This is almost hilarious in light of how the U.S. Government has since repeatedly dispossessed Indigenous Americans of their lands for far less than "five shillings."

What is negative liberty

Warner, E. L., Barbati, J. L., Duncan, K. L., Yan, K., & Rains, S. A. (2022). Vaccine misinformation types and properties in Russian troll tweets. Vaccine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.040

Critics of petition against COVID-19 measures say it is grounded in hyperbole and misinformation. (n.d.). Retrieved December 9, 2021, from https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/news/general/critics-of-petition-against-covid-19-measures-say-it-is-grounded-in-hyperbole-and-misinformation/362441

"Liberty of conscience" is a phrase Roger Williams uses in a religious context to denote the freedom for one to follow his or her religious or ethical beliefs. It is an idea that refers to conscious-based thought and individualism. Each person has the right to their own conscience. It is rooted in the idea that all people are created equal and that no culture is better than the other.

This idea is strongly tied to: freedom from coercion of conscience (own thoughts and ideas), equality of rights, respect and toleration. It is a fundamental element of what has come to be the "American idea of religious liberty". Williams spoke of liberty of conscience in reference to a religious sense. This concept of individualism and free belief was later extrapolated in a general sense. He believed that government involvement ended when it came to divine beliefs.

Citation: Eberle, Edward J. "Roger Williams on Liberty of Conscience." Roger Williams University Law Review: vol 10:, iss: 2, article 2, pp. 288-311. http://docs.rwu.edu/rwu_LR/vol10/iss2/2. Accessed 8 Sept. 2021.

Rossen, I., Hurlstone, M. J., Dunlop, P. D., & Lawrence, C. (2019). Accepters, fence sitters, or rejecters: Moral profiles of vaccination attitudes. Social Science & Medicine, 224, 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.038

Gesser-Edelsburg, A., Diamant, A., Hijazi, R., & Mesch, G. S. (2018). Correcting misinformation by health organizations during measles outbreaks: A controlled experiment. PLOS ONE, 13(12), e0209505. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209505

Brown, Rebecca C. H., Julian Savulescu, Dominic Kelly, and Dominic Wilkinson. ‘A Public Health Ethic Should Inform Policies on COVID-19 Immunity Passports – Authors’ Reply’. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 0, no. 0 (7 December 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30922-1.

Behavioral Scientist. ‘Creating Citizen Choice Architects - By Ralph Hertwig & Samuli Reijula’, 28 September 2020. https://behavioralscientist.org/creating-citizen-choice-architects/.

Leask, Julie. ‘Vaccines — Lessons from Three Centuries of Protest’. Nature 585, no. 7826 (21 September 2020): 499–501. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02671-0.

Senior, J. (2020, July 21). Opinion | I Spoke With Anthony Fauci. He Says His Inbox Isn’t Pretty. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/opinion/anthony-fauci-coronavirus.html

Martin, G., Hanna, E., & Dingwall, R. (2020). Face masks for the public during Covid-19: An appeal for caution in policy [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/uyzxe

I've often wondered why, and often had to be sure my students understood, that Jefferson used "the pursuit of happiness" rather than Locke's more direct reference to property rights. Obviously Mill wrote after Jefferson, so my question is did Jefferson borrow this "utilitarian" adaptation from any particular writer or thinker and were Mill & Bentham reading the same literature years later. Just curious.

life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness: Jefferson was familiar with the Author Hudibrass reading and shedding tears as such as Mr. Samuel Butler~[]https://books.google.com/books?id=3vpeAAAAcAAJ&dq=liberty%2C%20%26%20the%20pursuit%20of%20happiness&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q=liberty,%20&%20the%20pursuit%20of%20happiness&f=false

Douglass describes how religious liberty seems hollow in the country if the principles of Christianity aren't practiced along with mere preaching. He also uses strong language concerning the Fugitive Slave law as a "declaration of war" against religious liberty. This is an interesting point, as he views the law as hindering his and other Christians' ability to carry out and practice Christianity by helping fugitive slaves. This idea of too much government causing suppression of religion correlates to Thoreau's minimalistic desires of government

Interesting to see liberty and liberalism defined.