2,291 Matching Annotations
  1. Jan 2019
    1. phoneext.get("kent") >>> phoneext.get("kent","NO ENTRY")

      ? what happened here? we give the key kent the value no entry, or is this output?

    2. Deletes the item in the ith position

      ? Different from pop(i) how? both delete? NOTE: read more about syntax elsewhere

    3. Modifies a list to be sorted

      ? Like modifies to be sorted, like what does that mean? Sorts it? by what criteria?

    1. it is most easily reviewed by simply looking at and describing interactive sessions

      ?? What does this mean? interpreted sequentially vs compiled in one go?

    1. estimate the (effective) number of individuals needed to maintain a species' long- term genetic fitness

      I wonder if there's a model built to tell this?

    1. Question

      My initial response to this title was to assume Muckelbauer's question was the same as Lanham's (the 'Q' question). Instead, he's tackling the "what is rhetoric?" question.

    1. Since emacsclient can handle long package loading time proerly, I really want to keep at least one emacs process, and most of the time only one emacs process, open as a background process and better hide GUI. Right now I defined the following function in .bashrc: emc () { if [[ $# -eq 0 ]]; then emacs --eval "(suspend-frame)" & return fi args=($*); setsid emacsclient -c -e "(find-file \"${args[*]}\")" } And also have the following line in .bashrc: emc So everytime I open up a shell, I will end up having a new emacs process. The problem is I will have many additional unnecessary emacs process after opening up many shells. However, I only want to maintain one single emacs process all the time from startup better hide GUI.
  2. Dec 2018
    1. A political cartoon can be better understood if we know the offices of state that the individuals held at the time of the cartoon, and here is where it helps to combine artwork data and political data on the same platform.
    1. NewsNightly NewsMeet the PressDatelineMSNBCTODAYSearchSponsored ByHalf of women in STEM have experienced gender discrimination at work, study finds Share this —U.S. newsHalf of women in STEM have experienced gender discrimination at work, study finds An Assistant Professor of Genetics and Developmental Biology works on stem cells.Spencer Platt / Getty Images filemps._execAd("interstitial");Breaking News EmailsGet breaking news alerts and special reports. The news and stories that matter, delivered weekday mornings.SUBSCRIBEJan. 9, 2018 / 2:26 PM CST / Updated Jan. 9, 2018 / 2:26 PM CSTBy Elizabeth ChuckHalf of all women working in science, technology, engineering and math have experienced gender discrimination at work, according to a new study released the day after a disgraced Google engineer filed a lawsuit claiming white conservative men are the true victims of Silicon Valley.James Damore was fired from Google after writing a 10-page memo citing women's "neuroticism" as a reason there are fewer female workers in high-stress jobs at the search giant. The lawsuit he filed Monday argues that Google was so overly concerned with filling gender and racial quotas that it was hurting male employees as well as potential male employees.Video Will Begin In...3Fired Google engineer James Damore defends his manifesto about diversityAug. 10, 201702:34But a study out on Tuesday from the Pew Research Center, which polled more than 4,900 workers in the U.S., found that in the traditionally male-dominated fields of science, technology, engineering and math (STEM), only 19 percent of men said they had experienced gender discrimination at work, versus 50 percent of women.mps._execAd("boxinline");In certain STEM subsets, the proportion of women reporting discrimination was even higher: 78 percent of those who work in majority-male workplaces reported gender discrimination, followed by 74 percent of those working in computer jobs.Even outside of STEM, the numbers were high, with 41 percent of women in non-STEM jobs saying they've dealt with discrimination, the Pew study found."The challenges that women in STEM face often echo the challenges of all working women," said Cary Funk, lead author of the report and Pew's director of science and society research. "What the study does is take a broad-based look at the issues facing the STEM workforce. I think they really speak to the complex issues surrounding diversity in the workplace."The Pew study, which was conducted last July and August, before Hollywood's sexual misconduct scandal led to a national reckoning, also polled women on sexual harassment. Both groups were equally likely to say they had experienced sexual harassment at work — 22 percent.mps._execAd("boxinline",0,1,false);Both groups were less likely than their male counterparts to think that women are "usually treated fairly" when it comes to opportunities for promotion and advancement.RecommendedVideo Will Begin In...3Penny Marshall, famed actress and comedian, dead at 75Video Will Begin In...3Actress Penny Marshall dead at 75Damore's viewpoint, both in and outside of Google, is disputed. Google faces a separate suit filed by three women who allege the company pays women less than men for similar work and gives them less opportunity for promotions, bonuses and raises — a claim Google denies.Stephanie Newby, the CEO of Crimson Hexagon, an artificial intelligence company that provides consumer insights based on publicly available data, said she was "not at all surprised" by Pew's findings.In 2004, Newby founded Golden Seeds, an investment firm that provides capital to women-led businesses. At Crimson Hexagon, she said she has made a point of hiring and promoting qualified female candidates after seeing first-hand the challenges that women entrepreneurs and women in male-oriented jobs face.mps._execAd("boxinline",0,2,false);"We need environments where women can thrive, not be cornered about how they look or have to think about the kinds of things that make them worry about being different or trying to prove themselves, because so much energy can be expended on that instead of getting the job done," she said. "I think it provides a competitive advantage for us that we have women in senior positions."by Taboolaby TaboolaSPONSORED STORIESNationLandlines Are Disappearing with This Increasingly Popular OptionNationUndoExperianWhat is Alternative Credit Data?ExperianUndoby Taboolaby TaboolaSPONSORED STORIESDroneX ProThis $99 Drone Might Be The Most Amazing Invention In 2018DroneX ProUndoMy Smart Gadgets19 Insanely Cool Gadgets That Are Going To Sell Out This YearMy Smart GadgetsUndoUSA TodayMilitary Dad Comes Home To Unexpected ReactionUSA TodayUndogo.gadgetspost.com23 Cool Products Flying Off Shelves These Holidaysgo.gadgetspost.comUndoMicrosoft AzureHere’s What Makes An Azure Free Account So Valuable...Microsoft AzureUndoGadgets PostThe 19 Best Products Of 2018 RankedGadgets PostUndoTactical WatchMilitary Watch Everybody in United States is Talking AboutTactical WatchUndoTact WatchFinally. The Smart Watch Every Man In United States Has Been Waiting For!Tact WatchUndoU.S. newsSenate passes sweeping criminal justice reform billThe House is expected to take up the Senate version of the bill at a later date before sending it to the president.Senate Majority Leader Republican Mitch McConnell speaks during a news conference on negotiations to avoid a partial shutdown of the federal government on Capitol Hill on Dec. 18, 2018.Michael Reynolds / EPABreaking News EmailsGet breaking news alerts and special reports. The news and stories that matter, delivered weekday mornings.SUBSCRIBEDec. 18, 2018 / 8:02 PM CST / Updated 8:38 PM CSTBy Rebecca Shabad and Phil HelselWASHINGTON — The Senate passed a huge criminal law reform bill on Tuesday night, seizing on bipartisan support for the broadest set of changes to federal crime statutes in a generation.A rare coalition of conservatives, liberals, activists, prosecutors and defense attorneys — spanning the political spectrum — pushed senators to pass the "First Step Act" by a final vote of 87-12.mps._execAd("boxinline",0,3,false);The House is expected to take up the Senate version of the bill at a later date. The House passed a similar version of the bill back in May by a wide margin, 360-59.President Donald Trump announced in November that he backs the legislation.Supporters of the bill claim that changes passed in the Senate would make America's criminal justice system fairer, reduce overcrowding and save taxpayer dollars — much to the benefit of drug and non-violent offenders.The bill would not affect state prisons. It only covers federal prisoners, who make up less than 10 percent of America's prison population.mps._execAd("boxinline",0,4,false);Trump quickly jumped on Twitter to hail the bill’s passage, and said "America is the greatest Country in the world and my job is to fight for ALL citizens, even those who have made mistakes.""This will keep our communities safer, and provide hope and a second chance, to those who earn it. In addition to everything else, billions of dollars will be saved. I look forward to signing this into law!” the president tweeted.Durbin: Kushner 'very important partner' in passing criminal justice reform billDec. 18, 201802:44The Senate bill overcame late obstacles by Sens. Tom Cotton, R-Ark., and John Kennedy, R-La.RecommendedSchool district police officer hit and run caught on cameraMcConnell convinced government shutdown won't happenCotton railed against the First Step Act as a "jailbreak" and said too many crimes were being included to allow prisoners consideration for early release.mps._execAd("boxinline",0,5,false);Sen. Chuck Grassley, R-Iowa, in urging senators to reject an amendment sponsored by Cotton, said “this law is centered towards those people that are the least violent people that are in prison already," and that “we’re only going to help low-level offenders.""Let's see if we can keep our bipartisan coalition together, to pass a bill that the president said that he is ready to sign," Grassley said. The amendment was defeated.A major provision of the bill gives judges more leeway to diverge from strict mandatory minimum sentences for nonviolent drug offenders with criminal histories.House Speaker Paul Ryan, R-Wisc., tweeted after the Senate vote: "Criminal justice reform is about giving more Americans a chance at redemption. The House looks forward to sending it to the president to become law."Rebecca ShabadRebecca Shabad is a congressional reporter for NBC News, based in Washington.Phil HelselPhil Helsel is a reporter for NBC News.David K. Li and Frank Thorp V contributed.MORE FROM newsAboutContactCareersPrivacy policyTerms of ServiceSiteMapAdvertiseAdChoices© 2018 NBC UNIVERSAL

      What is our praxis here? What do we advocate for here? The whole article is just stating problems.

    1. A female student taking a math test experiences an extra cognitive and emotional burden of worry related to the stereotype that women are not good at math.

      If this is part of the probl;em how do you solve it? why doesnt it effect other careers

  3. Nov 2018
    1. Have you ever thought about applying those ideas to your life? You should.

      What general priciples could you learn from that book?

    1. How do you feel about writing in books?

      Open Questions:

      1. What is your approach to leaving marks in the books you own?
      2. Is your approach any different when you're interacting with library books or other shared volumes?
      3. Do you ever type out notes to yourself when using e-readers or interacting with a digital pdf?

      Feel free to share your response to one or more of these questions by clicking the arrow button at the bottom right-hand side of this annotation.

    1. State-sponsored marijuana corporations say “Vape-Friendly!” when they mean “Shitty Weed That’s Actually Dangerous to Smoke!” and hope the public is stupid enough to feel empowered because they are invited to fill out a sleekly designed web survey.

      how is this weed different from weed you would smoke on a joint?

    2. Do they really not see that the Motley Crew has continued to exist in the shadows all along?

      What is the Motley Crew?

    3. Traditional marijuana workers also constitute the last remaining examples north of Mexico of self-organized small-scale agriculture and autonomous workers collectives, ones that organize group insurance schemes, like the “rider funds” that bike delivery guys often maintain in case anyone gets injured or has to deal with legal fees.

      Were Mexico the first ones to start these examples?

    4. Marijuana Commons.

      what are the Marijuana Commons?

    5. During the same period, the Drug Enforcement Agency attempted to criminalize Kratom—a plant that thousands of Americans have been ordering from Thailand in their efforts to kick government-approved pharmaceutical opiates.

      Why did the government try to criminalize Kratom?

    6. Cocaine was invented by American and German pharmaceutical companies, and when it was later made “illegal,” this simply meant that every coca grower in Peru should be conscripted into sweated labor for those companies.

      If it was only illegal in America and Germany, why did it effect people in Peru?

    7. The great love affair between imperial conquest and trade in intoxicating substances goes back at least as far as the sixteenth century

      what intoxicating substances were more popular back then?

    1. An uncountable number of letters have been sent from one person to another. They have been sent through the Internet in the years since 1969. They were sent on many different platforms.

      How did electronic messages look in 1969?

  4. Oct 2018
    1. By analysing the relationshipbetween development rate and growth rate, it can be determined whetherplasticity in life-history traits is caused by changed physiology or behaviour

      What is the difference between development rate and growth rate?

    1. Withthesemultiplebodiesgarneredfromdisabilityscholars,gendertheorists, andhistoriansofthe body, wecannowlookanewatthebodydepictedinLeonardo’sdrawing

      Taking into account different types of bodies that were not previously regarded creates a new image of Leonardo's Vitruvian man. Is the idea of the Vitruvian man even relevant, or has it faded as a range of different types of bodies has been brought up? Is there a way to combine the array of bodies to create a new "Vitruvian" man, or would a multitude of iterations be needed to account for the varying types of bodies?

    2. 16.SeeJohannaOksala,“FemaleFreedom:Can the LivedBodyBe Emancipated?/*inFeministInterpretationsofMauriceMerleau-Ponfyy209-28,andGayleSalamon,Jssumin^aBody:TransgenderandRhetoricsofMateriality(NewYork: ColumbiaUniversityPress, 2010).imaginethatLeonardopicturedaspecificmodeofembodiment, notanormative one

      Believing that Leonardo pictured a mode of embodiment from the male perspective, it is interesting to see if another artist has or will try to create a related mode of embodiment from the female or disabled perspective. Is there a new Vitruvian Man to connect all elements of the different types of people/bodies, or is the Vitruvian Man something that is just referred to in readings, and forgotten about when designing due to the one-perspective view it takes?

    3. Heclaimedthatxmderstandingtheembodimentofthedisabledbodygivesinsightinto theembodimentoftheabledbody

      While understanding the abled body throughout history has been the case, there are also been some attempts to understand the disabled body. While there are many different aspects that go into understanding the human body, it is important to understand more than just the abled/ideal body. When designing today, the abled body is still the body most designed for, while codes are the main elements that cater to the needs of disabled bodies. Is there a way in which the disabled body can be designed for further than just be paying attention to the code requirements?

    4. whichintroducefoodintothebodythroughtheanus,andemetics,whichexpelwastefromthe bodythroughthemouth.

      (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_nKTwJGa8s)

      In all honesty, why? Perhaps an idea so radical is needed to change how we think about the body and architecture. In the link above, I connect a seen in the office I had though about when this subject was brought up in class. In the video, the office is trying to slow down the course of a woman going into the labor by doing the opposite of activities that speed up labor. One suggestion in this clip is to "stick spicy foods up her butt" as a means of inverting the suggestion to eat spicy food. But how would this relate to architecture? Are we so wound up in our perceptions around what the human body is, that we need to twist, turn, and invert these perceptions to think with a clear mind?

    5. wetoowhen btdldingshouldplacethemostimportantandprestigiouspartsinfìlliviewandthelessbeautifulinlocationsconcealedas farfromoureyesaspossible.

      (https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/698055)

      I wonder what would happen if Palladio and Foster sat in a room together? Palladio seems to admire the objective sense to architecture, that when we look at it, we can appreciate the beauty by what is seen on the skin of a building's body. However, if we look at the Pompidou, this building speaks to more of the truth behind the building. It is the complete opposite of Palladio's intention to conceal the "less prestigious". For Foster, the Pompidou reveals the veins of the building's body. It shows the HVAC, mechanical systems, etc. to expose the life of buildings. I feel as though these two would have a debate on what is shown. Do we a.) push forth for the objective beauty of a building, or b.) show the beauty in a truth revealed?

    1. Exposure accounts for 21 per cent of the variation in attitude towards smoking.

      Where can I find this in the SPSS output?

    1. Multiple sets of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare ‘Quench’) were hydroponically cultivated using three different treatments:

      Why barley?

    1. it will not try to start a failover if the master link was disconnected for more than the specified amount of time

      Why would it exhibit this behavior? Is it because a slave that's disconnected from the master for too long has stale data? Or is it because the slave made be failing as well?

    1. The thirty million Americans who are plugged into the Internet increasingly engage in virtual experiences enacting a division between the material body that exits on one side of the screen and the com-puter simulacra that seem to create a space inside the screen.

      Although technology is increasing, it is not always a positive attribute. Virtual experience can help to be able to make something more realistic, yet at the same time, it limits interacting with a spatial environment. The experience with something as straightforward as walking into a building is distorted due to technology. Rather than being able to truly experience a space in the present moment and become immersed in different characteristics, the ability to take pictures to be able to look at the space later on becomes the primary focus. While this might seem to help later on, it does not always, as it actually limits the ability to truly interact with and experience a space. Is there a happy-medium in which the users can physically experience a space while also being able to pull up images or videos and be able to mentally revisit the space and explore the environment to the same extent as when they were actually in the environment?

    2. In the face of such a powerful dream, it can be a shock to remember that for information to exist, it must always be instantiated in a medium,

      Information is always recorded somewhere, either physical or digital. No information is ever new, it has just been transformed from previous information. Similar to conversations in thesis classes where no thesis topic is new, it is just a way to rethink something. Is there ever a time in which information is thought of prior to connections being made to previously recorded information.

    3. If one sees the universe as composed essentially of information, it makes sense that these "creatures" are life forms because they have the form oflife, that is, an informational code.

      Information makes up everything, from inanimate objects to living beings. When the information is turned into an informational code, the form of life comes out, making it so that all "creatures" are life forms. Where can there be different categories of "creatures" and life forms if everything is technically a life form? How can they be categorized? Are there any instances in which information is not converted to an informational code that makes something considered a life form?

    4. the idea of homeostasis was extended to machines. Like ani-mals, machines can maintain homeostasis using feedback loops.

      Feedback loops interact within, between and through subjects, environments, and observers. Feedback loops allow for the connection between living beings and machines. Are feedback loops what connection human bodies to machines, and what gives machines characteristics of human bodies?

    5. People become posthuman because they think they are posthuman.

      People aim to be post human. People often think into the future, so thinking of themselves as post human could correspond to their desire to be in the future. What happens in the future if there is not necessarily something to look forward to, and if post humans ever wanted to become just human again.

    6. the body is possible precisely because the body is understood as an object for control and mastery rather than as an intrinsic part of the self.

      The body is an object that was designed to be controlled. Was is designed to be controlled by the mind? Is the body just an object that serves as a machine to hold the mind so that the mind can have experiences. How does this correspond to the post-human body?

    7. If my nightmare is a culture inhabited by posthumans who regard their bodies as fashion accessories rather than the ground of being

      I wonder what Hayles thinks of today, with so much of the youth culture being dependent on material things. I was just watching a video earlier to day which spoke about teens obsessed with Kanye West's new Calabasas line of clothing. The people standing in line had no idea what or where Calabasas is, but they were obsessed with the idea of new form of clothing they could add to their collection. This is just one example, of many, where we are consumed by products as they are becoming what defines our bodies. If this is what matters, and what drives how we dictate our decision making, is 201 Hayles' nightmare?

    8. The human essence is freedom from the wills of others, and freedom is a function of possession

      Can freedom then be the possession of nothing?

      If our society is built around the trade of taking ownership of objects, selling them, and then taking ownership of new things, then we are built into this rotating wheel of trading ownership. We are in this delusion that we are free because we have the capability to take ownership of things that we seek, but this possession mentality is what is chaining us down and limiting our freedom. So if society is telling me that I own my body, would it be freedom to say that this body is not my own. Is it freedom to reject my body because it serves the function of others and not myself?

    9. autopoiesis,

      What's Autopoiesis?

      Autopoiesis in its simplest definition is the idea of self-production. As an exmaple, the cells in our bodies are vehicles in which they are able to reproduce themselves many times over. The cell is a body of many components, all of which are in constant reproduction themselves. As these components renew themselves in the body of the cell, the begin the cycle in of autopoiesis. The cell is still the original container of these changing characters, but the insides are the pieces which are in constant shift (Zeleny 1).

      http://cepa.info/fulltexts/1194.pdf

    1. not unlike that of the medical industry, where the needs of patients (clients) are met by a process-driven model.

      To what extent is the writer's analogy to the medical industry persuasive?

    2. It would allow lawyers to concentrate on higher-order tasks such as crafting legal strategies, interpreting and applying the relevant parts of the law to complex situations and perhaps most importantly, maintaining the human connection for a profession which is critically about relationships.

      What are the assumptions in the writer's argument?

    3. As business and the economy becomes ever more complex, the information and data available for lawyers to consider in assisting clients to make strategic decisions will be so vast that unless technology and workflows are correctly harnessed to make sense of it, the information would be useless and impossible to interpret manually.

      Can you think of other industries in which this might also be true? Share illustrations with your class.

    4. the final call will have to come from the human in the loop.

      Do you agree that AI is incapable of decision-making, and that a human will always have to make the final call? Why or why not? How might this vary in different fields, including the ones you are interested in pursuing?

    1. improve female representation in the senior leadership

      What are the pros and cons of focusing on representation in the leadership?

    2. gender barriers (physical, cultural, attitudinal)

      What do you think are some of these barriers?

    3. If we can achieve gender balance in the most visible public offices of the land, the rest of the country will follow.

      Do you agree that the writer's proposals will be effective in achieving gender equality? Why or why not? What other ideas do you have for achieving gender equality?

    4. implicit gender bias

      Have you ever experienced or witnessed implicit gender bias? Share your thoughts with a classmate of a different gender.

    5. Most notably, the Cabinet today comprises 16 men and only three women - even though for more than 10 years, the number of women graduating from universities has outnumbered male graduates.

      Do you find the writer's evidence convincing? What are the the strengths—and limitations—of her evidence?

    6. Sadly, these patriarchal attitudes prevail today.

      Do you think this is a fair claim? What examples of patriarchal attitudes can you think of in Singapore?

      You may include photos, videos, or hyperlinks.

    7. I cannot help but wonder, would things have been different if Mrs Lee Kuan Yew had continued to attend these meetings?

      How do you think Singapore's history might have been different if women were included among the founders of independent Singapore?

    8. Discrimination on the basis of gender or sex is omitted

      Can you think of reasons for why this might have been the case?

    9. sex

      How do you think the context of democratic socialism and gender are linked?

    10. Until 2005, the Civil Service provided medical benefits to the families of male civil servants, but not female civil servants. Under the Women’s Charter, only wives can get maintenance from their spouses, not husbands. Paternity leave was only instituted in 2013.

      What assumptions do each o these policies reveal? Do you agree with these policies? Why or why not?

    1. Some anxieties relate to practical issues, timeframes, and possible abuses. Concerns about these are reasonable and certainly need debate: the required technologies may be difficult to achieve, some may elude us indefinitely or turn out to be beyond our grasp. Some may be all too possible, if they fall into the wrong hands.

      As people are creating new technologies for the benefit of other, there are many technology that leads to human destruction. Take for example the creation of nuclear weapons. Once was created to end destruction, but yet has never ended because the lack of trust and compromise. As human continue to create new and advance technology for the world, when is a there a time to stop? Are the people in need of "improvement"? As there is many good things in life, there is always something to contradict it.

    2. Transition, then, from what to what? Transcendence of what kind? What sort of transformations?

      The author utilized rhetorical questions to arouse interest of his readers, to make them think deeply with his idea and stand by his argument at the same time. With these three questions, audience will pay more attention in this article and have more interest to continue reading. Thus, the tool that the author employed is a good example which is worth to be used in our own essay.

  5. Sep 2018
    1. Page 35:

      “The world is sick. A readjustment has become necessary. Readjustment? No, that is too tame. It is the possibility of a great adventure that lies before mankind: the building of a whole new world…because is not time to be lost.”

      Does Corbu see himself as a God, or at least someone of equivalent power? It feels as though he is rejecting everything that has come before him. In the previous text, it describes how he has discontent towards the very idea of suburbs and that they are “fragments of cities” spread throughout areas. The way that he phrases this section makes it sound like he’s a cult leader trying to create this new belief that others must follow.

    2. Page 30:

      “...materiality of the designed body-spaces premised on conceptions of standard body sizes and shapes, that is, the body as objectification.”

      Does this stigma of objectifying people in architecture have an influence of how objectification is a pressing issue today? I do realize that objectifying has always been an issue in the past, but does architecture further perpetuate this standard in the built form? In the discourse of our practices?

    3. Page 29: “As Le Corbusier stated: ‘architecture is there, concerned with our home, our comfort, and our heart. Comfort and Proportion. Reason and aesthetics. Machine and plastic form. Calm and beauty’”.

      If modernism was built around this idea of creating architecture from the reduction of man, then wouldn’t spaces be uncomfortable for people who didn’t fit the proportion of the “perfect man”? I am so puzzled by Corbu’s statement. Things built around the proportion of the modular man or even the Vitruvius man must surely be uncomfortable for someone who is much larger, or much smaller than a man.

    4. Page 25: What’s an induction loop? Induction loops are designated zones that send signals to a person’s hearing aid, in order to hear more clearly in busy area. These loops eliminate enough of the busy sound, so that the person with a hearing disability can better focus one specific sound as opposed to many. https://www.ampetronic.co/How-do-loops-work

    1. Until 2005, the Civil Service provided medical benefits to the families of male civil servants, but not female civil servants. •Under the Women’s Charter, only wives can get maintenance from their spouses, not husbands.•Paternity leave was only instituted in 2

      What assumptions do each of these policies reveal?

    2. If we can achieve gender balance in the most visible public offices of the land, the rest of the country will follow.

      Do you agree that the writer's proposals will be effective in achieving gender equality? Why or why not? What other ideas do you have for achieving gender equality?

    3. rimination on the basis of gender or sex is omitted.

      Can you think of reasons why this might have been the case?

    4. “Although Mrs Lee Kuan Yew was one of the first women to sign up as a PAP member, she was never admitted into the inner sanctum of the party.Truth be told, she attended the first meeting with S. Rajaratnam, K. M. Byrne, Philip Hoalim Jr and his wife Miki.

      Why do you think Mrs Lee Kuan Yew was excluded from the "inner sanctum" of the PAP? Do you think this could have been a justifiable decision in the circumstances?

    5. implicit gender bias

      Have you ever experienced or witnessed implicit gender bias? Share your thoughts with a classmate of a different gender.

    6. . Most notably, the Cabinet today comprises 15 men and only four women -even though for more than 10 years, the number of women graduating from universities has outnumbered male graduate

      Do you find the writer's evidence convincing? What are the the strengths—and limitations—of her evidence?

    7. Was it only by this twist of fate and chance –Lee Kuan Yew wanting to stop the wife of another colleague from attending –that the founding team became and then stayed an All Men’s group?

      How do you think Singapore's history might have been different if women were included among the founders of independent Singapore?

    1. agency's internal control environment and systems

      What exactly is an " agency's internal control environment and systems"?

    1. How does the probability of drawing a sample bag with two out of ten candies yellow depend on the proportion of yellow candies in the population?

      Pardon my ignorance, perhaps I am reading too far into things: if the population number changes, the proportion of the yellow candies in each sample will change???

    1. ff the tails of mice for many generations and showed that this mutilation had no effect on the tail length of their descendan

      Felt like this paragraph didn't fully explain what Neo-Lamarckism is.

      Found online that neo-lamarckists thought that Lamarckian mechanisms (inheritance of acquired characteristics) were more likely to be the chief cause of evolution than natural selection (Darwinism).

    2. blending inheritance, variation should decrease, not increase.

      I may be overthinking this, but I am not quite sure how blending inheritance necessarily implies that variation should decrease?

      Couldn't this so-called "blending" of traits lead to more variation as well?

    3. as the various HIVs and SIVs have done

      How exactly have the SIV and HIV viruses diverged? What has caused them to infect different species? I know species can go through speciation when the population becomes subdivided (by geographic location or niche), but I am wondering how this occurs in viruses or bacteria.

    4. human immunodeficiency viruses HIV-2 and HIV-1 arose from SIVs

      I am wondering why the monkeys were the first creatures infected with the SIV virus--why not the rabbit and horse predecessors?

    5. because it indicated that although the virus is readily transmitted from one person to another, it is only rarely contracted by humans ;. from other species.

      I am wondering what makes viruses spread easier amongst a species compared to between species? Besides the fact that species have a lot more contact with their own kind of species, I am wondering how this type of retrovirus operates at a molecular level when there is a transfer of SIV from monkeys to humans? Going off of Maddy's question, I wonder how HIV and SIV differ at a molecular level or if they even do?

  6. Aug 2018
    1. I never thought about the moral and ethics of religion. I feel as though people will continue to be ethical and a good person not just because it says to in a Bible.

      Have you guys ever heard that type of excuse for not believing in evolution?

    2. The last sentence is unsettling to me. Science isn't always ethical but we try to make it so it can be accepted by society. But just because an animal behaves in a certain way doesn't mean that humans will. This seems like an excuse to stop scientific research altogether. What do you guys think??

    3. Does speciation occur because of divergence?

      Definition of speciation - the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

      Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent mutations--often after the populations have become reproductively isolated for some period of time.

      So yes. Speciation can be caused because of divergence.

    4. Are the sooty mangabey and chimpanzee suffering from similar symptoms of SIVs than humans do with HIV/AIDs or did the virus evolve to be much stronger and abrasive to humans?

      common HIV symptoms in humans: vomiting, diarrhea, chronic fatigue, rapid weight loss. cough, fever, chills, rashes, sores, or lesions

      common SIV symptoms in primates: According to K.C. Williams "SIV remains endemic in several species of monkeys in Africa where it does not cause immune deficiency." "SIV can infect monocyte/macrophage populations in blood and more importantly in tissues, including the central nervous system, where the virus can remain sequestered and not cleared by antiretroviral therapy, and hide for years."

    5. class connection to antibiotics no longer working because of resistant bacteria --Is there a better way to ensure our livestock can grow to be strong and healthy without pumping them with antibiotics and accumulating them into our systems?

  7. Jul 2018
  8. Jun 2018
    1. Exercise1.75.Doesbù3chave a right adjointR:N!N? If not, why? If so, does itsright adjoint have a right adjoint?
    1. Bonus

      Saako näistä bonustehtävistä lisäpisteitä, vai mikä näiden taksonomia on?

  9. May 2018
    1. When you contain the source of a thought, that thought can change along with you as you acquire new knowledge and new skills.  When you contain the source of a thought, it becomes truly a part of you and grows along with you. Strive to make yourself the source of every thought worth thinking.  If the thought originally came from outside, make sure it comes from inside as well.  Continually ask yourself:  "How would I regenerate the thought if it were deleted?"

      I really don't see myself being able to do anything like this

  10. Apr 2018
    1. note that the value of thes-thsmallest weight changesO(slog(n=s))times

      Is this obvious?

  11. Mar 2018
    1. Does Search Engine Optimisation have a bad influence on consumers ? Does it encourage them on buying too much useless products ?

    1. I thank the European Environmental Bureau for this—with the headline, “Precautionary in principle, flawed in fact: European Commission review accepts environmental groups’ criticism of chemical regulation”.

      This is a bit worrying because them pushing for further regulation is making the countess argue against REACH - need to counter: "but I also ask that we do not mirror the behaviour of the REACH organisation and that we tighten up our own principles and make sure that we get it right."

    2. On Amendment 113, the secondary legislation made using the powers under Clause 7 will be subject to parliamentary oversight, using well-established procedures. This amendment would require us to make all the regulations within one month of Royal Assent. This would not allow time for stakeholder consultation and would also not allow sufficient time to make all the SIs—noting that affirmative SIs take longer than one month to be laid and made.

      Is this right? is the amendment impossible?

    1. a woman all drawn out of shape, hurt the old man by her grotesqueness. When she passed he made a noise like a small dog whimpering.

      is this the old man's wife?

    2. a number of women had been in love with him.

      did he ever have a wife and a family?

    3. had to help himself with a chair when he went to bed at night

      What was the plan that wouldn't require this? And why think of raising the bed in the first place if he is that old, if you're thinking logically, if you were that old and had trouble getting into bed already it would seem stupid to raise the bed even more.

    4. Quite a fuss was made about the matter

      About the fact that the writer wanted his bed level with the window?

    5. The windows of the house in which he lived were high and he wanted to look at the trees when he awoke in the morning. A carpenter came to fix the bed so that it would be on a level with the window.

      Is this an important part to the story? Or just some detail about the room in which us as the reader can picture the room in which the writer is in?

    1. These same leaves exhibited a reactivation of photosynthesis in spring,

      MM states that they cut off leaves and took them back to the laboratory for measurements. Are these really the same leaves?

  12. Feb 2018
    1. fournir les renseignements suivants

      Fournir à qui? Comment? Où est le formulaire permettant de fournir les dites informations, je vous prie?

    1. humans are creatures who crave a story

      in relation to the language of silence (and Bacon's use of color), we must consider we may be reading too deeply into some of these works. how can we draw conclusions and meaning out of a painting, let alone stories older than most trees and from completely different societies without projecting our own feelings and experiences onto them? with this, can we trust that much of human experience over all known time are similar enough to trust and put weight into these projections?

  13. Jan 2018
    1. The egalitarian character of Mbuti society is characteristic of most hunting and foraging societies, generally marked by the absence of hierarchical structures.

      What are the implications of this? How believable is is? And if it is true, how is this characteristic reflected in our modern society -- if at all?

    2. Apart from structural changes favoring bipedal locomotion, the fossil trail from the australopithecines to Homo sapiensis marked by significant increases in brain size (Falk, 1993, p. 64); changes in the bone structure of the hand (Napier, 1993); a lowering of the larynx so as to increase the space between the larynx and the back of the nasal cavity, thereby enhancing the possibility for articulate speech (Laitman, 1993); and a decrease in the size of the canine teeth (Skelton et al., 1993).

      The biological components that may have led to tool making may be questionable. Still, there is evidence to back it up. Can you think of any aspect of technology use today that is tied to biological development -- for example, diseases that we are more prone to contract because of our technology? Any others?

    1. We can be content rather merely to identify the experience as that state which is typically caused in thus-and-such ways and typically causes thus-and-such effects, saying nothing about its causes and effects in a (small) residue of exceptional cases.

      As a large overarching theme, this makes sense, however, to me, it would be a mistake not to thoroughly investigate some of these exceptional cases he mentions. While these cases might not be explicable, there is undoubtedly some underlying factor at play.

    2. For a pure disposition is a fictitious entity. The expressions that ostensibly denote dispo- sitions are best construed as syncategorematic parts of statements of the lawlike regularities in which (as we say) the dispositions are manifest.

      Trying to unpack this, Lewis is stemming away from Behaviorism to understand the hidden truth about dispositions where there a purely fictitious. I am getting myself caught up in what I believe to be circular reasoning that these dispositions are false but we are still able to conceptualize their construction or manifestation based upon syncategorematic parts. Lewis continues by saying that the causal connection between an experience and its typical occasions have some component of analytic necessity. How does this relate to dispositions?

    3. llowed by specification of typical stimuli for, or responses to, the ex- perience.

      So could you say that the causes/effects actually constitute the missing "similarity" between two experiences that Smart had to say did not exist/could not be articulated because it was a quality? If so, oh man, that's cool. Not sure if that's where this is heading, but it's what jumped out to me.

    4. These coexistent nonphysical phenomena may be quite unrelated to physical phenomena;

      Would non-physical phenomena be considered real? Lewis discusses how they cannot be explained by physical phenomena, so does that entail there must be a non-physical explanation? Does non-physical phenomena need an explanation or cause and effect? I do not agree with Lewis's defense that they cannot be called experiences because I do not accept his definition of experience (that physical states possess the definitive characteristics of experience) (17).

    5. Or if there is, after all, a way in which it is analytic that experiences are unlocated, that way is irrelevant: perhaps in our presystematic thought we regard only concreta as located in a primary sense, and abstracta as located in a merely derivative sense by their inherence in located conereta.

      Is there a way in which it is analytic that experiences are unlocated? How is this possibility prejudiced? To say it is irrelevant is not to conclude it could be something else non-physically. If there is a location, it would seem there is an analytic necessity. The word abstract almost seems misleading, as if their is some source or derivative (such as a location) for the conclusion of effect. What if these experiences are phenomena with no definitive characteristics and cannot be known based on being "together with the sense of expressions by which they are referred to as things of that kind" (19). That would leave unlocated phenomena that is potentially unique to each first-person experience, subjective and indescribable.

    6. But we materialists believe that these causal roles which belong by analytic necessity to experiences be- long in fact to certain physical states.

      What is the significance of saying that the causal roles "belong by analytic necessity" to our experiences? In terms of language, an analytic statement is (loosely) one where the truth of the statement can be known merely by knowing the meaning of all of its parts; it is not necessary to have any additional knowledge of the way the world actually is. That's the only definition with which I'm familiar. In this context, does "analytic necessity" maybe mean that the cause of an experience is logically integral to its definition?

    1. It is easy to imagine human beings as pre-literate, but it is difficult to imagine them as pre-technological.

      This looks like a "which came first" statement. What do you imagine when you think "pre-literate"? What do you imagine when you think "pre-technological"?

    2. The central purpose of technologies has not been to provide necessities, such as food and shelter, for humans had achieved these goals very early in their existence.

      In other words, we can't say that a technology was created for doing this or that only. Most of what our technological artifacts are used for is discovered after the tool has been created. What does this mean?

    3. Beavers cut down trees and build dams. Ants and bees build complex communities that include a division of labor and food storage. But only a few species have made tools. Notable is a hand axe widely used by Homo erectus 1.6 million years ago.

      Many, if not all, animals construct things. but only humans, and intelligent apes, construct "tools". What do we mean by "tools."

    1. aybe this is because I have not thought it out sufficiently, but it does seem to me as though, when a person says "I have an after-image," he is making a genuine report, and that when he says "I have a pain," he is doing more than "replace pain-behavior," and that "this more" is not just to say that he is in distress

      Why does he think it must be a genuine report? Can we come up with other examples of statements about your mental states that it would be odd to analyze in a behaviorist way?

    1. hlachlne instruction would per- mlt each student to proceed at his orvn rate

      This may be true, but can a modern machine or AI, on its own, give a detailed and personalized explanation of why the student was incorrect? For instance, in terms of music, I do not believe a machine can explain the nuance and tone of a passage. It may be able to play a professional recording, but in my opinion, music-making, especially at an enriching, educational level, should be a creative process, not a reductive, emulative one.

      Furthermore, there is the problem of the expenses associated with these technologies. Let's say, in 2019, a machine or software is created that can grade music theory assignments with 99% accuracy. How long would it actually take for a significant number of schools to adopt such an AI? While wondering how great it would be to have such a device, it is simply not useful to pretend that it is already here.

      Beyond Scantron multiple choice graders or online assignments or videos, I rarely see machines that take the teacher's role. No machine could do everything a human teacher does in this day and age.

      Perhaps I extrapolated too much from this article. However, in my mind, when I see someone talk about "machine learning" or "machine teaching," I think of neural networking, big data, and Google Deep Mind.

    1. By contrast, annotations can link an argument advanced in the main text of a publication to an excerpt from the source(s) the author is positing supports the arguments

      How is this difference from data access?

    2. Analytic Transparency

      Key question is whether ATI is just a supersize traditional footnote or something qualitatively different altogether.

    1. “sink or swim”

      This article has been great and all, but I would love to hear some of the other side of this argument. Where are the teachers that 'swim'? What does their education, field-experience, and day-to-day look like? More importantly, where are the teachers who swim AND are happy with life?

      This article makes it seem as though beginning teachers are doomed to either pass or fail, and even if they pass they are still likely to be so busy that they hate their life and wish that they had failed and gone to do something else. While this could very well be the case for some teachers, I know for a fact that this is not the kind of world that I would like to go into for the rest of my life.

      So how does one 'swim'?

    2. higher standards of academic achievement.

      This is the goal, but how common is this in most schools already? I went to a good high-school and I can only think of a handful of teachers that were like this. What are modern teachers lacking, and how can a better college education help to change that?

    1. Moreover, the class' Hypothesis activities were synced into a dedicated Slack channel named "Hypo Feed" via the Hypothesis' API; as such, social annotations containing the course hashtag (made by both formal or open participants) were notified on Slack as well, and Slack participants could react to a Hypothesis annotation by following a link provided in the notification (Goals 2, 3 & 4). 

      Cool. Where can I learn more about this?

    1. help each student achieve a more mature under-standing.

      The importance of a teacher searching for incomplete understandings is to mature the student, not to brainwash them by replacing the students' understanding with their OWN incomplete understanding. How often does this happen via informal learning outlets (social media, for example) in today's society, and how does a teacher avoid this? More importantly, how do teachers teach their students to avoid misinformation via informal outlets on their own?

    2. sense-making, self-assessment, and reflection on what worked and what needsimproving

      This seems very similar to the concept of 'mindfulness' researched and taught by Dr. Frank Diaz. In what ways is active learning different from this? Is 'mindfulness' simply an application of active learning unto oneself?

    3. evidence of transfer.

      How will the understanding of learning gained through this class allow us, as music educators, to innovate in new learning environments? Is the key 'transfer' from this understanding of learning one where we are capable of facilitating a learning environment unique to our own person, as well as being unique to the needs and desires of our students?

  14. Dec 2017
    1. This textbook will introduce you to various ways that the field of psychology has explored these questions.

      What is the purpose of this paragraph?

    1. Finally, those workers send the messages to the actual processes. This ensures the partitioner does not get overloaded and still provides the linearizability guaranteed by send/2. This solution was effectively a drop-in replacement for send/2:

      Opening says they weren't going to shard but how is this not sharding?

    2. session process (a GenServer), which then communicates with remote Erlang nodes that contain guild (internal for a “Discord Server”) processes (also GenServers)

      So looks like the coordination happens across nodes with these "guild" processes

    3. How Discord Scaled Elixir to 5,000,000 Concurrent Users

      Is this across the entire set of clusters or is this per single node or set of nodes for a given "guild"?

    1. Compromised spectral power and CFC of APP23.p38γ+/+ mice were significantly more affected in APP23.p38γ−/− recordings

      Is this saying that the memory of APP23 p38 negative mice is worse or that APP23 p38 mice memories are worse?

  15. Nov 2017
    1. Introducing Participatory Memory

      Is this an effective chapter title?!

    2. This table of contents page allows people to navigate the book both in a traditional fashion and through a network graph. Do you think this strategy is effective?

  16. Oct 2017
    1. What does it mean, I asked you, to witness mass extinction—the end of so much ‘worldly striving?’ What could, or should it mean to us, or motivate us to do?

      This is my understanding of the author's central research question and that she is looking to illicit a 'call-to-action' of sorts.

    1. growing plants without soil

      [I need to understand:] How this is even possible.

    1. We can u-;e this mode to communicate representations of how something look~

      What counts as a visual mode of communication can become a bit confusing in certain cases.

      For example, authors of fantasy fiction these days rely heavily on the reader to imagine visuals. They carefully describe physical objects and scenes, much like in Prownian Analysis or our descriptions of the AIDS Quilt panels, to cause the reader to "see" things that they might have never seen or imagined before. I realize that using writing would technically fall under the category of the linguistic mode of communication, but this descriptive writing exists to evoke our visual senses. These authors depend on us visualizing the worlds that they create to tell their story. If this communication uses our "visual-spatial intelligence" according to the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, should it not be considered a mix of the visual and linguistic modes?

    2. The visual mode refers to the use of images and other characteris-tics that readers see

      I think that the importance that "other characteristics" can have as a visual mode is commonly overlooked. The layout of a webpage can communicate to the reader what to emphasize on, the color of an "Open/Closed" sign can communicate the status of a restaurant from beyond a legible distance, and the size of a specific visual object on a billboard can communicate what exact product is being advertised.

      A good example of the utilization of visual modes of communication without the direct use of an image is visual poetry. This type of poetry is known for having dominant visual elements. A common technique of achieving this is using the words of the poem to create the perception of a shape or image.

      This is a good example of a simple visual poem. The topic of the poem is coffee, hence the writer adjusted the layout of the text to create a shape. This shape is perceived by our minds as a coffee mug, even though there is no actual picture of one.

      On an interesting side note: the reason we are able to perceive this image is due to the Gestalt psychology. This is a philosophy of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology which studies the self-organizing tendencies of the human brain (especially with images). According to this psychological phenomenon, our mind is always trying to find patterns in the data it receives and many times organizes sets of randomness in order to perceive them as a whole. This is why the seemingly random positions of the words in the poem cause our mind to try to find a pattern in the darker areas of the poem's white background, eventually leading us to seeing a coffee mug.

      Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_poetry , https://www.britannica.com/science/Gestalt-psychology

      Image source: https://collaboems.wordpress.com/2012/05/28/visual-poetry-2/

    1. we actually test between-groups variance against within-groups variance. That is why it is called analysis of variance.

      I'm having difficulty understanding this part. So H0 of F-test is that there's no difference between group means in the population. But what we actually test is between-group variance and within-group variance? But the result of F-test is still about the difference in population?

  17. Sep 2017
    1. o those in the population who currently lack it, we can then examine how their social network changes, and how their social capital is impacted. 

      This is an excellent research question! Does access and use of social media improve the mental and emotional health of older people/

    1. The solution is to focus not onwhois greatenough to exert influence, or strong enough to grapple with the‘‘anxiety’’oftheir literary inheritance, but rather onhowinfluence operates. What we canlook to, then, are instances of‘‘misreading’’,‘‘misinterpretation’’,‘‘carica-ture’’,‘‘distortion’’and‘‘wilful revisionism’’for what they reveal. Austen isnot the only writer whose works must benefit from such an analysis, but she,perhaps more than any other writer, unrelentingly demands it of her readers.Austen insists that her readers follow her in deliberately, playfully misreadingand reconceiving a broad range of literature, both‘‘high’’and‘‘low’’.Mimicking her misprision in our response to Romantic theories of influence,we can at last recognize how such influence operates on writers whom thecanon ignores or marginalizes: women and novelists, certainly, but alsothose whose influential moment was fleeting, rather than historicallytranscendent

      This seems like the article's thesis to me. Here, the author argues that we should not seek to identify which authors/works are seemingly "worthy" of having an influence on other authors/works. Rather, we should explore on how literary influence is actually functioning in related works.Readers must look to different methods of influence, such as "distortion" and "misinterpretation" in their study of the topic. In the demands that she places upon her readers to be well-informed and attentive, Austen invites us to be a part of a complicated and ongoing literary conversation. Additionally, through studying Austen's works, we can observe the influence of those traditionally left out by the canon.

      This argument does seem relevant and original to me. In my admittedly brief study of literary influence, the discussion is usually exclusively related to the canon. Murphy asks us to consider influence in a broader sense. However, the main question that I have after reading this article relates to computational literary study. Franco Moretti, Matthew Jockers, and other such scholars have made significant strides in the application of computational tools in the study of literary influence. I am very curious as to how this article's premises and main argument would hold up when subjected to such tools. This seems like a weakness to me. Even after my brief study of computational literary analysis, it seems that any conversation of literary influence is incomplete without actually looking at the data.

    1. Miss Amazing was started in Omaha, Nebraska, in 2007 by a teenage girl named Jordan Somer

      I wonder why she decided to start the pageant. Where did she get the idea from?

    1. We’ve all created our own personal histories, marked by highs and lows, that we share with the world — and we can shape them to live with more meaning and purpose.

      I wonder why the author decided to write about this particular topic. Maybe they have struggled with their own personal history.

    1.  if she will let me say so

      Why dose Ismene ask for Antigone's permission, If she is willing to do so, Ismene can confess without anybody's approval.

    1. L2 regularization can be expected to give superior performance over L1.

      Does "performance" here refer to training performance or overall accuracy of the model?

    1. Harrison's parents are very sad, but cannot seem to remember why.

    2. The dancers grace and beauty are hidden by masks and heavy weights.

    3. Harrison claims that he is the emporer when he breaks into the TV studio.

    4. Dianna Moon Glampers is the Handicapper General.

    5. To make his have equal looks, Harrison wears a red rubber ball for a nose, keeps his eyebrows shaved off, and covers his even white teeth with balck caps at snaggletooth random.

    6. The transmitter George wears in his ear is used to make sure he does not take an unfair advantage of his brain.

    7. The United States Handicapper General.

    8. Harrison Bergeron was the son of Hazel and George Bergeron. He was astoundingly smart and an incredible athlete. He was also highly feared and uncontrollable.

    1. Pollen-stigma adhesion in Arabidopsis: a species-specific interactionmediated by lipophilic molecules in the pollen exine

      How do plants of the same species recognize each other?

  18. Jul 2017
    1. You will keep the fail log in a repository on Github

      Will you and others have access to our fail logs or is it for our own personal records? If others need access am I missing the step with how to connect with others?

    1. Up-regulation of glycolysis is proposed to endow cancer cells withseveral selective advantages, in particular the incorporation ofnutrients into biomass to sustain high rates of proliferation (2,3). Deregulation of certain cancer-related genes has been linkedto the acquisition of the glycolytic phenotype (4). The phospha-tase and tensin homolog, PTEN,2is a tumor suppressor mostwell known for its ability to oppose the PI3K/Akt signalingpathway through the dephosphorylation of phosphatidylino
    2. To meet their bioenergetic requirements, differentiated cellstend to metabolize glucose via oxidative phosphorylation as away of maximizin

      Question 3

    3. EN knock-out mouseembryonic fibroblasts (PTEN KO MEF) have 2–3-fold higherconcentrations of F2,6P2, the most potent allosteric activator ofthe glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
    4. This has beentraditionally attributed to the hyperactivation of PI3K/Akt sig-naling that results from PTEN loss. Here, we propose a novelmechanism whereby the loss of PTEN negatively affects theactivity of the E3 ligase APC/C-Cdh1, resulting in the stabiliza-tion of the enzyme PFKFB3 and increased synthesis of its prod-uct fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6P2)
    5. Unlike normal differentiated cells, tumor cells metabolizeglucose via glycolysis under aerobic conditions, a hallmark ofcancer known as the Warburg effect

      Question 1 or 2

    6. Our results suggest animportant role for F2,6P2in the metabolic reprogramming ofPTEN-deficient cells that has important consequences forcell proliferation.

      This is ultimately how cancer cells are then successful

    Tags

    Annotators

  19. Jun 2017
    1. required all women in the country to cut their hair and wear bangs

      a question: the fact that men tend to have more hair mean that they are "wiser" or "smarter" than women?

    1. So, fare you well at once; for Brutus’ tongue Hath almost ended his life’s history: Night hangs upon mine eyes; my bones would rest That have but labour’d to attain this hour.

      Marcus Brutus has been regarded as the "noblest Roman of them all" who acts only with the interest of the State at heart. The assassination of Caesar was even justified by him; he exclaimed to the public "it’s not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more."

      In his last moments, it is obvious that Brutus was feeling remorseful of the past atrocities, but is this enough to ground Brutus as a fundamentally heroic character? Is Brutus in fact delusional, attempting to redeem himself via radical patriotism? Do his actions speak louder than his words?

      Therefore, my question is:

      Is Brutus deserving of a tragic hero status, or does he portray a more antagonistic character in the play?

  20. May 2017
    1. A maximum ofNdistinct modules per layer arepermitted in a pathway (typicallyN= 3 or 4).

      Why would this be beneficial? Obviously this limit prevents pathways from using entire layers, but how does that help the agents find a suitable pathway? Does this make the agent less localized?

    1. Heidegger describes a bridge as gathering the fourfold, he is also saying that neither the fact of humans building it, the purposes to which it is put, the roles it fulfills, nor even the full range of contexts in which it is or could be embedded suffice to capture the bridge in its bridgeness (Harman 124).

      So, in a way, it is but an imitation of a bridge? I'm trying to think of this in terms of Hume's Bundle Theory. Is Heidegger saying that we cannot reduce the things we make to 1. the reason we made them 2. their properties 3. both 4. neither?

    1. All ground instances o

      Umm, are they non-ground or ground?

    2. b^e^hm^:hj

      This conflicts with the possible world (3), so... is this a new example?

    3. we obtain the success probabilityofcalls(mary),P(calls(mary)) = 0:196

      OK, but this is the marginal distribution that Mary calls? Not conditional on the facts that we already know, that a burglary happened, that an earthquake did not, that Mary heard the alarm?

    4. to provecall

      Does this mean to prove 'there exists a call'?

    5. queryq

      What are two examples of queries?

    6. unique least Herbrand model (i.e., a unique least model using onlysymbols from the program

      What does this mean?

      "using only symbols from the program" as opposed to what?

  21. Apr 2017
    1. the founding movement of such “liberating” politics is effec-tively to eliminate the possibility of some versions of freedo

      I'm not versed in The History of Sexuality, but I know it's been quoted in this class before: can someone fill me in on what Foucault means here?

    1. rhetoricalsituation

      A rhetorical question is already answered. Does the correct response to a "rhetorical situation" already exist and it is up to rhetor to "read the prescription accurately?"

    1. They say that measles isn’t a deadly disease. But It is. They say that chickenpox isn’t that big of a deal. But It can be. They say that the flu isn’t dangerous. But It is. They say that whooping cough isn’t so bad for kids to get. But It is.

      rhetoric questions, without argumentation but supposedly the hyperlinks contradicted it. But it is not clear hyperlink would be effective here (or if the linked page does provide good evidence)

    1. patterns of missingness

      I need to look more into how to address the absence of certain data points. If I recall correctly, 133 of 144 students in the 9th grade at my school participated. Reasons for absences vary, and I need to look into what to do about the missing nodes. Any suggestions?

    2. network exchange theory

      So this is a sub theory of network theory that focuses on concepts such as structural holes and brokers?

    1. standard, basic statistical software (e.g., SPSS, Stata, or SAS) will not give correct estimates

      So dose the basic statistical package in R work, If I am not mistaken, I think we also can't use statistical package to make estimates for relational data.

    2. How well does a leader's perceived level of trust in his or her colleagues predict the number of alters to whom the person sent a collaboration tie in year 1, controlling for gender and the level at which the person works (district vs. school)? This question requires three vectors of independent variables (trust score, an indicator for gender, and an indicator for level) and one dependent variable vector (collaboration year 1 out-degree).

      Oy. This (multiple linear regression) is much harder for me to wrap my brain around, but I'm going to give it a go (especially since I have so many variables and it might be useful for tying them together). Again, I have SP, CP, and discussion forum type. If I did the surveys, I'd also have perceived sense of belonging. How well does a student's perceived sense of belonging predict his/her level of CP in discussion posts, controlling for discussion forum type (for example, only looking at large group discussions)? That doesn't get the SP in there though, and may not actually be a great model of regression. :/ Help?

    3. The question, therefore, is whether school leaders prefer to collaborate with those with whom they have collaborated in the past or with those that they have turned to discuss confidential issues.

      I have next to no stats knowledge, so I'm going to try to extrapolate this out in regards to my own research to try to better understand it (hopefully!). In using my own research with SP (social presence) and CP (cognitive presence). I'm going to start with the varibles: levels of SP, levels of CP, discussion forum type. A question I have been asking is whether discussion forum type affects SP and/or CP. Modeling the question the same way as this one, it might be whether students are more likely to show higher CP with students they were in a programmatic small group discussion with versus just large group. I think this models this line of questioning, at least. This probably doesn't get the SNA part in. So, trying again... Are students more likely to respond to a student in a large group discussion that they formed a connection with in a programmatic small group discussion or a random small group discussion? This doesn't get the SP or CP working in there, but it gets the SNA. So part of what I'm studying. But, since I'm graphing SP as a weighted measure for SNA, maybe it could be whether students are more likely to demonstrate higher SP in an ensuing large-group discussion with students they were in small programmatic group discussion with in a previous module. Does that get all the parts working approporiately in a MR-QAP-procedure question??

    1. The average of the simulated distribution of reciprocal ties is calculated and then compared to the value in the empirical (observed) network

      Can ERGMs be used for nonreciprocal networks?

    2. except, of course, ego-level network studies from which egos have been randomly drawn from some target population)

      I am using ego-level networks for my final project, but how would I go about ensuring that the ego in question was chosen randomly?

    3. artifacts

      Maybe I missed something in our previous readings/videos, but can someone explain to me what is meant by the term "artifacts"?

    4. Even the tools of predictive modeling are commonly applied to network data (e.g. correlation and regression)

      Would running such tests require a need for assessing latent variables that emerge from network analysis? I will keep reading, but from what I know of SNA, it seems like you are only analyzing observable variables and it would be difficult to obtain a correlation from such unique variables. Am I way off here?

    1. A model is a simplification or approximation of reality and hence will not reflect all of reality

      when reading this, I don't know why but a question suddenly came into my mind, why do we need so complicated/fancy models in social science research, specifically, except core independent variables and outcome variables, why do we use covariate/ control variables in a given model. I had an insight from a professor's explanation: for natural science, most objects of study are homogeneous and scientists can have a good control of interference in lab environment with careful experimental design. However, in terms of social science phenomenons, they are so complicated and are impacted by so many factors, including which we already know, and also a lot of which we don't know yet, let alone the subjects of social science study are so unique and heterogeneous. So we have to use advanced model to get closer to understanding those complex phenomenons, and we have to try our best to control the covariates we already know to carefully test the real relationship between independent variables and dependent variable. In addition, because we can not know or measure all factors that will impact a certain complex phenomenon, this is one of the reasons that a model is a simplification or approximation of reality and hence will not reflect all of reality.

  22. datproject.org datproject.org
    1. Some of my unanswered questions: How do DOI resolvers decide when it is acceptable to modify the metadata associated with the DOI in order to 'fix' link rot? Do all resolvers follow the same policy? If a resolver were to act maliciously, could they start returning false results without detection? Is there any version control for metadata over time, to see how different resolvers behaved at a certain point? How many resolvers use the cryptographic signing functionality offered by the Handle system? Do any resolvers integrate web capturing and content fingerprints to prove the link they fixed is the same content that the original DOI pointed at?

      Some good Qs by Max Ogden on DOI resolving and other persistent urls.

  23. Mar 2017
    1. So, let's say you are interested in the number of collaborative exchanges that occur between teachers from two different grade levels in a complete network of teachers within one elementary school. First, you count the number of times these types of exchanges occur in the observed network and then permute these relational data lots and lots of times. With each permutation, you calculate the number of times this type of tie (collaborative exchanges between teachers from two different grade levels) occurs and compare this result to the original observed network. After this process of permuting and comparing, you can see how often the results of these permutations are the same as the original observed results: The more often the results of the permutations are the same as your observed data, the more likely that the pattern of exchanges in the observed data was due to chance. If, however, the results from the observed data are so unlikely when compared to the results of the permutations, then you are to conclude that your results are not the byproduct of chance. Therefore, this result would be considered statistically significant.

      In terms of my project (looking at racial and gender-based biases in communication between undergarduate students in an online class), then I could use this same rationale and process in order to make generalizations to a broader population?

    2. the difference between the mathematical and statistical approaches to social network analysis

      What are the differences?

    1. EXERCISE: The output of inference are un-normalized logits. Try editing the network architecture to return normalized predictions using tf.nn.softmax.

      Does anyone know if this is a valid exercise still? Line 260 of cifar10.py specifically states:

      # linear layer(WX + b),
      # We don't apply softmax here because
      # tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits accepts the unscaled logits
      # and performs the softmax internally for efficiency.
      

      or is this saying it would be useful to get the scaled logits too using tf.nn.softmax and keep both, passing unscaled to the loss(logits, labels) call in line 72 of cifar10_train.py as required by the tf.nn.sparse_softmax_cross_entropy_with_logits(). And using the scaled logits for tracking the classifications of our inference. It'd be cool to get some thoughts on this!

    1. Egocentric analysis shifts the analytical lens onto a sole ego actor and concentrates on the local pattern of relations in which that ego is embedded as well as the types of resources to which those relations provide access.

      Given the nature of my data (Forbes top companies), I think it would be appropriate to look at specific countries as the Ego and the job categories as the alters. Am I correct in assuming that the local pattern of relations would be how my selected county (the ego) is connected to other countries through job category?

    2. The size of ego networks typically ranges from 0 to 6, since a name generator typically limits the number of alters that ego can list.

      Is it not valualbe to analyze the size of ego networks for social media? This likely wouldn't limit the size of the networks to 6, right?

    3. Table 7.2

      There seem to be two types of questions here: relational questions and attribute questions. Might it be worth categorizing these questions about eliciting egocentric network data into two seperate categoies?

    4. Table 7.1

      I notice that Leader 35 has the smallest number of alters and the highest efficacy score. Did I read that correctly? I am sure this is too tiny of a data set to conclude anything, so I'm curious what would happen to that pattern with broader analysis.

    5. here are several standard measures that can be calculated from egocentric network data, including size, strength, diversity, centrality, constraint, and brokerage.

      I believe SIZE and DENSITY are very intuitive measures that enable readers to understand the characteristics of eco-centric networks, especially, when we try to compare the different eco-centric networks. My related question is "how we can statistically compare those values from different networks?". To expand the qustion, "how we can statistically test the differences among different networks?"

    1. By charting this process, you are able to identify whether there is a “core” group of actors at the center of the network, while others are on the periphery

      To identify "core" actor, what is a difference between a K-core collapse and centrality. I understand that there are difference logics between them. However, considering the expected results, I am not sure how we differenciate those different techniques.

    2. A weak component ignores the direction of a tie; strong components do not. Stated differently, strong components consist of nodes that are connected to one another via both directions along the path that connects them. Weak components consist of a set of nodes that are connected regardless of the direction of the ties.

      Which means, what I understand that, there is no diffence between a strong and a weak component if a network is undirected. Is it right?