supplemental Data: Table 4 and section 3.1(Case description) Notes:

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.540+265G>A

ClinVarID: 449382

CAID: CA658658977

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #113, Male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info:

Case Presenting HPOs: Neonatal onset(HP:0003623), Hyperammonemia HP:0001987

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: GDNA from blood, cultured skin fibroblasts, liver from patients suspected for otc deficiency was used to amplify all 10 exons and exon/intron boundaries using primers listed in Table 1. The amplified DNA fragments were then screened by single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and the abnormally migrating DNA fragments were sequenced directly from PCR products (w/o subcloning) to identify the mutation. The amino acid residue substitution created by the mutation is examined using an alignment of 26 OTCase sequences from 23 species.

Supplemental Data: Table 4 Notes:

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.867+1G>A

ClinVarID: 97342

CAID: CA224813

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

作用：确保了对变量的直接内存访问 在C语言中,volatile关键字的主要作用是: 1. 防止编译器对变量进行优化 编译器通常会对程序进行优化,以提高运行效率。但是对于一些与硬件密切相关的变量,编译器优化可能会导致一些意料之外的结果。volatile关键字可以告诉编译器,该变量可能会被意外因素影响,因此每次使用该变量时都要重新从内存中读取。这就防止了编译器对该变量进行优化和缓存。 2. 用于多线程编程 在多线程编程中,如果多个线程访问同一个变量,而该变量没有被适当地保护,就可能导致竞态条件。将变量声明为volatile可以确保每个线程都直接从内存中读取变量的值,而不是使用寄存器中的值。这样可以避免一些并发访问的问题。 3. 访问硬件寄存器 volatile关键字常用于访问内存映射的硬件寄存器,如设备的控制寄存器。这些寄存器的值可能会被硬件异步修改,所以编译器不应该对访问这些寄存器的代码进行优化。 需要注意的是,volatile关键字本身并不能解决所有的并发问题,它只是确保了对变量的直接内存访问。在多线程编程中,仍然需要采用适当的同步机制,如互斥锁、信号量等,来保护共享数据。 总之,volatile关键字的作用是防止编译器对变量进行优化,确保直接从内存中读取变量的值,这在硬件编程和多线程编程中非常有用。

Eine extreme hitzewelle in marokko hat in einer stadt im landesinneren an einemTag meh als 20 Todesopfer gefordert. Vorausgegangen. waren mehrere andere Hitzewellen. Sie sind laut einer Studie mit höchster Wahrscheinlichkeit der Erderhitzung durch Treibhausgase zuzuschreiben. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/maroc-une-vague-de-chaleur-sans-precedent-entraine-la-mort-de-plus-de-20-personnes-en-24-heures-20240725_YHPM3UEXSFDYLB7PYXNA5LO5F4/

Case: patient #20, Male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: NA

Case Presenting HPOs: Hyperammonemia (HP:0001987), oriticaciduria (HP:0003218), low plasma citrulline (HP:0003572), neonatal onset (HP:0003623)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: Genomic DNA was isolated using PUREGENE blood kit from peripheral leukocytes of patients and related family members with informed consents. Amplification by PCR of all 10 exons of the OTC gene was performed using nine pairs of primers designed to span all exons and their adjacent intronic regions. PCR products were subsequently sequenced using ABI3100 Genetic analyzer with BigDye termination ver.3.0.To analyze the activity of OTC protein expressed in the COS-7, high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis was performed with a Water system, consisting of a model 510 pump and a UV-visible 420 detector.

Supplemental Data: Table 1 Notes:

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.796_805del(p.Ile265AspfsX20)

ClinVarID: NA

CAID: CA2695233326

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #1, female Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info:

Case Presenting HPOs: Hyperammonemia (HP:0001987), Juvenile onset (HP:0003621)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: "DNA samples were obtained from either peripheral white blood cells or liver biopsies of probands. Patient 1 total liver RNAs were extracted by the acid-phenol-guanidium method and reverse-transcribed in cDNA by hexanucleotide priming using Superscript 11' (Life Technologies, Cergy-Pantoia, France). First strand cDNA was further PCR-amplified using forward and reverse primers specificons 7 and 9 of the OTC gene, respectively. Sequence comparisons were conducted using the FASTA option of the BISANCE package. Secondary protein conformational changes induced by sequence mutations were predicted using the algorithms of the BISANCE package. Nucleotidic changes potentially altering splice sites were studied using the Senapathy's algorithm from the BISANCE package."

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1, Notes:

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.731_739del(p.Leu244Profs)

ClinVarID: 97307

CAID: CA224765

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #273, Male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: NA

Case Presenting HPOs: Neonatal onset (HP:0003623)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: NA

Supplemental Data: Supplemental table file Notes:

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.818del (p.Glu273Glyfs*16)

ClinVarID: 97338

CAID: CA224807

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient MW

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: NA

Case Presenting HPOs: NA

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: NA

Supplemental Data: NA Notes: mutation might cause exon 8 kipping durring splicing.

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.718-2A>G

ClinVarID: 97303

CAID: CA224761

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #5, male, German Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: Family history of the disease, Variant found in mother of the patient

Case Presenting HPOs: infantile onset (HP:0003593), oritic aciduria(HP:0003218), hyperammonemia(HP:0001987), hyperglutaminemia(HP:0003217), low plasma citrulline (HP:0003572)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: Liver tissues were used to extract RNA that was later used to synthesize cDNA. The products were compared to healthy controls in order to detect variants. gDNA, in order to determine the size of deletions in patient 3 and 4 , a set of intronic primers presumably flanking the deletions was used and specific primers allowed sequencing of exactly those critical regions(sequencing on paper). To estimate the relevance of the identified intronic variants in terms of their capability to induce splicing, we used a score developed by Shapiro and Senapathy. This splice score offers information about the usage of a certain splice site

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1, Notes: died at 11 months, was given medication and low protein diet and was asymptomatic during that time. Died from sever cerebral edema.

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.1005+1091C>G

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA2695233334

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #1, male, turkish

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: Family history of the disease, Variant found in mother of the patient

Case Presenting HPOs: infantile onset (HP:0003593), coma(HP:0001259), episodic hyperammonemia(HP:0001951), oriticaciduria(HP:0003218)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: Liver tissues were used to extract RNA that was later used to synthesize cDNA. The products were compared to healthy controls in order to detect variants. gDNA, in order to determine the size of deletions in patient 3 and 4 , a set of intronic primers presumably flanking the deletions was used and specific primers allowed sequencing of exactly those critical regions(sequencing on paper). To estimate the relevance of the identified intronic variants in terms of their capability to induce splicing, we used a score developed by Shapiro and Senapathy. This splice score offers information about the usage of a certain splice site

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1, Notes: very mild movement disorder, the diagnosis was prenatal so measures were taken from birth,. 2 biopsies were performed and the revealed respectively a 30% and 50 % decrease on OTC activity.

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.867+1126A>G

ClinVarID: 571311

CAID: CA891843643

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #2, male, Saudi Arabian

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: Family history of the disease, Variant found in mother of the patient, Brother died of hyperammonemic crisis

Case Presenting HPOs: intellectual disability (HP:0001249), Neonatal onset (HP:0003623), seizure(HP:0001250), episodic hyperammonemia(HP:0001951), intellectual disability (HP:0001249)

Case HPO FreeText: hyperammonemic encephalopathy

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: Liver tissues were used to extract RNA that was later used to synthesize cDNA. The products were compared to healthy controls in order to detect variants. gDNA, in order to determine the size of deletions in patient 3 and 4 , a set of intronic primers presumably flanking the deletions was used and specific primers allowed sequencing of exactly those critical regions(sequencing on paper). To estimate the relevance of the identified intronic variants in terms of their capability to induce splicing, we used a score developed by Shapiro and Senapathy. This splice score offers information about the usage of a certain splice site

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1, Patient was severely mentally retarded after the age of 2. Low OTC activity

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.540+265G>A(p.Gln180_Glu181insX4)

ClinVarID: 449382

CAID: CA658658977

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: no patient #ID, female Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: NA

Case Presenting HPOs: NA

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: NA

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1, Notes: NA

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.665del(p.(Gly222ValfsTer8)

ClinVarID: 97289

CAID: CA224738

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Not done!!!

Case: no patient #ID, female Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: NA

Case Presenting HPOs: NA

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: NA

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1, Notes: NA

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.664-1delG

ClinVarID: 97289

CAID: CA224738

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: no patient #ID, female Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: NA

Case Presenting HPOs: NA

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: NA

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1, Notes: NA

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.663+2T>C

ClinVarID: 97285

CAID: CA224732

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: no patient #ID, male Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: NA

Case Presenting HPOs: NA

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: NA

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1, Notes: NA

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.663+1G>A

ClinVarID: 97283

CAID: CA224730

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: no patient #ID, female Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: NA

Case Presenting HPOs: NA

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: NA

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1, Notes: NA

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.77+1G>T

ClinVarID: 97314

CAID: CA224774

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: no patient ID#, 36yo donor , female

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info:

Case Presenting HPOs: adult onset (HP:0003581), oriticaciduria (HP:0003218), irritability (HP:0000737), protein avoidance

Case HPO FreeText: hyperammonemic encephalopathy

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: N/A

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1, She is vegeterian. The symptoms of OTCD started showing after the patient donated 60% of liver to her sibling. the information reported in this is the biochemical results during hyperammonemic episode following the transplantation. the patient became irritable and confused, and her level of consciousness deteriorated markedly. After hemodialysis the patient recovered.

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.429T>A(p.Tyr143*)

ClinVarID: 1072591

CAID: CA412723166

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

for - climate crisis - 5 deg C could reproduce similar levels of catastrophes as those in early earth history

for - quote - exceeding 2 Deg C may result in a billion deaths - Joshua Pearce

quote - exceeding 2 Deg C may result in a billion deaths - Joshua Pearce - (see below) - If warming reaches or exceeds 2 °C this century, - mainly richer humans will be responsible for killing roughly 1 billion mainly poorer humans - through anthropogenic global warming, - which is comparable with involuntary or negligent manslaughter.

Case: no patient ID#, male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: Neonatal onset (HP:0003623)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: GDNA was extracted from blood or liver tissues using salt and ethanol precipitation. multiplex amplification for exons 1, 5 and 9 to screen male patients with large deletions. Band intensities were measured using a molecular dynamics phosphoimager.

Supplemental Data: TABLE 2

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.541-2A>G

ClinVarID: 97243

CAID: CA224675

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: no patient ID#, male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info:

Case Presenting HPOs: Neonatal onset (HP:0003623)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: GDNA was extracted from blood or liver tissues using salt and ethanol precipitation. multiplex amplification for exons 1, 5 and 9 to screen male patients with large deletions. Band intensities were measured using a molecular dynamics phosphoimager.

Supplemental Data: TABLE 2,

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.437C>G(p.Ser146*)

ClinVarID: 97201

CAID: CA224606

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #573, male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info:

Case Presenting HPOs:hyperammonemia (HP:0001987), Neonatal onset (HP:0003623)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: GDNA extracted from blood leukocytes using the proteinase K/phenol extraction procedure on a model 340 A nucleic acid extractor (Applied Biosystems). 5mg samples of DNA were digested with BamHI, MspI, or TaqI restriction endonuclease, electrophoresed through 1 % agarose gels, and transferred to a nylon membrane by standard procedures. The blots were then hybridized with a radiolabeled full-length cDNA probe for human OTC.

Supplemental Data: TABLE 3,

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.67C>T(p.Arg23*)

ClinVarID:97292

CAID: CA224742

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient SM, male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info:

Case Presenting HPOs: Hyperammonemia (HP:0001987), Neonatal onset (HP:0003623)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: GDNA extracted from blood leukocytes using the proteinase K/phenol extraction procedure on a model 340 A nucleic acid extractor (Applied Biosystems). 5mg samples of DNA were digested with BamHI, MspI, or TaqI restriction endonuclease, electrophoresed through 1 % agarose gels, and transferred to a nylon membrane by standard procedures. The blots were then hybridized with a radiolabeled full-length cDNA probe for human OTC.

Supplemental Data: TABLE 3,

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.274C>T(p.Arg92*)

ClinVarID:97151

CAID: CA224530

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient from family 1, male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: Family history of the disease

Case Presenting HPOs: coma(HP:0001259), lethargy(HP:0001254), hyperammonemia (HP:0001987), Neonatal Onset HP:0003623

Case HPO FreeText: Poor feeding, poor spirit

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: Genomic DNA was extracted using the QIAamp DNA Blood Midi Kit (Qiagen, Duesseldorf, Germany). Quality control assessment of DNA samples was performed using the NanoDrop 2000 ultra-microvolume nucleic acid and protein spectrophotometer (Thermo, Waltham, MA, USA). The purity of DNA was required to be between 1.8 and 2.0.

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1, admitted to neonatal department because of poor feeding, poor spirit, coma, and lethargy. The maternal grandmother of the proband in this family had given birth to 3 boys and 2 girls. Two boys died within 1 month after birth

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.867+1G>C

ClinVarID:N/A

CAID: CA412723994

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #5, female

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: Neonatal onset (HP:0003623)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: gDNA testing involves PCR amplification of all 10 exons and exon/intron boundaries followed by screening for mutations or sequencing of all fragments, For these patients, confirmation of the diagnosis requires enzymatic assays. No specifications about the test

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.53del (p.His18Profs*20)

ClinVarID: 97239

CAID: CA224671

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #85, female

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs:

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: gDNA testing involves PCR amplification of all 10 exons and exon/intron boundaries followed by screening for mutations or sequencing of all fragments, For these patients, confirmation of the diagnosis requires enzymatic assays. No specifications about the test

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.449_451del(p.Leu151Trpfs*36)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA2759533410

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #154, male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: Neonatal onset (HP:0003623)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: gDNA testing involves PCR amplification of all 10 exons and exon/intron boundaries followed by screening for mutations or sequencing of all fragments, For these patients, confirmation of the diagnosis requires enzymatic assays. No specifications about the test

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.664-1G>A

ClinVarID: 97288

CAID: CA224811

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #188, male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: Neonatal onset (HP:0003623)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: gDNA testing involves PCR amplification of all 10 exons and exon/intron boundaries followed by screening for mutations or sequencing of all fragments, For these patients, confirmation of the diagnosis requires enzymatic assays. No specifications about the test

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.835C>T(p.Gln279*)

ClinVarID: 97341

CAID: CA224811

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #213, male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: Neonatal onset (HP:0003623)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: gDNA testing involves PCR amplification of all 10 exons and exon/intron boundaries followed by screening for mutations or sequencing of all fragments, For these patients, confirmation of the diagnosis requires enzymatic assays. No specifications about the test

Supplemental Data: TABLE 1

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.962C>A(p.Ser321*)

ClinVarID: 97373

CAID: CA224859

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #220, male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: Neonatal onset (HP:0003623)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: gDNA testing involves PCR amplification of all 10 exons and exon/intron boundaries followed by screening for mutations or sequencing of all fragments, For these patients, confirmation of the diagnosis requires enzymatic assays. No specifications about the test

Supplemental Data: Table 1

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.1005+2T>C

ClinVarID: 97090

CAID: CA224431

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #335, female

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs:

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: No specific functional tests indicated

Supplemental Data: In supplemental data files

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.861_862insAC (p.Met288Thrfs*2)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA2759522140

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #303, female

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs:

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: No specific functional tests indicated

Supplemental Data: In supplemental data files

Variant: NM_000531.6: c.766G>T(p.256Gly*)

ClinVarID: 870326

CAID: CA412722685

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #212, female

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs:

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: No specific functional tests indicated

Supplemental Data: In supplemental data files

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.561delA(p.Gly188Valfs*18)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA2499307429

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #198, male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: Neonatal onset (HP:0003623)

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: No specific functional tests indicated

Supplemental Data: In supplemental data files

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.538C>T(p.Gln180*)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA412724187

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #16, female, Japanese

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs:

Case HPO FreeText:

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: The severity of missense mutations was assessed using conservation and solvent accessible area of the replaced amino acid, calculated destabilization of mutant proteins and their SIFT and PolyPhen2 scores

Supplemental Data: Kido_et_al_2022_fgene_Data Sheet 2

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.77+1G>T

ClinVarID: 97314

CAID: CA224774

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #55, male, Japanese

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: Seizure (HP:0001250), Hyperammonemia (HP:0001987), Intellectual disability (HP:0001249)

Case HPO FreeText: abnormal brain MRI and brain waves, acute liver failure, corneal opacity

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: The mRNA ref seq were, wherein the “A” nucleotide of the start codon ATG constituted as +1 numbering of the cDNA sequence. Met encoded by the start codon ATG also represented +1 for the amino acid numbering as set forth by the preprotein seq. PolyPhen-2, SIFT, and I-Mutant 3 tools were used for predicting the potential impact of an amino acid alteration in missense mutations on the function of each enzyme.

Supplemental Data: Table 1

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.c.929_931del(p.Glu310Valfs*45)

ClinVarID: 858012

CAID: CA916083888

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #56, female, Japanese

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: ,Hyperammonemia (HP:0001987)

Case HPO FreeText: N/A

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: The mRNA ref seq were, wherein the “A” nucleotide of the start codon ATG constituted as +1 numbering of the cDNA sequence. Met encoded by the start codon ATG also represented +1 for the amino acid numbering as set forth by the preprotein seq. PolyPhen-2, SIFT, and I-Mutant 3 tools were used for predicting the potential impact of an amino acid alteration in missense mutations on the function of each enzyme.

Supplemental Data: Table 1, patient had a liver transplant at 12yo.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.940G>T(p.Glu314*)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA412726302

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #52, female, Japanese

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: ,Hyperammonemia (HP:0001987)

Case HPO FreeText: N/A

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: The mRNA ref seq were, wherein the “A” nucleotide of the start codon ATG constituted as +1 numbering of the cDNA sequence. Met encoded by the start codon ATG also represented +1 for the amino acid numbering as set forth by the preprotein seq. PolyPhen-2, SIFT, and I-Mutant 3 tools were used for predicting the potential impact of an amino acid alteration in missense mutations on the function of each enzyme.

Supplemental Data: Table 1

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.894G>A(p.Trp298*)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA412725724

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #51, male, Japanese

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: neonatal(HP:0003623), intellectual disability (HP:0001249), seizure (HP:0001250),Hyperammonemia (HP:0001987)

Case HPO FreeText: Hypertonus, Autism, Acute liver failure. very high blood ammonia

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: The mRNA ref seq were, wherein the “A” nucleotide of the start codon ATG constituted as +1 numbering of the cDNA sequence. Met encoded by the start codon ATG also represented +1 for the amino acid numbering as set forth by the preprotein seq. PolyPhen-2, SIFT, and I-Mutant 3 tools were used for predicting the potential impact of an amino acid alteration in missense mutations on the function of each enzyme.

Supplemental Data: Table 1

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.867+1G>C

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA412723994

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: patient #50, male, Japanese

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: Seizure HP:0001250, hyperammonemia HP: 0001987

Case HPO FreeText: Hepatomegaly, Abnormal brain MRI and brain waves, Acute liver failure, Corneal opacity

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: The mRNA ref seq were, wherein the “A” nucleotide of the start codon ATG constituted as +1 numbering of the cDNA sequence. Met encoded by the start codon ATG also represented +1 for the amino acid numbering as set forth by the preprotein seq. PolyPhen-2, SIFT, and I-Mutant 3 tools were used for predicting the potential impact of an amino acid alteration in missense mutations on the function of each enzyme.

Supplemental Data: Table 1

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.834_840del(p.Gln279Serfs*8)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA2695233329

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: no patient ID, Female

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: HP:0001951, HP: 0001987

Case HPO FreeText: episodic hyperammonemia, hyperammonemia

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: "Genomic DNAs were extracted from leukocytes, The ten exons and intron-exon boundaries of the OTC gene were PCR amplified and analyzed by Sanger sequencing on an ABI3100 sequencer. Intragenic deletions/duplications were searched for by Multiple Ligation Probe Dependent Amplification assay. Potential impact of non truncating variants on mRNA and protein was predicted using Splice Site Prediction. OTC variants were split into two groups, “severe” and “mild,” based on their impact on the clinical phenotype and on the OTC protein.

Supplemental Data: Table 3, All nuclear family members were tested but no information about their genotype. the condition to be part of this study was the presence of at least one heterozygous female in the pedigree of the patient.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.1052delA(p.Lys351Serfs*44)

ClinVarID: 915468

CAID: CA1139667400

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: no patient ID, Female

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: HP:0003623, HP: 0001987

Case HPO FreeText: Neonatal onset, hyperammonemia

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: "Genomic DNAs were extracted from leukocytes, The ten exons and intron-exon boundaries of the OTC gene were PCR amplified and analyzed by Sanger sequencing on an ABI3100 sequencer. Intragenic deletions/duplications were searched for by Multiple Ligation Probe Dependent Amplification assay. Potential impact of non truncating variants on mRNA and protein was predicted using Splice Site Prediction. OTC variants were split into two groups, “severe” and “mild,” based on their impact on the clinical phenotype and on the OTC protein.

Supplemental Data: Table 3, All nuclear family members were tested but no information about their genotype. the condition to be part of this study was the presence of at least one heterozygous female in the pedigree of the patient.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.766G>T(p.Gly256*)

ClinVarID: 870326

CAID: CA412722685

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: no patient ID, Female

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: HP:0001951, HP: 0001987

Case HPO FreeText: episodic hyperammonemia, hyperammonemia

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: "Genomic DNAs were extracted from leukocytes, The ten exons and intron-exon boundaries of the OTC gene were PCR amplified and analyzed by Sanger sequencing on an ABI3100 sequencer. Intragenic deletions/duplications were searched for by Multiple Ligation Probe Dependent Amplification assay. Potential impact of non truncating variants on mRNA and protein was predicted using Splice Site Prediction. OTC variants were split into two groups, “severe” and “mild,” based on their impact on the clinical phenotype and on the OTC protein.

Supplemental Data: Table 3, All nuclear family members were tested but no information about their genotype. the condition to be part of this study was the presence of at least one heterozygous female in the pedigree of the patient.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.568dupA(p.Thr190Asnfs*35)

ClinVarID: 870328

CAID: CA916083887

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: no patient ID, male

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: HP:0003623, HP: 0001987

Case HPO FreeText: Neonatal onset, hyperammonemia

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: "Genomic DNAs were extracted from leukocytes, The ten exons and intron-exon boundaries of the OTC gene were PCR amplified and analyzed by Sanger sequencing on an ABI3100 sequencer. Intragenic deletions/duplications were searched for by Multiple Ligation Probe Dependent Amplification assay. Potential impact of non truncating variants on mRNA and protein was predicted using Splice Site Prediction. OTC variants were split into two groups, “severe” and “mild,” based on their impact on the clinical phenotype and on the OTC protein.

Supplemental Data: Table 3, All nuclear family members were tested but no information about their genotype. the condition to be part of this study was the presence of at least one heterozygous female in the pedigree of the patient.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.217-2A>G(IVS2)

ClinVarID: 915470

CAID: CA412716751

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #27, male, Korean

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: HP:0003593, HP:0003218, HP: 0001987

Case HPO FreeText: Infantile onset, oroticaciduria, hyperammonemia

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: "Potential impact of mutations on OTC function and/or folding assessed by multiple alignments of orthologous protein sequences and human OTC and structural data from Protein Data Bank (1C9Y and available orthologs). In M patients, the approximate extent of the deletions assessed by inspection of presence/absence of PCR products. In F patients, the deletions determined by the SALSA multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) KIT P079 OTC (MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) and the Affymetrix Human SNP 6.0 array (Santa Clara, CA). Sequence spanning 38,211,736 – 38,300,703 bp region on chromosome X (GRCh37) and including OTC was scanned for motifs CCTCCCT, CCTCCTT, CCTCCCTT, CCCCACCCC, CCNCCNTNNCCNC, GGNGGNAGGG and their complements known as being associated with recombination hotspots. Repeats capable of non-B DNA structure formation implicated in double strand breaks (DSBs) were sought by complexity analysis . X-inactivation ratio determined by analysis of methylation status of the human androgen-receptor locus (HUMARA)

Supplemental Data: Table 1&2, The minimum plasma ammonia, orotic acid and Gln+Glu concentrations depends on certain age range: Plasma ammonia: neonates <90μmol/l, other <60μmol/l. Urinary orotic acid: 0–1year <6.6mmol/mol creatinine, 1 – 10 years <3.5 mmol/mol creatinine, over 10 years <2.4 mmol/mol creatinine. Serum glutamate + glutamine: 0 – 1 month 200–1200μmol/l, 1 month–1year 200–1100μmol/l, 1year–18years 200–900μmol/l, over 18years 200–800μmol/l.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.929_931del(p.Glu310Valfs*45)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA916083888

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #37, female, Korean

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: HP:0011463, HP:0003218, HP: 0001987

Case HPO FreeText: Childhood onset, oroticaciduria, hyperammonemia

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: "Potential impact of mutations on OTC function and/or folding assessed by multiple alignments of orthologous protein sequences and human OTC and structural data from Protein Data Bank (1C9Y and available orthologs). In M patients, the approximate extent of the deletions assessed by inspection of presence/absence of PCR products. In F patients, the deletions determined by the SALSA multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) KIT P079 OTC (MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) and the Affymetrix Human SNP 6.0 array (Santa Clara, CA). Sequence spanning 38,211,736 – 38,300,703 bp region on chromosome X (GRCh37) and including OTC was scanned for motifs CCTCCCT, CCTCCTT, CCTCCCTT, CCCCACCCC, CCNCCNTNNCCNC, GGNGGNAGGG and their complements known as being associated with recombination hotspots. Repeats capable of non-B DNA structure formation implicated in double strand breaks (DSBs) were sought by complexity analysis . X-inactivation ratio determined by analysis of methylation status of the human androgen-receptor locus (HUMARA)

Supplemental Data: Table 1&2, The minimum plasma ammonia, orotic acid and Gln+Glu concentrations depends on certain age range: Plasma ammonia: neonates <90μmol/l, other <60μmol/l. Urinary orotic acid: 0–1year <6.6mmol/mol creatinine, 1 – 10 years <3.5 mmol/mol creatinine, over 10 years <2.4 mmol/mol creatinine. Serum glutamate + glutamine: 0 – 1 month 200–1200μmol/l, 1 month–1year 200–1100μmol/l, 1year–18years 200–900μmol/l, over 18years 200–800μmol/l.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.1043delA(p.Gln348Argfs*47)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA2695233335

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #35, female, Korean

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: HP:0011463, HP:0003218, HP: 0001987

Case HPO FreeText: childhood onset, oroticaciduria, hyperammonemia

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: "Potential impact of mutations on OTC function and/or folding assessed by multiple alignments of orthologous protein sequences and human OTC and structural data from Protein Data Bank (1C9Y and available orthologs). In M patients, the approximate extent of the deletions assessed by inspection of presence/absence of PCR products. In F patients, the deletions determined by the SALSA multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) KIT P079 OTC (MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) and the Affymetrix Human SNP 6.0 array (Santa Clara, CA). Sequence spanning 38,211,736 – 38,300,703 bp region on chromosome X (GRCh37) and including OTC was scanned for motifs CCTCCCT, CCTCCTT, CCTCCCTT, CCCCACCCC, CCNCCNTNNCCNC, GGNGGNAGGG and their complements known as being associated with recombination hotspots. Repeats capable of non-B DNA structure formation implicated in double strand breaks (DSBs) were sought by complexity analysis . X-inactivation ratio determined by analysis of methylation status of the human androgen-receptor locus (HUMARA)

Supplemental Data: Table 1&2, This is a large deletion. The minimum plasma ammonia, orotic acid and Gln+Glu concentrations depends on certain age range: Plasma ammonia: neonates <90μmol/l, other <60μmol/l. Urinary orotic acid: 0–1year <6.6mmol/mol creatinine, 1 – 10 years <3.5 mmol/mol creatinine, over 10 years <2.4 mmol/mol creatinine. Serum glutamate + glutamine: 0 – 1 month 200–1200μmol/l, 1 month–1year 200–1100μmol/l, 1year–18years 200–900μmol/l, over 18years 200–800μmol/l.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.853C>T(p.Gln285*)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA412723777

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #34, female, Korean

Disease Assertion: UCD/OTCD

Family Info: N/A

Case Presenting HPOs: HP:0011463, HP:0003218, HP: 0001987

Case HPO FreeText: childhood onset, oroticaciduria, hyperammonemia

Case NOT HPOs:

Case NOT HPO Free Text:

Case Previous Testing: "Potential impact of mutations on OTC function and/or folding assessed by multiple alignments of orthologous protein sequences and human OTC and structural data from Protein Data Bank (1C9Y and available orthologs). In M patients, the approximate extent of the deletions assessed by inspection of presence/absence of PCR products. In F patients, the deletions determined by the SALSA multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) KIT P079 OTC (MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) and the Affymetrix Human SNP 6.0 array (Santa Clara, CA). Sequence spanning 38,211,736 – 38,300,703 bp region on chromosome X (GRCh37) and including OTC was scanned for motifs CCTCCCT, CCTCCTT, CCTCCCTT, CCCCACCCC, CCNCCNTNNCCNC, GGNGGNAGGG and their complements known as being associated with recombination hotspots. Repeats capable of non-B DNA structure formation implicated in double strand breaks (DSBs) were sought by complexity analysis . X-inactivation ratio determined by analysis of methylation status of the human androgen-receptor locus (HUMARA)

Supplemental Data: Table 1&2, This is a manifesting heterozygote. Serum Gln+Glu was considered elevated. The minimum plasma ammonia, orotic acid and Gln+Glu concentrations depends on certain age range: Plasma ammonia: neonates <90μmol/l, other <60μmol/l. Urinary orotic acid: 0–1year <6.6mmol/mol creatinine, 1 – 10 years <3.5 mmol/mol creatinine, over 10 years <2.4 mmol/mol creatinine. Serum glutamate + glutamine: 0 – 1 month 200–1200μmol/l, 1 month–1year 200–1100μmol/l, 1year–18years 200–900μmol/l, over 18years 200–800μmol/l.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.717+1G>T(IVS7+1G>T)

ClinVarID: 97298

CAID: CA224753

gnomAD:

Gene Name: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #30, female, Korean

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: N/A

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0011463, HP:0003218

CaseHPOFreeText: childhood onset, oroticaciduria,

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText:

CasePreviousTesting: "Potential impact of mutations on OTC function and/or folding assessed by multiple alignments of orthologous protein sequences and human OTC and structural data from Protein Data Bank (1C9Y and available orthologs). In M patients, the approximate extent of the deletions assessed by inspection of presence/absence of PCR products. In F patients, the deletions determined by the SALSA multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) KIT P079 OTC (MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) and the Affymetrix Human SNP 6.0 array (Santa Clara, CA). Sequence spanning 38,211,736 – 38,300,703 bp region on chromosome X (GRCh37) and including OTC was scanned for motifs CCTCCCT, CCTCCTT, CCTCCCTT, CCCCACCCC, CCNCCNTNNCCNC, GGNGGNAGGG and their complements known as being associated with recombination hotspots. Repeats capable of non-B DNA structure formation implicated in double strand breaks (DSBs) were sought by complexity analysis . X-inactivation ratio determined by analysis of methylation status of the human androgen-receptor locus (HUMARA)

Supplemental Data: Table 1&2, Serum Gln+Glu was considered elevated, the minimum plasma ammonia, orotic acid and Gln+Glu concentrations depends on certain age range: Plasma ammonia: neonates <90μmol/l, other <60μmol/l. Urinary orotic acid: 0–1year <6.6mmol/mol creatinine, 1 – 10 years <3.5 mmol/mol creatinine, over 10 years <2.4 mmol/mol creatinine. Serum glutamate + glutamine: 0 – 1 month 200–1200μmol/l, 1 month–1year 200–1100μmol/l, 1year–18years 200–900μmol/l, over 18years 200–800μmol/l.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.491C>G(p.Ser164*)

ClinVarID: 97220

CAID: CA224642

gnomAD:

GeneName: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #6, male, Korean

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: N/A

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0011463, HP:0001987, HP:0003218

CaseHPOFreeText: Neonatal onset, hyperammonemia, oroticaciduria,

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText:

CasePreviousTesting: "Potential impact of mutations on OTC function and/or folding assessed by multiple alignments of orthologous protein sequences and human OTC and structural data from Protein Data Bank (1C9Y and available orthologs). In M patients, the approximate extent of the deletions assessed by inspection of presence/absence of PCR products. In F patients, the deletions determined by the SALSA multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) KIT P079 OTC (MRC-Holland, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) and the Affymetrix Human SNP 6.0 array (Santa Clara, CA). Sequence spanning 38,211,736 – 38,300,703 bp region on chromosome X (GRCh37) and including OTC was scanned for motifs CCTCCCT, CCTCCTT, CCTCCCTT, CCCCACCCC, CCNCCNTNNCCNC, GGNGGNAGGG and their complements known as being associated with recombination hotspots. Repeats capable of non-B DNA structure formation implicated in double strand breaks (DSBs) were sought by complexity analysis . X-inactivation ratio determined by analysis of methylation status of the human androgen-receptor locus (HUMARA)

Supplemental Data: Table 1&2, the minimum plasma ammonia, orotic acid and Gln+Glu concentrations depends on certain age range: Plasma ammonia: neonates <90μmol/l, other <60μmol/l. Urinary orotic acid: 0–1year <6.6mmol/mol creatinine, 1 – 10 years <3.5 mmol/mol creatinine, over 10 years <2.4 mmol/mol creatinine. Serum glutamate + glutamine: 0 – 1 month 200–1200μmol/l, 1 month–1year 200–1100μmol/l, 1year–18years 200–900μmol/l, over 18years 200–800μmol/l.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.461_471del(p.Glu154Alafs*18)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID:CA2695233305

gnomAD:

GeneName: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #15, male, Korean

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: N/A

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0011463, HP:0001987, HP:0003218, HP:0003572

CaseHPOFreeText: Neonatal onset, hyperammonemia, oroticaciduria, low plasma citrulline

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText:

CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. A total of 10 coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of the OTC gene were amplified by PCR with customized primers. PCR products were directly sequenced with the same primers . Sequencing results were compared with the established human OTC sequences(NM_000531.5). Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed for patients in whom no OTC mutations were identified by direct sequencing using the OTC MLPA kit.

Supplemental Data: Table 1, mother is a carrier, no range was given for blood ammonia concentration, range given in the tables for glutamine and urine orotate is slightly different than the one in the results paragraphs.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.796_805del(p.Ile265_Gly268delinsAspfs*19)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID:CA2695233326

gnomAD:

GeneName: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #45, female, Korean

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: variant in mother (father not tested) and brother

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0003593, HP:0001987, HP:0003218

CaseHPOFreeText: infantile onset, hyperammonemia, oroticaciduria

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText:

CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. A total of 10 coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of the OTC gene were amplified by PCR with customized primers. PCR products were directly sequenced with the same primers . Sequencing results were compared with the established human OTC sequences(NM_000531.5). Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed for patients in whom no OTC mutations were identified by direct sequencing using the OTC MLPA kit.

Supplemental Data: Table 1, mother is a carrier, the mutation was also found in patient 13(her brother), no range was given for blood ammonia concentration, range given in the tables for glutamine and urine orotate is slightly different than the one in the results paragraphs.

Variant: NM_000531.6c.664_667delinsAC(p.Gly222Thrfs*2)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID:CA2695233319

gnomAD:

GeneName: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #42, female, Korean

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: N/A

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0011463, HP:0001987, HP:0003218

CaseHPOFreeText: Childhood onset, hyperammonemia, oroticaciduria

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText:

CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. A total of 10 coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of the OTC gene were amplified by PCR with customized primers. PCR products were directly sequenced with the same primers . Sequencing results were compared with the established human OTC sequences(NM_000531.5). Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed for patients in whom no OTC mutations were identified by direct sequencing using the OTC MLPA kit.

Supplemental Data: Table 1, no range was given for blood ammonia concentration, range given in the tables for glutamine and urine orotate is slightly different than the one in the results paragraphs.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.958C>T(p.Arg320*)

ClinVarID: 97371

CAID:CA285809

gnomAD:

GeneName: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #44, female, Korean

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: variant in mother (father not tested)

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0011463, HP:0001987, HP:0003218, HP:0003217

CaseHPOFreeText: Childhood onset, hyperammonemia, oroticaciduria, hyperglutaminemia

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText:

CasePreviousTesting: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. A total of 10 coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of the OTC gene were amplified by PCR with customized primers. PCR products were directly sequenced with the same primers . Sequencing results were compared with the established human OTC sequences(NM_000531.5). Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed for patients in whom no OTC mutations were identified by direct sequencing using the OTC MLPA kit.

Supplemental Data: Table 1, mother is a carrier, no range was given for blood ammonia concentration, range given in the tables for glutamine and urine orotate is slightly different than the one in the results paragraphs.

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.799_800insA (p.Ser267Lysfs*26)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID:CA2695233327

gnomAD:

GeneName: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #30, male, Chinese

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: no family history of the disease

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0003593, HP:0001987, HP:0003218

CaseHPOFreeText: infantile onset, hyperammonemia, oroticaciduria

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText: No neurological damage

CasePreviousTesting: gDNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. PCR all coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of the OTC gene using 9 pairs of synthetic oligonucleotide primers, and the primer sequences and annealing temperature. PCR products were then purified and bidirectionally sequenced. The library was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq4000 and generated 150 bp paired-end reads. Data analysis was performed as previously described [Sun Y, Hu G, Liu H, Zhang X, Huang Z, Yan H, et al. Further delineation of the phenotype of truncating KMT2A mutations: the extended Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2017;173:510–4.]. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed for samples in which Sanger sequencing or WES failed to detect any disease-causing mutation.

SupplementalData: Table 3, drug treatment(L-arginine, L-Citrulline, sodium benzoate, and sodium phenylbutyrate)

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.929_931del(p.Glu310Valfs*45)

ClinVarID: 858012

CAID:CA916083888

gnomAD:

GeneName: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #61, female, Chinese

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo:

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0011463, HP:0001987, HP:0003218, HP:0003572

CaseHPOFreeText: childhood onset, hyperammonemia, oroticaciduria, low plasma citrulline

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText: neurological damage

CasePreviousTesting: gDNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. PCR all coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of the OTC gene using 9 pairs of synthetic oligonucleotide primers, and the primer sequences and annealing temperature. PCR products were then purified and bidirectionally sequenced. The library was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq4000 and generated 150 bp paired-end reads. Data analysis was performed as previously described [Sun Y, Hu G, Liu H, Zhang X, Huang Z, Yan H, et al. Further delineation of the phenotype of truncating KMT2A mutations: the extended Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2017;173:510–4.]. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed for samples in which Sanger sequencing or WES failed to detect any disease-causing mutation.

SupplementalData: Table 3, drug treatment(L-arginine, L-Citrulline, sodium benzoate, and sodium phenylbutyrate)

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.868-1G>C

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID:CA412725475

gnomAD:

GeneName: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #52, female, Chinese

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: family history of the disease, variant in probands mother and father

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0011463, HP:0001987, HP:0003218, HP:0003572

CaseHPOFreeText: childhood onset,, hyperammonemia, oroticaciduria, low plasma citrulline

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText: neurological damage

CasePreviousTesting: gDNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. PCR all coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of the OTC gene using 9 pairs of synthetic oligonucleotide primers, and the primer sequences and annealing temperature. PCR products were then purified and bidirectionally sequenced. The library was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq4000 and generated 150 bp paired-end reads. Data analysis was performed as previously described [Sun Y, Hu G, Liu H, Zhang X, Huang Z, Yan H, et al. Further delineation of the phenotype of truncating KMT2A mutations: the extended Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2017;173:510–4.]. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed for samples in which Sanger sequencing or WES failed to detect any disease-causing mutation.

SupplementalData: Table 3, inherited mutation, drug treatment(L-arginine, L-Citrulline, sodium benzoate, and sodium phenylbutyrate), low protein diet treatment, and continuous veno venous hemodialfiltration

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.703C>T

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA412721652

gnomAD:

GeneName: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #20, male, Chinese

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo:

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0011463, HP:0001987, HP:0003218

CaseHPOFreeText: childhood onset, hyperammonemia, oroticaciduria

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText: No neurological damage

CasePreviousTesting: gDNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. PCR all coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of the OTC gene using 9 pairs of synthetic oligonucleotide primers, and the primer sequences and annealing temperature. PCR products were then purified and bidirectionally sequenced. The library was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq4000 and generated 150 bp paired-end reads. Data analysis was performed as previously described [Sun Y, Hu G, Liu H, Zhang X, Huang Z, Yan H, et al. Further delineation of the phenotype of truncating KMT2A mutations: the extended Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2017;173:510–4.]. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed for samples in which Sanger sequencing or WES failed to detect any disease-causing mutation.

SupplementalData: Table 3, drug treatment (L-arginine, L-Citrulline, sodium benzoate, and sodium phenylbutyrate), deceased

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.794G>A(p.Trp265*)

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID:CA412722994

gnomAD:

GeneName: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #60, female, Chinese

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: family history of the disease

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0011463, HP:0001987, HP:0003218, HP:0003572

CaseHPOFreeText: childhood onset,, hyperammonemia, oroticaciduria, low plasma citrulline

CaseNOTHPOs:

CaseNOTHPOFreeText: neurological damage

CasePreviousTesting: gDNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. PCR all coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of the OTC gene using 9 pairs of synthetic oligonucleotide primers, and the primer sequences and annealing temperature. PCR products were then purified and bidirectionally sequenced. The library was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq4000 and generated 150 bp paired-end reads. Data analysis was performed as previously described [Sun Y, Hu G, Liu H, Zhang X, Huang Z, Yan H, et al. Further delineation of the phenotype of truncating KMT2A mutations: the extended Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2017;173:510–4.]. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed for samples in which Sanger sequencing or WES failed to detect any disease-causing mutation.

SupplementalData: Table 3, inherited mutation, drug treatment(L-arginine, L-Citrulline, sodium benzoate, and sodium phenylbutyrate), low protein diet treatment, and continuous veno venous hemodialfiltration

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.718-1G>A

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA412722112

gnomAD:

GeneName: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #58, female, Chinese

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: variant pin proband's mother and father CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0003593, HP:0002038, HP:0001987, HP:0003218, HP:0003572

CaseHPOFreeText: infantile onset , protein avoidance, hyperammonemia, oroticaciduria, low plasma citrulline

CaseNOTHPOs: N/A

CaseNOTHPOFreeText: neurological damage

CasePreviousTesting: gDNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. PCR all coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of the OTC gene using 9 pairs of synthetic oligonucleotide primers, and the primer sequences and annealing temperature. PCR products were then purifed and bidirectionally sequenced. The library was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq4000 and generated 150 bp paired-end reads. Data analysis was performed as previously described [Sun Y, Hu G, Liu H, Zhang X, Huang Z, Yan H, et al. Further delineation of the phenotype of truncating KMT2A mutations: the extended Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2017;173:510–4.]. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplifcation analysis was performed for samples in which Sanger sequencing or WES failed to detect any disease-causing mutation.

SupplementalData: Table 3, low protein diet treatment and drug treatment(L-arginine, L-Citrulline, sodium benzoate, and sodium phenylbutyrate), neurological damage

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.540+265G>A

ClinVarID: 449382

CAID: CA658658977

gnomAD:

GeneName: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #3, male, Chinese

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: Family history of the disease, variant in probands mother and father

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0003623, HP:0001987, HP:0003218

CaseHPOFreeText: neonatal, hyperammonemia , oroticaciduria

CaseNOTHPOs: N/A

CaseNOTHPOFreeText: No neurological damage

CasePreviousTesting: gDNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. PCR all coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of the OTC gene using 9 pairs of synthetic oligonucleotide primers, and the primer sequences and annealing temperature. PCR products were then purified and bidirectionally sequenced. The library was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq4000 and generated 150 bp paired-end reads. Data analysis was performed as previously described [Sun Y, Hu G, Liu H, Zhang X, Huang Z, Yan H, et al. Further delineation of the phenotype of truncating KMT2A mutations: the extended Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2017;173:510–4.]. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed for samples in which Sanger sequencing or WES failed to detect any disease-causing mutation.

SupplementalData: Table 3, no therapy received, mutation inherited, family history, deceased

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.579G>A

ClinVarID: N/A

CAID: CA412725369

gnomAD:

GeneName: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Case: Patient #59, female, Chinese

DiseaseAssertion: UCD/OTCD

FamilyInfo: variant in proband's mother and father

CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0003621, HP:0001987, HP:0003218, HP:0003217

CaseHPOFreeText:juvenile onset, hyperammonemia , oroticaciduria, hyperglutaminemia

CaseNOTHPOs: N/A

CaseNOTHPOFreeText: No neurological damage

CasePreviousTesting: gDNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. PCR all coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of the OTC gene using 9 pairs of synthetic oligonucleotide primers, and the primer sequences and annealing temperature. PCR products were then purified and bidirectionally sequenced. The library was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq4000 and generated 150 bp paired-end reads. Data analysis was performed as previously described [Sun Y, Hu G, Liu H, Zhang X, Huang Z, Yan H, et al. Further delineation of the phenotype of truncating KMT2A mutations: the extended Wiedemann–Steiner syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2017;173:510–4.]. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis was performed for samples in which Sanger sequencing or WES failed to detect any disease-causing mutation.

SupplementalData: Table 3, drug treatment(L-arginine, L-Citrulline, sodium benzoate, and sodium phenylbutyrate)

Variant: NM_000531.6:c.664-1G>A

ClinVarID: 97288

CAID: CA224737

gnomAD:

GeneName: OTC (ornithine transcarbamylase)

Im südlichen Teil Brasiliens fvel in diesem Frühjahr in 10 Tagen so viel Regen wie sonst in einem ganzen Jahr. Es handelt sich um die größte klimabedingte Katastrophe im Bundesstaat Rio Grande del Sol der bereits im vergangenen Jahr von zwei großen Überschwemmungen betroffen war. Die extremen Regenfälle, die es so früher in dieser Region nicht gab, werden von Forschenden auf die globale Erhitzung und mit ihr verbundene Klimaphänomene zurückgeführt. Ausführlicher hintergrundartikel im Guardian der sich auf eine Reihe von Studien und Interviews mit Forschenden bezieht. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/may/10/brazil-is-reeling-from-catastrophic-floods-what-went-wrong-and-what-does-the-future-hold

DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-2951

Resource: RRID:IMSR_RJ:BALB-C-NUDE

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_RJ:BALB-C-NUDE

What is this?

DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-2951

Resource: RRID:IMSR_RJ:BALB-C-NUDE

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_RJ:BALB-C-NUDE

What is this?

for - paradigm shift - evolutionary biology - epigenetic's critical role in inheritance - experimental proof - C. Elegan - Oded Rechavi

for - Oded Rechavi - neurobiology - gene centrism - critique - from - youtube podcast interview - book - Understanding Living Systems - Ray Noble - Denis Noble

summary - Rechavi performed experiments with C Elegan and demonstrated that it possesses a type of neuron that - produces RNA that in response to elevated temperature change is transmitted to reproductive cells so that the offsprings encode it in the genome, and it is better adapted to deal with elevated temperatures

question - How many species do this? Is it generally found throughout nature?

from - outube podcast interview - book - Understanding Living Systems - Ray Noble - Denis Noble - https://hyp.is/OUlGVBXrEe-iaBeZhH_4DQ/docdrop.org/video/oHZI1zZ_BhY/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._J._Sansom

DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-23-0954

Resource: IMSR_RJ:BALB-C-NUDE

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_RJ:BALB-C-NUDE

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DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-22-0681

Resource: RRID:IMSR_ORNL:IE-BALB-C

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_ORNL:IE-BALB-C

What is this?

DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0954

Resource: IMSR_RJ:BALB-C-NUDE

Curator: @abever99

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_RJ:BALB-C-NUDE

What is this?

testing the account

0:03 vitamin C: see also http://orthomolecular.org/resources/omns/v18n14.shtml -- The Restoration of Vitamin C Synthesis in Humans. by Thomas E. Levy and Ron Hunninghake. contrary to popular belief, we humans can produce vitamin C in our body. our vitamin C deficiency is not a genetic defect, but an aquired weakness, because of false nutrition. adding olive oil and olive leaf to the nutrition increases the vitamin C levels in the body. vitamin C is also relevant in fighting cancer (natural cancer cures, Frederick Klenner, Linus Pauling)

Arjuna struggles with moral decisions while serving his country. Jnana Yoga, often known as the "Yoga of Knowledge," is a highly profound kind of yoga that emphasizes realizing one's own transience and pursuing self-realization. Arjuna's journey through this Yoga illustrates the transformational potential of knowledge by serving as a metaphor for the seeker's journey towards enlightenment. In the face of adversity facing the challenges of line ones Dharma must still be fulfilled. This understanding reveals the moral and ethical beliefs Hindu philosophies operated by. Nonetheless philosophy like this can be applied to our own lives. Regardless of the mountain present in front of us, it is important that we seek and fulfill our life's purpose. .