- Nov 2024
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www.reddit.com www.reddit.com
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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In the video for Walk on Water (2017), a song about art, aging, self-doubt, insecurity, criticism, and creativity, Eminem and his various clones use SMC Classic 12 typewriters to type random words in a nod to Émile Borel's 1913 analogy of dactylographic monkeys with respect to statistical mechanics.
The video closes with Eminem showing typed evidence of his creative genius: "So me and you are not alike / Bitch, I wrote 'Stan'".
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryr75N0nki0
Notice the overlap of the dactylographic monkey idea and the creation of combinatorial creativity in Eminem's zettelkasten practice. The fact that he's brilliant enough to have created Stan (2000) is evidence that he's not just a random monkey, but that there is some directed thought and creativity which he has tacitly created during his career. https://boffosocko.com/2021/08/10/55794555/
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- Oct 2024
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www.cambridge.org www.cambridge.org
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We provide the concept with a substantive definition
for - paper - Global polycrisis - the causal mechanisms of crisis entanglement
paper details - title: Global polycrisis - the causal mechanisms of crisis entanglement - authors: Michael Lawrence, Thomas Homer-Dixon, Schott Janzwood, Johan Rockstrom, Ortwin Renn, Jonathan F. Donges - publication: Global Sustainability, 2024, January 17
summary - This paper provides a scientific definition of "polycrisis"
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Oliver Sacks Archive Heads to the New York Public Library by [[Jennifer Schuessler]]
The voluminous papers of the celebrated neurologist include letters, notebooks, drafts and other traces of a man who couldn’t stop writing.
You have to love the boos, notebooks, papers, fountain pen, typewriter, computer, printer, and even writing software all pictured in this... Add the glasses and it just reeks of someone who reads and writes.
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- Sep 2024
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www.reddit.com www.reddit.com
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Looking for a keyboarded writing device without harsh screen lights...
Since you're asking in r/typewriters, here's a list of what some well known playwrights, screenwriters, and directors used and would likely have recommended for writing tools without harsh screens. Personally I'm in Tom Hank's camp and would recommend a Smith-Corona Clipper.
- Edward Albee: Remington 17 or KMC
- Ray Bradbury: Underwood (no. 5?), 1947 Royal KMM #3756210, IBM Selectric, IBM Wheelwriter, Silver-Seiko ultraportable (likely branded as Royal)
- Bertolt Brecht: Erika
- Mikhail Bulgakov: Olympia 8 (photo from Bulgakov museum)
- Paddy Chayefsky (playwright, May 1954): Underwood Standard Model 6, ca. 1946; Royal HH; Olympia SG3
- William Goldman: Olympia SM9
- Matt Groening: Hermes Rocket
- Alfred Hitchcock: '30s black Underwood Champion portable
- Sidney Howard (screenwriter, Gone With the Wind): Remington Noiseless Portable #N49669
- John Hughes (director): Olympia SM3
- Buster Keaton: Blickensderfer no. 5
- Stanley Kubrick: Adler Tippa S
- Ring Lardner: L. C. Smith
- Ernest Lehman: Royal Electress
- David Mamet: Smith-Corona portable, Olympia SM4, Olympia SM9, IBM Selectric
- Arthur Miller bought a used Smith-Corona portable in the late '30s (for one anonymous contest, he submitted a play that he said was "by Corona."). Later he used a '50s Smith-Corona Silent Super and a Royal KMG (1955 photo, another photo). He wrote his later plays on an IBM desktop computer. (Arthur Miller: His Life and Work, by Martin Gottfried, p. 26, 112, and 381.)
- F. W. Murnau: Remington portable no. 2 (1931 photo)
- Clifford Odets (1962): Royal Quiet DeLuxe, ca. 1957
- Rod Serling: Royal KMG (photo 1, photo 2)
- Neil Simon: Olympia SM9
- Steven Spielberg: Smith-Corona Coronamatic 2200 (photo 1, photo 2)
- James Thurber: Underwood no. 5
- John Waters: ca. 1950 Underwood (1961 photo), IBM A or B
- Orson Welles: 1926 woodgrain Underwood portable #4B73700 (Welles typing on it), ’30s Underwood Noiseless Portable, Smith-Corona (?)
- Tennessee Williams: Remington portable no. 2, 1936 Corona Junior #1F9874J (formerly in Steve Soboroff's collection), mid-1940s Corona Sterling, Royal KMM, Hermes Baby (gift from Margo Jones, 1947, according to John Lahr, Tennessee Williams: Mad Pilgrimage of the Flesh, Bloomsbury, 2014), Olivetti Studio 44 (picture 1, picture 2, picture 3, picture 4 1955), Remington portable #5 flat top, Remington Standard M, Olympia SM8. (This man loved to have himself photographed with his writing machines!)
If you need some other recommendations from novelists and others, you could try: https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/typers.html
If you like Scrivener, but want to get away from screens, you can look back to Frank Daniels' method with index cards which he taught to thousands of screenwriters including David Lynch. Variations can be seen at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrvawtrRxsw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mwKjuBvNi40. Vladimir Nabokov used a very similar method for his novels which is fairly well documented: https://www.openculture.com/2014/02/the-notecards-on-which-vladimir-nabokov-wrote-lolita.html
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www.curbed.com www.curbed.com
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The Society has his old Smith-Corona Electra 210 on display, but he’s hung on to a bunch of duplicate models and a large quantity of black cotton typewriter ribbons so he can continue to work the way he always has.
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www.1stdibs.com www.1stdibs.com
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Warren Zevon at a JP-1 style typewriter in 1977 photo by Joel Bernstein
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- Aug 2024
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www.cam.ac.uk www.cam.ac.uk
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Agatha Christie's Dictaphone, typewriter, typescript copy of her final Poirot novel Curtain, and her exercise book containing draft notes on the plot of the novel. Agatha Christie's Dictaphone, typewriter, typescript copy of her final Poirot novel Curtain, and her exercise book containing draft notes on the plot of the novel. Item 1 of 6
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writingball.blogspot.com writingball.blogspot.com
- Jul 2024
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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George MacDonald (10 December 1824 – 18 September 1905) was a Scottish author, poet and Christian Congregational minister. He became a pioneering figure in the field of modern fantasy literature and the mentor of fellow-writer Lewis Carroll. In addition to his fairy tales, MacDonald wrote several works of Christian theology, including several collections of sermons.
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www.chicagotribune.com www.chicagotribune.com
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A marble bust of Beatrice (who inspired the poet Dante), an 1857 photograph of Jerusalem, and a Smith-Corona electric typewriter surround Schrader`s desk, which overlooks the Hudson River.
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www.newyorker.com www.newyorker.com
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The timing was less than ideal. His previous works had all proved “dismal financial flops,” as he said in 1950. He had recently secured an appointment at Cornell University as an associate professor of Russian literature. For the first time in two decades, the couple found themselves in the neighborhood of financial security. If ever there had been a time when Mrs. Nabokov should have discouraged her husband from working on what seemed an unsellable manuscript, it was 1949.
Nabokov began teaching at Cornell in 1948 and must have been relatively financially well-off enough to afford the roughly $95 ($1,248 in 2024 dollars) for a brand new Royal Quiet De Luxe typewriter.
The typewriter is pictured at the top of the article in a photo from a 1958 photo shoot. Presumably he bought it contemporaneously, though may have gotten it used after its release in 1949. The model changed in mid-1950.
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- Jun 2024
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I tested more than 300 typewriter models & here're the TOP 10. by [[Mr & Mrs Vintage Typewriters]]
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site.xavier.edu site.xavier.edu
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https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/nabokov.jpeg via https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/typers.html
This photo, similar to others in the Carl Mydans series for LIFE Magazine is surely from his September 1958 photo series, though I couldn't find an original from the LIFE archive.
Nabokov, reading off of index cards in his zettelkasten, dictates to his wife Vera who is typing on what appears to be a 1949 or 1950 Henry Dreyfuss Royal Quiet De Luxe typewriter.
Notice metal strip on the back of the typewriter with small rectangular blocks. This is the Royal's tabulator set up which distinguishes the Quiet De Luxe model from the Arrow model.
The body styling of this typewriter changed in 1950 from Dreyfuss' original 1948 design. Because it's light gray it has to be from '49 or '50 as the '48 original was a black body with dark gray highlights and didn't have chrome across the front as this one does in an alternate angle.
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images.google.com images.google.com
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https://images.google.com/hosted/life/2bff56953d14c9d9.html
Nabokov, reflected in a mirror off camera, dictating his writing from index cards to his wife Vera who is typing on what appears to be a 1949 or 1950 Henry Dreyfuss Royal Quiet De Luxe typewriter.
Notice the chrome on the front of the machine which is sitting in its bottom case shell.
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images.google.com images.google.com
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https://images.google.com/hosted/life/c835f121c2b6ce79.html
Nabokov dictating his writing from index cards to his wife Vera who is typing on what appears to be a 1949 or 1950 Henry Dreyfuss Royal Quiet De Luxe typewriter.
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images.google.com images.google.com
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https://images.google.com/hosted/life/8d0b2f02ac27973e.html
Nabokov dictating his writing from index cards to his wife Vera who is typing on what appears to be a 1949 or 1950 Henry Dreyfuss Royal Quiet De Luxe typewriter.
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oztypewriter.blogspot.com oztypewriter.blogspot.com
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Carl Sundberg’s European-made Remington Portable Typewriters by [[Robert Messenger]]
Tags
- Alfons Boothby
- Henry Dreyfuss
- Laird Fortune Covey
- David Chase
- Remington Ten Forty
- Philip Stevens
- Karl Baughman
- Eliot Noyes
- Barbie typewriter
- John Steinbeck
- Anton Demmel
- Tom Tjaarda
- Charles Jaworski
- New South Wales Rail Authority
- read
- Montgomery Ferar
- typewriters of authors
- Detroit, Michigan
- Ray Dietrich
- typewriter design
- Remington typewriters
- Ettore Sottsass
- Sundberg-Ferar
- industrial design
- Carl Sundberg
- Bay Area Rapid Transit System (BART)
- Ed Johnson
- Cycolac
- Royal Oak, Michigan
- Southfield, Michigan
- Maya Stein
- John Tjaarda
- Crosley Hotshot
- Powel Crosley
- Richard Penney
Annotators
URL
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- May 2024
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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What do literary stalwarts of the original typewriter era make of all this? “We old typists, it makes us feel young again to think there’s a new generation catching on,” said Gay Talese, 79. He still uses a typewriter, albeit electric, as does his friend, Robert A. Caro, 75, the Pulitzer-winning biographer of Robert Moses and President Lyndon B. Johnson. They discussed Mr. Caro’s Smith Corona while watching the Super Bowl.
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www.showbiz411.com www.showbiz411.com
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Woody Allen Has Used the Same Typewriter for 50 Years! by [[Roger Friedman]] in Showbiz411
Referenced documentary is from PBS: American Masters Woody Allen: A Documentary (2011)
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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He wrote everything with his Olympia SM3 typewriter. He lost the hood "30 years ago".
He literally cuts and staples pieces of typescripts together.
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typosphere.blogspot.com typosphere.blogspot.com
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He eschewed computers, often writing by fountain pen in his beloved notebooks.“Keyboards have always intimidated me,” he told The Paris Review in 2003.“A pen is a much more primitive instrument,” he said. “You feel that the words are coming out of your body, and then you dig the words into the page. Writing has always had that tactile quality for me. It’s a physical experience.”He would then turn to his vintage Olympia typewriter to type his handwritten manuscripts. He immortalized the trusty machine in his 2002 book “The Story of My Typewriter,” with illustrations by the painter Sam Messer.
digging the words into the page sounds adjacent to Seamus Heaney's "Digging" which analogizes writing to digging: https://hypothes.is/a/J-z8OgfQEe-0adtJyXyb3g
There's something here which suggests pens, typewriters, keyboards, etc. as direct extended mind objects as tools for thought. A sense of rumination and expulsion simultaneously.
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- Apr 2024
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site.xavier.edu site.xavier.edu
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Harry RansomCenter at the University of Texas, which houses Sexton’sletters and memorabilia. And her typewriter.
Anne Sexton used a Royal Quiet De Luxe (beige)
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Solan, Matthew. “Tracking Down Typewriters: Those Trusty Tools of Days Gone By.” Poets & Writers Magazine, August 19, 2009. p 31-33.
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David McCullough, the noted histo-rian and Pulitzer Prize winner, haswritten everything he’s ever publishedsince 1965 on his sixty-nine-year-oldRoyal KMM standard desktop.
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TomWolfe still uses his 1966 Underwood.
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Pearl S. Buck and the 1930s RoyalStandard (with white keys) she used towrite The Good Earth, Jack Kerouac’sroad-weary Underwood Standard S,George Orwell’s Remington No. 2,Patricia Highsmith’s Olympia, Marga-ret Mitchell’s Remington No. 3 (whichher husband bought secondhand andshe relied on to type Gone With theWind and countless pieces of corre-spondence with fans).
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I have my work cut out for me withHemingway, since he used many type-writers: a gigantic Royal No. 10 desk-top with glass side panels from his earlyKey West days, an Underwood Noise-less that helped him fi nish For Whomthe Bell Tolls and fi le dispatches fromhotel rooms while he was a World WarII correspondent, and black matte Roy-als from the early 1940s—especiallythe Quiet DeLuxe and Arrow—he fa-vored while at Finca Vigía in Cuba.
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Deluxe Noiseless on display at MarjorieK innan Rawlings’s screened frontporch at Cross Creek, Florida; Flan-nery O’Connor’s 1930s Royal Stan-dard; Faulkner’s famed UnderwoodUniversal; Hemingway’s 1940 RoyalArrow; and the tiny, folding CoronaNo. 3 favored by both Ernie Pyle andIsak Dinesen.
Tags
- Royal KMM
- Tom Wolfe
- Royal Standard
- read
- Pearl S. Buck
- George Orwell
- David McCullough
- typewriters of authors
- Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
- Isak Dinesen
- Flannery O'Connor
- Underwood Noiseless
- Remington No. 3
- Jack Kerouac
- William Faulkner
- 1966
- Remington No. 2
- Underwood Standard S
- typewriter collecting
- Patricia Highsmith
- Anne Sexton
- Margaret Mitchell
- References
- Olympia typewriters
- Underwood typwriters
- Ernest Hemingway
- typewriters
- Ernie Pyle
- typers
- Royal Quiet De Luxe
- Royal No. 10
- Royal Arrow
Annotators
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- Nov 2023
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www.uspto.gov www.uspto.gov
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This overarching goal is stated in the U.S. Constitution, Article I section 8, clause 8, “The Congress shall have Power ... To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.”
Then, the article quote the U.S. Constitution, Article I section 8, clause 8, and then explains that, in the 18th century, this constitutional law gave the congress the power to grant exclusive rights to authors and inventors for their work, in order to boost creativity and innovation in the USA (U.S. Const., 1787). Later, the article claims that in the 1975, the U.S. Constitution, Article I section 8, clause 8 keep having the purpose of fostering innovation and creativity in the society, throughout economic incentive. Subsequently, the article supports this statement by quoting the law "Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken," which was created in 1975 with the purpose of boosting creativity and innovation in society throughout the economic incentive of assuring that creators receive a payment for their intellectual property that equates to the cost of producing it.
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- Aug 2023
- Feb 2023
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www.robinsloan.com www.robinsloan.com
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Approaching this project, I felt committed to writing a story that could stand on its own; a story that achieved the same things I want ANY of my stories to achieve; a story to which the response might be not, “I see what you did there”, but: “I loved this!”
"I see what you did there" as a genre of writing is interesting for its cleverness, but many authors will prefer readers to love their work instead of admiring their cleverness in one part.
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- Nov 2022
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oer.pressbooks.pub oer.pressbooks.pub
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partnerships, networking, and revenue generation such as donations, memberships, pay what you want, and crowdfunding
I have thought long about the same issue and beyond. The triple (wiki, Hypothesis, donations) could be a working way to search for OER, form a social group processing them, and optionally support the creators.
I imagine that as follows: a person wants to learn about X. They can head to the wiki site about X and look into its Hypothesis annotations, where relevant OER with their preferred donation method can be linked. Also, study groups interested in the respective resource or topic can list virtual or live meetups there. The date of the meetups could be listed in a format that Hypothesis could search and display on a calendar.
Wiki is integral as it categorizes knowledge, is comprehensive, and strives to address biases. Hypothesis stitches websites together for the benefit of the site owners and the collective wisdom that emerges from the discussions. Donations support the creators so they can dedicate their time to creating high-quality resources.
Main inspirations:
Deschooling Society - Learning Webs
Tags
- learning
- monetization
- social
- portfolio
- wiki
- meetup
- schoolhouse.world
- global
- web monetization
- processing
- creators
- discussion
- crowdfunding
- OER
- Ivan Illych
- support
- roam
- schoolhouse
- annotations
- authors
- collaborative
- Learning Webs
- virtual
- calendar
- hypothe
- local
- prompt
- Deschooling
- pay what you want
- donations
Annotators
URL
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twitter.com twitter.com
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<script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>3/ Champion your competition’s work<br><br>With his reading list email, on podcasts, in his bookstore, Ryan promotes other books more than his own.<br><br>When asked, he’ll say:<br><br>“Authors think they’re competing with other authors. They’re not. They’re competing with people not reading.”
— Billy Oppenheimer (@bpoppenheimer) August 24, 2022
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- Oct 2022
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joelchan.me joelchan.meTest JOB1
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“The one inhibition I felt using AnswerGarden [was] knowing that the experts were typically busy and workingon projects more important than my little application programs....
So rather than distributing input over time, why not have a one-day deep dive with everyone (luncheon retreat)?
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- Aug 2022
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www.insidehighered.com www.insidehighered.com
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Michael Spinella, executive director of the Textbook and Academic Authors Association
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- Apr 2022
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Under the impact of the Carolingian Renaissance, flori-legia included classical authors as well, often arranged haphazardly in the order in which they were read.
Florilegia began to include classical authors in addition to biblical passages and those of church fathers due to the influence of the Carolingian Renaissance.
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- Jan 2022
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www.literature-map.com www.literature-map.com
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<small><cite class='h-cite via'>ᔥ <span class='p-author h-card'>John Philpin</span> in // John Philpin (<time class='dt-published'>01/05/2022 22:55:00</time>)</cite></small>
Tags
Annotators
URL
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takingnotenow.blogspot.com takingnotenow.blogspot.com
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St. Bonaventura (1221-1274) found that there are basically four ways of 'making books' (modi faciendi librum):"A man might write the work of others, adding and changing nothing in which case he is simply called a 'scribe' (scriptor).""Another writes the work of others with additions which are not his own; and he is called a 'compiler (compilator).""Another writes both others’ work and his own, but with others’ work in principal place, adding his own for purposes of explanation; and he is called a 'commentator' (commentator) …""Another writes both his own work and others' but with his own work in principal place adding others' for purposes of confirmation; and such a man should be called an 'author' (auctor).’"
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- Oct 2021
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www.cla.purdue.edu www.cla.purdue.edu
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List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing so would create ambiguity between different sources.
APA 7 3 or more authors
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- May 2021
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preview.iiif.io preview.iiif.io
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that clients will all start
"that all clients will start"
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.””
Only need one closing double quotation mark.
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all
"each"
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all
dele
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- Apr 2021
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preview.iiif.io preview.iiif.io
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timed text
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timed-text format
Written elsewhere as "timed text format". Should be consistent.
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a linking property of type rendering
"the
rendering
property" "the linking propertyrendering
" -
should be
"is"
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- Mar 2021
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preview.iiif.io preview.iiif.io
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thumbnail
Need
type
per spec? -
@id
No "@"
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While it is not necessary
As an implementation note, I think we are wanting to push a little harder for our preferred case, but certainly without excluding or shaming ppl who have their reasons for doing it a different way.
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Image Thumbnails on Canvases
Implementation Note: Using Thumbnails
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preview.iiif.io preview.iiif.io
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Use “01” for an unknown or inexact month or day, and “00” for any unknown or inexact time portion.
"Use a midpoint for any unknown portion. For instance, if only the year is known, use a date in the middle of the year, and if the datetime is known down to a day, use noon for the time."
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grinco-my.sharepoint.com grinco-my.sharepoint.com
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Oliver Genschow, Mareike Westfal, Jan Crusius, Léon Bartosch, Kyra Isabel Feikes, Nina Pallasch,and Mirella Wozniak
I assume that they are all from the same University.
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preview.iiif.io preview.iiif.io
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to group the volumes together
Group them how / where? I'm reading this as "to present the volumes together in a IIIF viewer" or similar, with an implication later in the sentence of changing "while maintaining . . . " to something like "while allowing the user to browse each volume separately [as well]".
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preview.iiif.io preview.iiif.io
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label or description
Serial comma, so "label, or description"
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preview.iiif.io preview.iiif.io
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http://iiif.io
Should be https
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1987-01-01T05:00:00Z
Add to implentation notes above: "If the exact time is not known, then “00:00:00” should be used. Similarly, the month or day should be 01 if not known."
And change here to 00:00:00
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lack of viewer support at this
"lack of viewer support for date-aware navigation for single manifests"
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consumption by
consumption only by
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entries
Put bit about defaulting to zeroes here.
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periodical articles (journal, magazine, etc.)
change to "resources"
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- Nov 2020
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preview.iiif.io preview.iiif.io
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a “Creator” field
I'm inclined to say "a creator field" rather than assert that the field itself is defined by the English
label
value. -
descriptive metadata labels
"descriptive
metadata
field labels"? -
either
dele
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with Manifest
"with the Manifest"?
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https://example.org/
Need to use the baseURL Jekyll property?
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values
value
s (or whatever way stays consistent withlabel
s previously. -
required statement
requiredStatement
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no discernible language
"no assigned language"?
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image of the painting Whistler’s Mother by James Abbott McNeill Whistler
"image of the painting commonly known as . . ."
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label
label
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- Oct 2020
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cascadiainspired.com cascadiainspired.com
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Could I also use Indie Web tools for a persona, or is that not in keeping with the community?
The community is all about websites and identity, so having a website for a pen name is exactly the sort of thing you should definitely do! I'm sure there are a few who have done it, but I'm unaware of any documenting it yet. Starting a stub page on the wiki for pen name could be a good start if you do.
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- Sep 2020
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medium.com medium.com
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small modules allow library authors to become lazy. Why include that six-line helper function when you can do a one-line `require`?
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These are all things that make your life as a library author easier.
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I think I know why: it’s because the small modules philosophy favours library authors (like Sindre) at the ultimate expense of library users.
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- Jul 2020
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osf.io osf.io
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Locher, Clara, David Moher, Ioana Cristea, and Naudet Florian. ‘Publication by Association: The Covid-19 Pandemic Reveals Relationships between Authors and Editors’. Preprint. MetaArXiv, 15 July 2020. https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/64u3s.
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- Feb 2019
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library.educause.edu library.educause.edu
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the expert panel
I've started curating a Twitter list of the folks involved in shaping the 2019 Horizon Report. Visit the list and let me know who is missing.
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- Oct 2018
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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yet the response of Kleaf to mean maximum mesophyll path length (Dm) fell into two distinct groups.
Two groups
- highly signficant regression
- Conifers and cycads with schrieds.
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an intimate association between light-saturated net CO2 assimilation rate (Amax) and the hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) of whole leaves was found
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- Aug 2018
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117.239.19.55:8080 117.239.19.55:8080
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American culturalgeographer Carl Sauer
Autor
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- Apr 2017
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www.latimes.com www.latimes.com
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acing to convey a sense of momentum
Reporters: who are they?
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- Nov 2016
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publicationethics.org publicationethics.org
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Ghost authors:This phrase is used in two ways. Itusually refers to professional writers (often paid bycommercial sponsors) whose role is not acknowledged.Although such writers rarely meet ICMJE criteria, sincethey are not involved in the design of studies, or thecollection or interpretation of data, it is important toacknowledge their contribution, since their involvementmay represent a potential conflict of interest. The termcan also be used to describe people who made asignificant contribution to a research project (and fulfilthe ICMJE criteria) but are not listed as authors. TheICMJE guidelines clearly condemn this practice and statethat ‘All persons designated as authors should qualify forauthorship, and all those who qualify should be listed.’
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- Aug 2015
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- Feb 2014
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cyber.law.harvard.edu cyber.law.harvard.edu
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I n B u r r o w - G i l e s , t h e C o u r t d i s t i l l e d t h e s a m e r e q u i r e m e n t f r o m t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n ' s u s e o f t h e w o r d " a u t h o r s . " T h e C o u r t d e f i n e d " a u t h o r , " i n a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s e n s e , t o m e a n " h e t o w h o m a n y t h i n g o w e s i t s o r i g i n ; o r i g i n a t o r ; m a k e r . " 1 1 1 U . S . , a t 5 8 ( i n t e r n a l q u o t a t i o n m a r k s o m i t t e d ) . A s i n T h e T r a d e - M a r k C a s e s , t h e C o u r t e m p h a s i z e d t h e c r e a t i v e c o m p o n e n t o f o r i g i n a l i t y . I t d e s c r i b e d c o p y r i g h t a s b e i n g l i m i t e d t o " o r i g i n a l i n t e l l e c t u a l c o n c e p t i o n s o f t h e a u t h o r , " 1 1 1 U . S . , a t 5 8 , a n d s t r e s s e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f r e q u i r i n g a n a u t h o r w h o a c c u s e s a n o t h e r o f i n f r i n g e m e n t t o p r o v e " t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h o s e f a c t s o f o r i g i n a l i t y , o f i n t e l l e c t u a l p r o d u c t i o n , o f t h o u g h t , a n d c o n c e p t i o n . " I d . , a t 5 9 - 6 0 .
In Burrow-Giles the court defined authors, in a constitutional sense, to mean "he to whom anything owes its origin, originator, maker" and emphasized the creative component of originality.
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I n T h e T r a d e - M a r k C a s e s , t h e C o u r t a d d r e s s e d t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s c o p e o f " w r i t i n g s . " F o r a p a r t i c u l a r w o r k t o b e c l a s s i f i e d " u n d e r t h e h e a d o f w r i t i n g s o f a u t h o r s , " t h e C o u r t d e t e r m i n e d , " o r i g i n a l i t y i s r e q u i r e d . " 1 0 0 U . S . , a t 9 4 . T h e C o u r t e x p l a i n e d t h a t o r i g i n a l i t y r e q u i r e s i n d e p e n d e n t c r e a t i o n p l u s a m o d i c u m o f c r e a t i v i t y : " [ W ] h i l e t h e w o r d w r i t i n g s m a y b e l i b e r a l l y c o n s t r u e d , a s i t h a s b e e n , t o i n c l u d e o r i g i n a l d e s i g n s f o r e n g r a v i n g , p r i n t s , & c . , i t i s o n l y s u c h a s a r e o r i g i n a l , a n d a r e f o u n d e d i n t h e c r e a t i v e p o w e r s o f t h e m i n d . T h e w r i t i n g s w h i c h a r e t o b e p r o t e c t e d a r e t h e f r u i t s o f i n t e l l e c t u a l l a b o r , e m b o d i e d i n t h e f o r m o f b o o k s , p r i n t s , e n g r a v i n g s , a n d t h e l i k e . " I b i d . ( e m p h a s i s i n o r i g i n a l ) .
In The Trade-Mark Cases the Court addressed the constitutional scope of writings saying for a particular work to be classified "under the head of writings of authors," the Court determined, "originality is required"; independent creation plus a modicum of creativity.
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O r i g i n a l i t y i s a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t . T h e s o u r c e o f C o n g r e s s ' p o w e r t o e n a c t c o p y r i g h t l a w s i s A r t i c l e I , § 8 , c l . 8 , o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , w h i c h a u t h o r i z e s C o n g r e s s t o " s e c u r [ e ] f o r l i m i t e d T i m e s t o A u t h o r s . . . t h e e x c l u s i v e R i g h t t o t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e W r i t i n g s . " I n t w o d e c i s i o n s f r o m t h e l a t e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y — T h e T r a d e - M a r k C a s e s , 1 0 0 U . S . 8 2 ( 1 8 7 9 ) ; a n d B u r r o w - G i l e s L i t h o g r a p h i c C o . v . S a r o n y , 1 1 1 U . S . 5 3 ( 1 8 8 4 ) — t h i s C o u r t d e f i n e d t h e c r u c i a l t e r m s " a u t h o r s " a n d " w r i t i n g s . " I n s o d o i n g , t h e C o u r t m a d e i t u n m i s t a k a b l y c l e a r t h a t t h e s e t e r m s p r e s u p p o s e a d e g r e e o f o r i g i n a l i t y .
This Court defined the crucial terms authors and writings.
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