We therefore the representatives of the united States of America in General Congress assebled [appealing to the Judge of the World for the recititude of our intentions] do in the name & by authority of the good people of these states [colonies] reject and renounce all allegiance & subjections to the kings of Great Britain & all others who may hereafter claim by, through or under them: we utterly disolve all political connection which may heretofore have subsisted between us & the people or parliment of Great Britain: and finally we do assert and declare these colonies to be free and independent states, [solemly Publish and Declare that these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are dissolved from allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political Connection between them and the State of Great-Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved;] and that as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract allies, establish commerce, & do all other acts & things which independent states may of right do.

Come, come, we are friends: let's have a dance erewe are married, that we may lighten our own heartsand our wives' heels.

That Juries ought to be judges of law, as well as fact, should be clearly described; for though in some instances Juries may err, it is generally from tenderness, and on the right side. A man cannot be guilty of a good action, yet if the fact only is to be proved (which is Lord Mansfield’s doctrine) and the Jury not empowered to determine in their own minds, whether the fact proved to be done is a crime or not, a man may hereafter be found guilty of going to church or meeting.

If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world. One might as well attempt to grasp the game of poker entirely by the use of the mathematics of probability.

What we generally see in the news media is that if there is global warming, and it makes sense at first blush, well you’re going to see ice melt and you’re going to see the sea levels rise, so we are going to have all sorts of damage to our coastal areas as a consequence. But while I was here in Antarctica, I met with a number of National Science Foundations that all contended that there was some degree of global warming but they added that if there was a slight or modest global warming that the sea levels would fall not rise. Let me emphasize that: that the sea levels if there is slight or modest global warming will fall not rise.” “First that the principal amount of ice on the planet is here in Antarctica. Roughly 85% more or less of the total amount of ice on the planet. Second that if the temperatures rise a little bit, it is going to carry more moisture which in Antarctica is going to be deposited over huge land mass that is larger than the size of the United States of America, by way of examples some level of ice I think that the mean is around 6000 feet deep, South Pole is more than that and some some places there in Antarctica it’s as much as 3 miles thick and that it takes hundred of years for that ice that is fallen in Antarctica to actually reach the coast line. Which means that if temperatures goes up a little bit because of this effect you are actually looking at more snow and ice being deposited on in Antarctica and water being taken from the oceans more than offsetting whatever melt there may be in Greenland or the Arctic. So what are your thoughts on that theory or argument that they were raising to us in Antarctica?

The central tension between disintegration and integration is not a binary opposition; in the emerging digital ecosystem, they can be deeply interconnected.

humans must experience and better understand their profound interdependence with the planet

we may have to think hard about how online speech can be free – including free as in beer (provided without a monetary cost) or as in kittens (requiring ongoing care)

If students are living their lives in preparation for life, when will they start living? When do rules and regulations pay off? The answer is never. If students aren’t free to be curious, engaged, and invested in what they’re learning, then they may never be curious, engaged, or invested in their lives. Education is about more than passing a test or being accepted to the “right” school, it’s about self-discovery and personal growth as an individual

There was a pause, during which Sasha was keenly aware of Coz behind her, waiting. She wanted badly to please him, to say something like It was a turning point; everything feels different now, or I called Lizzie and we made up, finally, or I’ve picked up the harp again, or just, I’m changing, I’m changing, I’m changing. I’ve changed! Redemption, transformation—God, how she wanted these things. Every day, every minute. Didn’t everyone?

She did not think much of the story; it was Martin’s intensity of power, the old excess of strength that seemed to pour from his body and on and over her.  The paradox of it was that it was the story itself that was freighted with his power, that was the channel, for the time being, through which his strength poured out to her.

because that proof is missing Rossi should somehow be given the benefit of the doubt.

Mnemotechnical Infrastructure

Herman Melville “The Bell-Tower” (1855) In the south of Europe, nigh a once frescoed capital, now with dank mold cankering its bloom, central in a plain, stands what, at distance, seems the black mossed stump of some immeasurable pine, fallen, in forgotten days, with Anak and the Titan. As all along where the pine tree falls, its dissolution leaves a mossy mound — last-flung shadow of the perished trunk; never lengthening, never lessening; unsubject to the fleet falsities of the sun; shade immutable, and true gauge which cometh by prostration — so westward from what seems the stump, one steadfast spear of lichened ruin veins the plain. From that treetop, what birded chimes of silver throats had rung. A stone pine, a metallic aviary in its crown: the Bell-Tower, built by the great mechanician, the unblest foundling, Bannadonna. Like Babel’s, its base was laid in a high hour of renovated earth, following the second deluge, when the waters of the Dark Ages had dried up and once more the green appeared. No wonder that, after so long and deep submersion, the jubilant expectation of the race should, as with Noah’s sons, soar into Shinar aspiration. In firm resolve, no man in Europe at that period went beyond Bannadonna. Enriched through commerce with the Levant, the state in which he lived voted to have the noblest Bell-Tower in Italy. His repute assigned him to be architect. Stone by stone, month by month, the tower rose. Higher, higher, snaillike in pace, but torch or rocket in its pride. After the masons would depart, the builder, standing alone upon its ever-ascending summit at close of every day, saw that he overtopped still higher walls and trees. He would tarry till a late hour there, wrapped in schemes of other and still loftier piles. Those who of saints’ days thronged the spot — hanging to the rude poles of scaffolding like sailors on yards or bees on boughs, unmindful of lime and dust, and falling chips of stone — their homage not the less inspirited him to self-esteem. At length the holiday of the Tower came. To the sound of viols, the climax-stone slowly rose in air, and, amid the firing of ordnance, was laid by Bannadonna’s hands upon the final course. Then mounting it, he stood erect, alone, with folded arms, gazing upon the white summits of blue inland Alps, and whiter crests of bluer Alps offshore — sights invisible from the plain. Invisible, too, from thence was that eye he turned below, when, like the cannon booms, came up to him the people’s combustions of applause. That which stirred them so was seeing with what serenity the builder stood three hundred feet in air, upon an unrailed perch. This none but he durst do. But his periodic standing upon the pile, in each stage of its growth — such discipline had its last result. Little remained now but the bells. These, in all respects, must correspond with their receptacle. The minor ones were prosperously cast. A highly enriched one followed, of a singular make, intended for suspension in a manner before unknown. The purpose of this bell, its rotary motion and connection with the clockwork, also executed at the time, will, in the sequel, receive mention. In the one erection, bell-tower and clock-tower were united, though, before that period, such structures had commonly been built distinct; as the Campanile and Torre del Orologio of St. Mark to this day attest. But it was upon the great state bell that the founder lavished his more daring skill. In vain did some of the less elated magistrates here caution him, saying that though truly the tower was titanic, yet limit should be set to the dependent weight of its swaying masses. But, undeterred, he prepared his mammoth mold, dented with mythological devices; kindled his fires of balsamic firs; melted his tin and copper, and, throwing in much plate contributed by the public spirit of the nobles, let loose the tide. The unleashed metals bayed like hounds. The workmen shrunk. Through their fright, fatal harm to the bell was dreaded. Fearless as Shadrach, Bannadonna, rushing through the glow, smote the chief culprit with his ponderous ladle. From the smitten part, a splinter was dashed into the seething mass, and at once was melted in. Next day a portion of the work was heedfully uncovered. All seemed right. Upon the third morning, with equal satisfaction, it was bared still lower. At length, like some old Theban king, the whole cooled casting was disinterred. All was fair except in one strange spot. But as he suffered no one to attend him in these inspections, he concealed the blemish by some preparation which none knew better to devise. The casting of such a mass was deemed no small triumph for the caster; one, too, in which the state might not scorn to share. The homicide was overlooked. By the charitable that deed was but imputed to sudden transports of esthetic passion, not to any flagitious quality. A kick from an Arabian charger; not sign of vice, but blood. His felony remitted by the judge, absolution given him by the priest, what more could even a sickly conscience have desired. Honoring the tower and its builder with another holiday, the republic witnessed the hoisting of the bells and clockwork amid shows and pomps superior to the former. Some months of more than usual solitude on Bannadonna’s part ensued. It was not unknown that he was engaged upon something for the belfry, intended to complete it and surpass all that had gone before. Most people imagined that the design would involve a casting like the bells. But those who thought they had some further insight would shake their heads, with hints that not for nothing did the mechanician keep so secret. Meantime, his seclusion failed not to invest his work with more or less of that sort of mystery pertaining to the forbidden. Erelong he had a heavy object hoisted to the belfry, wrapped in a dark sack or cloak — a procedure sometimes had in the case of an elaborate piece of sculpture, or statue, which, being intended to grace the front of a new edifice, the architect does not desire exposed to critical eyes till set up, finished, in its appointed place. Such was the impression now. But, as the object rose, a statuary present observed, or thought he did, that it was not entirely rigid, but was, in a manner, pliant. At last, when the hidden thing had attained its final height, and, obscurely seen from below, seemed almost of itself to step into the belfry, as if with little assistance from the crane, a shrewd old blacksmith present ventured the suspicion that it was but a living man. This surmise was thought a foolish one, while the general interest failed not to augment. Not without demur from Bannadonna, the chief magistrate of the town, with an associate — both elderly men — followed what seemed the image up the tower. But, arrived at the belfry, they had little recompense. Plausibly entrenching himself behind the conceded mysteries of his art, the mechanician withheld present explanation. The magistrates glanced toward the cloaked object, which, to their surprise, seemed now to have changed its attitude, or else had before been more perplexingly concealed by the violent muffling action of the wind without. It seemed now seated upon some sort of frame, or chair, contained within the domino. They observed that nigh the top, in a sort of square, the web of the cloth, either from accident or design, had its warp partly withdrawn, and the cross threads plucked out here and there, so as to form a sort of woven grating. Whether it were the low wind or no, stealing through the stone latticework, or only their own perturbed imaginations, is uncertain, but they thought they discerned a slight sort of fitful, springlike motion in the domino. Nothing, however incidental or insignificant, escaped their uneasy eyes. Among other things, they pried out, in a corner, an earthen cup, partly corroded and partly encrusted, and one whispered to the other that this cup was just such a one as might, in mockery, be offered to the lips of some brazen statue, or, perhaps, still worse. But, being questioned, the mechanician said that the cup was simply used in his founder’s business, and described the purpose — in short, a cup to test the condition of metals in fusion. He added that it had got into the belfry by the merest chance. Again and again they gazed at the domino, as at some suspicious incognito at a Venetian mask. All sorts of vague apprehensions stirred them. They even dreaded lest, when they should descend, the mechanician, though without a flesh-and-blood companion, for all that, would not be left alone. Affecting some merriment at their disquietude, he begged to relieve them, by extending a coarse sheet of workman’s canvas between them and the object. Meantime he sought to interest them in his other work, nor, now that the domino was out of sight, did they long remain insensible to the artistic wonders lying round them — wonders hitherto beheld but in their unfinished state, because, since hoisting the bells, none but the caster had entered within the belfry. It was one trait of his, that, even in details, he would not let another do what he could, without too great loss of time, accomplish for himself. So, for several preceding weeks, whatever hours were unemployed in his secret design had been devoted to elaborating the figures on the bells. The clock bell, in particular, now drew attention. Under a patient chisel, the latent beauty of its enrichments, before obscured by the cloudings incident to casting, that beauty in its shyest grace, was now revealed. Round and round the bell, twelve figures of gay girls, garlanded, hand-in-hand, danced in a choral ring the embodied hours. “Bannadonna,” said the chief, “this bell excels all else. No added touch could here improve. Hark!” hearing a sound, “was that the wind?” “The wind, Excellenza,” was the light response. “But the figures, they are not yet without their faults. They need some touches yet. When those are given, and the — block yonder,” pointing towards the canvas screen, “when Haman there, as I merrily call him — him? it, I mean — when Haman is fixed on this, his lofty tree, then, gentlemen, will I be most happy to receive you here again.” The equivocal reference to the object caused some return of restlessness. However, on their part, the visitors forbore further allusion to it, unwilling, perhaps, to let the foundling see how easily it lay within his plebeian art to stir the placid dignity of nobles. “Well, Bannadonna,” said the chief, “how long ere you are ready to set the clock going, so that the hour shall be sounded? Our interest in you, not less than in the work itself, makes us anxious to be assured of your success. The people, too — why, they are shouting now. say the exact hour when you will be ready.” “Tomorrow, Excellenza, if you listen for it — or should you not, all the same — strange music will be heard. The stroke of one shall be the first from yonder bell,” pointing to the bell adorned with girls and garlands, “that stroke shall fall there, where the hand of Una clasps Dua’s. The stroke of one shall sever that loved clasp. Tomorrow, then, at one o’clock, as struck here, precisely here,” advancing and placing his finger upon the clasp, “the poor mechanic will be most happy once more to give you liege audience, in this his littered shop. Farewell till then, illustrious magnificoes, and hark ye for your vassal’s stroke.” His still, Vulcanic face hiding its burning brightness like a forge, he moved with ostentatious deference towards the scuttle, as if so far to escort their exit. But the junior magistrate, a kind-hearted man, troubled at what seemed to him a certain sardonical disdain lurking beneath the foundling’s humble mien, and in Christian sympathy more distressed at it on his account than on his own, dimly surmising what might be the final fate of such a cynic solitaire, nor perhaps uninfluenced by the general strangeness of surrounding things, this good magistrate had glanced sadly, sideways from the speaker, and thereupon his foreboding eye had started at the expression of the unchanging face of the Hour Una. “How is this, Bannadonna,” he lowly asked, “Una looks unlike her sisters.” “In Christ’s name, Bannadonna,” impulsively broke in the chief, his attention for the first attracted to the figure by his associate’s remark. “Una’s face looks just like that of Deborah, the prophetess, as painted by the Florentine, Del Fonca.” “Surely, Bannadonna,” lowly resumed the milder magistrate, “you meant the twelve should wear the same jocundly abandoned air. But see, the smile of Una seems but a fatal one. ‘Tis different.” While his mild associate was speaking, the chief glanced inquiringly from him to the caster, as if anxious to mark how the discrepancy would be accounted for. As the chief stood, his advanced foot was on the scuttle’s curb. Bannadonna spoke: “Excellenza, now that, following your keener eye, I glance upon the face of Una, I do, indeed perceive some little variance. But look all round the bell, and you will find no two faces entirely correspond. Because there is a law in art — but the cold wind is rising more; these lattices are but a poor defense. Suffer me, magnificoes, to conduct you at least partly on your way. Those in whose well-being there is a public stake, should be heedfully attended.” “Touching the look of Una, you were saying, Bannadonna, that there was a certain law in art,” observed the chief, as the three now descended the stone shaft, “pray, tell me, then –” “Pardon; another time, Excellenza — the tower is damp.” “Nay, I must rest, and hear it now. Here, — here is a wide landing, and through this leeward slit, no wind, but ample light. Tell us of your law, and at large.” “Since, Excellenza, you insist, know that there is a law in art which bars the possibility of duplicates. Some years ago, you may remember, I graved a small seal for your republic, bearing, for its chief device, the head of your own ancestor, its illustrious founder. It becoming necessary, for the customs’ use, to have innumerable impressions for bales and boxes, I graved an entire plate, containing one hundred of the seals. Now, though, indeed, my object was to have those hundred heads identical, and though, I dare say, people think them so, yet, upon closely scanning an uncut impression from the plate, no two of those five-score faces, side by side, will be found alike. Gravity is the air of all, but diversified in all. In some, benevolent; in some, ambiguous; in two or three, to a close scrutiny, all but incipiently malign, the variation of less than a hair’s breadth in the linear shadings round the mouth sufficing to all this. Now, Excellenza, transmute that general gravity into joyousness, and subject it to twelve of those variations I have described, and tell me, will you not have my hours here, and Una one of them? But I like –” “Hark! is that — a footfall above?” “Mortar, Excellenza; sometimes it drops to the belfry floor from the arch where the stonework was left undressed. I must have it seen to. As I was about to say: for one, I like this law forbidding duplicates. It evokes fine personalities. Yes, Excellenza, that strange, and — to you — uncertain smile, and those forelooking eyes of Una, suit Bannadonna very well.” “Hark! — sure we left no soul above?” “No soul, Excellenza, rest assured, no soul. — Again the mortar.” “It fell not while we were there.” “Ah, in your presence, it better knew its place, Excellenza,” blandly bowed Bannadonna. “But Una,” said the milder magistrate, “she seemed intently gazing on you; one would have almost sworn that she picked you out from among us three.” “If she did, possibly it might have been her finer apprehension, Excellenza.” “How, Bannadonna? I do not understand you.” “No consequence, no consequence, Excellenza — but the shifted wind is blowing through the slit. Suffer me to escort you on, and then, pardon, but the toiler must to his tools.” “It may be foolish, signor,” and the milder magistrate, as, from the third landing, the two now went down unescorted, “but, somehow, our great mechanician moves me strangely. Why, just now, when he so superciliously replied, his walk seemed Sisera’s, God’s vain foe, in Del Fonca’s painting. And that young, sculptured Deborah, too. Aye, and that –” “Tush, tush, signor!” returned the chief. “A passing whim. Deborah? — Where’s Jael, pray?” “Ah,” said the other, as they now stepped upon the sod, “ah, signor, I see you leave your fears behind you with the chill and gloom; but mine, even in this sunny air, remain. Hark!” It was a sound from just within the tower door, whence they had emerged. Turning, they saw it closed. “He has slipped down and barred us out,” smiled the chief; “but it is his custom.” Proclamation was now made that the next day, at one hour after meridian, the clock would strike, and — thanks to the mechanician’s powerful art — with unusual accompaniments. But what those should be, none as yet could say. The announcement was received with cheers. By the looser sort, who encamped about the tower all night, lights were seen gleaming through the topmost blindwork, only disappearing with the morning sun. Strange sounds, too, were heard, or were thought to be, by those whom anxious watching might not have left mentally undisturbed — sounds, not only of some ringing implement, but also, so they said, half-suppressed screams and plainings, such as might have issued from some ghostly engine overplied. Slowly the day drew on, part of the concourse chasing the weary time with songs and games, till, at last, the great blurred sun rolled, like a football, against the plain. At noon, the nobility and principal citizens came from the town in cavalcade, a guard of soldiers, also, with music, the more to honor the occasion. Only one hour more. Impatience grew. Watches were held in hands of feverish men, who stood, now scrutinizing their small dial-plates, and then, with neck thrown back, gazing toward the belfry as if the eve might foretell that which could only be made sensible to the ear, for, as yet, there was no dial to the tower clock. The hour hands of a thousand watches now verged within a hair’s breadth of the figure 1. A silence, as of the expectations of some Shiloh, pervaded the swarming plain. Suddenly a dull, mangled sound, naught ringing in it, scarcely audible, indeed, to the outer circles of the people — that dull sound dropped heavily from the belfry. At the same moment, each man stared at his neighbor blankly. All watches were upheld. All hour hands were at — had passed — the figure 1. No bell stroke from the tower. The multitude became tumultuous. Waiting a few moments, the chief magistrate, commanding silence, hailed the belfry to know what thing unforeseen had happened there. No response. He hailed again and yet again. All continued hushed. By his order, the soldiers burst in the tower door, when, stationing guards to defend it from the now surging mob, the chief, accompanied by his former associate, climbed the winding stairs. Halfway up, they stopped to listen. No sound. Mounting faster, they reached the belfry, but, at the threshold, started at the spectacle disclosed. A spaniel, which, unbeknown to them, had followed them thus far, stood shivering as before some unknown monster in a brake, or, rather, as if it snuffed footsteps leading to some other world. Bannadonna lay, prostrate and bleeding, at the base of the bell which was adorned with girls and garlands. He lay at the feet of the hour Una, his head coinciding, in a vertical line, with her left hand, clasped by the hour Dua. With downcast face impending over him, like Jael over nailed Sisera in the tent, was the domino; now no more becloaked. It had limbs, and seemed clad in a scaly mail, lustrous as a dragon-beetle’s. It was manacled, and its clubbed arms were uplifted, as if, with its manacles, once more to smite its already smitten victim. One advanced foot of it was inserted beneath the dead body, as if in the act of spurning it. Uncertainty falls on what now followed. It were but natural to suppose that the magistrates would, at first, shrink from immediate personal contact with what they saw. At the least, for a time, they would stand in involuntary doubt, it may be, in more or less horrified alarm. Certain it is that an arquebuss was called for from below. And some add that its report, followed by a fierce whiz, as of the sudden snapping of a mainspring, with a steely din, as if a stack of sword blades should be dashed upon a pavement; these blended sounds came ringing to the plain, attracting every eye far upward to the belfry, whence, through the latticework, thin wreaths of smoke were curling. Some averred that it was the spaniel, gone mad by fear, which was shot. This, others denied. True it was, the spaniel never more was seen; and, probably for some unknown reason, it shared the burial now to be related of the domino. For, whatever the preceding circumstances may have been, the first instinctive panic over, or else all ground of reasonable fear removed, the two magistrates, by themselves, quickly re-hooded the figure in the dropped cloak wherein it had been hoisted. The same night, it was secretly lowered to the ground, smuggled to the beach, pulled far out to sea, and sunk. Nor to any after urgency, even in free convivial hours, would the twain ever disclose the full secrets of the belfry. From the mystery unavoidably investing it, the popular solution of the foundling’s fate involved more or less of supernatural agency. But some few less unscientific minds pretended to find little difficulty in otherwise accounting for it. In the chain of circumstantial inferences drawn, there may or may not have been some absent or defective links. But, as the explanation in question is the only one which tradition has explicitly preserved, in dearth of better, it will here be given. But, in the first place, it is requisite to present the supposition entertained as to the entire motive and mode, with their origin, of the secret design of Bannadonna, the minds above-mentioned assuming to penetrate as well into his soul as into the event. The disclosure will indirectly involve reference to peculiar matters, none of the clearest, beyond the immediate subject. At that period, no large bell was made to sound otherwise than as at present, by agitation of a tongue within by means of ropes, or percussion from without, either from cumbrous machinery, or stalwart watchmen, armed with heavy hammers, stationed in the belfry or in sentry boxes on the open roof, according as the bell was sheltered or exposed. It was from observing these exposed bells, with their watchmen, that the foundling, as was opined, derived the first suggestion of his scheme. Perched on a great mast or spire, the human figure, viewed from below, undergoes such a reduction in its apparent size as to obliterate its intelligent features. It evinces no personality. Instead of bespeaking volition, its gestures rather resemble the automatic ones of the arms of a telegraph. Musing, therefore, upon the purely Punchinello aspect of the human figure thus beheld, it had indirectly occurred to Bannadonna to devise some metallic agent which should strike the hour with its mechanic hand, with even greater precision than the vital one. And, moreover, as the vital watchman on the roof, sallying from his retreat at the given periods, walked to the bell with uplifted mace to smite it, Bannadonna had resolved that his invention should likewise possess the power of locomotion, and, along with that, the appearance, at least, of intelligence and will.

However, I think Black’s negativeclaim is mistaken: a literal paraphrase need not ignore thesestructural relations. Our language may not contain manycommon, convenient devices for making them explicit, but itis well within our capabilities to represent them. I did justthat with Romeo’s metaphor, albeit in rather laborious terms,in order to motivate the intuition that therewassuch a struc-ture. We can also, more perspicuously, supplement our lan-guage with formal representational systems such as numericalweightings or maps, as I’ve done in Figure 1.

interdisciplinary studies is proven to broaden our intellectual horizons, therefore we must fund this type of education!

Secondly, being able to think abstractly, is very significant to me. It is so important to have different ideas that may even seem impossible

But, to speak practically and as a citizen, unlike those who call themselves no-government men, I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government. Let every man make known what kind of government would command his respect, and that will be one step toward obtaining it.

I know that most men think differently from myself; but those whose lives are by profession devoted to the study of these or kindred subjects content me as little as any.

Zadie Smith, “MEET THE PRESIDENT!” New Yorker, Aug. 12 & 19, 2003.

The eye of the reformer is met with angry flashes, portending disastrous times; but his heart may well beat lighter at the thought that America is young, and that she is still in the impressible stage of her existence.

What are the risks in assuming that we start from a place of shared values and goals?

All voting is a sort of gaming, like checkers or backgammon, with a slight moral tinge to it, a playing with right and wrong, with moral questions; and betting naturally accompanies it. The character of the voters is not staked. I cast my vote, perchance, as I think right; but I am not vitally concerned that that right should prevail. I am willing to leave it to the majority. Its obligation, therefore, never exceeds that of expediency. Even voting for the right is doing nothing for it. It is only expressing to men feebly your desire that it should prevail. A wise man will not leave the right to the mercy of chance, nor wish it to prevail through the power of the majority.

The administration is proposing cutting the EPA's budget by 31 percent, from $8.3 billion in fiscal year 2017 to $5.7 billion in fiscal year 2018. That's the largest cut among all Cabinet departments and major agencies.

But scientific research indicates the world was last this warm about 115,000 years ago and that the planet has not experienced such high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for 4m years.

透過何政策履歷形成科技政策或文化政策，然後最後補助什麼東西跟產出什麼東西，必須是連結起來。

Although regulation through architecture is just as powerful as law, it is less identifiable and less visible to courts, legislators, and potential plaintiffs.77 While this observation suggests that decision makers should be even more diligent in analyzing the impact of architecture, research demonstrates that they often fail to take it seriously.78 To be clear, officials may understand that an architectural decision could have an exclusionary effect—they might even intend that result—but they generally do not see their decisions as a form of regulation that should be analyzed and patrolled in the same way that a law with the same effect would be. Exclusion through architecture should be subject to scrutiny that is equal to that afforded to other methods of exclusion by law.79

We often experience our physical environment without giving its features much thought. For example, one might think it a simple aesthetic design decision to create a park bench that is divided into three individual seats with armrests separating those seats. Yet the bench may have been created this way to prevent people—often homeless people—from lying down and taking naps.27 Similarly, upon seeing a bridge, or a one-way street, or a street sign, many people tend to think that these are just features of a place—innocuous and normal.

We often experience our physical environment without giving its features much thought. For example, one might think it a simple aesthetic design decision to create a park bench that is divided into three individual seats with armrests separating those seats. Yet the bench may have been created this way to prevent people—often homeless people—from lying down and taking naps.

Despite the potential benefits, how-ever, music educators may be hesitant to use social media for class purposes, given concerns regarding privacy, inappropriate usage, cyberbullying, and inappropriate student-teacher communications.

He motions over his shoulder with his thumb.

Neuroscientists endeavor to understand how the brain develops and controls our perception of the world and our interactions with it. Animal models enable investigations of the genetic, molecular, cellular, circuit-level and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these processes. Noninvasive technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) complement these approaches by assessing human brain structure and neural responses to complex behaviors. In this issue, Nature Neuroscience presents a series of commissioned pieces that discuss recent progress in several noninvasive techniques and put forth conceptual frameworks under which we can examine neuroimaging data to deepen our understanding of these rich data sets. These advances may help connect findings from various species and achieve a more complete picture of the brain's structure and function.

Providing a malicious onLogin callback, for example popup a window into which the user may type their username and password

Seeing a bat flying at night, who among us truly thinks, “There is a creature that eats 8,000 mosquitoes a night, and without it we’d all have died of malaria by now.” It may be safe to say that the opposite is true, that we see a bat and think illness and death, all words akin to the vampire because it has always been blamed as the carrier for such horrors.

I like what I look at, but what I look at and like I can’t locate–”   (So great is the confusion in which this lover wanders, lost!)   “My pain is even greater, for no ocean lies between us, nor some highway without end, nor mountain range to cross, nor gates to scale: only this shallow pool! He would be held, for every time I lean down to the surface and offer him my willing mouth to kiss, he, on his back, lifts up his lips toward mine– you’d think he could be touched! So very small a thing it is that keeps us from our loving! Come out and show yourself! Why do you mock me, singular boy? Where do you take yourself? Surely I’m young and sufficiently attractive to stay your flight! Why, even nymphs have loved me! I’ve no idea what hopes you mean to raise with that come-hither look of yours, but when I’ve reached down toward you, you’ve reached up again, and when I laughed, why, you laughed too, and often I have seen tears on your cheeks when I wept; you second all my motions, and the movement of your bow-shaped lips suggests that you respond with words to mine–although I never hear them!   But now I get it! I am that other one! I’ve finally seen through my own image! I burn with love for–me! The spark I kindle is the torch I carry: whatever can I do? Am I the favor-seeker, or the favor sought? Why seek at all, when all that I desire is mine already? Riches in such abundance that I’ve been left completely without means! Oh, would that I were able to secede from my own body, depart from what I love! (Now that‘s an odd request from any lover.) My grief is draining me, my end is near; soon I will be extinguished in my prime. This death is no grave matter, for it brings an end to sorrow. Of course, I would have been delighted if my beloved could have lived on, but now in death we two will merge as one.”   Maddened by grief, he spoke and then turned back to his image in the water, which his tears had troubled; when he saw it darkly wavering, he cried out, “Stay! Where are you going? O cruel, to desert your lover! Touch may be forbidden, but looking isn’t: then let me look at you and feed my wretched frenzy on your image.”   And while he mourned, he lifted up his tunic and with hard palms, he beat on his bare breasts until his skin took on a rosy color, as parti-colored apples blanch and blush, or clustered grapes, that sometimes will assume a tinge of purple in their unripened state; the water clears; he sees what he has done and can bear no more; just as the golden wax melts when it’s warmed, or as the morning’s frost retreats before the early sun’s scant heat, so he dissolves, wasted by his passion slowly consumed by fires deep within. Now is no more the blushing white complexion, the manly strength and all that pleased the eye, the figure that was once quite dear to Echo. And seeing this, she mourned although still mindful of her angry pain; as often as the wretched boy cried, “Alas!” she answered with “Alas!” And when he struck his torso with his fists, Echo responded with the same tattoo. His last words were directed to the pool: “Alas, dear boy, whom I have vainly cherished!” Those words returned to him again, and when he cried “Farewell!” “Farewell!” cried Echo back. His weary head sank to the grass; death closed those eyes transfixed once by their master’s beauty, but on the ferry ride across the Styx, his gaze into its current did not waver. The water nymphs, his sisters, cut their locks in mourning for him, and the wood nymphs, too, and Echo echoed all their lamentations; but after they’d arranged his funeral, gotten the logs, the bier, the brandished torches, the boy’s remains were nowhere to be found; instead, a flower, whose white petals fit closely around a saffron-colored center.       Categories Antigone creation myths greece instructor's note maya civilization mesopotamia online work week 2 Online Work Week 3 online work week 5 online work week 6 Plato and Socrates recipe week 1 thousand and one nights Uncategorized Recent Posts Work for Thursday – Thousand and One Nights SOPHOCLES, ANTIGONE Questions 1,3 and 4 Readings for Tuesday’s Class Antigone – Answered Questions Recent Commentsj.wu32 on Readings for Tuesday’s Classj.green on Please sign up for Greek Theatre Topic!j.picotte on Please sign up for Greek Theatre Topic!k.butler on Please sign up for Greek Theatre Topic!AGeertsma on Work for next TuesdayTags845to718 accountingmajor adaptable affectionate analysis Antigone anxious Baptism Beginning Creon dreamer Ea english Enuma Elish food Gaia Gods greece Greece Dark Ages hardworker Hesiod immigrant intro Jamaican Jewish King's Role korean lazy Marduk Mayan Muses Persuasion Polytheistic Popol Vuh recipe Religion rhetoric sassy server Socrates tenneessee Theogony Tiamat welcome Zeus

Eating with friends and family and not having everyone glued to their smart devices." Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock"...checking up on the latest post that their friend made on Facebook when they're sitting exactly four feet away." - adamrocks84 var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Eating with friends and family and not having everyone glued to their smart devices.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#eating-with-friends-and-family-and-not-having-everyone-glued-to-their-smart-devices-8"; curSlideObj.anchor = "eating-with-friends-and-family-and-not-having-everyone-glued-to-their-smart-devices-8"; curSlideObj.index = 7; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#eating-with-friends-and-family-and-not-having-everyone-glued-to-their-smart-devices-8";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads ="\n\t<div data-bi-ad data-ad-container class=\"ad dfp\" data-adunit=\"desktop\/tech\/sai\/slideshow\" data-authors=\"megan-willett\" data-pagetype=\"slideshow\" data-refresh-frequency=\"4\" data-region=\"Slideshow One Page Ad Desktop\" data-responsive=\"null\" data-sizes=\"970x250,728x90,600x200,600x480,300x250\" data-tag=\"features,reddit,internet,digital-culture,tech-insider\" data-url=\"\/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12\/\" data-views=\"10001-500000\">\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t(function() {\n\t\t\t'use strict';\n\t\t\t\/\/ Notify the DFP code that a new ad has just been rendered\n\t\t\tamplify.publish('adRender');\n\t\t}());\n\t<\/script>\n"; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "A certain amount of ignorance." Flickr"Sure, [the internet has] made me more educated about several topics but, in many ways, I feel like I know too much because everything gets posted now." - GirlDontThrowawayMad var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;A certain amount of ignorance.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#a-certain-amount-of-ignorance-9"; curSlideObj.anchor = "a-certain-amount-of-ignorance-9"; curSlideObj.index = 8; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#a-certain-amount-of-ignorance-9";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Everything not being spoiled immediately." Paul Szoldra/Tech Insider- Zandyne var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Everything not being spoiled immediately.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#everything-not-being-spoiled-immediately-10"; curSlideObj.anchor = "everything-not-being-spoiled-immediately-10"; curSlideObj.index = 9; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#everything-not-being-spoiled-immediately-10";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Being able to have debates/discussions without being sh---y to one another." LaVladina/Flickr"Anonymity is a sure-fire way to make anyone act like a childish a--hole in a reasonable discussion." - VheloGrace var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Being able to have debates/discussions without being sh---y to one another.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#being-able-to-have-debatesdiscussions-without-being-sh-y-to-one-another-11"; curSlideObj.anchor = "being-able-to-have-debatesdiscussions-without-being-sh-y-to-one-another-11"; curSlideObj.index = 10; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#being-able-to-have-debatesdiscussions-without-being-sh-y-to-one-another-11";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Enjoying the moment or wanting to do something because it's fun." Flickr / JasonParis"People seem like they just want to do things so they can take pictures with their phones and post to social media. [They] just want to show off to their friends and have everyone look at them and be jealous." - drsquires var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Enjoying the moment or wanting to do something because it's fun.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#enjoying-the-moment-or-wanting-to-do-something-because-its-fun-12"; curSlideObj.anchor = "enjoying-the-moment-or-wanting-to-do-something-because-its-fun-12"; curSlideObj.index = 11; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#enjoying-the-moment-or-wanting-to-do-something-because-its-fun-12";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads ="\n\t<div data-bi-ad data-ad-container class=\"ad dfp\" data-adunit=\"desktop\/tech\/sai\/slideshow\" data-authors=\"megan-willett\" data-pagetype=\"slideshow\" data-refresh-frequency=\"4\" data-region=\"Slideshow One Page Ad Desktop\" data-responsive=\"null\" data-sizes=\"970x250,728x90,600x200,600x480,300x250\" data-tag=\"features,reddit,internet,digital-culture,tech-insider\" data-url=\"\/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12\/\" data-views=\"10001-500000\">\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t(function() {\n\t\t\t'use strict';\n\t\t\t\/\/ Notify the DFP code that a new ad has just been rendered\n\t\t\tamplify.publish('adRender');\n\t\t}());\n\t<\/script>\n"; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Mix tapes." ramsey everydaypants/Flickr "Like the cassettes. I would sit [for] hours in front of the radio, wait[ing] for just the right song to come on and then [I would] hit record." - rubaduck   var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Mix tapes.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#mix-tapes-13"; curSlideObj.anchor = "mix-tapes-13"; curSlideObj.index = 12; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#mix-tapes-13";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "My work ethic." Adikos/Flickr"90% of my internet use at work is not business related, and those hours cannot be made up. I am not as productive as I once was, and I'm lucky I own the place. Otherwise I'd fire [myself]." - Scrappy_Laue var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;My work ethic.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#my-work-ethic-14"; curSlideObj.anchor = "my-work-ethic-14"; curSlideObj.index = 13; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#my-work-ethic-14";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Kids playing outside a lot more." Shutterstock"Neighborhoods are ghost towns now.” - El_Frijol var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Kids playing outside a lot more.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#kids-playing-outside-a-lot-more-15"; curSlideObj.anchor = "kids-playing-outside-a-lot-more-15"; curSlideObj.index = 14; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#kids-playing-outside-a-lot-more-15";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "I miss my attention span." Reuters/Phil Noble- addywoot var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;I miss my attention span.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#i-miss-my-attention-span-16"; curSlideObj.anchor = "i-miss-my-attention-span-16"; curSlideObj.index = 15; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#i-miss-my-attention-span-16";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads ="\n\t<div data-bi-ad data-ad-container class=\"ad dfp\" data-adunit=\"desktop\/tech\/sai\/slideshow\" data-authors=\"megan-willett\" data-pagetype=\"slideshow\" data-refresh-frequency=\"4\" data-region=\"Slideshow One Page Ad Desktop\" data-responsive=\"null\" data-sizes=\"970x250,728x90,600x200,600x480,300x250\" data-tag=\"features,reddit,internet,digital-culture,tech-insider\" data-url=\"\/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12\/\" data-views=\"10001-500000\">\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t(function() {\n\t\t\t'use strict';\n\t\t\t\/\/ Notify the DFP code that a new ad has just been rendered\n\t\t\tamplify.publish('adRender');\n\t\t}());\n\t<\/script>\n"; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Serendipity." flequi/Flickr"Running into friends you hadn't seen in a long time, and having a great time without planning it all out. Flipping through the channels one by one, and something catches your attention that you would never watch using a guide." - Piktoggle var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Serendipity.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#serendipity-17"; curSlideObj.anchor = "serendipity-17"; curSlideObj.index = 16; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#serendipity-17";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Writing." Flickr/daniel sandoval"I used to write when I was bored. Now it's a lot harder to be bored, so I have to actively choose to sit down and write, which means that I write less and there's less variety in topic/format." - laidymondegreen var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Writing.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#writing-18"; curSlideObj.anchor = "writing-18"; curSlideObj.index = 17; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#writing-18";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Privacy!" Shutterstock"Have you ever googled your full name and city/state/location? It's insane how much personal information you can find about yourself online if you know how to search for it." - Whatsamattahere var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Privacy!&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#privacy-19"; curSlideObj.anchor = "privacy-19"; curSlideObj.index = 18; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#privacy-19";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "My innocence." Shutterstock- ParkourPants var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;My innocence.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#my-innocence-20"; curSlideObj.anchor = "my-innocence-20"; curSlideObj.index = 19; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#my-innocence-20";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); SEE ALSO: Russia is threatening to ban Reddit More: Features Reddit Internet Digital Culture Tech Insider facebook linkedin twitter email print window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({mode:'thumbs-1r', container:'taboola-below-main-column', placement:'below-main-column'}); ×     by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links Recommended from the WebEverQuote Insurance QuotesSan Jose, California: This Brilliant Company Is Disrupting a $1…EverQuote Insurance QuotesUndoHome ChefSan Jose: This Meal Service is Cheaper Than Your Local StoreHome ChefUndoFree Solar EnergyThere Is a No Cost Solar Program in California? 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women, the plain and the colored.

o field of study seemed for-eign to him, and his many books and articles are marked by his continuing enthusi-asm for psychology, linguistics, anthropology, information theory, and philosophy.

On landing, we found the town a heap of ruins. A more terrible picture of desolation cannot be imagined. Passing through streets choaked with rubbish, we reached with difficulty a house which had escaped the general fate. The people live in tents, or make a kind of shelter, by laying a few boards across the half-consumed beams; for the buildings being — 3 — here of hewn stone, with walls three feet thick, only the roofs and floors have been destroyed. But to hear of the distress which these unfortunate people have suffered, would fill with horror the stoutest heart, and make the most obdurate melt with pity.

We often experience our physical environment without giving its features much thought. For example, one might think it a simple aesthetic design decision to create a park bench that is divided into three individual seats with armrests separating those seats. Yet the bench may have been created this way to prevent people—often homeless people—from lying down and taking naps.

A third draws aimless patterns in the dirt

Should “learning to code” become a school requirement, and if so how do we cram it into an already overloaded curriculum?

Having a Parent Behind Bars Costs Children, States Having a parent in jail or prison can take an emotional toll on children and lead to higher foster care and welfare rolls. Some states are trying to address it. by Teresa Wiltz, Stateline.org / May 24, 2016 0 Inmates at the National Bilibid Prison are “virtually in touch” with their loved ones. flickr/vickens_dan Jamaill never knew his mother. When he was 1, his father was incarcerated, and Jamaill got to know him largely through letters and phone calls. Twice a year, he would trek from Brooklyn to an upstate New York prison to visit — a trip that involved a plane ride, a long drive and an overnight stay in a motel. Now, the 10th-grader’s father has been transferred to another prison even farther away. So they’ll stay in touch with “televisits,” video-conferenced meetings. Jamaill doesn’t think it should be so hard for kids to see their imprisoned parents. And that’s what he told New York state legislators in March. “Incarcerated parents need to be closer to home,” said Jamaill, 15, who lives with his grandmother and doesn’t want his last name used because he doesn’t want to further stigmatize his father. “Some people have to drive nine, 10 hours to see their parents — and then only have 30 minutes to talk to them.” Many states are beginning to look at a growing body of research that shows that having a parent behind bars can have a destabilizing effect on an estimated 1.7 million children like Jamaill. The separation can have costly emotional and social consequences, such as trauma and trouble in schools, homelessness, and bigger welfare and foster care rolls. Some states are encouraging greater contact between the children and their parents by using new technology such as televisiting, or by placing parents in the closest correctional facility. And some are trying to intervene when a parent is charged, tried and convicted of a crime to provide emotional support and a stable home for the children. In New York, for example, the Senate’s corrections committee advanced a bill in March that would create a pilot program that places sentenced parents in the nearest jail or prison. The federal government allows states to use funding from the National Family Caregiver Support Program to provide grandparents and other elderly relatives who care for the children with services such as counseling. Washington, for example, has a statewide network of “kinship navigators” that connects families and extended relatives with legal services, health care and parenting classes. Some states also are looking at ways to better reconnect children with their parents after they leave jail or prison, and to help ease the parents back into society to provide a more stable family life for their children. In Georgia, a statewide council on criminal justice reform tailors policy and services designed to reduce the barriers to employment after a parent is released from prison. In California, the state suspends child support payments for anyone who is incarcerated for more than 90 days. This prevents late fees on child support payments from piling up while parents are locked up, which can often create insurmountable debt when they are released. In San Francisco, a coalition of nonprofits, representatives of government bodies and advocates work together to ensure the well-being of children of incarcerated parents at every step of their involvement with the criminal justice system. This includes protocols on steps police officers should take to minimize trauma on children who witness a parent’s arrest, sentencing guidelines and life after prison. “The trauma associated with having an incarcerated parent is like that of divorce or domestic violence,” said Scot Spencer of the Annie E. Casey Foundation, a research and advocacy group that focuses on child welfare. “There’s an emotional and an economic impact.” Staggering Numbers More than 5 million children, or one in 14, in the U.S. have had a parent in state or federal prison at some point in their lives, according to the Casey Foundation. Their numbers swelled by 79 percent between 1991 and 2007, according to U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) figures, largely driven by tough drug laws and mandatory sentencing. Thirteen percent of the children in Kentucky have had a parent behind bars, the largest percentage of any state, according to an April report from the Casey Foundation. Indiana follows at 11 percent. New Jersey has the lowest, at 3 percent, followed by New York, at 4 percent. Children of color are much more likely to have a parent in prison. One in nine African-American children had a parent behind bars in 2008, according to a Pew Charitable Trusts report (Pew also funds Stateline). One in 28 Latino children had an incarcerated parent and one in 57 white children did. Sixty-two percent of women in state prisons reported having minor children and 51 percent of male state prisoners did, according to the BJS. Maintaining close connections with a parent behind bars appears to be good for a child’s emotional well-being and for the parent, said state Sen. Gustavo Rivera, sponsor of the New York bill to set up a pilot project to move incarcerated parents closer to their children. Closer family bonds tend to reduce recidivism, he said, and his project can help demonstrate that. “Having that connection is a positive for the child; it’s positive for the incarcerated individual,” Rivera, a Democrat, said. “And it’s a positive for society. When we have people that are working, productive members of society, they’re not wasting [taxpayer] money.” Kiara, an 18-year-old high school senior from Brooklyn, agrees that it’s important for children to be close to their incarcerated parents. Her father has been in and out of prison since she was a baby. Mostly, they’ve kept in touch through letters and email, and an occasional visit. These days, her dad is incarcerated at New York’s Coxsackie Correctional Facility, more than a two hours’ drive north from Brooklyn. The last time she saw her dad was in November. Visiting him is a hassle, she said, because it involves long lines and hours of waiting. “Then I only have an hour to talk to him,” said Kiara, who doesn’t want her last name used because she said she doesn’t trust anyone but her family and counselors with information about her father’s incarceration. But the effort to stay close is worth it, she said. “We grew a good relationship,” Kiara said. “There’s no negativity, only joy. I can tell him things I wouldn’t be able to tell my mom. He gives me good advice. He tells me he doesn’t want me to end up like him.” Help After Prison Many children can fall through the cracks when a parent is sent to prison, especially if the parent was the child’s sole support, some children’s advocates say. And it can be difficult for states to help them. In New York, for instance, no city or state agency is solely responsible for coordinating services and tracking the well-being of the more than 100,000 children with a parent behind bars, said Tanya Krupat, program director for the NY Initiative for Children of Incarcerated Parents at the Osborne Association, a nonprofit based in Brooklyn. Incarceration also often forces families deeper into poverty and debt, the Casey Foundation report said. Their families are more likely to rely on public welfare programs such as food stamps and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. And these children may be more likely to join the other 400,000 children throughout the U.S. in state foster care. When an incarcerated parent is released, the families continue to struggle with finding work and a place to live because of the stigma attached to a criminal conviction. That’s prompted some states to pass so-called ban the box laws that prohibit employers from asking about a person’s criminal history in job applications as a way of encouraging employment after prison. Georgia, which has an incarceration rate 32 percent higher than the national average, has taken several steps in the past few years to help ease the transition from prison to society and help former inmates gain employment — with a goal to help provide stability for their children. This year, the Legislature passed bills to lift the state’s lifetime ban on food stamps for people with felony drug convictions, allow judges to seal the records of first-time offenders at sentencing, help ease the way to get occupational licenses and provide retroactive reinstatement of driver’s licenses revoked for drug offenses. Lawmakers also created a tax incentive program that encourages employers to hire parolees. If former prisoners “can’t take care of themselves, they can’t take care of their own families,” said Doug Ammar of the Georgia Justice Project, an Atlanta-based advocacy group that worked with the Legislature in crafting the laws. Family Ties In Brooklyn, Jamaill is counting the days until his father is released from prison, although he will be 20 by then. He plans to be in college, so he’s not sure if he’ll be living with his father, or if his father will have to live in a halfway house. There is one thing he is sure about, however. “The second they tell me he’s out, I’m driving out there,” he said. “I’m going to be right there, waiting for him.”

And a colorblind society is not the solution to racism.

“social construct” as being synonymous with non-existent.

Because race was socially constructed by Europeans, white people are seen as “raceless,” whereas people of color are racialized. This leads us to see white people through the lens of personhood before race, while not giving people of color the same treatment.

The movie makes you want to slice up some Persians.”

Social Change: Interdisciplinarians work to build connections across divided ideas, and we seek out new ways of conceptualizing knowledge. This can lead us to truly change the world, structure our world differently, and see ourselves as connected in a wide web of humanity.

Is not every man born as free by nature as his father? Has he not the same natural right to think and act and contract for himself? Is it possible for a man to have a natural right to make a slave of himself or of his posterity? Can a father supersede the laws of nature? What man is or ever was born free if every man is not?

No. Nor on force? No. Nor on compact? Nor property? Not altogether on either. Has it any solid foundation, any chief cornerstone but what accident, chance, or confusion may lay one moment and destroy the next? I think it has an everlasting foundation in the unchangeable will of GOD, the author of nature, whose laws never vary. The same omniscient, omnipotent, infinitely good and gracious Creator of the universe who has been pleased to make it necessary that what we call matter should gravitate for the celestial bodies to roll round their axes, dance their orbits, and perform their various revolutions in that beautiful order and concert which we all admire has made it equally necessary that from Adam and Eve to these degenerate days the different sexes should sweetly attract each other, form societies of single families, of which larger bodies and communities are as naturally, mechanically, and necessarily combined as the dew of heaven and the soft distilling rain is collected by the all-enlivening heat of the sun. Government is therefore most evidently founded on the necessities of our nature. It

A, B, and C, for example, make a democracy. Today A and B are for so vile a measure as a standing army. Tomorrow B and C vote it out. This is as really deposing the former administrators as setting up and making a new King is deposing the old one. Democracy in the one case and monarchy in the other still remain; all that is done is to change the administration.

an illusion of effective learning” (p. 1302), and learners may stop studying before lexical items are actually acquired, resulting in underlearning

his “clerk”

With scientific claims, the only definitive answer is to reexamine the original research data and repeat the experiments and analysis. But no one has the time or the expertise to examine the original research literature on every topic, let alone repeat the research. As such, it is important to have some guidelines for deciding which theories are plausible enough to merit serious examination.

We may distinguish three kinds, or degrees, of eloquence.

Almost every human behaviour, from shopping to marriage to expressions of feelings, is learned. In Canada, people tend to view marriage as a choice between two people, based on mutual feelings of love. In other nations and in other times, marriages have been arranged through an intricate process of interviews and negotiations between entire families, or in other cases, through a direct system such as a “mail order bride.” To someone raised in Winnipeg, the marriage customs of a family from Nigeria may seem strange, or even wrong. Conversely, someone from a traditional Kolkata family might be perplexed with the idea of romantic love as the foundation for the lifelong commitment of marriage. In other words, the way in which people view marriage depends largely on what they have been taught.

when you don’t know how much things have changed, you don’t see that they are changing or that they can change.

We therefore contend that academic research practices need to be connected to students’ existing practices rather than set up as wholly separate from (and better than) them.

Man, as a physical being, is, like other bodies, governed by invariable laws. As an intelligent being, he incessantly transgresses the laws established by God, and changes those of his own instituting. He is left to his private direction, though a limited being, and subject, like all finite intelligences, to ignorance and error: even his imperfect knowledge he loseth; and, as a sensible creature, he is hurried away by a thousand impetuous passions. Such a being might every instant forget his Creator; God has therefore reminded him of his duty by the laws of religion.

And that’s the difference between reading “As We May Think” on my own, and working through it in this community, this network of fellow learners

Presumably man's spirit should be elevated if he can better review his shady past and analyze more completely and objectively his present problems

Trip hammers

if the scholar can get at only one a week by diligent search, his syntheses are not likely to keep up with the current scene

A new symbolism, probably positional, must apparently precede the reduction of mathematical transformations to machine processes

The Encyclopoedia Britannica could be reduced to the volume of a matchbox

His hands are free, and he is not anchored

Books of all sorts, pictures, current periodicals, newspapers, are thus obtained and dropped into place

Man cannot hope fully to duplicate this mental process artificially, but he certainly ought to be able to learn from it

Such machines will have enormous appetites

talk directly to the record?

But there are signs of a change as new and powerful instrumentalities come into use.

remember

healthily

with some assurance that he can find them again if they prove important

The inheritance from the master becomes, not only his additions to the world's record, but for his disciples the entire scaffolding by which they were erected.

sets a reproducer in action, photographs the whole trail out, and passes it to his friend for insertion in his own memex

On deflecting one of these levers to the right he runs through the book before him, each page in turn being projected at a speed which just allows a recognizing glance at each.

Thus far we seem to be worse off than before—for we can enormously extend the record; yet even in its present bulk we can hardly consult it.

Much needs to occur, however, between the collection of data and observations, the extraction of parallel material from the existing record, and the final insertion of new material into the general body of the common record. For mature thought there is no mechanical substitute. But creative thought

As he ponders over his notes in the evening, he again talks his comments into the record.

is retyped

disquieting gaze

Must we always transform to mechanical movements in order to proceed from one electrical phenomenon to another?

more directly?

delight

amplified

Thus he builds a trail of his interest through the maze of materials available to him.

specialization

advanced photography which can record what is seen or even what is not

All else he should be able to turn over to his mechanism,

the prosaic problem of the great department store

It is exactly as though the physical items had been gathered together from widely separated sources and bound together to form a new book.

he names it,

It consists of a desk,

may yet be mechanized

With one item in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain.

the artificiality of systems of indexing.

The real heart of the matter of selection,

halting

The prime action of use is selection,

whenever thought for a time runs along an accepted groove

The cord

wisdom of race experience

the life of a race rather than that of an individual.

the application of science to the needs and desires of man

They have enabled him to throw masses of people against one another with cruel weapons.

The inheritance from the master

tying two items together is the important thing

the most fastidious connoisseur of the present artifacts of civilization.

The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.

facsimile transmission

punched-card machine long ago produced by Hollorith for the purposes of the census

physicists promptly constructed thermionic-tube equipment

produces in a short time a list of all employees who live in Trenton and know Spanish

The lawyer has at his touch the associated opinions and decisions of his whole experience

truly significant attainments become lost in the mass of the inconsequential.

occupied a master craftsman of the guild for months

For mature thought there is no mechanical substitute

Britannica

Might not these currents be intercepted

her fingers

new forms of encyclopedias

the head of the trail

Poulsen long ago put speech on a magnetic wire.

grew like Topsy

A mathematician is not a man who can readily manipulate figures; often he cannot

His hands are free, and he is not anchored

Combine these two elements, let the Vocoder run the stenotype, and the result is a machine which types when talked to.

A girl strokes its keys languidly

someone may speed it up

The camera hound of the future wears on his forehead a lump a little larger than a walnut.

Certainly progress in photography is not going to stop.

The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it

the means we use for threading through the consequent maze to the momentarily important item

The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.

Is it not possible that some day the path may be established more directly?

just as though he had the physical page before him

Take the prosaic problem of the great department store. Every time a charge sale is made, there are a number of things to be done. The inventory needs to be revised, the salesman needs to be given credit for the sale, the general accounts need an entry, and, most important, the customer needs to be charged.

It is a far cry from the abacus to the modern keyboard accounting machine. It will be an equal step to the arithmetical machine of the future

delegated to a series of machines, and the cards then transferred bodily from one to another.

It is strange that the inventors of universal languages have not seized upon the idea of producing one which better fitted the technique for transmitting and recording speech

A scene itself can be just as well looked over line by line by the photocell in this way as can a photograph of the scene.

Had a Pharaoh been given detailed and explicit designs of an automobile, and had he understood them completely, it would have taxed the resources of his kingdom to have fashioned the thousands of parts for a single car, and that car would have broken down on the first trip to Giza.

Logic can become enormously difficult, and it would undoubtedly be well to produce more assurance in its use. The machines for higher analysis have usually been equation solvers. Ideas are beginning to appear for equation transformers, which will rearrange the relationship expressed by an equation in accordance with strict and rather advanced logic. Progress is inhibited by the exceedingly crude way in which mathematicians express their relationships.

Power is like fire; it warms, scorches, or destroys, according as it is watched, provoked, or increased. It is as dangerous as useful. Its only rule is the good of the people; but because it is apt to break its bounds, in all good governments nothing, or as little as may be, ought to be left to chance, or the humours of men in authority: All should proceed by fixed and stated rules, and upon any emergency, new rules should be made. This is the constitution, and this the happiness of Englishmen; as hath been formerly shewn at large in these letters.

Share on facebook45KShare on twitter Share on reddit1Share on linkedin901 Credit: N.Hendrickson / iStockphoto How to read a scientific paper By Adam RubenJan. 20, 2016 , 3:15 PM Nothing makes you feel stupid quite like reading a scientific journal article. I remember my first experience with these ultra-congested and aggressively bland manuscripts so dense that scientists are sometimes caught eating them to stay regular. I was in college taking a seminar course in which we had to read and discuss a new paper each week. And something just wasn’t working for me. Every week I would sit with the article, read every single sentence, and then discover that I hadn’t learned a single thing. I’d attend class armed with exactly one piece of knowledge: I knew I had read the paper. The instructor would ask a question; I’d have no idea what she was asking. She’d ask a simpler question—still no idea. But I’d read the damn paper! It reminded me of kindergarten, when I would feel proud after reading a book above my grade level. But if you had asked me a simple question about the book’s contents—What kind of animal is Wilbur? How did Encyclopedia Brown know that Bugs Meany wasn’t really birdwatching?—I couldn’t have answered it. A few weeks into the seminar, I decided enough was enough. I wasn’t going to read another paper without understanding it. So I took that week’s journal article to the library. Not just the regular library, but the obscure little biology library, one of those dusty academic hidey-holes only populated by the most wretched forms of life, which are, of course, insects and postdocs. I placed the paper on a large empty desk. I eliminated all other distractions. To avoid interruptions from friends encouraging alcohol consumption, as friends do in college, I sat in an obscure anteroom with no foot traffic. To avoid interruptions from cellphone calls, I made sure it was 1999. Most importantly, if I didn’t understand a word in a sentence, I forbade myself from proceeding to the next sentence until I looked it up in a textbook and then reread the sentence until it made sense. I specifically remember this happening with the word “exogenous.” Somehow I had always glossed over this word, as though it was probably unimportant to its sentence. Wrong. It took me more than 2 hours to read a three-page paper. But this time, I actually understood it. And I thought, “Wow. I get it. I really get it.” And I thought, “Oh crap. I’m going to have to do this again, aren’t I?” Every week I would sit with the article, read every single sentence, and then discover that I hadn’t learned a single thing. If you’re at the beginning of your career in science, you may be struggling with the same problem. It may help you to familiarize yourself with the 10 Stages of Reading a Scientific Paper: 1. Optimism. “This can’t be too difficult,” you tell yourself with a smile—in the same way you tell yourself, “It’s not damaging to drink eight cups of coffee a day” or “There are plenty of tenure-track jobs.” After all, you’ve been reading words for decades. And that’s all a scientific paper is, right? Words? 2. Fear. This is the stage when you realize, “Uh … I don’t think all of these are words.” So you slow down a little. Sound out the syllables, parse the jargon, look up the acronyms, and review your work several times. Congratulations: You have now read the title. 3. Regret. You begin to realize that you should have budgeted much more time for this whole undertaking. Why, oh why, did you think you could read the article in a single bus ride? If only you had more time. If only you had one of those buzzer buttons from workplaces in the 1960s, and you could just press it and say, “Phoebe, cancel my January.” If only there was a compact version of the same article, something on the order of 250 or fewer words, printed in bold at the beginning of the paper… 4. Corner-cutting. Why, what’s this? An abstract, all for me? Blessed be the editors of scientific journals who knew that no article is comprehensible, so they asked their writers to provide, à la Spaceballs, “the short, short version.” Okay. Let’s do this. 5. Bafflement. What the hell? Was that abstract supposed to explain something? Why was the average sentence 40 words long? Why were there so many acronyms? Why did the authors use the word “characterize” five times? 6. Distraction. What if there was, like, a smartphone for ducks? How would that work? What would they use it for? And what was that Paul Simon lyric, the one from “You Can Call Me Al,” that’s been in your head all day? How would your life change if you owned a bread maker? You’d have to buy yeast. Is yeast expensive? You could make your own bread every few days, but then it might go stale. It’s not the same as store-bought bread; it’s just not. Oh, right! “Don’t want to end up a cartoon in a cartoon graveyard.” Is Paul Simon still alive? You should check Wikipedia. Sometimes you confuse him with Paul McCartney or Paul Shaffer. Shame about David Bowie. Can you put coffee in a humidifier? 7. Realization that 15 minutes have gone by and you haven’t progressed to the next sentence. 8. Determination. All righty. Really gonna read this time. Really gonna do it. Yup, yuppers, yup-a-roo, readin’ words is what you do. Let’s just point those pupils at the dried ink on the page, and … 9. Rage. HOW COULD ANY HUMAN BRAIN PRODUCE SUCH SENTENCES? 10. Genuine contemplation of a career in the humanities. Academic papers written on nonscientific subjects are easy to understand, right? Right? What a strange document a scientific journal article is. We work on them for months or even years. We write them in a highly specialized vernacular that even most other scientists don’t share. We place them behind a paywall and charge something ridiculous, like $34.95, for the privilege of reading them. We so readily accept their inaccessibility that we have to start “journal clubs” in the hopes that our friends might understand them and summarize them for us. Can you imagine if mainstream magazine articles were like science papers? Picture a Time cover story with 48 authors. Or a piece in The Economist that required, after every object described, a parenthetical listing of the company that produced the object and the city where that company is based. Or a People editorial about Jimmy Kimmel that could only be published following a rigorous review process by experts in the field of Jimmy Kimmel. Do you know what you’d call a magazine article that required intellectual scrutiny and uninterrupted neural commitment to figure out what it’s even trying to say? You’d call it a badly written article. So for those new to reading journals, welcom

And if we may not suppose men ever to have been in the state of nature, because we hear not much of them in such a state, we may as well suppose the armies of Salmanasser or Xerxes were never children, because we hear little of them, till they were men, and imbodied in armies.

This claim is not accurate, although ambiguous terminology allows ITER representatives to claim that the reactor will produce 500 million Watts of “fusion power.”

0 Research Article Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science Open Science Collaboration*,†+ Author Affiliations*All authors with their affiliations appear at the end of this paper.↵†Corresponding author. E-mail: nosek@virginia.edu Science  28 Aug 2015:Vol. 349, Issue 6251, DOI: 10.1126/science.aac4716 All authors with their affiliations appear at the end of this paper. Article Figures & Data Info & Metrics eLetters PDF Empirically analyzing empirical evidenceOne of the central goals in any scientific endeavor is to understand causality. Experiments that seek to demonstrate a cause/effect relation most often manipulate the postulated causal factor. Aarts et al. describe the replication of 100 experiments reported in papers published in 2008 in three high-ranking psychology journals. Assessing whether the replication and the original experiment yielded the same result according to several criteria, they find that about one-third to one-half of the original findings were also observed in the replication study.Science, this issue 10.1126/science.aac4716Structured AbstractINTRODUCTIONReproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. Scientific claims should not gain credence because of the status or authority of their originator but by the replicability of their supporting evidence. Even research of exemplary quality may have irreproducible empirical findings because of random or systematic error.RATIONALEThere is concern about the rate and predictors of reproducibility, but limited evidence. Potentially problematic practices include selective reporting, selective analysis, and insufficient specification of the conditions necessary or sufficient to obtain the results. Direct replication is the attempt to recreate the conditions believed sufficient for obtaining a previously observed finding and is the means of establishing reproducibility of a finding with new data. We conducted a large-scale, collaborative effort to obtain an initial estimate of the reproducibility of psychological science.RESULTSWe conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. There is no single standard for evaluating replication success. Here, we evaluated reproducibility using significance and P values, effect sizes, subjective assessments of replication teams, and meta-analysis of effect sizes. The mean effect size (r) of the replication effects (Mr = 0.197, SD = 0.257) was half the magnitude of the mean effect size of the original effects (Mr = 0.403, SD = 0.188), representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had significant results (P < .05). Thirty-six percent of replications had significant results; 47% of original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteristics of the original and replication teams.CONCLUSIONNo single indicator sufficiently describes replication success, and the five indicators examined here are not the only ways to evaluate reproducibility. Nonetheless, collectively these results offer a clear conclusion: A large portion of replications produced weaker evidence for the original findings despite using materials provided by the original authors, review in advance for methodological fidelity, and high statistical power to detect the original effect sizes. Moreover, correlational evidence is consistent with the conclusion that variation in the strength of initial evidence (such as original P value) was more predictive of replication success than variation in the characteristics of the teams conducting the research (such as experience and expertise). The latter factors certainly can influence replication success, but they did not appear to do so here.Reproducibility is not well understood because the incentives for individual scientists prioritize novelty over replication. Innovation is the engine of discovery and is vital for a productive, effective scientific enterprise. However, innovative ideas become old news fast. Journal reviewers and editors may dismiss a new test of a published idea as unoriginal. The claim that “we already know this” belies the uncertainty of scientific evidence. Innovation points out paths that are possible; replication points out paths that are likely; progress relies on both. Replication can increase certainty when findings are reproduced and promote innovation when they are not. This project provides accumulating evidence for many findings in psychological research and suggests that there is still more work to do to verify whether we know what we think we know. <img class="fragment-image" src="https://d2ufo47lrtsv5s.cloudfront.net/content/sci/349/6251/aac4716/F1.medium.gif"/> Download high-res image Open in new tab Download Powerpoint Original study effect size versus replication effect size (correlation coefficients).Diagonal line represents replication effect size equal to original effect size. Dotted line represents replication effect size of 0. Points below the dotted line were effects in the opposite direction of the original. Density plots are separated by significant (blue) and nonsignificant (red) effects. AbstractReproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. Replication effects were half the magnitude of original effects, representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had statistically significant results. Thirty-six percent of replications had statistically significant results; 47% of original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteristics of the original and replication teams.Reproducibility is a core principle of scientific progress (1–6). Scientific claims should not gain credence because of the status or authority of their originator but by the replicability of their supporting evidence. Scientists attempt to transparently describe the methodology and resulting evidence used to support their claims. Other scientists agree or disagree whether the evidence supports the claims, citing theoretical or methodological reasons or by collecting new evidence. Such debates are meaningless, however, if the evidence being debated is not reproducible.Even research of exemplary quality may have irreproducible empirical findings because of random or systematic error. Direct replication is the attempt to recreate the conditions believed sufficient for obtaining a previously observed finding (7, 8) and is the means of establishing reproducibility of a finding with new data. A direct replication may not obtain the original result for a variety of reasons: Known or unknown differences between the replication and original study may moderate the size of an observed effect, the original result could have been a false positive, or the replication could produce a false negative. False positives and false negatives provide misleading information about effects, and failure to identify the necessary and sufficient conditions to reproduce a finding indicates an incomplete theoretical understanding. Direct replication provides the opportunity to assess and improve reproducibility.There is plenty of concern (9–13) about the rate and predictors of reproducibility but limited evidence. In a theoretical analysis, Ioannidis estimated that publishing and analytic practices make it likely that more than half of research results are false and therefore irreproducible (9). Some empirical evidence supports this analysis. In cell biology, two industrial laboratories reported success replicating the original results of landmark findings in only 11 and 25% of the attempted cases, respectively (10, 11). These numbers are stunning but also difficult to interpret because no details are available about the studies, methodology, or results. With no transparency, the reasons for low reproducibility cannot be evaluated.Other investigations point to practices and incentives that may inflate the likelihood of obtaining false-positive results in particular or irreproducible results more generally. Potentially problematic practices include selective reporting, selective analysis, and insufficient specification of the conditions necessary or sufficient to obtain the results (12–23). We were inspired to address the gap in direct empirical evidence about reproducibility. In this Research Article, we report a large-scale, collaborative effort to obtain an initial estimate of the reproducibility of psychological science.MethodStarting in November 2011, we constructed a protocol for selecting and conducting high-quality replications (24). Collaborators joined the project, selected a study for replication from the available studies in the sampling frame, and were guided through the replication protocol. The replication protocol articulated the process of selecting the study and key effect from the available articles, contacting the original authors for study materials, preparing a study protocol and analysis plan, obtaining review of the protocol by the original authors and other members within the present project, registering the protocol publicly, conducting the replication, writing the final report, and auditing the process and analysis for quality control. Project coordinators facilitated each step of the process and maintained the protocol and project resources. Replication materials and data were required to be archived publicly in order to maximize transparency, accountability, and reproducibility of the project (https://osf.io/ezcuj).

the interface to Microsoft Word contains few deep principles about writing, and as a result it is possible to master Word's interface without becoming a passable writer. This isn't so much a criticism of Word, as it is a reflection of the fact that we have relatively few really strong and precise ideas about how to write well.

visually imbued 'cultm;i-and social practices, which may vary from culture to culture and ep-�h to ep:h. So�;y;es these can be construed in grandiose terms, such as a massive sh

Growth, or growing as developing, notonly physically but intellectually and morally, is one exemplification of the principle of continuity. The objection made is that growth might take many different directions: a man, for example, who starts out on a career of burglary may grow in that direction, and by practice may grow into a highly expert burglar. Hence it is argued that "growth" is not enough; we must also specify the direction in which growth takes place, the end towards which it tends. Before, however, we decide that the objection is conclusive we must analyze the case a little further. That a man may grow in efficiency as a burglar, as a gangster, or as a corrupt politician, cannot be doubted. But from the standpoint of growth as education and education as growth the question is whether growth in this direction promotes or retards growth in general. Does this formof growth create conditions for further growth, or does it set up conditions that shut offthe person who has grown in this particular direction from the occasions, stimuli, and opportunities for continuing growth in new directions? What is the effect of growth in a special direction upon the attitudes and habits which alone open up avenues for development in other lines? I shall leave you to answer these questions, saying simply that when and only when development in a particular line conduces to continuing growth does it answer to the criterion of education as growing. For the conception is one that must find universal and not specialized limited application. I return now tothe question of continuity as a criterion by which to discriminate between experiences which are educative and those which are mis-educative. As we have seen, there is some kind of continuity in any case since every experience affects for better or worse the attitudes which help decide the quality of further experiences, by setting up certain preference and aversion, and making it easier or harder to act for this or that end. Moreover, every experience influences in some degree the objective conditions under which further experiences are had. For example, a child who learns to speak has a new facility and new desire. But he has also widened the external conditions of subsequent learning. When he learns to read, he similarly opens up a new environment. If a person decides to become a teacher, lawyer, physician, or stock-broker, when he executes his intention he thereby necessarily determines to some extent the environment in which he will act in the future. He has rendered himself more sensitive and responsive to certain conditions, and relatively immune to those things about him that would have been stimuli if he had made another choice. But, while the principle of continuity applies in some way in every case, the quality of the present experience influencesthe wayin which the principle applies. We speak of spoiling a child and of the spoilt child. The effect of over-indulging a child is a continuing one. It sets up an attitudewhich operates as an automatic demand that persons and objects cater to his desires and caprices in the future. It makes him seek the kind of situation that will enable him to do what he feels like doing at the time. It renders him averse to and comparatively incompetent in situationswhich require effort and perseverance in overcoming obstacles. There is no paradox in the fact that the principle of the continuity of experience may operate so as to leave a person arrested on a lowplane of development, in a waywhich limits later capacity for growth. On the other hand, if an experience arouses curiosity, strengthens initiative, and sets up desires and purposes that are sufficiently intense to carry a person over dead places in the future, continuity works in a very different way. Every experience is a moving force. Its value can be judged only on the ground of what it moves toward and into. The greater maturity of experience which should belong to the adult as educator puts him in a position to evaluate each experience of the young in a way in which the one having the less mature experience cannot do. It is then the business of the educator to see in what direction an experience is heading. There is no point in his being more mature if, instead of using his greater insight to help organize the conditions of the experience of the immature, he throws away his insight. Failure to take the moving force of an experience into account so as to judge and direct it on the ground of what it is moving into means disloyalty 23 / 36 Enter Full Screen Exit Full Screen

It was a hopelessly clunky idea: a vision right out of a Library Science seminar circa 1949.

All soul is immortal, for she is the source of all motion both in herself and in others. Her form may be described in a figure as a composite nature made up of a charioteer and a pair of winged steeds

It might be so if madness were simply an evil; but there is also a madness which is a divine gift, and the source of the chiefest blessings granted to men

Fourthly, that a Monarch cannot disagree with himselfe, out of envy, or interest; but an Assembly may; and that to such a height, as may produce a Civill Warre.

drew his inspiration from academic culture, with its dense interweaving of cross-references and annotations

“That is all Utopia,” cried John Pool, the humorist. “The animals, my dear Pollock, will not follow your chemical programme, but will continue to devour one another according to the mysterious laws of creation. The fly will always be the vulture of the microbe, the most harmless bird the eagle of the fly; the wolf will keep on presenting himself with legs of lamb, and the peaceful sheep will continue, as in the past, to be ‘the tiger of the grass.’ Let us follow the general law, and while awaiting our turn to be devoured, let us devour.”

Interesting to see what some people think ‘open source’ is these days. Back when the OSI was created with the movement that wanted to call it ‘open source’ instead of ‘free software’, people said ‘don’t do that — it devalues the fundamental point’. And here we are 20 years later, with OSS being hugely well-used, but many of the contributors insisting that licences are irrelevant or just having available source is all that’s needed, or it’s all about the community. Well I guess those of us who though that the ‘Open Source’ naming was a bad plan are proved right about the downside. But of course we’ll never know if it would have been so successful if it had remained as ‘Free Software’ (I don’t see why not, because it’s the process and efficiency that has made it popular).

bigger boys a special rule. In the very streetsthey were to keep their two hands within the folds of their coat; they were to walk in silence and without turning their heads to gaze, now here, now there, but rather to keep their eyes fixed upon the ground before them. And hereby it would seem to be proved conclusively that, even in the matter of quiet bearing and sobriety, the masculine type may claim greater strength than that which we attribute to the nature of women.

Harassment is seen as an inevitability for women on the internet, and, as with most awful nonsense, it’s even worse for women of color. I have the privilege of whiteness, but know the onslaught of misogynoir garbage Leslie Jones endured last summer was unique only in scope. If you’re a woman online with anything even remotely resembling an opinion, Twitter eggs will sniff you out like a shark hunting down the scent of blood. They’ll tell you that you deserve to be raped, or that no one would ever sleep with you, that you’re ridden with disease, wearing too much makeup, or not enough makeup, that you’re a whore with bad eyebrows. That… I don’t know, some period joke about the shark’s blood thing. Come get me, trolls, I’m bracing for impact. (Shout out to the orange egg who just messaged me, “Ho, ho, Hitler.”)AdvertisementI think about this too much, and that’s the problem. Online harassment is a theft of my time and energy — time and energy that could have been spent on anything else.The obvious solution seems like it would be not going online. You know, if every time you try to swim laps in a crocodile pit, a crocodile eats one of your limbs, maybe don’t swim in that crocodile pit, right? Except, I don’t know, what if swimming there is needed for your job? Twitter isn’t mandatory for writers, but it can be really important. It’s a gamified means of wasting time, but also a means of networking, while developing and establishing a distinct voice. I’ve gotten most of my work this year through connections built on Twitter. Telling women writers to “just not do that” is like suggesting a New York cab driver relocate to a state where everyone has cars and no one needs cabs. Women already have to stomach enough career disadvantages as it is. Let's think a little more critically about the way bullying exerts itself online. Many times, the targets are women who dare to be anything other than quiet and small. Of course, there are women who are trolls, especially of the celebrity variety, but the overwhelming majority of anonymous trolling takes on the defiant woman, who dares to speak her mind on any of the non-approved subjects.Of course, the ideological and practical have struggled to meet here. Twitter is still trying to wrap its head around basic empathy, despite there being various concrete solutions, and most employers seem to do little more than shrug off the evils of the world. I don’t know that we have to accept that as the way that it is. This isn’t a “men are bad and women are good” argument, though it certainly is gendered. Overall, what if all of us banded together to say, hey, I don’t want to live in a world where people conspire to harass a female writer “until she has a breakdown or goes into porn”? That’s a real thing I saw about myself, by the way.The funny thing is, this argument has been centralized around willful obligation. Women writers and the willful obligation of refusing to give up on an asset to their work, my personal obligation in refusing to be silenced. But there are also women who do things where the word “Twitter” is no weightier than “flutter,” who should be able to participate in a conversation online, just because they want to, without being called a derogatory term.The internet has radically shifted our communication forums, and in many ways the public square has shifted to take place online. Obviously, right? Duh? OK, so what does it mean if women are being ejected from those spaces by sheer force of will? What does it mean if participation comes at a measurable cost of capitalistic forces like time and energy?Anyway, I’m not sure. I’m either a warrior goddess or a triggered snowflake, depending on what side you’re on. If you think the former, I hope you’ll send me a message. 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CHAPTER FOURTEEN §1§1@:i@j The Panathenaic Procession: Athens' Participatory Democracy on Display? LISA MAURIZIO Introduction The Panathenaia was a state festival celebrated in honor of Athena, Athens' patron divinity.1 It took place over a period of roughly a week and included musical and athletic contests, sacrifices, a boat regatta, a procession, an all-night revelry, a torch race, and, most importantly, a dedication of a garment to Athena. The Panathenaia has been called the "most political" of Athens' festivals and has been treated as distinctly democratic or populist. 2 This modern assessment echoes that of the Athenians themselves, who saw the Panathenaia as the event that occasioned the defeat of the tyrants and the birth of democracy.

Verbal Communication An introduction, a presentation, a telephone conversation, a videoconference call: these are all examples of verbal communication because information is transmitted orally. Despite the ubiquitous use of technology in the business world, verbal communication is the most common method of exchanging information and ideas. Verbal communication is powerful, fast, and natural and includes voice inflections that help senders and receivers understand the message more clearly. The downside to verbal communication is that once it is spoken, the words are essentially gone; they are preserved only in the memory of those present, and sometimes the memories of the specific words spoken vary dramatically. The he-said-she-said argument is an example of this. No one really knows who said what unless the words are recorded. Recall is rarely exactly the same between two or more people. Voice inflection, the verbal emphasis you put on certain words, can have a significant impact on the meaning of what you say. In fact, the same words can take on completely different meaning based on the inflection you use. For example, if you say the sentence “I borrowed your book” with an inflection on a different word each time, the sentence communicates something completely different each time. Verbal communication may take place face-to-face, such as an in-person conversation or group meeting, speech, or presentation. It could also take place by phone in an individual conversation, a conference call, or even a voice mail. Other forms of verbal communication include video conferences, podcasts, and Webinars, which are increasingly common in business. All these methods allow you to use inflection to communicate effectively. Face-to-face meetings also provide the opportunity to use and interpret other visual cues to increase the effectiveness of your communication. Verbal communication is especially important throughout the steps of the selling process. Your choice of words can make the difference in someone’s decision to first hear your sales presentation, and your presentation can determine whether that person will purchase your product or service. Nonverbal Communication Imagine that you are in a retail store buying a suit for an interview. When the salesperson approaches you, she smiles, makes eye contact, and shakes your hand. You respond positively. You notice that she is dressed professionally, so she makes you feel as if you will receive good fashion advice from her. When you make your choice, the tailor comes over wearing a tape measure around his neck. You know he is a professional and you can trust him to alter your new suit properly. On the other hand, if the salesperson waits on you only after you interrupt her personal phone call, doesn’t make eye contact or shake your hand, acts as if she is bored being at work, and is dressed in worn jeans and flip-flops, it’s unlikely that you trust her to help you choose your suit. You have, no doubt, used and noticed nonverbal communication in virtually every personal encounter you have had. Think about it: A gesture, a smile, a nod, eye contact, what you are wearing, the fact that you are frequently checking your cell phone for text messages, and how close you stand to someone are all examples of nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is extremely powerful. In fact, some studies indicate that the influence from nonverbal communication such as tone and visuals can have a greater impact than the spoken words. Dr. Albert Mehrabian, a famed psychologist and professor emeritus of psychology at University of California, Los Angeles, is considered a pioneer in the area of body language and nonverbal communication. His research includes an equation, called the Mehrabian formula,[18] that is frequently used to define the relative impact of verbal and nonverbal messages based on experiments of communication of feelings and attitudes. Dr. Mehrabian developed the formula shown below, in Figure 3, to define how communication takes place: Figure 3. The Mehrabian Formula The Mehrabian formula is used to explain situations in which verbal communication and nonverbal communication do not match. In other words, when facial expressions contradict words, people tend to believe the facial expressions.[19] Types of Nonverbal Communication Handshake Body language Gestures Nodding or shaking your head Eye contact (or lack of eye contact) Eye roll Facial expressions Touch Space or proximity Dress Multitasking (e.g., texting while listening to someone, earphones in ears while working) Your Handshake Says It All In some countries, you might bow when you meet someone; in others you might kiss; but when you meet someone for a business meeting in the United States, it’s best to shake hands.[20] Although fist bumps and high fives may be trendy as friendly greetings, neither is appropriate in a business setting. The exact history of the handshake is unknown; however, at one time it was used as method to prove that you had no weapons in your hands.[21] A good handshake is essential in business; it is the first nonverbal cue that you give to the person with whom you are meeting. It’s so important to have a good handshake that a recent study conducted at the University of Iowa showed that during mock interviews, those students who scored as having a better handshake were also considered more hirable by interviewers. According to Greg Stewart, a business professor who conducted the study said, “We found that the first impression begins with a handshake and sets the tone for the rest of the interview.”[22] Do you think you have a good handshake? Believe it or not, it’s worth practicing your handshake. Here are five tips for a good handshake: Extend your right hand when you are approximately three feet away from the person with whom you want to shake hands.[23] Keep your wrist straight and lock hands connecting your hand with the same part of the other person’s hand.[24] Apply appropriate pressure; don’t crush the person’s hand. Shake up and down three or four times.[25] Avoid the “wet fish” handshake.[26] This is where practice is really important. The more you shake hands, the less nervous you will be. Smile and make eye contact.[27] This is your opportunity to use multiple types of nonverbal communication to get your meeting or interview off to a good start. Body Language Do you use your hands when you talk? If so, you are using body language to help make your point. But body language includes more than talking with your hands. Body language is what we say without words; nonverbal communication using your body includes elements such as gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, a head tilt, a nod, and even where and how you sit. Body language can indicate an unspoken emotion or sentiment that a person might be feeling either consciously or subconsciously. Body language can indicate if you are listening to someone and are engaged in what he is saying, disagreeing with him, or getting bored. (You might want to think twice about the body language you are using in class.) It’s important that you are aware of what you communicate with your body language and to understand and respond to the cues you are getting from someone else’s body language. Crossed arms: discomfort Spreading fingers: territorial display Mirroring (i.e., mimicking your body position to another’s): comfort Drumming or tapping fingers: frustration Hands on hips: there is an issue Hands behind the back: “leave me alone” Hands clasped, thumbs up: positive Thumbs down: don’t like Hands clasped with fingers forming a steeple: confidence Touch neck: insecurity Crossed legs: comfort Glancing at watch: concerned about time or bored Body language is not just an interesting topic to consider; it’s a proven science that can help you improve your communication.

Reading: Appropriate Business Communications Appropriate Business Communications You probably learned about table manners, thank-you notes, and other forms of etiquette when you were younger. The way you conduct yourself says a lot about who you are in life and, by extension, in business. Although many companies have a casual dress code, don’t be quick to assume that protocol and established practices aren’t important. It would be easy to misinterpret lack of formality as lack of professionalism. Letters and Memos Despite the use of electronic devices in business, formal written communication such as letters, memos, proposals, reports, and presentations are still major methods of communication in selling. These more official methods of communication reflect factual statements that you are making on behalf of the company. Here are some tips for writing business communications: Use company letterhead where appropriate. For example, letters are always written on letterhead, whether in hard copy or in an electronic format that can be sent via e-mail. Use the formal elements of a business letter shown below in Figure 1, “Business Letter Format”: Figure 1. Business Letter Format For a company memo, use the company format. Most companies have a set format for hard copy and electronic memos. See an example of a company memo below in Figure 2, “Company Memo Example”: Figure 2. Company Memo Example Spell-check and proofread your document carefully before you send it. Be sure it is complete and factually correct and does not include any grammar or spelling errors. Use CC to indicate the names of other people who should also receive a copy of the letter or memo. The term “CC” is short for “carbon copy,” which dates back to the days of typewriters when carbon paper was used to make multiple copies of a document. It can also mean “courtesy copy”: an additional copy provided to someone as a courtesy.[1] Conversations, Meetings, and Presentations Although common sense should prevail in all business communications, here are some tips that will help make your conversations, meetings, and presentations more effective forms of communication: Be prepared; don’t waste anyone’s time or focus. Prepare a written agenda and hand it out at the start of the meeting to keep the group focused on the desired topics. Speak clearly and at a volume that is easy to hear, but not too loud so as to be distracting. Be professional and respectful; don’t interrupt when others are speaking. Use eye contact. At the end, recap your key points and identify next steps. In business, time is money so conducting effective and efficient meetings is critical to your success. High Tech, High Touch The year was 1982, and the world was just beginning to realize the amazing potential of computer technology. John Naisbitt wrote a book called Megatrends: Ten New Directions Transforming Our Lives, in which he coined the term “high tech, high touch,” which he defined as the contradictory state in which people are driven by technology yet long for human interaction. [2] In his 1999 book, High Tech/High Touch, he wrote about how the United States has been transformed from being comfortable with technology to being intoxicated with technology, a state he calls the “Technologically Intoxicated Zone.” You probably can’t imagine living without your cell phone or personal digital assistant (PDA), iPod, computer, or other electronic devices. In fact, it’s likely you can’t even remember what communication was like before the Internet. Technology, with all of its efficiency and benefits, cannot, however, become a substitute for old-fashioned human efforts. “Technology makes tasks easier, but it does not make our lives easier,” July Shapiro said in an article in Advertising Age.[3] Shapiro’s observation is true, especially as it relates to business; sometimes, the crush of technology takes precedence over business etiquette. However, people have begun to rethink the lack of personal interaction and its corresponding etiquette in the workplace. Yes, “there’s even an app for that”; a firm named Etiquette Avenue has recently launched an iPod app for business etiquette. The fact is, technology isn’t personal and can’t behave in the right way at the right time with your customer or on an interview; that’s completely up to you. Now, we’re seeing a bit of a reverse movement: Technology is so pervasive people are actually pushing back on their managers and asking them for more face time and less gadget time. Being Connected vs. Being Addicted In a recent pitch to a potential client, a marketing executive in Manhattan thought it was strange that his potential customer was so engaged with his iPhone that he hardly looked up from it during the meeting. After ninety minutes, someone peeked over the customer’s shoulder and saw that he was playing a racing game on his iPhone. This was disappointing, but not shocking according to the marketing firm that was doing the presentation; they continued with their pitch because they wanted the business. Some are not as tolerant. Billionaire Tom Golisano, a power broker in New York politics, recently announced that he wants to have State Senate majority leader Malcolm A. Smith removed from office because Smith was focused on his iPhone during a budget meeting with him. Recently, in Dallas, Texas, a student lost his opportunity for an internship at a hedge fund when he checked his phone to check a fact during an interview and took an extra minute to check his text messages at the same time. [4]  According to Maggie Jackson, author of Distracted: The Erosion of Attention and the Coming Dark Age, we are living in “an institutionalized culture of interruption, where our time and attention is being fragmented by a never-ending stream of phone calls, e-mails, instant messages, text messages, and tweets.”[5] The need to be connected should not overwhelm respect for colleagues and customers. Although texting has become a national pastime, especially among teenagers, it’s important to know the appropriate etiquette for the use of handheld electronic devices in the business environment. First, it’s best to turn off your electronic devices before you enter every meeting. If you think you can’t live without checking your text messages, think about how you would feel if you went on a job interview and the person with whom you were meeting was checking his electronic device during your interview. Just because some people demonstrate bad behavior and check their electronic devices for messages during a meeting doesn’t make it appropriate. In fact, it will help you stand out as a good listener. Telephone, Cell Phone, Voice Mail, and Conference Calls Sometimes, however, the use of technology is entirely necessary to conduct business when personal interaction is impossible. It’s important that verbal communication that is not face-to-face is effective and professional. Because you don’t have the benefit of using or seeing the receiver’s nonverbal communication, the challenges for effective and appropriate communication are even greater. Here are some dos and don’ts of telephone etiquette: Do be aware of the volume of your voice when you are speaking on the phone in the office or on a cell phone.[6] Do, when using a speakerphone, conduct the call in an enclosed or isolated area such as a conference room or office to avoid disturbing others in the area. Do, when leaving a voice mail message, speak slowly, enunciate, spell your name, and leave your number (this makes it much easier for the recipient to hear your message the first time).[7] Do, when you leave a voice mail message, be specific about what you want: make it easier for the caller to get back to you and include what time you will be available for a callback to avoid playing telephone tag.[8] Do customize your voice mail message: create a different message for each of your customers or prospective customers so the message is personal and relevant.[9] Do speak with enthusiasm: it’s best to convey a smile in your voice, especially if it is the first time you are calling or leaving a message for someone.[10] Don’t take another phone call during a meeting.[11] Don’t discuss confidential or personal issues during business calls. Don’t discuss confidential issues in public areas—you never know who might overhear a conversation in the hallway, on a train, or in other public areas.[12] Don’t leave a long, rambling voice mail message: be prepared with a message that is no longer than sixty seconds.[13] Don’t multitask during a long phone call or conference call—give the other person or people the courtesy of your full attention. E-mails, Text Messages, Instant Messages, and Social Networks Written communication has evolved to include multiple methods, all of which have appropriate places in selling. Notice the operative word here is appropriate. E-mail has become an accepted method of communication in most businesses, whereas text messages, instant messages, and social networks are commonplace for only some companies. That’s why etiquette is especially important when using any of these methods of communication, and you should take time to choose your method carefully. Letters, memos, proposals, and other written communication are considered formal, whether they are sent on paper or transmitted via e-mail. However, text messages, instant messages, and social networking are considered informal methods of communication and should be used only to communicate less formal information, such as a meeting time when schedules have been adjusted during a factory tour. Text and instant messages should never be used to communicate company policies, proposals, pricing, or other information that is important to conduct business with customers. It’s also worth noting that in all these methods your communication is permanent, so it’s a good idea to know the following dos and don’ts of electronic communication: Do use an e-mail subject line that clearly tells the recipient about the content of the e-mail. Do create a short, concise message that uses proper grammar and spelling—use spell-check to be sure all words are spelled correctly.[14] Do, in all electronic communications, use uppercase and lowercase letters as grammar dictates.[15] Do use e-mail, text messages, and instant messages when appropriate, according to your company’s practices, and with your customers to communicate factual information such as to confirm meeting date, time, and location.[16] Do use social networking sites to join the conversation and add value—you can build your personal brand by creating a blog or joining a professional conversation on social networking sites such as Twitter or Facebook.[17] Don’t use all capital letters in an e-mail; it appears that you are shouting or angry.[18] Don’t use “Reply to All” unless it’s absolutely necessary that all the recipients see your response—be selective to avoid mailbox overload. Don’t send an e-mail, text message, or instant message when you are angry: take the time to think about what you send because you can’t take it back after it’s sent.[19] Don’t use abbreviations like “ur,” “2b,” and others—this is not appropriate business communication.[20] Don’t use company e-mail, text message, or instant message accounts to send personal correspondence, and don’t check your personal accounts or pages during company time, as all communication that takes place on company hardware and servers is property of the company. Don’t use electronic communication to transmit bad news: talk to the person first, and if follow-up is necessary, reiterate the information in written form. Don’t use text messages, instant messages, or social networks to communicate information such as pricing, proposals, reports, service agreements, and other company information that should be sent using a more formal method. Music to Your Ears When is an iPod or other MP3 player or a handheld gaming device appropriate at work? Only when it is used for business purposes. “You’re isolating yourself,” says Dale Chapman Webb, founder of The Protocol Centre in Coral Gables, Florida. “You are sending a message that my music is more important than the work at hand.” Mary Ellen Guffey, Business Communication, 6th ed. (Mason, OH: South-Western Publishing, 2008), 175. ↵John Naisbitt, Megatrends: Ten New Directions Transforming Our Lives (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 1998). ↵July Shapiro, “A Digital Myth: Technology Doesn’t Make Life Easier,” Advertising Age, May 11, 2009, (accessed May 12, 2009). ↵Alex Williams, “At Meetings, It’s Mind Your Blackberry or Mind Your Manners,” New York Times, June 22, 2009, A1. ↵Patrick Welsh, “Txting Away Ur Education,” USA Today, June 23, 2009, A11. ↵Joanna L. Krotz, “Cell Phone Etiquette: 10 Dos and Don’ts,” Microsoft, (accessed July 12, 2009). ↵John R. Quain, “Quain’s Top Ten Voice Mail Tips,” Fast Company, December 18, 2007, (accessed July 17, 2009). ↵John R. Quain, “Quain’s Top Ten Voice Mail Tips,” Fast Company, December 18, 2007, (accessed July 17, 2009). ↵Keith Rosen, “Eight Tips on Crafting Effective Voice Mail Messages,” AllBusiness, (accessed July 17, 2009). ↵Keith Rosen, “Eight Tips on Crafting Effective Voice Mail Messages,” AllBusiness, (accessed July 17, 2009). ↵Joanna L. Krotz, “Cell Phone Etiquette: 10 Dos and Don’ts,” Microsoft, (accessed July 12, 2009). ↵Barbara Bergstrom, “Good Etiquette Is Recession-Proof,” Baltimore Business Journal, April 17, 2009, (accessed July 12, 2009). ↵John R. Quain, “Quain’s Top Ten Voice Mail Tips,” Fast Company, December 18, 2007, (accessed July 17, 2009). ↵“Shouting and Other E-mail Faux Pas,” BusinessLine, April 20, 2009. ↵“Shouting and Other E-mail Faux Pas,” BusinessLine, April 20, 2009. ↵Patricia M. Buhler, “Managing in the New Millennium: Six Tips to More Effective Communication,” Supervision 70, no. 7 (July 2009), 19. ↵Norman Birnbach, “10 Twitter Etiquette Rules,” Fast Company, July 2, 2008, (accessed July 17, 2009). ↵“Shouting and Other E-mail Faux Pas,” BusinessLine, April 20, 2009. ↵Paul Glover, “Why We Need E-mail Etiquette,” Fast Company, December 30, 2008, (accessed July 17, 2007). ↵Norman Birnbach, “10 Twitter Etiquette Rules,” Fast Company, July 2, 2008, (accessed July 17, 2009). ↵ Licenses and Attributions CC licensed content, OriginalRevision and adaptation. Authored by: Linda Williams and Lumen Learning. Provided by: Tidewater Community College. License: CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlikeCC licensed content, Shared previouslyPowerful Selling. Authored by: Anonymous. Provided by: Anonymous. Located at: http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/powerful-selling/s08-02-your-best-behavior.html. License: CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

This is great, we all seemed to agree, yet one of us cautioned, “Without that connection with his mentor, though, this playlist might not have even got past the first XP.”

Beyond simply taking better control of our time in the moment, dedicating our time to something meaningful in the long-run is of great importance. To truly be satisfied with ourselves, to know we have spent our time in a positive way is a daunting sentiment. Speaking with Father Francisco Mota, a resident priest here at Boston College, the idea of “time well spent” in life was discussed. It was a tough question to answer, but what was eventually settled on between the two of us in conversation was that time well spent is the moments in our day, the moments in our lives when we lose track of time. Getting lost in a conversation with friends, getting lost in the moment is when we are most engaged and effective. To lose ourselves in the task at hand, to truly live in the moment is when we are at our best. Well, how then to live in the moment consistently, how to “lose ourselves” in the course of a lifetime? Father Mota would assert that we “live in a radical way.” He is not suggesting we live in a way that is dangerous or reckless, but that we dedicate ourselves to a life of importance, in whatever capacity that may be. There is a path to fulfillment in all of our lives, it is up to us to walk it.

Specifically, before the exercise I asked some basic questions about partici-pants’current design activities and roles. I also asked—before showing them the38 principles in the exercise, which might bias their responses—what designprinciples they had learned about in their schooling, training, or reading; whatdesign principles they use in practice; and how they would define what a designprinciple is. I worded these questionsto allow a participant to respond that heor she does not know about or has not used design principles. After the exercisegave participants an opportunity to think about design principles, I asked somequestions about when and how we should use design principles, particularlyin relation to the empirical methods of design research.In introducing these survey questions, I asked participants to focus specificallyon visual design principles. All of the questions asked for text responses exceptfor the first pre-survey question, which gave several options of positions fromwhich to choose. I did not require responses to any question except question 1.

One would think from this narrative that we have progressed from the murkydays of the craft tradition to the more enlightened and progressive landscape ofempiricism. But, in fact, design training still typically involves an introductionto visual design principles, which persist as criteria for judging designs andas heuristics for making design decisions.

Significant learning and development (change in performance) may be a painful experience as learners are required to replace existing assumptions with new ones.

My son, though there may be suffering here, there is no death. Remember, remember!

The king, who, as I before observed, was a prince of excellent understanding, would frequently order that I should be brought in my box, and set upon the table in his closet: he would then command me to bring one of my chairs out of the box, and sit down within three yards distance upon the top of the cabinet, which brought me almost to a level with his face.  In this manner I had several conversations with him.  I one day took the freedom to tell his majesty, “that the contempt he discovered towards Europe, and the rest of the world, did not seem answerable to those excellent qualities of mind that he was master of; that reason did not extend itself with the bulk of the body; on the contrary, we observed in our country, that the tallest persons were usually the least provided with it; that among other animals, bees and ants had the reputation of more industry, art, and sagacity, than many of the larger kinds; and that, as inconsiderable as he took me to be, I hoped I might live to do his majesty some signal service.”  The king heard me with attention, and began to conceive a much better opinion of me than he had ever before.  He desired “I would give him as exact an account of the government of England as I possibly could; because, as fond as princes commonly are of their own customs (for so he conjectured of other monarchs, by my former discourses), he should be glad to hear of any thing that might deserve imitation.” Imagine with thyself, courteous reader, how often I then wished for the tongue of Demosthenes or Cicero, that might have enabled me to celebrate the praise of my own dear native country in a style equal to its merits and felicity. I began my discourse by informing his majesty, that our dominions consisted of two islands, which composed three mighty kingdoms, under one sovereign, beside our plantations in America.  I dwelt long upon the fertility of our soil, and the temperature of our climate.  I then spoke at large upon the constitution of an English parliament; partly made up of an illustrious body called the House of Peers; persons of the noblest blood, and of the most ancient and ample patrimonies.  I described that extraordinary care always taken of their education in arts and arms, to qualify them for being counsellors both to the king and kingdom; to have a share in the legislature; to be members of the highest court of judicature, whence there can be no appeal; and to be champions always ready for the defence of their prince and country, by their valour, conduct, and fidelity.  That these were the ornament and bulwark of the kingdom, worthy followers of their most renowned ancestors, whose honour had been the reward of their virtue, from which their posterity were never once known to degenerate.  To these were joined several holy persons, as part of that assembly, under the title of bishops, whose peculiar business is to take care of religion, and of those who instruct the people therein.  These were searched and sought out through the whole nation, by the prince and his wisest counsellors, among such of the priesthood as were most deservedly distinguished by the sanctity of their lives, and the depth of their erudition; who were indeed the spiritual fathers of the clergy and the people. That the other part of the parliament consisted of an assembly called the House of Commons, who were all principal gentlemen, freely picked and culled out by the people themselves, for their great abilities and love of their country, to represent the wisdom of the whole nation.  And that these two bodies made up the most august assembly in Europe; to whom, in conjunction with the prince, the whole legislature is committed. I then descended to the courts of justice; over which the judges, those venerable sages and interpreters of the law, presided, for determining the disputed rights and properties of men, as well as for the punishment of vice and protection of innocence.  I mentioned the prudent management of our treasury; the valour and achievements of our forces, by sea and land.  I computed the number of our people, by reckoning how many millions there might be of each religious sect, or political party among us.  I did not omit even our sports and pastimes, or any other particular which I thought might redound to the honour of my country.  And I finished all with a brief historical account of affairs and events in England for about a hundred years past. This conversation was not ended under five audiences, each of several hours; and the king heard the whole with great attention, frequently taking notes of what I spoke, as well as memorandums of what questions he intended to ask me. When I had put an end to these long discources, his majesty, in a sixth audience, consulting his notes, proposed many doubts, queries, and objections, upon every article.  He asked, “What methods were used to cultivate the minds and bodies of our young nobility, and in what kind of business they commonly spent the first and teachable parts of their lives?  What course was taken to supply that assembly, when any noble family became extinct?  What qualifications were necessary in those who are to be created new lords: whether the humour of the prince, a sum of money to a court lady, or a design of strengthening a party opposite to the public interest, ever happened to be the motive in those advancements?  What share of knowledge these lords had in the laws of their country, and how they came by it, so as to enable them to decide the properties of their fellow-subjects in the last resort?  Whether they were always so free from avarice, partialities, or want, that a bribe, or some other sinister view, could have no place among them?  Whether those holy lords I spoke of were always promoted to that rank upon account of their knowledge in religious matters, and the sanctity of their lives; had never been compliers with the times, while they were common priests; or slavish prostitute chaplains to some nobleman, whose opinions they continued servilely to follow, after they were admitted into that assembly?” He then desired to know, “What arts were practised in electing those whom I called commoners: whether a stranger, with a strong purse, might not influence the vulgar voters to choose him before their own landlord, or the most considerable gentleman in the neighbourhood?  How it came to pass, that people were so violently bent upon getting into this assembly, which I allowed to be a great trouble and expense, often to the ruin of their families, without any salary or pension? because this appeared such an exalted strain of virtue and public spirit, that his majesty seemed to doubt it might possibly not be always sincere.”  And he desired to know, “Whether such zealous gentlemen could have any views of refunding themselves for the charges and trouble they were at by sacrificing the public good to the designs of a weak and vicious prince, in conjunction with a corrupted ministry?”  He multiplied his questions, and sifted me thoroughly upon every part of this head, proposing numberless inquiries and objections, which I think it not prudent or convenient to repeat. Upon what I said in relation to our courts of justice, his majesty desired to be satisfied in several points: and this I was the better able to do, having been formerly almost ruined by a long suit in chancery, which was decreed for me with costs.  He asked, “What time was usually spent in determining between right and wrong, and what degree of expense?  Whether advocates and orators had liberty to plead in causes manifestly known to be unjust, vexatious, or oppressive?  Whether party, in religion or politics, were observed to be of any weight in the scale of justice?  Whether those pleading orators were persons educated in the general knowledge of equity, or only in provincial, national, and other local customs?  Whether they or their judges had any part in penning those laws, which they assumed the liberty of interpreting, and glossing upon at their pleasure?  Whether they had ever, at different times, pleaded for and against the same cause, and cited precedents to prove contrary opinions?  Whether they were a rich or a poor corporation?  Whether they received any pecuniary reward for pleading, or delivering their opinions?  And particularly, whether they were ever admitted as members in the lower senate?” He fell next upon the management of our treasury; and said, “he thought my memory had failed me, because I computed our taxes at about five or six millions a-year, and when I came to mention the issues, he found they sometimes amounted to more than double; for the notes he had taken were very particular in this point, because he hoped, as he told me, that the knowledge of our conduct might be useful to him, and he could not be deceived in his calculations.  But, if what I told him were true, he was still at a loss how a kingdom could run out of its estate, like a private person.”  He asked me, “who were our creditors; and where we found money to pay them?”  He wondered to hear me talk of such chargeable and expensive wars; “that certainly we must be a quarrelsome people, or live among very bad neighbours, and that our generals must needs be richer than our kings.”  He asked, what business we had out of our own islands, unless upon the score of trade, or treaty, or to defend the coasts with our fleet?”  Above all, he was amazed to hear me talk of a mercenary standing army, in the midst of peace, and among a free people.  He said, “if we were governed by our own consent, in the persons of our representatives, he could not imagine of whom we were afraid, or against whom we were to fight; and would hear my opinion, whether a private man’s house might not be better defended by himself, his children, and family, than by half-a-dozen rascals, picked up at a venture in the streets for small wages, who might get a hundred times more by cutting their throats?” He laughed at my “odd kind of arithmetic,” as he was pleased to call it, “in reckoning the numbers of our people, by a computation drawn from the several sects among us, in religion and politics.”  He said, “he knew no reason why those, who entertain opinions prejudicial to the public, should be obliged to change, or should not be obliged to conceal them.  And as it was tyranny in any government to require the first, so it was weakness not to enforce the second: for a man may be allowed to keep poisons in his closet, but not to vend them about for cordials.” He observed, “that among the diversions of our nobility and gentry, I had mentioned gaming: he desired to know at what age this entertainment was usually taken up, and when it was laid down; how much of their time it employed; whether it ever went so high as to affect their fortunes; whether mean, vicious people, by their dexterity in that art, might not arrive at great riches, and sometimes keep our very nobles in dependence, as well as habituate them to vile companions, wholly take them from the improvement of their minds, and force them, by the losses they received, to learn and practise that infamous dexterity upon others?” He was perfectly astonished with the historical account gave him of our affairs during the last century; protesting “it was only a heap of conspiracies, rebellions, murders, massacres, revolutions, banishments, the very worst effects that avarice, faction, hypocrisy, perfidiousness, cruelty, rage, madness, hatred, envy, lust, malice, and ambition, could produce.” His majesty, in another audience, was at the pains to recapitulate the sum of all I had spoken; compared the questions he made with the answers I had given; then taking me into his hands, and stroking me gently, delivered himself in these words, which I shall never forget, nor the manner he spoke them in: “My little friend Grildrig, you have made a most admirable panegyric upon your country; you have clearly proved, that ignorance, idleness, and vice, are the proper ingredients for qualifying a legislator; that laws are best explained, interpreted, and applied, by those whose interest and abilities lie in perverting, confounding, and eluding them.  I observe among you some lines of an institution, which, in its original, might have been tolerable, but these half erased, and the rest wholly blurred and blotted by corruptions.  It does not appear, from all you have said, how any one perfection is required toward the procurement of any one station among you; much less, that men are ennobled on account of their virtue; that priests are advanced for their piety or learning; soldiers, for their conduct or valour; judges, for their integrity; senators, for the love of their country; or counsellors for their wisdom.  As for yourself,” continued the king, “who have spent the greatest part of your life in travelling, I am well disposed to hope you may hitherto have escaped many vices of your country.  But by what I have gathered from your own relation, and the answers I have with much pains wrung and extorted from you, I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth.”

Yet a growing body of research makes it clear that children begin to internalize dominant beliefs about gender as early as preschool

At some point in the future, project directors seeking government funding could be turned down if they are unable to demonstrate in their grant proposals that the results of their work will be accessible.

Online information presented in audio or video format is not accessible to deaf and hard-of-hearing end users without captions. These individuals benefit from online captioning as well as from written transcriptions presented as separate and independent documents. Creating captions and transcriptions makes such information subject to search and computer analysis in ways not currently possible with audio and video alone. Additionally, individuals without disabilities often find transcriptions easier to follow

Thus, The Skin of Religion, offers a metaphor to emphasize the way religion signifies through its materiality, through contact between perceiver and object represented. It also suggests the way vision itself can be tactile, as though one were touching [religious images and objects] with one’s eyes: I term this haptic religiosity. Finally, to think of religion as a skin acknowledges the effect of [symbolic] circulation among different audiences, all of which mark it with their presence. The title is meant to suggest polemically that religion may be thought of as impressionable and conductive, like skin.

We speak the language of our discipline, which raises two problems: first, we may not understand the languages of the other disciplines; second, more dangerously, we may think that we understand these, but do not, because although the same terms are used in different disciplines, they mean something very different in each.

Before you ever start browsing through fonts on your computer or searching for a new one to buy or download, it would be a good idea to brainstorm some of the qualities or characteristics that you want your design to communicate.

The I/l/1 test: For any font you’re considering for passages of text that include both letters and numbers, try this: Type out a capital I, a lowercase L, and the number one. If two or more look identical, then readers might stumble over certain words or letter/number combinations.

Isolation Surround important elements with lots of white space. Elements surrounded by generouswww. mintocommercial, com/home. htm),white space are thought to be accorded greater attention. As a result, isolating an element in a dis­play implies that it is more important (Goldsmith

Good design reveals structure when it visually mimics the logical relationships that exist among elements in a display. The human visual system attempts to find the structure of information—whether in a scene, on a page, or on a screen—very early in its efforts to process it, and it does so by looking for visual patterns.

A number of assumptions are commonly made about the efficacy of icons in graphical user interfaces. They include the notion that icons, because they are pictorial, are almost invariably easy to interpret. A corollary' is that they' are universally interpretable because the key to meaning con­veyed pictorially is not bound to any one language. These assumptions, which are largely incorrect, stem in part from a confusion between the notions of “identification” and “interpretation." While it may well be true that, at least for concrete things and ideas, pictures facilitate rapid, and sometimes universal, identification, it is certainly not al­ways true that they efficiently or unambiguously convey what we intend an object to mean (Salomon 1979; Sebeok 1994; Williams 1996

While ''thematic” pictures may be acceptable when their relationship to the site and its contents can be easily in­ferred, pictures chosen only to decorate a site often con­fuse. At best such pictures provide no assistance to the viewer in acquiring information being conveyed by a site.

Functions - Direct the reader's eye to the most important information, express hierarchies of value

Remember that text and visuals work together to help readers understand complexinformation so they can make decisions.

But we need at least 15 – 20 more examples that are as different from current practice as Mike’s fedwiki work is, before we can have a substantive conversation about open pedagogy.

We also need to recognize the risks of blogging/tweeting, which include opening avenues for abuse. We should not be throwing students into the public domain to discuss sensitive topics without having conversations with them on what they might face and which of these risks they are willing to take, how they would handle it, and how they might support each other. Then we should give them a private option if they so choose.

“I should say so,” said the cleaning woman and, by way of proof, poked Gregor’s body with the broom a considerable distance more to the side. Mrs. Samsa made a movement as if she wished to restrain the broom, but didn’t do it. “Well,” said Mr. Samsa, “now we can give thanks to God.” He crossed himself, and the three women followed his example.

In my experience, people who report waking up in the middle of the night most commonly do so around 3 a.m. This alone may not be very significant, but many people with insomnia say that they have a hard time falling back asleep. We usually attribute this to being an awakening that occurs after the deep sleep of the night has ended and the time of increasing dream sleep has started. At the end of a sleep cycle we are almost awake and it may not take much, even a full bladder or a sound, to fully wake us. Some people may fall back asleep and not even remember the brief awakening. Others may take a trip to the bathroom and quickly return to sleep. If that doesn’t occur, it is usually because excessive thinking or negative cognitive processes begin. Worrying about not sleeping results in further arousal, which makes it difficult to fall back asleep, which causes more worry that leads to more arousal, and so on. After an hour or so of tossing and turning the person will probably fall back asleep until their alarm goes off. The relationship between excessive nocturnal mental activity and over-arousal that leads to difficulty staying asleep seems clear. But what if there is more going on? There is good reason to believe that this explanation is not the full story. The evidence comes from two different sources: One is historical and the other is based in research done in the 1990s. We will return to this evidence in a bit. I remember being in graduate school and being told that humans don’t sleep like wolves or cats. As anyone who has a feline companion knows full well, frequent naps are a part of a cats' daily routine. Humans, as everyone knows, are typically awake for 16 hours straight and then asleep for eight—one long period of wakefulness and one long period of sleep. Seems simple enough. But in certain areas of the world people have a siesta, a regular afternoon rest period that often includes a nap. And they seem to do just fine. In fact, this may be a better way of living than knocking back a 16-ounce energy drink and going for a brisk walk around the office to try and get through the afternoon slump that frequently happens around 2 p.m. or so. If you have traveled to a developing country, you may have noticed that people seem to be able to nap whenever they can, and that they seem to find this refreshing. If humans seem to need a break for sleep in the middle of the day’s waking period, what about needing to be awake for a period of time in the middle of the night’s sleep period? After all, we generally consider a brief awakening for a trip to the bathroom to be fairly normal. But how normal is it to be able to quickly fall back asleep? Source: Russ Potak, 1988 used with permission. As I mentioned above, there is evidence, and from very different directions, that quickly falling back to asleep after a middle-of-the-night awakening may not be natural for humans. It could be that, left to our natural inclinations in a 24-hour day, humans would have a period of wakefulness, an afternoon siesta, another period of wakefulness, a period of sleep, a period of wakefulness in the middle of the night, and another period of sleep. It may be biologically normal to be up in the middle of the night.article continues after advertisement This idea was first introduced to the public, as far as I can determine, in an excellent 2012 BBC article (link is external). The article briefly reviews several of the major issues involved in what is known as segmented sleep. I was introduced to it at a seminar during the 2013 national sleep conference entitled, “One Sleep or Two? The History and Science of Segmented Sleep.” Ekirch (2001, 2006, 2016), has done important work in documenting different sleep patterns in the preindustrial world. The historical evidence indicates that people in the Middle Ages were up for an hour or more in the middle of the night and thought of sleep as occurring in two segments: first sleep and second sleep. In many ways, this makes sense because being awake during the night has certain advantages. At that time, one could stoke the fire, check the defenses, have sex, and tell tall tales. We don’t think much about it now, but before gas and electric lighting, the night could be a frightening time (link is external). Think about the dangers that might await you if you ventured out in the night without a good source of illumination. In the country, you could fall in a ditch, be attacked by an animal, be attacked by robbers, or simply never be heard from again. In the city, you could also be attacked and never heard from again. Getting up and making sure your residence was warm and safe made a lot of sense. When the industrial revolution occurred, it became necessary to regiment our lives. In the preindustrial era there was little reason to stay up after dark—most people had no easy source of illumination beyond a candle or cooking fire and, again, it was scary outside. With the development of factories and the need for regular work shifts, people had to get their sleep when they could—usually at night. So, by staying up throughout the day, sleep drive was sufficient to get deep enough into sleep that people stayed asleep throughout the night. We are all familiar by now with the impact that light at night has on our circadian rhythm, and how we now stay up later and sleep less than in the past. It makes biological sense to have segmented sleep. If the mid-afternoon siesta has some roots in our evolutionary history, it may be that it served to conserve energy resources and help our ancestors lay low during the hot mid-day sun on the savannas of Africa where weak, slow, formerly tree-inhabiting humans were very vulnerable. At night, they would have been extremely vulnerable in deep sleep, so a period of wakefulness during which they could make sure they were safe made sense.article continues after advertisement It's not just historical data that supports the idea of segmented sleep. Further evidence emerged from work on circadian rhythm. Wehr (1991, 1992) conducted experiments showing that humans could take on a biphasic sleep (link is external) pattern. This occurred when experimental participants were exposed to “winter” conditions with a forced schedule of 10 hours of light and 14 hours of total dark. (Note that total dark is not something most of us are used to. A look around almost any modern bedroom will find many electronic sources of light.) When this schedule was imposed, participants began to naturally adopt a sleep schedule in which they slept for four hours, awakened for one to three hours, and then slept for another four. It seems that, under the right environmental conditions, this could be a natural sleep pattern for humans. Exposure to light is the most important factor in lengthening our days and then (more or less) sleeping through the night. Our sleep patterns have certainly been affected by the invention of electric lighting (link is external) and, before that, but to a lesser degree, by gas lights such as those used to light the streets of Paris since the 1600s. The upshot is that we still have a lot to learn about sleep and insomnia. For individuals who wake up in the middle of the night, the realization that their awakening may just be a throwback to an earlier sleep pattern may reduce some of the frustration and anxiety they feel. This is part of the cognitive behavioral technique of cognitive restructuring, or reducing stress by having more accurate information about sleep. It is also possible that we need to think about other patterns of sleep and not confine ourselves to assuming that the regimented, factory-shift-driven model we’ve all come to know is what we should to strive for.  There is likely more than one way for the Sandman to welcome us to the Land of Nod.

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it’s evidence that a cultural truce over gender expression might not be possible.