The first rule of Isotype is that greater quantities are not represented by an enlarged pictogram but by a greater number of the same-sized pictogram.
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Otto Karl Wilhelm Neurath (German: [ˈnɔʏʀaːt]; 10 December 1882 – 22 December 1945) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist. He was also the inventor of the ISOTYPE method of pictorial statistics and an innovator in museum practice. Before he fled his native country in 1934, Neurath was one of the leading figures of the Vienna Circle.
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Neurath claimed that magic was unfalsifiable and therefore disenchantment could never be complete in a scientific age.[18]
- Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-226-40336-6.
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Neurath believed that socio-economic theory and scientific methods could be applied together in contemporary practice.
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Quine's book Word and Object (p. 3f) made famous Neurath's analogy which compares the holistic nature of language and consequently scientific verification with the construction of a boat which is already at sea (cf. Ship of Theseus): .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}We are like sailors who on the open sea must reconstruct their ship but are never able to start afresh from the bottom. Where a beam is taken away a new one must at once be put there, and for this the rest of the ship is used as support. In this way, by using the old beams and driftwood the ship can be shaped entirely anew, but only by gradual reconstruction.
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"Isotype", an acronymic nickname for the project's full title: International System of Typographic Picture Education.[8]
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The forerunner of contemporary Infographics, he initially called this the Vienna Method of Pictorial Statistics.
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- disenchantment
- ship of Theseus
- infographics
- Otto Neurath
- statistics
- magic
- scientific method
- linguistics
- economics
- information visualization
- William Van Orman Quine
- Vienna Circle
- political economics
- history of science
- analogies
- quotes
- logical positivism
- ISOTYPE
- museum studies
- read
- visualizations
- scientific politics
- socio-economic theories
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Flazrael here ...[edit] Hey, this is https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Damonthesis signing back in with a new account -- I really hope you all give second chances because this is my "first attempt" I never really had any "sock puppets" or other accounts, it's just that one and I was using it just to make "silly little edits" and ensure the history linked a set of mind control related pages to religion and myself. This is that, continuing. Forever in the Swiki "permalog" of the Wikipedia DVD's and "our English idea" the series on how and where: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_image_rule - https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1CABBMB_enUS988US988&sxsrf=AOaemvKOVzk5Mjc0HVVfnzIJg7fI5ytXqw%3A1642366913912&lei=wYfkYaCKN6WbwbkPr8SyqAc&q=mirror%20image%20rule&ved=2ahUKEwjg7vnDlbf1AhWlTTABHS-iDHUQsKwBKAB6BAg7EAE&biw=1517&bih=702&dpr=0.9 We have some other issues to deal with, I think this specific page is missing information related to the length of time Azmogod was "left in Hell" and it was something on the order of millions of years if I remember correctly. It could have been hundreds, that's my best effort at recollection, I'll search the logs for "years" in a little bit. I am very concerned. Obviously this "is me" ... this specific page, and it should definately link directly to Damonthesis and ... "Adam" I have some work to do. The mirror list and tunneling or gophering through the series discusses a significant issue. There are a number of broken German mirrors and no other country appears interested in saving the information on Wikipedia. Nobody is "doing the right thing" and attempting to help us build a better moderation system and ensure that we have a compilation of the world's knowledge on par with World Book and Brittanica. - https://www.britannica.com/ That's basically today's Merck manual on the illogical idiocy regarding the DSM-V and DSM-IV ... and I mean, it hasn't really been kept up. I personally believe I have a 90's era World Book that I read from regarding Clinton and Oxford; so those things are concrete, I was reading about Rhodes scholarship as he was the sitting president--and is a Rhodes scholar (afaik). 21:07, 16 January 2022 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lazraegrailf (talk • contribs) <img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /> Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Asmodeus&oldid=1074963938"
Flazrael here ... Hey, this is https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Damonthesis signing back in with a new account -- I really hope you all give second chances because this is my "first attempt" I never really had any "sock puppets" or other accounts, it's just that one and I was using it just to make "silly little edits" and ensure the history linked a set of mind control related pages to religion and myself.
This is that, continuing. Forever in the Swiki "permalog" of the Wikipedia DVD's and "our English idea" the series on how and where:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_image_rule - https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1CABBMB_enUS988US988&sxsrf=AOaemvKOVzk5Mjc0HVVfnzIJg7fI5ytXqw%3A1642366913912&lei=wYfkYaCKN6WbwbkPr8SyqAc&q=mirror%20image%20rule&ved=2ahUKEwjg7vnDlbf1AhWlTTABHS-iDHUQsKwBKAB6BAg7EAE&biw=1517&bih=702&dpr=0.9
We have some other issues to deal with, I think this specific page is missing information related to the length of time Azmogod was "left in Hell" and it was something on the order of millions of years if I remember correctly. It could have been hundreds, that's my best effort at recollection, I'll search the logs for "years" in a little bit.
I am very concerned. Obviously this "is me" ... this specific page, and it should definately link directly to Damonthesis and ... "Adam"
I have some work to do.
The mirror list and tunneling or gophering through the series discusses a significant issue. There are a number of broken German mirrors and no other country appears interested in saving the information on Wikipedia. Nobody is "doing the right thing" and attempting to help us build a better moderation system and ensure that we have a compilation of the world's knowledge on par with World Book and Brittanica.
That's basically today's Merck manual on the illogical idiocy regarding the DSM-V and DSM-IV ... and I mean, it hasn't really been kept up. I personally believe I have a 90's era World Book that I read from regarding Clinton and Oxford; so those things are concrete, I was reading about Rhodes scholarship as he was the sitting president--and is a Rhodes scholar (afaik).
21:07, 16 January 2022 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lazraegrailf (talk • contribs)
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0-form
how 2->3 line why third line g disappear
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dα ∧ β + (−1)p (α ∧ dβ)
here d can be visualized by boundary
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applied the properties of the exterior derivative.
why
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proves the formula
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用条件证明条件
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and ⋆ β = β 1 ⋆ ∧ ⋯ ∧ β n − k ⋆ {\displaystyle \star \beta =\beta _{1}^{\star }\wedge \cdots \wedge \beta _{n-k}^{\star }}
linear
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the standard sesquilinear form
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equal to a binomial coefficient:
即 基向量的个数
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that x ∧ x = 0 {\textstyle x\wedge x=0} fo
similar to mod
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exterior product,
此处定义 感觉是分了类 最好有数分基础
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by the ideal I generated by elements of the form x ⊗ x.
可以通过几何意义 排除
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satisfy
bilinear
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functions V × W → F {\displaystyle V\times W\to F}
think as row vector
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After publishing a textbook on his mnemonic system in 1843,[2] he travelled widely in Germany to popularize it. His most notable lectures were given in Leipzig, but also in Prague. A dictionary that substituted mnemonic terms for numbers[3] and a guideline for the use of mnemotechnics in schools[4] which listed some 3,000 mnemotechnically annotated facts from history and geography courses followed in 1844 and 1846, respectively. The novelty of Otto's "substitution method" was disputed almost immediately,[5][6] his opponents stating it to be just one more derivative of the method proposed by Aimé Paris. However, it received highly favorable reviews as well.[7][8]
Karl Christian Otto (aka Carl Otto Reventlow) published a textbook on a mnemonic system in 1843 and then travelled to publicize and popularize it including notable lectures in Leipzig and Prague. His system, likely broadly similar to the major system, may have been take from Aimé Paris' method.
Sources indicate that it was borrowed from Paris, but it received favorable reviews.
Sources to look into (likely needing translation from German): - Otto, Carl Christian (Pseudonym: Carl Otto Reventlow): Lehrbuch der Mnemotechnik nach einem durchaus neuen auf das Positive aller Disciplinen anwendbaren Systeme. Ed.: J. G. Cotta, Stuttgart und Tübingen 1843; 240 p.<br /> - Reventlow, K. O. Wörterbuch der Mnemotechnik nach eignem Systeme. Ed.: J. G. Cotta, Stuttgart und Tübingen 1844.<br /> - Otto, C. Leitfaden der Mnemotechnik für Schulen. Ed.: J. G. Cotta, Stuttgart und Tübingen, 1846.<br /> - Rauk C. W. Reventlov und die Mnemonik, und die Mnemonik und die Schule. Cottbus 1844.<br /> - Pick E. Mnemonik und ihre Anwendung auf das Studium der Geschichte. Ed.: Steiner'sche Buchhandlung. Winterthur 1848.<br /> - E. M. Oettinger, Karl Otto genannt Reventlow oder die Mnemonik in ihrer höchsten Ausbildung. Leipzig 1845. Charivari, 1847, Ausgabe 222, p. 3546.
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Carl Otto Reventlow (actually Karl [Carl] Christian Otto; born 1817 in Store Heddinge (Denmark); died in 1873) became notable as the developer of a mnemonic system.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Otto_Reventlow
Carl Otto Reventlow (1817-1873)
Source used by Edward Pick for some of his history of memory.
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Johann Christoph Freiherr von Aretin, Beyträge zur Geschichte und Literatur: vorzüglich aus den schätzen der pfalzbaierschen Centralbibliothek zu München (1806), p. 137
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renowned Bavarian historian and librarian Johann Christoph Freiherr von Aretin
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Pico Cilindro
- DATO:
- nombres de servidores: nombres de montes
- servidor "clindro"
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The most important reason for the 5.3 arcsecond offset between the IERS Reference Meridian and the Airy transit circle is that the observations with the transit circle were based on the local vertical, while the IERS Reference is a geodetic longitude, that is, the plane of the meridian contains the center of mass of the Earth.[1]
- Y???
- No "ACLARA" nada
- "OBLIGA" a acceder a la "fuente"
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It is generally considered that in Europe World War II started on 1 September 1939
Interesting...
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Currently it seems only people with already large understanding of math and other things like that can make sense of what the article is trying to say; is it possible to explain Born coordinates in a simpler way? --TiagoTiago (talk) 22:14, 5 November 2011
- VOTE!
- ENCYCLOPEDIA with DIFFERENTS LEVELS of COMPLEXITY/RIGOR in function of DIFFERENTS audiences
- "IN GENERAL", I THINK , it's better to give the references to technical content, rather than copy them, and comment on them
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Suppose we choose one Langevin observer and consider the other observers who ride on a ring of radius R which is rigidly rotating with angular velocity ω. Then if we take an integral curve (blue helical curve in Fig. 1) of the spacelike basis vector p → 3 {\displaystyle {\vec {p}}_{3}} , we obtain a curve which we might hope can be interpreted as a "line of simultaneity" for the ring-riding observers. But as we see from Fig. 1, ideal clocks carried by these ring-riding observers cannot be synchronized. This is our first hint that it is not as easy as one might expect to define a satisfactory notion of spatial geometry even for a rotating ring, much less a rotating disk!
- I CAN NOT SEE FROM FIG1 WHY CLOCKS CANNOT BE SYNCHRONIZED
- PLEASE, more detail, or another argument
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Louis Armstrong recorded his own cover of this song
Annotation documents Satchmo's cover and creativity. </br>Annotated version of “Nobody Knows The Trouble I’ve Seen,” from a collection of Louis Armstrong music manuscripts, archived in the National Museum of American History. Louis Armstrong was born on this day, August 4th, in 1901. #Annotate22 216/365
Image credit: Louis Armstrong Music Manuscripts, Archives Center, National Museum of American History.
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the "fast" light given off during approach would overtake "slow" light emitted during a recessional part of the star's orbit. Many bizarre effects would be seen,
- lo comentado antes
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Albert Einstein is supposed to have worked on his own emission theory before abandoning it in favor of his special theory of relativity. Many years later R.S. Shankland reports Einstein as saying that Ritz's theory had been "very bad" in places and that he himself had eventually discarded emission theory because he could think of no form of differential equations that described it, since it leads to the waves of light becoming "all mixed up".[8][9][10]
- OK
- ver abajo el argumento de de Sitter
- si la velocidad del emisor se sumara a la velocidad "inicial" de lo emitido, y el emisor "acelera" hacia el detector, llegaria ANTES al detector lo ULTIMO emitido
- Einstein (ver tambien Cosmos-Carl Sagan) dice que se "verian" cosas muy raras: se "veria" una secuencia del FUTURO al PASADO del emisor
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100 meters
Annotation documents achievement. </br>A note–“Vierfacher Olympiasieger in Berlin 1936”–added to the Jesse-Owens-Allee street sign at Olympiastadion Berlin. On this day, August 3rd, Jesse Owens won the men's 100 metres sprint event at the 1936 Olympic Games in 10.3 seconds. #Annotate22 215/365
Image credit: Flying Puffin.
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used to refer to a problem which is solved by a practical experiment.
- OK, ya que usando la LOGICA no se puede "refutar"
- "SIMILAR" a la patada a la piedra de S. Johnson en referencia a Berkeley
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I observed, that though we are satisfied his doctrine is not true, it is impossible to refute it
- OK, usando la LOGICA no!
- por eso, lo trata como FALACIA (LOGICA)
- Pero la "patada a la piedra" NO es un argumento LOGICO!!!
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where Ehrenfest much to his dismay had to side with Bohr's position in this great debate.
- CITATION NEEDED!!!
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Literary Machines
Este libro hace una descripción extensa del hipertexto a lo largo de sus capitulos, la distribución de estos iniciaba con un capítulo 0, dos capítulos 1, un capítulo 2 y siete capítulos 3.
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el lector asumiendo el papel de protagonista y tomando decisiones que determinan las acciones
Es una idea llamativa dado que le permite a los niños explorar diferentes facetas por medio del desarrollo de la innovación y la creatividad.
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As We May Think
Da a entender que los nuevos inventos han ampliado el poder físicos del hombre, pero no el de su mente. Por lo cual, Bush, dice que están a la mano instrumentos que, si se desarrollan adecuadamente darán al hombre acceso sobre el conocimiento.
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lthough these changes successfully shielded many people from danger and enabled significant economic development in the region, they have proven to have profoundly ne
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esire to protect society from the threats posed by the river. Beginning in the 20th century, advances in technology and engineering allowed humans to alter the river in fundame
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he river changed course, the natural flow of freshwater and sediment changed as well, resulting in periods of land building and land loss in different areas of the delta. This process by which the river changes course is known as avulsion, or delta-switching, and forms the variety of landscapes that make up the Mississippi River Delta.[7] The Atchafalaya River is the largest distributary of the Mississippi River and is also considered to be an influential part of the continual land-building processes within the Mississippi River Delta.[9] The river's tributary channel was formed approximately 500 years ago and the Atchafalaya and Wax Lake deltas emerged around the middle of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouba/kiki_effect
The bouba/kiki effect might be an interesting thing to use for memorizing birdsong patterns.
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A floodplain or flood plain or bottomlands[1] is an area of land adjacent to a river which stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls, and which experiences flooding during periods of high discharge.[2] The soils usually consist of clays, silts, sands, and gravels deposited during floods.[3] Because the regular flooding of floodplains can deposit nutrients and water, floodplains frequently have high soil fertility; some important agricultural regions, such as the Mississippi river basin and the Nile rely heavily on the flood plains. Agricultural regions as well as urban areas have developed near or on flood plains, because the access to water and high quality soil. However, the risk of flooding has led to increasing attempts of flood control.
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The straight path approximation is incorrect in the first order[edit] The time delay can be split into two different parts: 1) The Shapiro time delay, caused by a variation in the speed of a photon if it is submerged in a gravitational potential. 2) The geometric delay, caused by the increased length of the total light path from the source to the target, which is due to gravitational deflection. This article focuses primarily on Shapiro time delay and tries to downplay the relevance of geometric delay. It states that: "the contribution from the change in path, being of second order in M, is negligible". The straight path approximation is actually incorrect in the first order. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:1C00:F20:8100:45EF:C2D7:33F9:FF75 (talk) 13:07, 19 November 2019 (UTC)
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Is the Shapiro delay due to time dilation or path length increase?[edit] The beginning of the article states, "The time delay is caused by spacetime dilation, which increases the path length." The term spacetime dilation, although accurate, may be unclear (I've never seen it before). Also, the increase in path length is only a partial cause of the delay. The statement would more accurately read: "The Shapiro time delay is caused both by gravitational time dilation and by a relativistic increase in path length." The contributions are roughly equal. This can be seen from the coordinate speed of light in the Schwarzschild metric, which is dx/dt = √(-g00/grr). To obtain travel time t, one solves this for dt and integrates over the path x, where the path is approximated as straight. The fact that g00, which represents the time dilation factor, and grr, which represents the path length factor, are both present means they both contribute. This is clearly laid out in the textbook Gravitation and Inertia by Ignazio Ciufolini and John Archibald Wheeler (Princeton Series in Physics, 1995), pp122-125 71.32.47.71 (talk) 20:35, 26 December 2018 (UTC) Kathleen Rosser
- OK
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Zooko's triangle

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describes the author's experiences from the liberation of Auschwitz (Monowitz), which was a concentration camp, until he reaches home in Turin, Italy, after a long journey.
Annotation marks “The Author’s Route Home.” </br>A map of Primo Levi's journey from Auschwitz to Turin–indicating the direction and location–and added to translated versions of his book La Tregua (“The Truce”/"The Reawakening" in US). Levi was born on this day, July 31st, in 1919. #Annotate22 212/365
Image credit: Screenshot via Internet Archive.
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and
可以 把 \(R\) 看做多个列向量计算
此处 可以把列向量看成数字 计算~~(不过计算时不能忘记 他其实是列向量)~~
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similar
if \(P^{-1}\) on the right , then output A
on left , then something like A, so similar
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- Jul 2022
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advocates countered that allowing women to vote would encourage policies which protected and nurtured families.[9]
This shows another perspective behind the movement. This helps me answer my research question "Why might people support women gaining the vote"
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Opponents argued instead that politics was outside women's 'natural sphere' of the home and family.
This shows a clear perspective of why people opposed women's suffrage. Many other sources have said similar information making the information valid.
There are also lot's of primary sources of cartoons etc showing this perspective which proves it was true.
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During debate, there was majority support for the enfranchisement of Māori as well as Pākehā women; the inclusion of Māori women was championed by John Shera, who was married to a woman of Māori and European descent.[16]
This relates the women's suffrage movement to the larger topic of discrimination.
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In 1869, under a pseudonym, Mary Müller wrote An appeal to the men of New Zealand, the first pamphlet on the issue of women's suffrage to be published in New Zealand.[11]
A significant action taken towards women getting the vote.
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some historians see colonialism as a temporary step back for women's rights in New Zealand.[8]
Interesting fact regarding struggles towards women getting the vote
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progressive, i.e. productive, when they enhance the programme's explanatory and/or predictive power, and that they are at least permissible until some better system of theories is devised and the research programme is replaced entirely. The difference between a progressive and a degenerative research programme lies, for Lakatos, in whether the recent changes to its auxiliary hypotheses have achieved this greater explanatory/predictive power or whether they have been made simply out of the necessity of offering some response in the face of new and troublesome evidence.
!- gloss : progressive research programme
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Basic research, also called pure research or fundamental research, is a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena.

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A research program might degenerate—lose progressiveness—but later return to progressiveness
!- concept : progressive research programme
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A research program (British English: research programme) is a professional network of scientists conducting basic research.
!- gloss : research program
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gives rise to polarization effects
Interesting that Raman causes polarization.
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n a particle, causing them to move at the same frequency. The particle, therefore, becomes a small radiating dipole whose radiation we see as scattered light. The particles may be individual atoms or molecules; it can occur when light travels through transparent solids and liquids, but is most prominently seen in
This sounds a bit like the Huygens principle, however, unlike Huygens, it results in scatting of light. What is fundamentally different?
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With Rousseau, Robespierre considered the "volonté générale" or the general will of the people as the basis of political legitimacy
Come on guys
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He also studied the works of the Genevan philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau and was attracted to many ideas, written in his Contrat Social
Fairly distinct from Roman imperium
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the second and fourth terms are the same
好像是多余的?
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The NDN project is investigating Jacobson's proposed evolution from today's host-centric network architecture IP to a data-centric network architecture (NDN).
- about : Named Data Networking
!- contrast : host-centric with data centric architecture NDN
evolution from a host centric to a data centric architecture
just like IPFS. Look at the hour glass
https://hyp.is/sQo3lDyoEeyIU_utp71v_Q/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named_data_networking
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InterPlanetary File System
!- for : IPFS
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an expression is a syntactic entity in a programming language that may be evaluated to determine its value.
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a statement is a syntactic unit of an imperative programming language that expresses some action to be carried out.
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Different views for content authoring
Different views for content authoring
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"circular" current through the disc
how does one measure this?
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The final version of the bill was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H. W. Bush.
Annotation marks #ADA32. </br> The #ADA was signed into law 32 years ago. The act was signed by Tom Harkin, “Acting President of the Senate, pro tempore.” When Harkin introduced the ADA in the Senate, part of his speech was signed so his brother could understand. #Annotate22 207/365
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Aikido

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Sounds like his philosophy fit may have fit in with the broader prosperity gospel space, Napoleon Hill, Billy Graham, Norman Vincent Peale, et al. Potentially worth looking into. Also related to the self-help movements and the New Thought philosophies.
fascinating that he wrote a book Copywriting and Direct Marketing. This may also tie him into the theses of Kevin Phillips' American Theocracy?
Link to: https://hyp.is/E4I_qgvCEe2rQO9iXvaTgA/www.goodreads.com/author/show/257221.Robert_Collier
Tags
- self-help
- prosperity gospel
- Rhonda Byrne
- psychology
- Collier's Weekly
- Norman Vincent Peale
- The Secret
- Kevin Phillips
- abundance
- religion
- Billy Graham
- visualization
- metaphysics
- desire
- Robert Collier
- bookmark
- copywriting
- Napoleon Hill
- American Theocracy
- Peter Fenelon Collier
- positive thinking
- capitalism
- faith
- direct marketing
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he first nonzero derivative has an odd order implies that the sign of f'(x)
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Earth (USGS) and is an important coastal region for the United States, containing more than 2.7 million acres (4,200 sq mi
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million-acre (4,700 sq mi; 12,000 km2) area of land that stretches from Vermilion Bay on the west, to the Chandeleur Islands in the east, on Louisiana's southeastern coast.[1] It is part of the Gulf of Mexico and the Louisiana coastal plain, one
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e Mississippi River Delta is
The cameron parish would be a great destination spot if it wasn't for so much wasted sediment.
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Henry Charles Bukowski
Annotation marks “having none of this shit.” </br>“go to therapy dummy” </br>Happy one-year anniversary to @Leftovers_Movie for sharing one of the best threads ever about reader marginalia, found books, and serendipity. Revisit all the glory. #Annotate22 204/365

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Cauchy's mean value theorem
use second condition
also request that differentiable on I
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ξ {\displaystyle \xi } ranges over all values between x and c.
so it must be differentiable on range I
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since the existence of the limit of f/g has not yet been established.
why the above f(x)/g(x) can be directly written
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[e]
或者 直接几何上理解
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Dredging has significant environmental impacts: it can disturb marine sediments, leading to both short- and long-term water pollution, destroy important seabed ecosystems, and can release human-sourced toxins captured in the sediment.
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Dredging can have its benefits in controlling the local environment and in increasing of river capacity to combat floods. On the other hand it can have unintended environmental consequences.
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converges if and only if the sequence
by euler it must converge ?
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completes the proof
?
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all j {\displaystyle j} , | α + 1 j − 1 | ≥ 1 − Re α + 1 j ≥ 1 {\textstyle \left|{\frac {\alpha +1}{j}}-1\right|\geq 1-{\frac {\operatorname {Re} \alpha +1}{j}}\geq 1}
why last >=1
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The Nugent Score is a Gram stain scoring system for vaginal swabs to diagnose bacterial vaginosis. The Nugent score is calculated by assessing for the presence of large Gram-positive rods (Lactobacillus morphotypes; decrease in Lactobacillus scored as 0 to 4), small Gram-variable rods (Gardnerella vaginalis morphotypes; scored as 0 to 4), and curved Gram-variable rods (Mobiluncus spp. morphotypes; scored as 0 to 2). A score of 7 to 10 is consistent with bacterial vaginosis without culture. The Nugent Score is now rarely used by physicians due to the time it takes to read the slides and requires the use of a trained microscopis
used for research purposes.
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household goods such as logo ice chests and garbage cans (in purple), its own liquor line with names typically beginning with the le
😁
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partnered with Sydney J. Besthoff at 732 Canal Street, New Orleans in 1905, and continually expanded through the 20th century to be
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y J. Besthoff at
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urple as "K&B purple." K&B had many of its ow
Katz and Besthoff. The bestoffs still have art in the old plaza.
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immortal cell line continues to serve humanity today
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He explains the purpose of his "waste book" in his notebook E: Die Kaufleute haben ihr Waste book (Sudelbuch, Klitterbuch glaube ich im deutschen), darin tragen sie von Tag zu Tag alles ein was sie verkaufen und kaufen, alles durch einander ohne Ordnung, aus diesem wird es in das Journal getragen, wo alles mehr systematisch steht ... Dieses verdient von den Gelehrten nachgeahmt zu werden. Erst ein Buch worin ich alles einschreibe, so wie ich es sehe oder wie es mir meine Gedancken eingeben, alsdann kann dieses wieder in ein anderes getragen werden, wo die Materien mehr abgesondert und geordnet sind.[2] "Tradesmen have their 'waste book' (scrawl-book, composition book I think in German), in which they enter from day to day everything they buy and sell, everything all mixed up without any order to it, from there it is transferred to the day-book, where everything appears in more systematic fashion ... This deserves to be imitated by scholars. First a book where I write down everything as I see it or as my thoughts put it before me, later this can be transcribed into another, where the materials are more distinguished and ordered."
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The Italian poet Giacomo Leopardi kept a notebook, called Zibaldone, from 1817 to 1832. The idea of keeping that, which contains no fewer than 4,526 pages, was possibly suggested by a priest who fled from the French Revolution and came to live in the poet's hometown. The priest suggested that "every literary man should have a written chaos such as this: notebook containing sottiseries, adrersa, excerpta, pugillares, commentaria... the store-house out of which fine literature of every kind may come, as the sun, moon, and stars issued out of chaos."[1]
Iris Origo, Leopardi: A Study in Solitude. Helen Marx Books. 1999. pp. 142-3.
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His major work in recent years has been on information visualization, originating the treemap concept for hierarchical data.[30]
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Creoles of French descent, including those of Québécois or Acadian lineage
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century onward. After the Sale of Louisiana, the term "Creole" took on a more political meaning and identity, especially for t
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came a part of the U.S. during the period of both French and Spanish rule. As an ethnic group, their ancestry is mainly of French, African, Spanish or Native American origin. Louisiana Creoles share cultural ties such as the traditi
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ish people born in Louisiana from those born elsewhere, thus drawing a distinction between Old-World Europeans and Africans from their Creole descendants born in the New World.[3][4][5] The word is not a racial label and does not imply mixed racial origins—people of any race can and have identified as Louisiana Creoles.
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are people descended from the inhabitants of colonial Louisiana before it became a part of the U.S. during the period of both French and Spanish rule. As an ethnic group, their ancestry is mainly of French, African, Spanish or Native American origin. Louisiana Creoles share cultural ties such as the traditional use of the French, Spanish, and Louisiana Creole languages[note 1] and predominant practice of Catholicism.[3]
Creoles migrated during the 1950s espeically to California, New York, and Chicago
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electric stirring effect
What is this?
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the emitted light
why would light be emitted?
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swapping
What mean by this? As in one should always produce the other, or that there is a specific circumstance where this is the case.
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combined action of the direct and inverse spin Hall effect
So both would happen at once? Why is that?
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coupling parameter ʏ
how so? shouldn't it be a matrix, not a scalar parameter?
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the relative motion between the magnetic moment (associated to the spin) and the electric field creates a coupling that distorts the motion of the electrons.
does this happen classically? Which direction would a bar magnet get pushed if it moves through a uniform magnetic field?
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Two possible mechanisms
as in we still don't know? or that it is sample dependent?
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In 1983 Averkiev and Dyakonov[3] proposed a way to measure the inverse spin Hall effect under optical spin orientation in semiconductors.
inverse implies that there is a normal direction to the spin hall effect. Is the normal direction the same a s the classical b field direction?
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structuring or classification of folksonomy is termed folksontology.[28] This branch of ontology deals with the intersection between highly structured taxonomies or hierarchies and loosely structured folksonomy, asking what best features can be taken by both for a system of classification. The strength of flat-tagging schemes is their ability to relate one item to others like it. Folksonomy allows large disparat
public
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Eagle landed at 20:17:40 UTC on Sunday July 20
Annotation marks a footprint. </br>"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." </br>Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed the lunar module Eagle on the moon on this day, July 20th, in 1969. #Annotate22 201/365
Image credit: WBAP-TV via The Portal to Texas History, UNT Libraries Special Collections.
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physical systems can be completely deterministic and yet still be inherently unpredictable
!- claim : inherent unpredictability of some completely deterministic physical systems

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As a graduate student in Chihiro Hayashi's laboratory at Kyoto University, Yoshisuke Ueda was experimenting with analog computers and noticed, on November 27, 1961, what he called "randomly transitional phenomena". Yet his advisor did not agree with his conclusions at the time, and did not allow him to report his findings until 1970
randomly transitional phenomena
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when f is differentiable)
here is why must need condition that function is differentiable
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Observing the wider world, Beatrice wrote of "Russian communism and Italian Fascism" as "two sides of the worship of force and the practice of cruel intolerance" and she was disturbed that "this spirit is creeping into the USA and even ... into Great Britain."[16]
via Muggeridge and Adam, Beatrice Webb: A Life, 1967, p.225.
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Martha Beatrice Webb, Baroness Passfield, FBA (née Potter; 22 January 1858 – 30 April 1943) was an English sociologist, economist, socialist, labour historian and social reformer. It was Webb who coined the term collective bargaining. She was among the founders of the London School of Economics and played a crucial role in forming the Fabian Society.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card
Link to Beatrice Webb's use of note taking methods as a means of data storage, search, and sort in the early 1900s.
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The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention.
Annotation marks Declaration. </br>A name–“Janet Cowing”–added to “Report of the Woman's Rights Convention." This is the earliest known reproduction of the convention's Declaration of Sentiments. Seneca Falls Convention began on this day, July 19th, in 1848. #Annotate22 200/365
Image credit: Seneca Falls Historical Society/New York Heritage Digital Collections.
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Ernst Bernheim (19 February 1850 – 9 July 1942) was a German historian who is best known for an influential Lehrbuch der historischen Methode (1889) on historical method.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Bernheim
19 February 1850 – 9 July 1942
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USS Magoffin (APA/LPA-199)
Annotation marks APA-199. </br>As the 199th entry in my year-long project, I'm sharing an annotated photograph of the USS Magoffin (APA-199) with handwritten labels, abbreviations and arrows of “RADIO/RADAR ANTENNA ARRANGEMENT & RIGGING.” #Annotate22 199/365
Image credit: National Archives.
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Self-sovereign identity

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they both lie in the plane "transverse"
true by def of poynting vector
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H is determined from E by 90-degree rotation and a fixed multiplier
Not true in general. Requires the stated assumptions.
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Dennis Overbye, Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos: the story of the scientific quest for the secret of the Universe, HarperCollins 1991, Back Bay (with new afterword), 1999. Historical account of modern cosmology told through the careers of the scientists involved, in which Sandage is the central character. Complementary to Origins.
- ok, Sandage "destaca" en el libro
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A software suite[1] (Also known as an application suite) is a collection of computer programs (application software, or programming software) of related functionality, sharing a similar user interface and the ability to easily exchange data with each other.
collection of software with similar user interface and the ability to easily exchange data
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In a Baroque palace, access down an enfilade suite of state rooms typically was restricted by the rank or degree of intimacy of the visitor. The first rooms were more public, and usually at the end was the bedroom, sometimes with an intimate cabinet or boudoir beyond. Baroque protocol dictated that visitors of lower rank than their host would be escorted by servants down the enfilade to the farthest room their status allowed. If the visitor was of equal or higher rank, the host would advance down the enfilade to meet their guest, before taking the visitor back. At parting, the same ritual would be observed, although the host might pay their guest a compliment by taking them back farther than their rank strictly dictated. If a person of much higher rank visited, these rituals extended beyond the enfilade to the entrance hall, the gates to the palace, or beyond (in modern State visits, to the airport). Memoirs and letters of the period often note the exact details of where meetings and partings occurred, even to whether they were in the centre of the room, or at the door.[citation needed]
This is very fun if true and the [citation needed] saddens me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIZ
TRIZ (/ˈtriːz/; Russian: теория решения изобретательских задач, teoriya resheniya izobretatelskikh zadatch), literally: "theory of inventive problem solving " is “the next evolutionary step in creating an organized and systematic approach to problem solving. The development and improvement of products and technologies according to TRIZ are guided by the objective Laws of Engineering System Evolution. TRIZ Problem Solving Tools and Methods are based on them.” In another description, TRIZ is "a problem-solving, analysis and forecasting tool derived from the study of patterns of invention in the global patent literature".
It was developed by the Soviet inventor and science-fiction author Genrich Altshuller (1926-1998) and his colleagues, beginning in 1946. In English the name is typically rendered as the theory of inventive problem solving, and occasionally goes by the English acronym TIPS.
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Because of the sunshield, JWST does not have an unlimited field of regard at any given time. The telescope can see 40 percent of the sky from one position and can see all of the sky over a period of six months,[26] the amount of time it takes to complete half its orbit around the Sun.
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Though refused materials such as books, pens, and paper, he still wrote a significant body of poems and notes criticising the Nigerian government while in prison.[60]
Annotation marks The Unacknowledged. </br>“After the indescribably exquisite pleasure of reading, I proceeded to cover the spaces between the lines with my own writing.” Wole Soyinka from his 1972 book The Man Died: Prison Notes. Soyinka was born on this day, July 13th, in 1934. #Annotate22 194/365

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A special case is when the content is program code, and the environment becomes an intelligent IDE
- Within Indyweb ecosystem,
- would this be when a user uses Trailmarks to identify a potentially useful application
- and a bounty can then be offered to app developers
- to develop an Indyweb app
- to process the new function?
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interactive documents that capture more richly what the user is trying to accomplish.
- Once again, is Indyweb and Trailmarks doing this?
- If so, can you provide some examples?
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The environment can operate on these intentions and assist the user to create semantically richer documents that can be processed and executed, similar to a spreadsheet.
@Gyuri, * Is this what Indyweb and specifically Trailmarks is also attempting to do? * Is there an example you can provide for clarification?
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In computer programming, Intentional Programming is a programming paradigm developed by Charles Simonyi that encodes in software source code the precise intention which programmers (or users) have in mind when conceiving their work. By using the appropriate level of abstraction at which the programmer is thinking, creating and maintaining computer programs become easier. By separating the concerns for intentions and how they are being operated upon, the software becomes more modular and allows for more reusable software code
Definition of Intentional Programming * In computer programming, * Intentional Programming is a programming paradigm * developed by Charles Simonyi * that encodes in software source code the precise intention which programmers (or users) have in mind when conceiving their work. * By using the appropriate level of abstraction at which the programmer is thinking, * creating and maintaining computer programs become easier. * By separating the concerns for intentions and how they are being operated upon, * the software becomes more modular and allows for more reusable software code. * Can we see an example of this in action for clarification?
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Intentional programming
Title: Intentional Programming Author: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intentional_programming&action=history Date: 2021
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They portray him in various perspectives: as a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero, and the universal supreme being.
[[krishna]]
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In The Seven Sins of Memory: How the Mind Forgets and Remembers, Schacter identifies seven ways ("sins") that memory can fail us. The seven sins are: Transience, Absent-Mindedness, Blocking, Misattribution, Suggestibility, Persistence, and Bias.[2]
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For Einstein, the crucial part of the argument was the demonstration of nonlocality, that the choice of measurement done in particle A, either position or momentum, would lead to two different quantum states of particle B. He argued that, because of locality, the real state of particle B couldn't depend on which kind of measurement was done in A, and therefore the quantum states cannot be in one-to-one correspondence with the real states.[5]
- HERE!
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Because of this succession, the value of a + b can also be seen as the bth successor of a, making addition iterated succession. For example, 6 + 2 is 8, because 8 is the successor of 7, which is the successor of 6, making 8 the 2nd successor of 6.
这个概念挺有趣的。
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the acceleration on the particle due to gravitational force towards M as: a → g = − r ^ G M ( R ± Δ r ) 2 {\displaystyle {\vec {a}}_{g}=-{\hat {r}}~G~{\frac {M}{(R\pm \Delta r)^{2}}}} Pulling out the R2 term from the denominator gives: a → g = − r ^ G M R 2 1 ( 1 ± Δ r R ) 2 {\displaystyle {\vec {a}}_{g}=-{\hat {r}}~G~{\frac {M}{R^{2}}}~{\frac {1}{\left(1\pm {\frac {\Delta r}{R}}\right)^{2}}}} The Maclaurin series of 1 / ( 1 ± x ) 2 {\displaystyle 1/(1\pm x)^{2}} is 1 ∓ 2 x + 3 x 2 ∓ ⋯ {\displaystyle 1\mp 2x+3x^{2}\mp \cdots } which gives a series expansion of: a → g = − r ^ G M R 2 ± r ^ G 2 M R 2 Δ r R + ⋯ {\displaystyle {\vec {a}}_{g}=-{\hat {r}}~G~{\frac {M}{R^{2}}}\pm {\hat {r}}~G~{\frac {2M}{R^{2}}}~{\frac {\Delta r}{R}}+\cdots } The first term is the gravitational acceleration due to M at the center of the reference body m {\displaystyle m} , i.e., at the point where Δ r {\displaystyle \Delta r} is zero. This term does not affect the observed acceleration of particles on the surface of m because with respect to M, m (and everything on its surface) is in free fall. When the force on the far particle is subtracted from the force on the near particle, this first term cancels, as do all other even-order terms. The remaining (residual) terms represent the difference mentioned above and are tidal force (acceleration) terms. When ∆r is small compared to R, the terms after the first residual term are very small and can be neglected, giving the approximate tidal acceleration a → t , axial {\displaystyle {\vec {a}}_{t,{\text{axial}}}} for the distances ∆r considered, along the axis joining the centers of m and M: a → t , axial ≈ ± r ^ 2 Δ r G M R 3 {\displaystyle {\vec {a}}_{t,{\text{axial}}}\approx \pm {\hat {r}}~2\Delta r~G~{\frac {M}{R^{3}}}}
- calculo Tidal force
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writer records the ess
this is write
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Romans has been at the forefront of several major movements in Protestantism. Martin Luther's lectures on Romans in 1515–1516 probably coincided[67] with the development of his criticism of Roman Catholicism which led to the 95 Theses of 1517. In the preface to his German translation of Romans, Luther described Paul's letter to the Romans as "the most important piece in the New Testament. It is purest Gospel. It is well worth a Christian's while not only to memorize it word for word but also to occupy himself with it daily, as though it were the daily bread of the soul".[68] In 1738, while hearing Luther's Preface to the Epistle to the Romans read at St. Botolph Church on Aldersgate Street in London, John Wesley famously felt his heart "strangely warmed", a conversion experience which is often seen[citation needed] as the beginning of Methodism.
Heart piece of early Protestantism. Connection to Methodism.
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The occasion of writing the epistle: [...] Paul had made acquaintance with all circumstances of the Christians at Rome [...] and finding that it was [...] partly of heathens converted to Christianity, and partly of Jews, who had, with many remaining prejudices, believed in Jesus as the true Messiah, and that many contentions arose from the claims of the Gentiles to equal privileges with the Jews, and from absolute refusal of the Jews to admit these claims, unless the Gentile converts become circumcised; he wrote this epistle to adjust and settle these differences.
The most probable complex situation in the church of Rome..
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Biblical scholars agree that it was composed by Paul the Apostle
At least this is clear!
Sixth Century Egypt, Ro 1-6.
But there are still many open questions..
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Hereby it is manifest that during the time men live without a common Power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called War; and such a war as is of every man against every man.
Why we supposedly need this government and social contract - without a common power there is no place for industry or collaboration because there is no trust! Modern ideas of a "trustless society" fall flat in this way - there is no way forward without depending on community wellness and trust to accomplish work, no matter how hard computer libertarians work on doing everything themselves.
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Bush urges that scientists should turn to the massive task of creating more efficient accessibility to our fluctuating store of knowledge.
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concept of the memex that would make knowledge more accessible
good to know
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Bush expresses his concern for the direction of scientific efforts toward destruction, rather than understanding
mood bro
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Each society would maintain a 'master memex' containing all papers, references, tables "intimately interconnected by trails, so that one may follow a detailed matter from paper to paper, going back through the classics, recording criticism in the margins."
reminds me of Project Xanadu
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"the epic of the computer revolution, the bible of the hacker dream. [Nelson] was stubborn enough to publish it when no one else seemed to think it was a good idea."
epic of the computer revolution
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Computer Lib/Dream Machines

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Weber left home and lived in poverty while working as a street-corner evangelist and social activist for two years with the evangelical Church Army Workers, an organization similar to the Salvation Army, preaching and singing hymns on street corners and singing and playing the organ in rescue missions in red-light districts in Pittsburgh and New York,[13][33] until the Church Army Workers disbanded in 1900.
This is interesting background given her subsequent blockbuster film Where are My Children? (Universal Studios, 1916) which covered abortion and birth control.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cat_Tavern
via mention of the bar in "Lost LA" Coded Geographies Season 2, Episode 6
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Flooding (computer networking)

1 hop flooding
push 1 network
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Mesh networks can relay messages using either a flooding technique or a routing technique which makes them different from non-mesh networks.
relay messages
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Mesh networking

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Network topology

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Spanning tree

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first subtract from the maximum number in the N-bit system, that is 2N-1 (this term in binary is actually a simple number consisting of 'all 1s', and a subtraction from it can be done simply by inverting all bits in the number also known as the bitwise NOT operation) and then adding the one. Coincidentally, that intermediate number before adding the one is also used in computer science as another method of signed number representation and is called a Ones' complement (named that because summing such a number with the original gives the 'all 1s').
Two's complement overview
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Article being in English is biased towards the Ukraian-side(NATO/US) Related - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azov_Regiment
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodge-podge
How is this broadly related to the intellectual history of commonplace books, zettelkasten, and other note taking matters.
I recall an idea of a Hodge-podge book from my youth, but these may have been published children's activity books for fun rather than collecting tidbits as in something closer to a scrapbook.
Link to: - Eminem's stacking ammo - Thought about this randomly while editing notes for [[Forte2022]]
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In a recent experiment, it was shown that inducing a positive mood can buffer the impairing effects of ego depletion on subsequent performance.
interesting
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In 1836 the city was divided into three municipalities: the first being the French Quarter and Faubourg Tremé, the second being Uptown (then meaning all settled areas upriver from Canal Street), and the third being Downtown (the rest of the city from Esplanade Avenue on, downriver). For two decades the three Municipalities were essentially governed as separate cities, with the office of Mayor of New Orleans having only a minor role in facilitating discussions between municipal governments.
Knowing know that the city was divided into 3 municipalities almost 200 years ago, gives insight into the wards and how they can be drastically different.
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New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, which flooded more than 80% of the city, killed more than 1,800 people, and displaced thousands of residents, causing a population decline of over 50%.[16] Since Katrina, major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city's population. Concerns about gentrification, new residents buying property in formerly closely knit communities, and displacement of longtime residents have been expressed.[17][18][19][20]
I think that this section sheds minimal light into what's going on today after each Hurricane. Many citizens say that New Orleans never recovered from Katrina and that the people who were most effected are not getting any help. Instead, they are building around it and not fixing the issue at hand.
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A representation of the concept of a tree. The four upper images of trees can be roughly quantified into an overall generalization of the idea of a tree, pictured in the lower image.
Summs up what's wrong with current thinking
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Theory-theory[edit] Main article: Theory-theory Theory-theory is a reaction to the previous two theories and develops them further.[11] This theory postulates that categorization by concepts is something like scientific theorizing.[5] Concepts are not learned in isolation, but rather are learned as a part of our experiences with the world around us.[11] In this sense, concepts' structure relies on their relationships to other concepts as mandated by a particular mental theory about the state of the world.[14
theory-theory

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as concepts that are structured around each other seem to account for errors such as whale as a fish (this misconception came from an incorrect theory about what a whale is like, combining with our theory of what a fish is).[14] When we learn that a whale is not a fish, we are recognizing that whales don't in fact fit the theory we had about what makes something a fish. Theory-theory also postulates that people's theories about the world are what inform their conceptual knowledge of the world. Therefore, analysing people's theories can offer insights into their concepts. In this sense, "theory" means an individual's mental explanation rather than scientific fact.
concepts are structured around = each other
articulation of concepts
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Pirkei Avot (Hebrew: פִּרְקֵי אָבוֹת; also transliterated as Pirkei Avoth or Pirkei Avos or Pirke Aboth), which translates to English as Chapters of the Fathers, is a compilation of the ethical teachings and maxims from Rabbinic Jewish tradition.
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Replica of Nalanda seal found by archeological survey of India, displayed in Nalanda museum
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6 types of biological association - easily applied to economic phenomena
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The multiplication of whole numbers may be thought of as repeated addition
Just with whole numbers. Assume that this statement it's true for all the cases is wrong.
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Welcome to the Hypothes.is Group at SLCC!
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A liveblog is a blog post which is intended to provide a rolling textual coverage of an ongoing event, similar to live television or live radio. Liveblogging has increased in usage by news organizations and blogging establishments since the mid-2000s, when they were initially used to broadcast updates of technology conferences in the absence of or alongside streaming video captures, and like microblogs, have gained currency as an online publication format which performs the same function as that of live television news coverage. The BBC uses the word "live text" for its own liveblogging events.
liveblogging
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A concept map or conceptual diagram is a diagram that depicts suggested relationships between concepts.

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The theory-theory (or 'theory theory') is a scientific theory relating to the human development of understanding about the outside world.[1] This theory asserts that individuals hold a basic or 'naïve' theory of psychology ("folk psychology") to infer the mental states of others
theory-theory
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'perspective taking' is sometimes used to describe how one makes inferences about another person's inner state using theoretical knowledge about the other's situation.[2]
perspective taking
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In Judaism, yetzer hara (Hebrew: יֵצֶר הַרַע yēṣer haraʿ) is the congenital inclination to do evil, by violating the will of God.
congenital inclination to do evil
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Yetzer hara
x
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Noesis (phenomenology), technical term in the Brentano–Husserl "philosophy of intentionality" tradition
Brentano-Husserl
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Noesis is a philosophical term, referring to the activity of the intellect or nous.

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Characteristica universalis
- for : noiesys universalis poietica

- for : noiesys universalis poietica
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Noetics
noiethesys universalis

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This made me realize that there must be a general science which explains all the points that can be raised concerning order and measure irrespective of the subject-matter, and that this science should be termed mathesis universalis — a venerable term with a well-established meaning — for it covers everything that entitles these other sciences to be called branches of mathematics.
not just res extensa

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TEM instruments have multiple operating modes including conventional imaging, scanning TEM imaging (STEM), diffraction, spectroscopy, and combinations of these. Even within conventional imaging, there are many fundamentally different ways that contrast is produced, called "image contrast mechanisms". Contrast can arise from position-to-position differences in the thickness or density ("mass-thickness contrast"), atomic number ("Z contrast", referring to the common abbreviation Z for atomic number), crystal structure or orientation ("crystallographic contrast" or "diffraction contrast"), the slight quantum-mechanical phase shifts that individual atoms produce in electrons that pass through them ("phase contrast"), the energy lost by electrons on passing through the sample ("spectrum imaging") and more. Each mechanism tells the user a different kind of information, depending not only on the contrast mechanism but on how the microscope is used—the settings of lenses, apertures, and detectors. What this means is that a TEM is capable of returning an extraordinary variety of nanometer- and atomic-resolution information, in ideal cases revealing not only where all the atoms are but what kinds of atoms they are and how they are bonded to each other. For this reason TEM is regarded as an essential tool for nanoscience in both biological and materials fields.
Different modes of TEM.
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Transmission electron microscopes are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes, owing to the smaller de Broglie wavelength of electrons. This enables the instrument to capture fine detail—even as small as a single column of atoms, which is thousands of times smaller than a resolvable object seen in a light microscope. Transmission electron microscopy is a major analytical method in the physical, chemical and biological sciences. TEMs find application in cancer research, virology, and materials science as well as pollution, nanotechnology and semiconductor research, but also in other fields such as paleontology and palynology.
features of TEM.
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device.
working principle of TEM.
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Frame bridging is the "linkage of two or more ideologically congruent but structurally unconnected frames regarding a particular issue or problem" (Snow et al., 1986, p. 467). It involves the linkage of a movement to "unmobilized sentiment pools or public opinion preference clusters" (p. 467) of people who share similar views or grievances but who lack an organizational base. Frame amplification refers to "the clarification and invigoration of an interpretive frame that bears on a particular issue, problem, or set of events" (Snow et al., 1986, p. 469). This interpretive frame usually involves the invigorating of values or beliefs. Frame extensions are a movement's effort to incorporate participants by extending the boundaries of the proposed frame to include or encompass the views, interests, or sentiments of targeted groups. (Snow et al., 1986, p. 469) Frame transformation is a process required when the proposed frames "may not resonate with, and on occasion may even appear antithetical to, conventional lifestyles or rituals and extant interpretive frames" (Snow et al., 1986, p. 473). When this happens, new values, new meanings and understandings are required in order to secure participants and support. Goffman (1974, p. 43–44) calls this "keying" where "activities, events, and biographies that are already meaningful from the standpoint of some primary framework transpose in terms of another framework" (Snow et al., 1986, p. 474) such that they are seen differently. There are two types of frame transformation: Domain-specific transformations such as the attempt to alter the status of groups of people, and Global interpretive frame transformation where the scope of change is quite radical as in a change of world views, total conversions of thought, or uprooting of all that is familiar (e.g. moving from communism to market capitalism; religious conversion, etc.).
🔢 four types of frame alignment
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In game theory, a focal point (or Schelling point) is a solution that people tend to choose by default in the absence of communication. The concept was introduced by the American economist Thomas Schelling in his book The Strategy of Conflict (1960).[1] Schelling states that "(p)eople can often concert their intentions or expectations with others if each knows that the other is trying to do the same" in a cooperative situation (at page 57), so their action would converge on a focal point which has some kind of prominence compared with the environment. However, the conspicuousness of the focal point depends on time, place and people themselves. It may not be a definite solution.
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