7,306 Matching Annotations
  1. Aug 2017
    1. shall provide equal but separate

      Can we really say that the accommodations for each race were truly equal? No, we can not. The amount of resources provided to each may have very well been equal, but the quality of those resources is what I come to question. For example, both races could have working toilets, but that does not mean the quality of the "blacks only" one worked well or even all the time. I do not think the issue is a matter of quantity, but quality. Giving them the same resources that are valued at different prices is not equal. Continually, the court ruled in this case that segregation was not discrimination. However true that may be, segregation where one race is not as equally valued or cared for as the other is discrimination. The word explains itself, unjust treatment and singling out.

    1. If, however, we shift our attention from the prison, per­ceived as an isolated institution, to the set of relationships that comprise the prison industrial complex, it may be easi­er to think about alternatives. In other words, a more com­plicated framework may yield more options than if we sim­ply attempt to discover a single substitute for the prison sys­tem. The first step, then, would be to let go of the desire to discover one single alternative system of punishment that would occupy the same footprint as the prison system.

      This is an intervention, as well as also defining her argument further about the set of relationships that comprise the prison industrial complex. I think this first intervention is to get the reader to shift their own notions of "punishment" and "prisons" and begin thinking outside of one institution and one way to solve for "crime".

    1. How do we begin to rectify this imbalance in history, the lack of exposure, source material, and recognition? Teal Triggs and Sian Cook urge us, “We can no longer afford to be complacent as a profession, nor in our roles as design educators.” The surge of online design activity has provided many grass-roots projects, like Women’s Design + Research Unit (WD+RU), Graphic BirdWatching, Women of Graphic Design and Hall of Femmes as key tools for seeking out designers that may not otherwise be reported upon or featured on the stages of design conferences. The WD+RU Project team believes that certain projects like these serve as “an educational platform; establishing a space for our future role models and interesting new design discourses. The resource is also about engagement with contemporary issues. WoGD forms a virtual community of women designers who are working internationally; a platform for bringing designers together in knowledge exchange.” Additionally, conferences or discussion panels aimed at this specific topic would be an additional step on the path to better understanding why we need to talk about women in design. Recently, the Design Culture Salon held a seminar in London asking the question, “What are the gender politics of contemporary design practice?” The panel was made up of only women, though not intentionally, and brought together both educators and designers of diverse disciplines and age groups.

      I think this is not just the question of Western countries, Asian countries should also learn from this solution.

    1. Finally, any up vote based system is just going to push easy to understand, rather than good, papers up to the top.

      I don't think this is quite right. An upvote system like reddit's may result in this, but in OpenReview the only upvoting mechanism would be posting reviews. Those reviews could then be reviewed themselves, and if found to be a poor argument, the original review wouldn't affect the parent paper's score as much. We could require that people post an argument that directly addresses the parent post. We could score the post based on how "good" of an argument it is: http://www.paulgraham.com/disagree.html

      This could also provide a great way of gathering labeled data for argument mining: people refuting each other, and refuting refutations. It could lead to a virtuous cycle of learning how to mine for logical arguments in text.

    1. The Comparison to Continental Coverage I agree completely that there are many Continental figures who are understudied in US philosophy departments. However, consider the following figures. The PRG ranks 13 schools that have expertise in "20th Century Continental philosophy." An additional 11 schools are unranked but "recommended for consideration by the Advisory Board," for a total of 24. (http://www.philosophicalgourmet.com/breakdown/breakdown29.asp) In the area of "19th Century Continental Philosophy," the PRG ranks 20 programs, and lists an additional 4 programs as "recommended," for a total of 24. (http://www.philosophicalgourmet.com/breakdown/breakdown27.asp) Now let's turn to Chinese philosophy: the programs are not ranked but simply grouped, "due to the small number of evaluators." Eight programs are "grouped," and an additional 5 are "recommended," for a total of 13. (http://www.philosophicalgourmet.com/breakdown/breakdown33.asp) If the numerical disparity between the coverage of Continental and Chinese philosophy is not immediately obvious, consider these additional facts. Chinese philosophy is a tradition that is over two millennia long, and is as diverse as all of the Western tradition. So the PRG lists 24 doctoral programs as at least recommended in 19th century Continental philosophy, 24 at least recommended in 20th century Continental philosophy, and 13 at least recommended in all two thousand five hundred years of Chinese philosophy. Hmm. When we consider Indian philosophy...oh, there is no ranking for that at all. So, yes, Continental philosophy is understudied in the US. But it is worse in Chinese and Indian philosophy. The Quality Argument In an interview done by Skye Cleary and forthcoming in the APA Blog I make the following point. If someone tells me that Chinese philosophy (for example) is "not really philosophy" or is not sufficiently argumentative or "rational," I like to ask him: why he thinks that the Mohist state-of-nature argument to justify government authority is not philosophy? What does he make of Mengzi’s reductio ad absurdum against the claim that human nature is reducible to desires for food and sex? Why does he dismiss Zhuangzi’s version of the problem of the criterion? What is his opinion of Han Feizi’s argument that political institutions must be designed so that they do not depend upon the virtue of political agents? What does he think of Zongmi’s argument that reality must fundamentally be mental, because it is inexplicable how consciousness could arise from matter that was nonconscious? Why does he regard the Platonic dialogues as philosophical, yet dismiss Fazang’s dialogue in which he argues for and responds to objections against the claim that individuals are defined by their relationships to others? What is his opinion of Wang Yangming’s arguments for the claim that it is impossible to know what is good yet fail to do what is good? What does he make of Mou Zongsan’s critique of Kant, or Liu Shaoqi’s argument that Marxism is incoherent unless supplemented with a theory of individual ethical transformation? Of course, the answer to each question is that those who suggest that Chinese philosophies are irrational have never heard of any of these arguments because they do not bother to actually read them. Or, if they do bother to glance at them, they hold them to a higher standard of explicitness and clarity than they do Aristotle or Kant. (We are so used to reading Aristotle and Kant that we forget how unclear and unmotivated their claims will seem to someone who has not studied them in context, or with the guide of secondary sources and teachers.) Other arguments on this topic can be found in the excellent essays by *Eric Schwitzgebel, "Why Don't We Know Our Chinese Philosophy?" http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~eschwitz/SchwitzAbs/NotKnowChinese.htm *Justin Tiwald, "A Case for Chinese Philosophy," http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.apaonline.org/resource/collection/2EAF6689-4B0D-4CCB-9DC6-FB926D8FF530/v08n1Asian.pdf The Diversity Card If anyone has any doubts about the role of implicit racism in maintaining the status quo in philosophy, I would invite her to read Eugene Park's essay, "Why I Left Academia: Philosophy’s Homogeneity Needs Rethinking" (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/hippo-reads/why-i-left-academia_b_5735320.html). Park was a doctoral student in a top-ranked philosophy department who was passionate about Western philosophy but also interested in exploring insights from non-Western philosophy. He was told that he should transfer to a program in "ethnic studies," where this approach would be more welcome. In the face of ethnocentrism like this, Park eventually dropped out. As Myisha Cherry and Eric Schwitgebel point out, philosophy has a diversity problem that is actually worse than that in other fields in the humanities, and it shows no signs of getting better. We must address issues of diversity if we wish for our field to survive in the future. (http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-0306-schwitzgebel-cherry-philosophy-so-white-20160306-story.html) I agree that linking the call to study non-Western philosophy to issues of diversity will politicize it in ways that may lead to outcomes I would not prefer in an ideal world. Sadly, we are not in an ideal world. I and many others have been fighting with rational arguments for decades to try to get greater acceptance of non-Western philosophy into the curriculum. The rate of change has been glacial. Consequently, I increasingly think that the only way to effect change in philosophy is by appealing to students to mobilize and demand changes. For Moderate Change If philosophers want moderate, rational change, they can take simple steps. For one thing, the next time you have an opening, consider whether you need yet another person studying the philosophical traditions that grow out of Plato and Aristotle (both of whom I deeply, almost reverentially, admire). Wouldn't the field, and your students, be better served by someone teaching Indian, Chinese, or some other non-mainstream form of philosophy?
    1. @media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1), only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min-resolution: 192dpi), only screen and (min-resolution: 2dppx){ .rmq-c5ac8812{background-image: url(https://d31x7hvfv30ebb.cloudfront.net/prod/5e/53/d6330645836697dd573aaa167b24d5760c89-1187x564-square520.png) !important;}}Create and Publish a Powtoon AnimationYouth VoicesWill you:Use Powtoon to create an animated introduction to you! (See Powtoon Animation Slides 5 - 12.)Seven Clicks:Create an account/ Log in: powtoon.comCreate a New ProjectStart from a scratch template (edit)It will take a while to load – refresh if necessaryGive it a title (top left)Skip layout, choose background (do not use premium)Add 10 slidesUpload Media:Background: Choose a theme and color.Sound: Upload your MP3 file and choose background music. Adjust volume so that we can hear you clearly.Images: Find and upload images you annotated on your script.Use this checklist as you work on your animation. Check off the things you have already done.Powtoon Checklist:___ Script complete___ Audio file recorded and converted___ Introduction slide___ Sounds: Voiceover and background music___ Images: a combination of characters, objects, png images, and personal images.___ Text: I have a variety of text and effects timed with my voiceover.___ Each sentence in my voiceover has images and text to support it.___ Concluding slidePost Your Powtoon on Youth Voices:Copy the embed code from your Powtoon animationCreate a discussion on Youth Voices. Remember to add a Featured Image and a unique, great title.In Visual mode, paste your embed code, then remove the final </iframe> and replace the angle-brackets < ... > with flat parentheses [ ,,, ] See how.Choose the Category: Powtoon and publish!@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1), only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min-resolution: 192dpi), only screen and (min-resolution: 2dppx){ .rmq-41302c13{background-image: url(https://d31x7hvfv30ebb.cloudfront.net/prod/90/e2/90c0f6f14aa90b3ccceba9bca187d46b9f75-2048x1152-square520.jpg) !important;}}What is a Powtoon Animation?Youth VoicesWill you:Choose three Powtoon introductions to watch and comment on using Hypothes.is. (See the Powtoon Animation Slides, page 4.)Each time you annotate, consider using these sentence starters: I really liked learning that you… I like how you showed this by ….Use a tag to show us your best annotations.After you have annotated three Powtoon animations, linked above, add a specific, unique tag (e.g. "PowtoonComments") to your most thoughtful, inspired annotations.This will give you a URL that you can use to point others to your most thoughtful annotations about the Powtoon introductions. You can submit this URL as evidence for this XP, and your readers or evaluators will be able to click on that LINK and easily find your best annotation. Here's How to Submit One Link for Multiple Hypothes.is Annotations.@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1), only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min-resolution: 192dpi), only screen and (min-resolution: 2dppx){ .rmq-d42a1acb{background-image: url(https://d31x7hvfv30ebb.cloudfront.net/prod/e7/8a/173a9fc2ecf88c68ce9e6fd7b67a051ca7bf-775x547-square520.png) !important;}}Record Your Bio. Export the MP3. Embed it on Your Bio.Youth VoicesRecord your three-paragraph Bio on Audacity, on your phone, or by using Vocaroo or Online Voice Recorder.Use any method you have of getting an mp3 file of your voice onto your desktop (email it to yourself, download it..).Upload your mp3 into the media library on YouthVoices then embed it at the top of your Bio. Here are the steps you need to follow:Log inGo to the DashboardUpload New Media, and drag or upload you mp3 into the box that says Drop files here.Once it's up in the library, copy the URL.Embed it at the top of your Bio by typing this Wordpress shortcode at the top of your text in Visual mode: [audio mp3="http://www.youthvoices.live/wp-content/uploads/URfileName.mp3"][/audio]Save ChangesHere's a screencast (start at 3:30) about embedding on Youth Voices.@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1), only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min-resolution: 192dpi), only screen and (min-resolution: 2dppx){ .rmq-afd47984{background-image: url(https://d31x7hvfv30ebb.cloudfront.net/prod/c2/3e/92cfec6a93865f01895500172c935367a8cd-625x263-square260.png) !important;}}You, Immigration, and JusticeYouth VoicesWrite three paragraphs about yourself, using Google Docs.CHECK OUT THIS GUIDE FOR ELLS.Paragraph 1: Who are you?What's important to know about you? When were you born? Where have you lived?What do you like to do in and out of school? What are you particularly good at, and how did you get that way?  What are your plans for the future, and your dreams?Paragraph 2: How did immigration impact you?Write about the biggest ways in which your life changed when you immigrated. How did your family structure change?  Were these changes positive or negative?  How do you feel about the languages you speak?Paragraph 3: What is justice/injustice?Write about an incident where you experienced or witnessed an injustice.Where was it?  Who was involved?  What happened?  What was unfair about it?Once you have finished writing to the end of your first draft, READ YOUR BIO TO A FRIEND OR TWO AND TO YOUR TEACHER/MENTOR. Share the document with other youth and with your teacher/mentor. Ask them to write comments and make suggestions on your Google Document.Under the blue share button on Google Docs, make sure that you have made your Doc public and open to comments. Here's how.Make revisions, proofread, and spell check your Google Doc. @media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1), only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min-resolution: 192dpi), only screen and (min-resolution: 2dppx){ .rmq-969359d9{background-image: url(https://d31x7hvfv30ebb.cloudfront.net/prod/d5/8a/2492566cfb8d836e32939cca3c66bc8857e7-2739x1556.jpeg) !important;}}Choosing a Goal for Stress ManagementYouth VoicesWill you:Choose a stress management technique that best fits into your lifestyle and daily schedule. Consider the following potential stress management techniques. (Find a more exhaustive list at WebMD). Choose one to research more thoroughly for yourself by annotating the resources you find online with hypothes.is:Physical exercise (i.e. yoga, walking, jogging, etc.)Listening to MusicMeditationBreathing Exercises (i.e. belly breathing, etc.)Other leisure activities (i.e. drawing, journaling, etc.)In determining which technique to FOCUS on, consider the following questions:Is the technique one you will stick with? Will you find it enjoyable enough? Why?Can you find time to fit this technique into your daily life? When might it fit into your day?What are some of the physiological benefits of the technique you have chosen?Once you have decided upon a technique, create a discussion post on Youth Voices.Share your stress management goal and the reasoning behind why the technique you've chosen is the best one for you.Refer to resources for examples. Include links to your Hypothes.is annotations for any resources you reference in your writing. (You can find the link to any of your annotations by clicking on the share symbol under your comment, then copy the link that is attached to that specific annotation.)Add Categories, including "Stress."@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1), only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min-resolution: 192dpi), only screen and (min-resolution: 2dppx){ .rmq-4f8eb8d0{background-image: url(https://d31x7hvfv30ebb.cloudfront.net/prod/41/6f/9cfb7e50bde85ecd69efa8d2ae856dac1c33-5000x3000-square520.jpg) !important;}}Stressors and Their EffectsYouth VoicesWill you:Watch these two short videos from TED Ed in NowComment:"How stress affects your body""How stress affects your brain"Both videos are in the same NowComment document, where you can watch without logging in. To comment or reply, log in and click on the specific times that you think are important.Here's what to write each time you stop the video: In the Comment box:What do you see and hear at this time stamp? (Summarize in your own words.) In the Additional Thoughts box:What makes this significant?How does it relate to you or something else you've read, seen, or heard?Considering the video content, write a discussion post on Youth Voices that includes the following:What are the stressors that impact your day-to-day life?How have you felt those stressors impact your body's physiology, your emotions, and your learning?What was interesting or surprising about the videos regarding the effects of stress and how it may impact your physiology and brain?Why might it be important to find healthy ways to manage your stress?(Optional) You might also add a link to a tag on NowComment that points to your three best comments. Here's How to Submit One Link for Multiple Comments on a NowComment DocumentHere's how to do it:Compose in Google Docs.Read your writing aloud to a group of peers, and ask for comments.Revise and make grammar and spelling corrections.Publish your writing as a Youth Voices discussion post. Please choose a few categories for your post (including "stress").@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1), only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min-resolution: 192dpi), only screen and (min-resolution: 2dppx){ .rmq-412918b6{background-image: url(https://d31x7hvfv30ebb.cloudfront.net/prod/46/11/b38eb5b9eef1541de47b1e92b40bfcd9a792-2991x1436-square520.jpg) !important;}}Researching the Physiological Effects of StressYouth VoicesWill you:Read and annotate the following articles using hypothes.is.from Harvard Health Publications, “Understanding the stress response” from the American Psychological Association, “Understanding chronic stress”One more credible article of your choice. Talk with your teacher or mentor about why you believe an article you have chosen is reliable and useful before you start annotating.Each time you annotate: Summarize the sentence or paragraph in your own words. Say why this is significant. Make a connection to something in your life or something you have read or seen elsewhere. As you read, be sure to highlight and annotate any of the following information:Definition(s) of stressEffect(s) of stress on the body's physiologyLong-term effect(s) of chronic stressSuggested stress management strategies and their benefits.Use tags to show us your best annotations. Here's how:After you have annotated the two articles linked above, plus another one, you need to add a specific, unique tag (e.g. "5beststress") to your five most thoughtful, inspired annotations about stress. This will give you a URL that you can use to point others to your five most thoughtful annotations about stress. You can submit this URL as evidence for this XP. Here are the steps for How to Submit One Link for Multiple Hypothes.is Annotations.@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1), only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min-resolution: 192dpi), only screen and (min-resolution: 2dppx){ .rmq-f345db6d{background-image: url(https://d31x7hvfv30ebb.cloudfront.net/prod/0c/80/e2434cf89fb6d6a71f3cddd3fe79cf802784-3723x2482.jpeg) !important;}}The Effects of Mindful Stress ManagementYouth VoicesConsider the stress management goal you created for yourself. Put your technique int

      Some ideas to get your started

  2. Jul 2017
    1. Experts in the area have argued that the most powerful visualizations are static images with clear legends and a clear point, although that may be changing with increasingly powerful interactive displays which give users impressive amounts of control over the data.

      I think a lot of it depends what you are presenting. If we were in class using mathematics, than yes, I would agree because the last thing I want is for it to be displayed as a Prezi Powerpoint. Meanwhile, if you were learning about construction, and how they pour concrete into form work, the best way of showing this is with a short animation.

    1. PUBLIC RUBRICS

      I know we're focused on early in the college educational process here, but I worry about what this means for later. My stats final project has a "rubric" that looks roughly like "do something awesome related in some way to what we've learnt". I don't want to tie students into more structure than that.

      As they struggle with it (and most do to some extent) I offer more examples of what they might do or how they might think about it, but I want this to come /after/ they've done some thinking for themselves. They may well a have ideas that are much better than anything I could come up for them.

      And life isn't especially scaffolded in this way. If we want students to thrive beyond college, we need to let them work without as much direct, explicit, frequent support.

    1. Suppose it were Great Britain that had violated some compact of agreement with the General Government, what would be first done? In that case our Minister would be directed in the first instance to bring the matter to the attention of that Government, or a commissioner be sent to that country to open negotiations with her, ask for redress, and it would only be after argument and reason had been exhausted in vain that we would take the last resort of nations. That would be the course toward a foreign Government; and toward a member of this Confederacy I would recommend the same course. Let us not, therefore, act hastily or ill-temperedly in this matter. Let your Committee on the state of the Republic make out a bill of grievances; let it be sent by the Governor to those faithless States; and if reason and argument shall be tried in vain,—if all shall fail to induce them to return to their constitutional obligations, I would be for retaliatory measures, such as the Governor has suggested to you. 13 This mode of resistance in the Union is in our power. It might be effectual; and in the last resort we would be justified in the eyes of nations, not only in separating from them, but in using force. (A voice.—“ The argument is already exhausted.”) Some friend says that the argument is already exhausted. No, my friend, it is not. You have never called the attention of the Legislatures of those States to this subject that I am aware of. Nothing on this line has ever been done before this year. The attention of our own people has been called to the subject lately. Now, then, my recommendation to you would be this: In view of all these questions of difficulty, let a convention of the people of Georgia be called, to which they may all be referred. Let the sovereignty of the people speak. Some think that the election of Mr. Lincoln is cause sufficient to dissolve the Union. Some think those other grievances are sufficient to dissolve the same, and that the Legislature has the power thus to act, and ought thus to act. I have no hesitation in saying that the Legislature is not the proper body to sever our federal relations, if that necessity should arise. An honorable and distinguished gentleman, the other night (Mr. T. R. R. Cobb), advised you to take this course,—not to wait to hear from the cross-roads and groceries......

      Stephan’s argument makes reference to prior methods of addressing grievances before resorting to revolution which he viewed as a last option. He offers methods used prior to the Revolutionary war. Stephans also argues that if battle or secession is the answer, than it should be determined by the people and not the state legislature

    1. The third party provider of the integration may share certain information about your account with Slack. However, we do not receive or store your passwords for any of these third party services.

      Thank goodness for OAuth. Although -- as the Google Docs hack a few weeks back showed -- the implications for security risks through an OAuth channel are tremendous, too, and lightly understood. Their policy here is more reassuring than one might think. I'd love to see privacy policies more explicitly note how to and provide interfaces to allow you to revoke tokens.

    1. Reform ideas that have already emerged or been discarded in the business sector may be promoted as new and innovative in the edu-cation sector

      Why do we think this is?

    1. how we might identify new objects of study, rather than applying new methodologies to the same old bunch of stuff.

      I think that as technology advances, it may possibly address the notion of identifying new objects of study. It currently helps by providing new methodologies to study the same material, but perhaps artificial intelligence will eventually be capable of finding these "new objects of study" that are mentioned.

    1. Do you really think Apple doesn't know? In a company obsessed with the details-- with the aluminum being milled just so, with the glass being fitted perfectly into the case-- do you really think it's credible that they don't know?

      It's amazing that a company as highly developed as apple produces it's products in conditions like this. It reminds me of the false notion with the gravestones from the article yesterday. People like to think about the gravestones they receive for their lost loved ones being carefully carved and crafted by an old craftsman. They fail to realize the exploitations that occur to make these gravestones. Same with iPhones. These devices have amazing capabilities and are always being innovated. I think people may think that because they are so technically advanced, they are also careful constructed in pristine high tech conditions which is again false. But we don't know about it so we don't see a problem with continuing to be consumers to apples products.

    1. There is still a line of criticism of the TEF which begins by arguing that it is not a measure of teaching and that the metric bases are inappropriate. In an obvious sense this is true: it is not a direct measure of teaching, being underpinned by a range of survey data. But neither I, nor, I think, anyone else has ever argued that the TEF is a direct measure of teaching. It is a measure based on some of the outcomes of teaching.

      See "..In other sections of the media, and in government, those who raise objections to TEF are accused of underhand motives. We don’t value teaching, or we are arrogant, complacent, and unable to take criticism. That may be true for some, but the majority of academics worth their salt will reject TEF because it is everything good academic research should not be: simplistic, arbitrary and inadequately tested. As Helen Czerski noted on Twitter: “It is the tombstone of irony in higher education that ability of universities to teach nuance, subtle judgement and critical thinking is branded gold, silver, or bronze.” And Neuroneurotic wrote in a blogpost: “The one lesson I would take from this for UK Universities, is that we are clearly failing to educate politicians and policy makers to think carefully about evidence based policy.“

  3. Jun 2017
    1. I think that I am not in the least inferior to these super-apostles. 6I may be untrained in speech, but not in knowledge; certainly in every way and in all things we have made this evident to you.

      This totally feels like he's saying "I'm absolutely as good as those apostles. I'm sure I've made that clear to you." Sounds like an inferiority complex to me.

    1. We also have to think about the restrictions on net assets. Net assets are reported as either unrestricted net assets, temporarily restricted net assets or permanently restricted net assets. Unrestricted net assets have no donor-imposed stipulations but may include internal or board-designated restrictions. Temporarily restricted net assets represent assets with time and/or purpose restrictions stipulated by a donor. Permanently restricted net asset represent assets with donor restrictions that do not expire. We are therefore interested in whether the growth in an organization’s capacity is limited to donor-funded programs (i.e., temporarily or permanently net assets) or whether the growth is in its unrestricted position.

      Broaden this explanation for the public sector.

    1. This piece is notable for its very rapid scales, which would require a virtuosic performer and a nimble instruments.

      As I listen to Koromanti (Part 2), read the commentary about the rapid scale of the music, and view the images of the instruments that Sloane documented in use in Jamaica at that time, I am very inclined to think that Koromanti Part 2 may have been a song initially performed on a kora. Kora performance entails the use of both hands simultaneously plucking strings that are tuned to different pitches. The kora performer plays the rhythmic bass and melody sections simultaneously. I suspect that a rendition of Koromanti Part 2 played on a kora would have a more fluid sound than the version played on the banjo. The song reminds me of traditional kora music from the Senegambia region. What percentage of the Africans brought to Jamaica in the late 15th century, early 16th century were from this region?

      The illustration of the instrument labeled "3" (fidicula) is not dissimilar to a kora--if we imagine a gourd used for the body and two parallel sets of strings connected from from the base of the instrument to the top of the neck, it could very well be a version of a kora. From the illustration it is hard to ascertain whether the strings lay flat against the body of the instrument (similar to a banjo) or whether they extend outward from the body (like a kora).

      I would be interested in hearing a third rendition of this section of the song performed by a kora musician. Can this be included as you develop this site?

    2. e invite you to listen in on a musical gathering that took place in Jamaica in 1688. The pages before you, from Hans Sloane’s 1707 Voyage to the Islands, offer us a set of rich and layered traces from the performance. This document is the earliest transcription of African music in the Caribbean, and indeed, probably in the Americas.

      So, one question I had about the opening box that pops up: first, how do we know that this is the earliest transcription of African music in the Caribbean? Is it the earliest known or do you know for sure that it is in fact the earliest? And related to that, I wonder why musical transcription of this kind happens so late in the travel narrative genre? It seems kind of astonishing that there was nothing of this kind before the eighteenth-century, no? I think this last issue may be related to the questions that have been raised about Mr. Baptiste, the more that I think about it. Mary Caton Lingold mentioned the level of specialized knowledge and skill that it would take to be able to faithfully transcribe this music and Laurent Dubois mentioned the kind of intimate rather than passing knowledge of the community that it would take to be able to do this as well--in short, other travel writers may not have been able to find someone both skilled enough and knowledgeable enough to transcribe?

  4. instructure-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com instructure-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com
    1. collective self-determination, we may better identify the democratic ideal as conscious social reproduction

      Collective self-determination assumes a "collective self," that the state can somehow represent the self of all its highly varied, individual citizens. Conscious social reproduction instead looks upon the individual citizens to be aware, think critically, and act in ways that reproduce society more democratically/equitably.

    1. Even when a company’s ideology is sound, the execution of that ideology through the platform may be flawed.

      One thing I'll add to conversation around my blog post linked here is that the "execution" in the case of the Hypothesis Canvas app was not informed by a bottom line--it's a non-profit with a mission more aligned with the academy than with industry. The issues discussed in the blog linked here came up in conversation with a wide range of practicing teachers in diverse contexts. If we don't acknowledge the complexity of these contexts I think we do a disservice to the teachers we claim to be speaking for.

      In general, I think characterizing edtech as all corporate greed, as is done above, actually simplifies the problem we face in ways that work against the critique itself, even in the case of for-profit companies. I completely agree that the ed-tech industry needs to be viewed skeptically and its most insidious trends resisted. Oversimplifying the problem though runs the risk of oversimplifying the solution. It's more complicated both in the boardroom and the classroom.

    1. This is not Brutus, friend; but, I assure you, A prize no less in worth. Keep this man safe, Give him all kindness; I had rather have Such men my friends than enemies. Go on, And see whether Brutus be alive or dead; And bring us word unto Octavius’ tent How everything is chanced.

      From Act 3 Scene 2, when Antony rallies the crowd and at the end speaks to himself - "Mischief, thou art afoot" to Act 4 Scene 2 when he expresses his contempt towards Lepidus. We see an increasing development in his character, from a loyal supporter who wishes to avenge Caesar, to a leader controlling Rome's armies.

      In this scene instead of killing Lucilius, a supporter of Brutus, he decides to keep "this man safe", implying that he could be an ally later. Lucilius' unequivocal loyalty is evident in his willingness to sacrifice his life for Brutus, so what makes Antony think Lucilius will change sides later? This reveals Antony's belief that eventually soldiers' loyalties will change when it best suits them, and that he himself does not truly understand the concept of nobility. If he did, he would have given Lucilius a right and just death.

      He treats Lucilius as merely "a prize no less in worth", objectifying him to a mere pawn which may benefit him in the future. Perhaps this is an act of kindness since he understands Lucilius' decision to sacrifice himself, but the ulterior motive is most likely Antony's desire to have a loyal soldier on his side.

    1. They are the faction.—O conspiracy, Shamest thou to show thy dangerous brow by night, When evils are most free? O, then, by day Where wilt thou find a cavern dark enough To mask thy monstrous visage? Seek none, conspiracy; Hide it in smiles and affability: For if thou pass, thy native semblance on, Not Erebus itself were dim enough To hide thee from prevention.

      Cassius, Brutus’ brother-in-law, has arrived at the door with several others that are dressed in a way that hide their face. These people are in fact the conspirators who plot a scheme to kill Caesar. In this soliloquy from Brutus, we can see that he does not truly trust these men. He senses that killing Caesar for the greater good of the Roman Republic is not enough to make up for the disgraceful acts. Brutus has a feeling within him that makes him that ultimately makes him think that killing Caesar is bad thing.

      While all the rest of the conspirators fear punishment from this scheme, Brutus is the only one that fears whether killing Caesar is the best option for Rome. It is also ironic as Brutus is the first to say that Caesar must be ended, even though he still fears that this whole scheme of killing Caesar will come at a great cost as there may be more threats to come even after the assassination, and Brutus himself knows that it will impact his personal honour.

  5. May 2017
    1. Andy, I think for your materials and methods you may be going into too much detail. For example, it's not really necessary to describe the method of flaming the loop since it's considered common knowledge among people in this field. Also, just as a general style thing, we try to avoid using "I" in scientific writing.

    2. Kim, Nice job introducing your species and drawing comparisons between B. silvestris and another species. However, I think that comparing your species' to either subtilis or anthracis may be a bit more beneficial because you are using them as a control. Further, I understand that you want to look at the heat resistence in respect to food safety, but I think this can be developed further. Specifically, mention why you chose 80C water bath. Is that the temperature which we cook our food to typically or just an arbitrary temperature? Overall, good introduction.

    1. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES? homies is a stepping stone onto the property ladder. It is designed to build equity and savings to eventually purchase your very own dream home. One to two years with your homie is a good starting point, from here you can look at selling the property, renting it out or opening equity. FOR RENTERS An example for a $800,000 house price $80,000 deposit per homie required (based on 20% deposit, $160,000) $385.75 per week mortgage repayment for each homie (based on 4.79% per annum over 30 years) Compared to $520.00 per week for the average Auckland rental property you could save $134.25 a week, or could put this towards paying off your principal loan faster and gaining more equity. Additionally you will be getting on the property ladder, having the security of owning your own home, taking advantage of any capital gains, and no more rental inspections! FOR THOSE LOOKING TO BUY OUTSIDE AUCKLAND AS AN INVESTMENT With a homie you are no longer priced out of buying in Auckland You can live in your house now, rather than waiting for an investment outside of Auckland to appreciate. You can easily look at properties before buying as opposed to travelling or going off the advice of real estate agents. Once you purchase an investment property you may not be eligible to use your KiwiSaver funds in the future to purchase your own home. Instead you could potentially use your Kiwisaver FOR SINGLE PEOPLE AND THOSE WITHOUT ENOUGH FOR A DEPOSIT Deposit requirements growing faster than your savings or don’t have a significant other to buy with yet? You can use any capital or equity gains to put towards your own home in the future. Team up with a homie to get in the market now. REGISTRATION IS FREE You can submit your details and we will run you through our database at no charge. It will determine if you meet the minimum criteria to purchase a home with a homie, as well as identify potential homies who you could work with. Once these two conditions are met we will send an invitation to attend one of our paid events. You will have a first introduction to potential homies and swap details to get to know them better in your own time. Our partners in the legal, mortgage and insurance fields will also be available if you have any questions. HOMIES HELPS YOU PROTECT YOURSELF BEFORE PURCHASING homies has partnered with established professionals in the mortgage, insurance and legal fields which helps in several ways. Protecting one of your most important assets, your ability to earn. If you or a homie’s ability to earn is affected, cover such as Income Protection and Mortgage Protection can be invaluable in helping you through difficult times. Shared ownership can be a complicated agreement that you will need to seek legal advice on. 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Your homie will be driven like you to ensure your mutual goals are successful. We will introduce you to a number of potential suitors to give you the best chance of aligning with like minded people. You should discuss with your potential homies what your goals and personal preferences are. This will help set the basis for any future legal agreement. homies has legal partners we can refer you to or you can use to set this up. Important things are the exit strategies and duration. You may want a fixed term of two years to continue saving towards your deposit and look for a little boost through capital gains. Others may be Do It Yourself minded and want to make improvements to the property. Some will be keen to convert the property to a rental when they want to move out. Drawing up this legal document is key to protecting your investment into the home. Mortgage Protection and Income Protection insurance among other types of covers are also valuable tools you should look at to protect yourself. Two years is a possible time-frame to aim for. It allows you to use your KiwiSaver Withdrawal, KiwiSaver HomeStart Grant (KiwiSaver eligibility applies) to maximise your deposit, provides modest fixed mortgage rates to budget around, builds a history as a home owner with your bank and gives you a taste of what it is like to own your own home. All our homies have the goal of owning their own home eventually and are driven to make this happen. Living with people who share this same goal means both parties will be committed to the arrangement and to making it a success.

      Delete this and create text that speaks to the visitor:

      • Want to stop paying someone else’s mortgage? • Want to own your first home? • Thinking about getting into property investment? • Think you have the funds? If you answered yes to one of the first three questions, and no to the fourth, then we at homies are here to help you!

    1. Furthermore, instructors who are teaching these skills may be simultaneously concerned with conveying the excitement of research with primary sources, or giving students a memorable or transformative experience while using such sources. Although important goals, these are abstract qualities that resist assessment and are not explicitly covered as part of these guidelines.

      I would suggest some wording here like, "we acknowledge that teaching with primary sources also often includes affective outcomes, such as conveying excitement..." I also could imagine that you might get push back on the phrasing about these qualities resisting assessment--there is literature on assessing engagement or interest, so that phrasing is not precisely true. I'm not sure what to suggest as an alternative, though I think you could say something about it being challenging to assess especially in a limited time frame. Or perhaps just own that those outcomes aren't what you are dealing with here, because those issues aren't unique to primary source literacy...

    1. Yes, he probably had ongoing depression. He had a personality that was perfectionistic and self-reliant, and that made him less likely to seek help from others. He had experienced triggering events at the school that left him feeling debased and humiliated and mad. And he had a complicated friendship with a boy who shared his feelings of rage and alienation, and who was seriously disturbed, controlling and homicidal.

      If we're to apply Burke's rhetorical model to this portion of the artifact, and make use of the five elements of the pentad, then in Sue Klebold's interpretation of the events leading up to her son's death, the scene is one in which her son, Dylan suffered from "ongoing depression... was perfectionistic and self-reliant and... less likely to seek help from other. he experienced triggering events at... school that left him feeling debased and humiliated and mad." We may then think of the scene as driving the purpose behind Dylan's act - at least from the perspective of the rhetor.

    1. the repairman took the opportunity to question some of Nelson’s blithe predictions

      Discussed in letter.

      Since I started in 1960, some type of Xanadu design has always been doable with the technology of any era. That is because "Xanadu" has always referred to a specific data service of documents, versions, links, and transclusions – at whatever speed.

      I demand that Wolf, and the editors and publishers of Wired, restate their charges as a testable bill of particulars – open to the judgment of its readership – regarding my inability to delve, "ignorance of advanced software," lack of technical knowledge, and absurd notions; insofar as they may have been material to the clarity, lucidity, grounding, and validity of my work, ideas, and predictions in the '60s and '70s; specifically identifying any technical errors, deficiencies, exaggerations, lacunas, false assumptions, misinterpretations, misunderstandings, shortcomings, fantasies, hallucinations, and absurd notions as they may be able to exhume, anywhere in my designs, predictions, published articles, or recorded speeches; whether leading me to think the wrong thing, or the right thing by mistake, as is so quaintly averred; so that such defects may be subject to public verification or disproof; so that we can settle clearly whether my ideas were free-floating delirium or sound conjecture; whether my continual pursuit of hypermedia represented a "fantasy" of "ignorance" or a clear deliberate search among possibilities and alternatives to obstruct my media designs; and whether I was right for some wrong reasons or whether I was right, period; so that the degree of damage from these remarkable corkscrew accusations can be properly assessed.

      (In letter to editors)

    1. you can think of the hoax as meeting a demand technology creates

      As long as we are careful not to think that the technology created a demand as a necessary outcome of the technology alone. I may be overly sensitive to things that come across as technological determinisim, but...

      The technology is developed and deployed in a cultural, social and economic landscape and so if the demand for hoaxes arose out the technology, better to say it arose out of the deployment of that technology in that specific landscape.

    1. The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.

      Part of what we now know is that the large-scale manufacture of such "cheap and complex devices of great reliability" is linked to our excessive depletion of natural resources, our pollution and destruction of the global environment -- most especially our large and ever-increasing impact on the atmosphere. Heavily industrialization and consumerism are provoking long-term climate change across the planet. In the second decade of the 21st century, we realize that we are at a tipping point where the negative impacts are likely to exceed, increasingly, the positive effects that Bush evokes. So... how do we proceed from here? That's the important question. [Addendum: Donald J. Trump's undoing of environmental regulation and climate-change-mitigation and monitoring initiatives is, very clearly, a wrong pathway, unless the intent is to hasten the destruction of the stable and sustaining natural environment that allowed humanity to rise to this kind of thriving and global dominance.]

      Are there ways of harnessing tagging, linking and associative tools like Hypothes.is to help pull together the disparate webs of evidence and arguments on climate change that will help us as a species understand the dangers and the risks? Are there ways in which such tools might increase the democratic and ecological effectiveness of knowledge and learning? Do they have the potential to shift cultures and mindsets? Can technology prove helpful here?

    1. And we are ready to lead once more.  (Applause.)

      This version of the speech notes every time there is applause from the audience. Looking at this, and at the video of the speech could help you examine the delivery of the speech. This part of the speech (which begins with "and so") can be seen at 12:08 in the video of the speech. Delivery is one of the five canons of rhetoric and has to do with the way a rhetor says things. This could do with behaviors and other aspects that do not pertain to what exactly is being said. Some questions that may me thought about are things like: Which words are emphasized when the rhetor is speaking? What kind of movements or gestures is the rhetor making, if any? How is everything presented? Barack Obama, for example, uses a lot of hand movements when he speaks. What do you think this does, if anything? Is this good or bad? You could think about this in particular if you watch the speech. In the part I referred to (at 12:08) when Obama says "from the grandest capital to the small village where my father was born," his hand goes up when he says grandest and lowers when he says small village. I think he does this to emphasize what he is saying. Another thing I noticed is when he finishes this part with "And we are ready to lead once more," he stresses the words "we" and "lead." Some other words he emphasizes or stresses are "all," and "each." Why do you think he does that? You can read more information about delivery in its section, as well as look at information about the other canons on the Forest of Rhetoric website. http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Canons/Delivery.htm

    2. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility -- a recognition on the part of every American that we have duties to ourselves, our nation and the world

      It can be said that there is this idea of Americans or everyone being responsible, and having to have to work together in order to accomplish things that is evident throughout the speech. This idea is something that can be looked at using ideological criticism. Ideological criticism is used to examine what some use of rhetoric may suggest about beliefs and/or values. In order to analyze something using ideological criticism you have to figure out the elements that are presented then link those elements to other suggested elements. After this you can create an ideology that you think is being formed and then you examine the purpose of the ideology. Although I skipped to the third step of this process at the beginning of this annotation, one question that can be asked when using ideological criticism is what ideology is being presented in this artifact? In order to come to the ideology that I proposed, you could think about what makes it seem like that is the ideology. For example, Obama uses "we," "our" and us numerous times throughout the speech which emphasizes and presents how everyone is included or how everyone must take action in order to accomplish things, so there is this big sense of togetherness or having to work together which I mentioned in another annotation. This is also supported by the use of the word "America" and "Americans." These words and the way they are used are all linked towards this idea which creates that ideology. Lastly, this ideology is supported with emotion evoking speech as well as other rhetorical elements in order to get people to want change and believe that Obama will be able to bring that but not alone and with the support and effort of everyone because he is telling them (his audience) that they will all be responsible.

    1. superabundance of land and resources gave rise to a conviction that the continent’s resources were inexhaustible

      This idea has been an overarching theme in western society for the last half century but the roots of this problem goes back further than that. Since the industrial revolution, Americans have developed the reputation as the most wasteful people and rightfully so. Berger refers to the early days of frontier settlement in North America where there was flagrant misuse of natural resources. It is easy to think of examples of this but one that stands out above the rest was the extermination of the American Buffalo in the Great Plains. Ranchers and hunters were just killing these animals and leaving the corpses out in the fields. Other examples of this is the different mining practices that were used throughout North America. This includes surface mining which is a very intrusive process that leaves the entire area barren and destroyed. In many areas, "because of [surface] mining, the environment has been very bad, and destroyed the balance of the ecology, the stability of the water level and the water quality around the mine for long term." Fortunately, there has been a much stronger movement through sustainable practices within the new generation. Earth Day was created in 1970 to bring awareness to the environment and conservation efforts. In Vancouver, there is a yearly march and celebration led by high school students to help raise awareness of issues facing our planet like climate change and pollution. One student says "without this Earth, without the stuff it provides for us, and if we don't do something about it, it's going to be too late in the future." "Vancouver youth help raise awareness about climate change." Xinhua News Agency, April 27, 2015. Global Reference on the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources (accessed May 8, 2017).

      Yi, Pan, Liu Yang, Yang Min, WangLinyan, Yang Shuangchun, and Zhang Jinhui. "The environmental impact assessments of oil shale in in-situ mining and surface mining." International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences 7, no. 4 (2012): 403+. Global Reference on the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources (accessed May 8, 2017).

    1. ergodicity

      Rajeev Mahajan, adding Entropy since 1994 Answered Apr 7 Suppose you are concerned with determining what the most visited parks in a city are. One idea is to take a momentary snapshot: to see how many people are this moment in park A, how many are in park B and so on. Another idea is to look at one individual (or few of them) and to follow him for a certain period of time, e.g. a year. Then, you observe how often the individual is going to park A, how often he is going to park B and so on.

      Thus, you obtain two different results: one statistical analysis over the entire ensemble of people at a certain moment in time, and one statistical analysis for one person over a certain period of time. The first one may not be representative for a longer period of time, while the second one may not be representative for all the people.

      Ergodicity is usually described in terms of objective properties of an ensemble of objects.

      The importance of ergodicity becomes manifest when you think about how we all infer various things, how we draw some conclusion about something while having information about something else.

      For example, one goes once to a restaurant and likes the fish and next time he goes to the same restaurant and orders chicken, confident that the chicken will be good. Why is he confident? Or one observes that a newspaper has printed some inaccurate information at one point in time and infers that the newspaper is going to publish inaccurate information in the future. Why are these inferences ok, while others such as "more crimes are committed by black persons than by white persons, therefore each individual black person is not to be trusted" are not ok?

      The answer is that the ensemble of articles published in a newspaper is more or less ergodic, while the ensemble of black people is not at all ergodic.

      Or take an even clearer example: In an election each party gets some percentage of votes, party A gets a%, party B gets b% and so on. However, this does not mean that over the course of their lives each individual votes with party A in a% of elections, with B in b% of elections and so on.

      A similar problem is faced by scientists in general when they are trying to infer some general statement from various particular experiments. When is a generalization correct and when it isn't? The answer concerns ergodicity. If the generalization is done towards an ergodic ensemble, than it has a good chance of being correct.

    1. impacted individual Chinese families

      The fact that Puer tea has impacted both the market and individual families makes this topic one to looked at by anthropologists. Zhang states, "it was obvious that many sought to improve their economic and cultural status by investing in and appreciating Puer tea" and this shows that people valued Puer tea as an advantageous commodity that would improve their individual reputation and lives (162). But back to Puer tea being studied by anthropologists, I thought it was interesting point when Zhang brought up how "taste is influenced by many exterior factors"--like "when the taster's prior standard conforms with the symboloic meaning attached to the food, it tastes good, and vice versa" (162). Following she it is mentioned that food is no longer something we just eat, but is really thought about. I think that is a statement we really consider in today's world as the ethics of food production, eating more local food, etc has been a growing debate.

  6. Apr 2017
    1. If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world. One might as well attempt to grasp the game of poker entirely by the use of the mathematics of probability.

      Interesting to note the boom in poker coincides with a more data-driven approach to general society.

    1. Obscura Day 2017! Join our global celebration of exploration and discovery. May 6 window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId : '206394544492', xfbml : true, version : 'v2.5' }); FB.Event.subscribe('edge.create', function(response) { Cookies.set('fb_subscriber', '1', { expires: 200, path: '/' }); }); FB.Event.subscribe('edge.remove', function(response) { Cookies.set('fb_subscriber', '0', { expires: 200, path: '/' }); }); }; (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); Sign In Join Find Near The Atlas Top Destinations Newly Added Places Most Popular Places Random Place Lists Add a Place Newly Added Places View All Places » Edgartown, Massachussetts Heath Hen Sculpture 41.4133, -70.6035 Northern Mariana Islands Atomic Bomb Loading Pits 15.0709, 145.6412 Aarhus, Denmark Christian Jacobsen Drakenberg's Last Home 56.1547, 10.2096 Monterey, California Fort Ord 36.6266, -121.6914 Top Destinations Countries Australia Canada China France Germany India Italy Japan Cities Amsterdam Barcelona Beijing Berlin Boston Budapest Chicago London Los Angeles Mexico City Montreal Moscow New Orleans New York Paris Philadelphia Rome San Francisco Seattle Stockholm Tokyo Toronto Vienna Washington, D.C. SEE ALL 5604 DESTINATIONS IN THE ATLAS Stories BROWSE STORIES BY Columns Features Interactive News Video Visual Most Recent Stories View All Stories » One of the Earliest Industrial Spies Was a French Missionary Stationed in China 16 hours ago The Largest Centaur in the Solar System Has Rings 17 hours ago Who Is Shaving Virginia's Cats? 18 hours ago College Student Shotguns 13 Beers During Half-Marathon 20 hours ago Events Quick Links All Events Obscura Day 2017 Explore Events Chicago Los Angeles New York Philadelphia San Francisco Seattle Washington, D.C. Upcoming Events View All Events » Apr 29 Los Angeles Uncovering Echo Park Apr 29 Washington, D.C. Touched by Cereal Royalty Apr 30 Brooklyn Uzbek Food Shopping Tour in Brooklyn Apr 30 Reseda Homeward Bound: Pigeon Navigation Trips Quick Links All Trips Where We Travel Berlin Bhutan Bulgaria Cuba Iceland Kazakhstan Morocco The Amazon Ukraine Venice Yucatán Upcoming Trips View All Trips » Unlocking Berlin's Wunderkammer May 25–May 29, 2017 Music and Medinas of Morocco Jun 23–Jun 30, 2017 Hidden Venice with a Psycho-Mambo Twist Jul 10–Jul 16, 2017 Kazakhstan and the 2017 World Expo Sep 02–Sep 10, 2017 Obscura Day 2017 Sign In Join Search Find or Near Search 59.3099, 18.0203 Lost Toys of the Nybohov Funicular, Sweden What's near me? if (!isSmallScreen()) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('Rotational_Top_Slot'); }); } When Squirrels Were One of America’s Most Popular Pets Benjamin Franklin even wrote an ode to a fallen one. by Natalie Zarrelli April 28, 2017 9,392 Email This Article From To Please separate multiple addresses with commas. We won't share addresses with third parties. Subscribe me to the Atlas Obscura Newsletter displayFbCount('http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/pet-squirrel-craze', '.js-facebook-count'); Pete the squirrel, who was a pet of President Harding. Library of Congress/LC-DIG-hec-42488 In 1722, a pet squirrel named Mungo passed away. It was a tragedy: Mungo escaped its confines and met its fate at the teeth of a dog. Benjamin Franklin, friend of the owner, immortalized the squirrel with a tribute. “Few squirrels were better accomplished, for he had a good education, had traveled far, and seen much of the world.” Franklin wrote, adding, “Thou art fallen by the fangs of wanton, cruel Ranger!” Mourning a squirrel’s death wasn’t as uncommon as you might think when Franklin wrote Mungo’s eulogy; in the 18th- and 19th centuries, squirrels were fixtures in American homes, especially for children. While colonial Americans kept many types of wild animals as pets, squirrels “were the most popular,”

      So interesting the change in thinking!!

    1. Facebook soon gave everyone the equivalent of their own blog and their own audience

      I think that this part is very important to note within todays society and why we use all of the technology that we do. He is saying that these forms of media allow us to create our own place for our thoughts, as well as just exactly who we want our audience to be. Whether it's no one, or everyone you see on a daily basis, and whether it may be even the way you frame yourself on these medias, to also things like the aesthetic we create ourselves within on these forms of media. The simple fact that US as users have the utmost amount of control over it makes it a lot more attractive, and is honestly what I believe makes them so appealing to everyone.

    1. underdevelopment was produced as a result of power imbalances

      It's is important to note exactly what "development" and "underdevelopment" mean in today's world. A country is developed only if it has a large industrial sector, stresses education, and utilizes a lot of technology. This terminology does not take into account other ways in which a country may be developed. Spiritual, religious, and social development are just as important as economic development in many ways. So, while the United States may be a leader of what we think of as the developed world, we still have major struggles in terms of social justice issues and religious freedom. We might need to rethink our conceptions of development, and include social and religious issues in our assessment of development.

    1. Wetenschap moet bevrijd

      This call for Open Science is very welcome. It provokes scientists to think why they work the way they work and what holds them from being more open. I applaud trying to do this in a radical way accross your whole research cycle. That in itself may be an experiment and relatively rare. But taken separately each aspect of Open Science is not that rare. Radical full cycle openness may be at 1% but partial open science is probably already at 5-20% (just my guesses). So not mainstream, but certainly not marginal:

      Publish your grant? Try RIO: http://riojournal.com/

      Early sharing of your paper before journal publication? Look at the millions of preprints here: https://osf.io/preprints/

      And that journals allow this has been known for years and can be checked here: http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/index.php

      Publishing your data? Loook at the millions of data sets already shared in the 1000+ data archives here: http://www.re3data.org/

      Sharing your brief ideas for research? Look at JoBI: http://beta.briefideas.org/

      Opening up the notebooks of your experiments? Look here: http://onsnetwork.org or here: http://www.openwetware.org/wiki/Main_Page

      Sharing video's of your experiments? Watch this: https://www.jove.com/ (This one is not open by the way)

      Publish your workflows? Try this: https://www.myexperiment.org/home

      Share your code? Well you know about GitHUb of course: https://github.com/

      Online and open drafting? Many options again, try Overleaf, Scalr of Authorea

      I could go on and on, for more than 600 tools look here in the list we created: http://bit.ly/innoscholcomm-list

      Want to be able to read this as a comment on your NRC blog of 20150415? Install the universal comment layer as browser extension: https://hypothes.is/

      Some of these tools have been around for a decade or longer and most are used by thousands of researchers worldwide. Join the club!

    1. We therefore the representatives of the united States of America in General Congress assebled [appealing to the Judge of the World for the recititude of our intentions] do in the name & by authority of the good people of these states [colonies] reject and renounce all allegiance & subjections to the kings of Great Britain & all others who may hereafter claim by, through or under them: we utterly disolve all political connection which may heretofore have subsisted between us & the people or parliment of Great Britain: and finally we do assert and declare these colonies to be free and independent states, [solemly Publish and Declare that these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are dissolved from allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political Connection between them and the State of Great-Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved;] and that as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract allies, establish commerce, & do all other acts & things which independent states may of right do.

      I have always known about the Declaration of Independence, but through this class I have a new-found appreciation for it. One could easily look at this document and think of how important it was, but through this course I think I understand this document in a depth that most other people could not. I have studied how the Colonies began and how the Colonies and Great Britain began to gradually go apart. Nothing was sudden in this timeline. For the most part, everything slowly changed and all these changes finally lead to this Declaration. What better way to end this course than with the Declaration of Independence?

    1. Come, come, we are friends: let's have a dance erewe are married, that we may lighten our own heartsand our wives' heels.

      This comedy really highlights that idea of marriage being the end goal. After all the drama that Hero and Claudio went through, they still end up being married. I can understand Claudio's side, Hero ended up being innocent of the claims that Claudio made. He however, was guilty of that false accusation. Because of the Patriarchal society, Hero never really presses Claudio for his assumptions. Since marriage is the "goal," the affronts to Hero can be ignored. Two things came to mind this week when I was thinking about this. First, the idea that the ends justify the means. This may have been one of the most rocky journeys to getting married ever. Accusations of cheating, Hero "dying," and then Claudio being told he is marring a cousin. None of that mattered though because the end was marriage. Second, and just for a fun note. I think this song reflects the ideas of this play. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFPGkG1G8T0

      I don't care who you are Where you're from What you did As long as you love me

      Hero never questions Claudio despite his actions as long as he loved her. The reflection of the love being marriage. Because that's the goal, the path to get there is irrelevant.

    1. That Juries ought to be judges of law, as well as fact, should be clearly described; for though in some instances Juries may err, it is generally from tenderness, and on the right side. A man cannot be guilty of a good action, yet if the fact only is to be proved (which is Lord Mansfield’s doctrine) and the Jury not empowered to determine in their own minds, whether the fact proved to be done is a crime or not, a man may hereafter be found guilty of going to church or meeting.

      I think this is a crucially important concept with respect to this time period. Here we see this source speaking of the importance of a jury -- and we can connect this concept with the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776. And what does this author mean by "whether the fact be proved to be done is a crime or not, a man may hereafter be found guilty of going to church or a meeting?" What are the broader implications of this concept of a jury and how it was suppose to operate? Has it changed in today's era?

    1. What we generally see in the news media is that if there is global warming, and it makes sense at first blush, well you’re going to see ice melt and you’re going to see the sea levels rise, so we are going to have all sorts of damage to our coastal areas as a consequence. But while I was here in Antarctica, I met with a number of National Science Foundations that all contended that there was some degree of global warming but they added that if there was a slight or modest global warming that the sea levels would fall not rise. Let me emphasize that: that the sea levels if there is slight or modest global warming will fall not rise.” “First that the principal amount of ice on the planet is here in Antarctica. Roughly 85% more or less of the total amount of ice on the planet. Second that if the temperatures rise a little bit, it is going to carry more moisture which in Antarctica is going to be deposited over huge land mass that is larger than the size of the United States of America, by way of examples some level of ice I think that the mean is around 6000 feet deep, South Pole is more than that and some some places there in Antarctica it’s as much as 3 miles thick and that it takes hundred of years for that ice that is fallen in Antarctica to actually reach the coast line. Which means that if temperatures goes up a little bit because of this effect you are actually looking at more snow and ice being deposited on in Antarctica and water being taken from the oceans more than offsetting whatever melt there may be in Greenland or the Arctic. So what are your thoughts on that theory or argument that they were raising to us in Antarctica?

      This summary is not correct. The data clearly show that even with the amount of global warming that we have already experienced, that the global mean sea level has risen. The amount of snowfall over Antarctica is not enough to balance this effect of the seas rising, which itself is a function of seawater expanding as it heats up as well as the addition of meltwater from mountain glaciers and polar ice sheets (IPCC, AR5).

    1. The central tension between disintegration and integration is not a binary opposition; in the emerging digital ecosystem, they can be deeply interconnected.

      Perhaps the connections are not between "disintegration and integration" so much as they are between "localized and distributed," two ways of approaching meaning-making. I need to think about this some more. Using the word "distributed" may help us understand what we don't understand--i.e., networks of participatory cultures, the power of learner-centered linking and aggregation, etc.

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    1. humans must experience and better understand their profound interdependence with the planet

      When humans do not interact directly with the natural world it is hard to know that we completely depend on it to live. For instance, when we buy food at the supermarket, we may not think about where that food was grown, how long it took to grow, and what kind of soil and weather conditions were required. We may not think about how drought and changes in climate are likely to change the food that is available to us. A direct experience with nature such as caring for some food plants helps us understand how long it takes and how challenging it is to grow what we need to eat.

    1. we may have to think hard about how online speech can be free – including free as in beer (provided without a monetary cost) or as in kittens (requiring ongoing care)

      Again, I have difficulty with the underlying naivete of this article. There isn't anything that is truly free, especially not "free" beer or "free" kittens (or cute animals of any sort) or free news or free media. Somebody pays for it, one way or another. That "free" beer usually comes with a price tag: cover or door charge (minimum menu purchase); that "free" kitten requires food, care, vet bills, etc. I suggest that we start with defining exactly what we mean by "free" online speech and for what purpose(s) we want to support it and how much it will actually cost in terms of funding (hosting servers), managing (controlling/tracking/indexing) the posts (and archives), and to whom the participants are accountable.

    1. If students are living their lives in preparation for life, when will they start living? When do rules and regulations pay off? The answer is never. If students aren’t free to be curious, engaged, and invested in what they’re learning, then they may never be curious, engaged, or invested in their lives. Education is about more than passing a test or being accepted to the “right” school, it’s about self-discovery and personal growth as an individual

      This is something I can get on board with, students should be able to choose what they learn, instead of being spoon fed what others think they should learn. The thing I would like to add though is that students should be able to choose how they learn as well. I find that in my experience homework and the classroom has not benefited me to the slightest. I learn much better while actually doing things, making mistakes and learning from them, I learn best while I teach myself. I find that homework and classes which are both things I do not want to do yet pay my life away for have become obsolete in educating me.

    1. There was a pause, during which Sasha was keenly aware of Coz behind her, waiting. She wanted badly to please him, to say something like It was a turning point; everything feels different now, or I called Lizzie and we made up, finally, or I’ve picked up the harp again, or just, I’m changing, I’m changing, I’m changing. I’ve changed! Redemption, transformation—God, how she wanted these things. Every day, every minute. Didn’t everyone?

      Sasha states how she knows exactly what her therapist Coz wanted her to say, and what she could have said to get out of this awkward conversation, however, she doesn't. I think this paragraph speaks a lot about Sasha's determination to get better and terminate her theft addiction, as her honesty shines through. She knew exactly what to say to make Coz think she was making progress, however, she didn't. The fact that the opportunity was right in front of her but she did not take it shows that Sasha truly cares about fixing her problem. She understands that you have to put in the effort to get what you want and may have to do things you don't want to in order to reach achievement.

    1. She did not think much of the story; it was Martin’s intensity of power, the old excess of strength that seemed to pour from his body and on and over her.  The paradox of it was that it was the story itself that was freighted with his power, that was the channel, for the time being, through which his strength poured out to her.

      This scene is a nod to a previous scene in chapter 1 when a similar thing happens and Ruth is enveloped by the aura of Martin's character. She was drawn in by his strength and scar and even made mention of how his neck radiated vitality and made her want to grab it. This sense of portraying the working class as "bestial" is a recurring theme throughout the novel while the middle class is portrayed as angelic. In the scene in chapter 1, Ruth perhaps wanted to grab his neck in order to gain some of his vitality as she said, or perhaps she could feel the innate danger of the middle class man before him. In this scene we see the strength of Martin's resolve, having tutored himself to this point and having started writing. Ruth is taken aback by the amount of "work" Martin is putting in. His bestial ability to take action and forge ahead is a foil to Ruth's angelic concept of judging from above him. The reason I believe Ruth is most attracted to Martin is that he is the only character in the novel who possesses the will to better himself. Throughout the novel and in real life as well, we get a cast of characters who are content with the class they've been dealt and their position within that class. However, Martin's ability to change himself is uncanny, almost to the point where I believe Ruth may be ultimately jealous. Jealous not only because she does not strive to better herself(as she studies not to make something of herself, but for leisure), but also for the fact that the working class hero may surpass her soon enough.

    1. because that proof is missing Rossi should somehow be given the benefit of the doubt.

      Given the benefit for what purpose? This is not a criminal trial. However, many are interested only in the excess heat question. Because Rossi has shown that he lies, and because he has shown that he somehow induces scientists -- even established skeptics like Essen -- to make face-palm errors, nothing from Rossi or generated in a zone of high Rossi influence, can be trusted. It's "fake news." And the people who cling to fake news are people who already "know" what it appears to confirm.

      If the Rossi Effect is real, Rossi will, I'd think, show someone his secrets, fully. If he cannot find anyone to trust, then the outcome is Natural Consequences. Paranoia strikes deep.

      Rossi's health may be failing, there are signs in the depositions. I understand why people like Rossi. I feel some substantial sympathy for him, in spite of all that he has done (and in spite of his calling me a paid puppet of IH). If he has a real effect, and if he actually cares about those children with cancer, and about the rest of us and our future, I strongly hope he will make that disclosure, and take steps to insure that the transferred technology actually works. He always said, the proof is in the market, and he was right as to an ultimate proof. So if people want to support him, if they believe him or in him, then .... let them raise the funds and make it so. Nothing could stop them.

      But we now see that Rossi had full opportunity to do this with IH, to make $100 million and then half the world market, which would be many, many billions, and he blew it, badly. Conclusions are obvious, though many details may remain obscure.

    1. Mnemotechnical Infrastructure

      What a fabulous project, Jared! I think your concept of mnemotechnic infrastructure (MTI, if I may) is remarkably generative for scrutinizing our current knowledge making tools and practices, as well carefully thinking through why and how we might change them, and what the cost of such changes might be. Personally, I’d love to see this concept taken up in broader scholarly communication discussions, as I think their focus on tools, policies, and practices would benefit profusely from theoretical concepts such as the one you offer here. In turn, I would hope a more theoretically-engaged scholarly communication discourse community would attract more attention and contributions from traditional scholars who (currently) prefer their tools, practices, and knowledge systems to remain invisible while they chase their IDEAS! Not that I blame them, but the MTI that I’m personally rooting for is one developed by as many disciplinary and critical perspectives as possible, and it will take work to convince some folks that their contributions to this discussion matter. IMHO scholars need to understand--or dare I say, feel--the intellectual and social stakes of this work if they are to see it as anything other than service labor imperiling their precious time to produce knowledge.

      So, given that I want your ideas here to circulate as widely as possible, I have a few suggestions for a future iteration of this piece. First, I would define MTI right off the bat, and more immediately describe /why/ this concept is helpful. You may have defined it in one of your other pieces on this site, but given the title of this piece, I as a web reader am hoping for a definition here. I would do the same with your use of the concept “thematize,” which while also a very useful concept for describing the work of scholars, may not necessarily be the way all scholars describe their work, especially those “problematizing” ones :). Can you specify more directly why thematizing is the way in which we should think of the core activity of (textual?) scholarship, and how then this conceptualization is important for better evaluating and developing our MTI? I ask not to push against the possibility, but because I genuinely want to know your answer!

      Another note on the form: in paragraph two, the reader becomes aware that this piece is part of a series of chapters, but it is not immediately clear where to find those chapters (I’m assuming under the MTI nav tab), especially given that this piece is listed as the introduction and the sentence refers to two “previous chapters.” I’d love to see a sidebar or even a simple italicized introductory sentence that quickly outlines the objective and trajectory of the project such as something along the lines of (but better than) “This is part 1 of a series on Mnemotechnical Infrastructure, in which I will describe the importance of MTI and analyze some of its emerging tools and practices.”

      While on one hand these sorts of changes may impede on the stimulating economy of your writing, I think it might also help bring more readers to your really wonderful ideas. Regardless, however, I found this piece very generative, and am looking forward to engaging with more of your ideas here on this site and elsewhere. Thanks for generously offering your ideas to the public! More detailed notes below.

  7. Mar 2017
  8. literaryanalysisscsu.wordpress.com literaryanalysisscsu.wordpress.com
    1. Herman Melville “The Bell-Tower” (1855) In the south of Europe, nigh a once frescoed capital, now with dank mold cankering its bloom, central in a plain, stands what, at distance, seems the black mossed stump of some immeasurable pine, fallen, in forgotten days, with Anak and the Titan. As all along where the pine tree falls, its dissolution leaves a mossy mound — last-flung shadow of the perished trunk; never lengthening, never lessening; unsubject to the fleet falsities of the sun; shade immutable, and true gauge which cometh by prostration — so westward from what seems the stump, one steadfast spear of lichened ruin veins the plain. From that treetop, what birded chimes of silver throats had rung. A stone pine, a metallic aviary in its crown: the Bell-Tower, built by the great mechanician, the unblest foundling, Bannadonna. Like Babel’s, its base was laid in a high hour of renovated earth, following the second deluge, when the waters of the Dark Ages had dried up and once more the green appeared. No wonder that, after so long and deep submersion, the jubilant expectation of the race should, as with Noah’s sons, soar into Shinar aspiration. In firm resolve, no man in Europe at that period went beyond Bannadonna. Enriched through commerce with the Levant, the state in which he lived voted to have the noblest Bell-Tower in Italy. His repute assigned him to be architect. Stone by stone, month by month, the tower rose. Higher, higher, snaillike in pace, but torch or rocket in its pride. After the masons would depart, the builder, standing alone upon its ever-ascending summit at close of every day, saw that he overtopped still higher walls and trees. He would tarry till a late hour there, wrapped in schemes of other and still loftier piles. Those who of saints’ days thronged the spot — hanging to the rude poles of scaffolding like sailors on yards or bees on boughs, unmindful of lime and dust, and falling chips of stone — their homage not the less inspirited him to self-esteem. At length the holiday of the Tower came. To the sound of viols, the climax-stone slowly rose in air, and, amid the firing of ordnance, was laid by Bannadonna’s hands upon the final course. Then mounting it, he stood erect, alone, with folded arms, gazing upon the white summits of blue inland Alps, and whiter crests of bluer Alps offshore — sights invisible from the plain. Invisible, too, from thence was that eye he turned below, when, like the cannon booms, came up to him the people’s combustions of applause. That which stirred them so was seeing with what serenity the builder stood three hundred feet in air, upon an unrailed perch. This none but he durst do. But his periodic standing upon the pile, in each stage of its growth — such discipline had its last result. Little remained now but the bells. These, in all respects, must correspond with their receptacle. The minor ones were prosperously cast. A highly enriched one followed, of a singular make, intended for suspension in a manner before unknown. The purpose of this bell, its rotary motion and connection with the clockwork, also executed at the time, will, in the sequel, receive mention. In the one erection, bell-tower and clock-tower were united, though, before that period, such structures had commonly been built distinct; as the Campanile and Torre del Orologio of St. Mark to this day attest. But it was upon the great state bell that the founder lavished his more daring skill. In vain did some of the less elated magistrates here caution him, saying that though truly the tower was titanic, yet limit should be set to the dependent weight of its swaying masses. But, undeterred, he prepared his mammoth mold, dented with mythological devices; kindled his fires of balsamic firs; melted his tin and copper, and, throwing in much plate contributed by the public spirit of the nobles, let loose the tide. The unleashed metals bayed like hounds. The workmen shrunk. Through their fright, fatal harm to the bell was dreaded. Fearless as Shadrach, Bannadonna, rushing through the glow, smote the chief culprit with his ponderous ladle. From the smitten part, a splinter was dashed into the seething mass, and at once was melted in. Next day a portion of the work was heedfully uncovered. All seemed right. Upon the third morning, with equal satisfaction, it was bared still lower. At length, like some old Theban king, the whole cooled casting was disinterred. All was fair except in one strange spot. But as he suffered no one to attend him in these inspections, he concealed the blemish by some preparation which none knew better to devise. The casting of such a mass was deemed no small triumph for the caster; one, too, in which the state might not scorn to share. The homicide was overlooked. By the charitable that deed was but imputed to sudden transports of esthetic passion, not to any flagitious quality. A kick from an Arabian charger; not sign of vice, but blood. His felony remitted by the judge, absolution given him by the priest, what more could even a sickly conscience have desired. Honoring the tower and its builder with another holiday, the republic witnessed the hoisting of the bells and clockwork amid shows and pomps superior to the former. Some months of more than usual solitude on Bannadonna’s part ensued. It was not unknown that he was engaged upon something for the belfry, intended to complete it and surpass all that had gone before. Most people imagined that the design would involve a casting like the bells. But those who thought they had some further insight would shake their heads, with hints that not for nothing did the mechanician keep so secret. Meantime, his seclusion failed not to invest his work with more or less of that sort of mystery pertaining to the forbidden. Erelong he had a heavy object hoisted to the belfry, wrapped in a dark sack or cloak — a procedure sometimes had in the case of an elaborate piece of sculpture, or statue, which, being intended to grace the front of a new edifice, the architect does not desire exposed to critical eyes till set up, finished, in its appointed place. Such was the impression now. But, as the object rose, a statuary present observed, or thought he did, that it was not entirely rigid, but was, in a manner, pliant. At last, when the hidden thing had attained its final height, and, obscurely seen from below, seemed almost of itself to step into the belfry, as if with little assistance from the crane, a shrewd old blacksmith present ventured the suspicion that it was but a living man. This surmise was thought a foolish one, while the general interest failed not to augment. Not without demur from Bannadonna, the chief magistrate of the town, with an associate — both elderly men — followed what seemed the image up the tower. But, arrived at the belfry, they had little recompense. Plausibly entrenching himself behind the conceded mysteries of his art, the mechanician withheld present explanation. The magistrates glanced toward the cloaked object, which, to their surprise, seemed now to have changed its attitude, or else had before been more perplexingly concealed by the violent muffling action of the wind without. It seemed now seated upon some sort of frame, or chair, contained within the domino. They observed that nigh the top, in a sort of square, the web of the cloth, either from accident or design, had its warp partly withdrawn, and the cross threads plucked out here and there, so as to form a sort of woven grating. Whether it were the low wind or no, stealing through the stone latticework, or only their own perturbed imaginations, is uncertain, but they thought they discerned a slight sort of fitful, springlike motion in the domino. Nothing, however incidental or insignificant, escaped their uneasy eyes. Among other things, they pried out, in a corner, an earthen cup, partly corroded and partly encrusted, and one whispered to the other that this cup was just such a one as might, in mockery, be offered to the lips of some brazen statue, or, perhaps, still worse. But, being questioned, the mechanician said that the cup was simply used in his founder’s business, and described the purpose — in short, a cup to test the condition of metals in fusion. He added that it had got into the belfry by the merest chance. Again and again they gazed at the domino, as at some suspicious incognito at a Venetian mask. All sorts of vague apprehensions stirred them. They even dreaded lest, when they should descend, the mechanician, though without a flesh-and-blood companion, for all that, would not be left alone. Affecting some merriment at their disquietude, he begged to relieve them, by extending a coarse sheet of workman’s canvas between them and the object. Meantime he sought to interest them in his other work, nor, now that the domino was out of sight, did they long remain insensible to the artistic wonders lying round them — wonders hitherto beheld but in their unfinished state, because, since hoisting the bells, none but the caster had entered within the belfry. It was one trait of his, that, even in details, he would not let another do what he could, without too great loss of time, accomplish for himself. So, for several preceding weeks, whatever hours were unemployed in his secret design had been devoted to elaborating the figures on the bells. The clock bell, in particular, now drew attention. Under a patient chisel, the latent beauty of its enrichments, before obscured by the cloudings incident to casting, that beauty in its shyest grace, was now revealed. Round and round the bell, twelve figures of gay girls, garlanded, hand-in-hand, danced in a choral ring the embodied hours. “Bannadonna,” said the chief, “this bell excels all else. No added touch could here improve. Hark!” hearing a sound, “was that the wind?” “The wind, Excellenza,” was the light response. “But the figures, they are not yet without their faults. They need some touches yet. When those are given, and the — block yonder,” pointing towards the canvas screen, “when Haman there, as I merrily call him — him? it, I mean — when Haman is fixed on this, his lofty tree, then, gentlemen, will I be most happy to receive you here again.” The equivocal reference to the object caused some return of restlessness. However, on their part, the visitors forbore further allusion to it, unwilling, perhaps, to let the foundling see how easily it lay within his plebeian art to stir the placid dignity of nobles. “Well, Bannadonna,” said the chief, “how long ere you are ready to set the clock going, so that the hour shall be sounded? Our interest in you, not less than in the work itself, makes us anxious to be assured of your success. The people, too — why, they are shouting now. say the exact hour when you will be ready.” “Tomorrow, Excellenza, if you listen for it — or should you not, all the same — strange music will be heard. The stroke of one shall be the first from yonder bell,” pointing to the bell adorned with girls and garlands, “that stroke shall fall there, where the hand of Una clasps Dua’s. The stroke of one shall sever that loved clasp. Tomorrow, then, at one o’clock, as struck here, precisely here,” advancing and placing his finger upon the clasp, “the poor mechanic will be most happy once more to give you liege audience, in this his littered shop. Farewell till then, illustrious magnificoes, and hark ye for your vassal’s stroke.” His still, Vulcanic face hiding its burning brightness like a forge, he moved with ostentatious deference towards the scuttle, as if so far to escort their exit. But the junior magistrate, a kind-hearted man, troubled at what seemed to him a certain sardonical disdain lurking beneath the foundling’s humble mien, and in Christian sympathy more distressed at it on his account than on his own, dimly surmising what might be the final fate of such a cynic solitaire, nor perhaps uninfluenced by the general strangeness of surrounding things, this good magistrate had glanced sadly, sideways from the speaker, and thereupon his foreboding eye had started at the expression of the unchanging face of the Hour Una. “How is this, Bannadonna,” he lowly asked, “Una looks unlike her sisters.” “In Christ’s name, Bannadonna,” impulsively broke in the chief, his attention for the first attracted to the figure by his associate’s remark. “Una’s face looks just like that of Deborah, the prophetess, as painted by the Florentine, Del Fonca.” “Surely, Bannadonna,” lowly resumed the milder magistrate, “you meant the twelve should wear the same jocundly abandoned air. But see, the smile of Una seems but a fatal one. ‘Tis different.” While his mild associate was speaking, the chief glanced inquiringly from him to the caster, as if anxious to mark how the discrepancy would be accounted for. As the chief stood, his advanced foot was on the scuttle’s curb. Bannadonna spoke: “Excellenza, now that, following your keener eye, I glance upon the face of Una, I do, indeed perceive some little variance. But look all round the bell, and you will find no two faces entirely correspond. Because there is a law in art — but the cold wind is rising more; these lattices are but a poor defense. Suffer me, magnificoes, to conduct you at least partly on your way. Those in whose well-being there is a public stake, should be heedfully attended.” “Touching the look of Una, you were saying, Bannadonna, that there was a certain law in art,” observed the chief, as the three now descended the stone shaft, “pray, tell me, then –” “Pardon; another time, Excellenza — the tower is damp.” “Nay, I must rest, and hear it now. Here, — here is a wide landing, and through this leeward slit, no wind, but ample light. Tell us of your law, and at large.” “Since, Excellenza, you insist, know that there is a law in art which bars the possibility of duplicates. Some years ago, you may remember, I graved a small seal for your republic, bearing, for its chief device, the head of your own ancestor, its illustrious founder. It becoming necessary, for the customs’ use, to have innumerable impressions for bales and boxes, I graved an entire plate, containing one hundred of the seals. Now, though, indeed, my object was to have those hundred heads identical, and though, I dare say, people think them so, yet, upon closely scanning an uncut impression from the plate, no two of those five-score faces, side by side, will be found alike. Gravity is the air of all, but diversified in all. In some, benevolent; in some, ambiguous; in two or three, to a close scrutiny, all but incipiently malign, the variation of less than a hair’s breadth in the linear shadings round the mouth sufficing to all this. Now, Excellenza, transmute that general gravity into joyousness, and subject it to twelve of those variations I have described, and tell me, will you not have my hours here, and Una one of them? But I like –” “Hark! is that — a footfall above?” “Mortar, Excellenza; sometimes it drops to the belfry floor from the arch where the stonework was left undressed. I must have it seen to. As I was about to say: for one, I like this law forbidding duplicates. It evokes fine personalities. Yes, Excellenza, that strange, and — to you — uncertain smile, and those forelooking eyes of Una, suit Bannadonna very well.” “Hark! — sure we left no soul above?” “No soul, Excellenza, rest assured, no soul. — Again the mortar.” “It fell not while we were there.” “Ah, in your presence, it better knew its place, Excellenza,” blandly bowed Bannadonna. “But Una,” said the milder magistrate, “she seemed intently gazing on you; one would have almost sworn that she picked you out from among us three.” “If she did, possibly it might have been her finer apprehension, Excellenza.” “How, Bannadonna? I do not understand you.” “No consequence, no consequence, Excellenza — but the shifted wind is blowing through the slit. Suffer me to escort you on, and then, pardon, but the toiler must to his tools.” “It may be foolish, signor,” and the milder magistrate, as, from the third landing, the two now went down unescorted, “but, somehow, our great mechanician moves me strangely. Why, just now, when he so superciliously replied, his walk seemed Sisera’s, God’s vain foe, in Del Fonca’s painting. And that young, sculptured Deborah, too. Aye, and that –” “Tush, tush, signor!” returned the chief. “A passing whim. Deborah? — Where’s Jael, pray?” “Ah,” said the other, as they now stepped upon the sod, “ah, signor, I see you leave your fears behind you with the chill and gloom; but mine, even in this sunny air, remain. Hark!” It was a sound from just within the tower door, whence they had emerged. Turning, they saw it closed. “He has slipped down and barred us out,” smiled the chief; “but it is his custom.” Proclamation was now made that the next day, at one hour after meridian, the clock would strike, and — thanks to the mechanician’s powerful art — with unusual accompaniments. But what those should be, none as yet could say. The announcement was received with cheers. By the looser sort, who encamped about the tower all night, lights were seen gleaming through the topmost blindwork, only disappearing with the morning sun. Strange sounds, too, were heard, or were thought to be, by those whom anxious watching might not have left mentally undisturbed — sounds, not only of some ringing implement, but also, so they said, half-suppressed screams and plainings, such as might have issued from some ghostly engine overplied. Slowly the day drew on, part of the concourse chasing the weary time with songs and games, till, at last, the great blurred sun rolled, like a football, against the plain. At noon, the nobility and principal citizens came from the town in cavalcade, a guard of soldiers, also, with music, the more to honor the occasion. Only one hour more. Impatience grew. Watches were held in hands of feverish men, who stood, now scrutinizing their small dial-plates, and then, with neck thrown back, gazing toward the belfry as if the eve might foretell that which could only be made sensible to the ear, for, as yet, there was no dial to the tower clock. The hour hands of a thousand watches now verged within a hair’s breadth of the figure 1. A silence, as of the expectations of some Shiloh, pervaded the swarming plain. Suddenly a dull, mangled sound, naught ringing in it, scarcely audible, indeed, to the outer circles of the people — that dull sound dropped heavily from the belfry. At the same moment, each man stared at his neighbor blankly. All watches were upheld. All hour hands were at — had passed — the figure 1. No bell stroke from the tower. The multitude became tumultuous. Waiting a few moments, the chief magistrate, commanding silence, hailed the belfry to know what thing unforeseen had happened there. No response. He hailed again and yet again. All continued hushed. By his order, the soldiers burst in the tower door, when, stationing guards to defend it from the now surging mob, the chief, accompanied by his former associate, climbed the winding stairs. Halfway up, they stopped to listen. No sound. Mounting faster, they reached the belfry, but, at the threshold, started at the spectacle disclosed. A spaniel, which, unbeknown to them, had followed them thus far, stood shivering as before some unknown monster in a brake, or, rather, as if it snuffed footsteps leading to some other world. Bannadonna lay, prostrate and bleeding, at the base of the bell which was adorned with girls and garlands. He lay at the feet of the hour Una, his head coinciding, in a vertical line, with her left hand, clasped by the hour Dua. With downcast face impending over him, like Jael over nailed Sisera in the tent, was the domino; now no more becloaked. It had limbs, and seemed clad in a scaly mail, lustrous as a dragon-beetle’s. It was manacled, and its clubbed arms were uplifted, as if, with its manacles, once more to smite its already smitten victim. One advanced foot of it was inserted beneath the dead body, as if in the act of spurning it. Uncertainty falls on what now followed. It were but natural to suppose that the magistrates would, at first, shrink from immediate personal contact with what they saw. At the least, for a time, they would stand in involuntary doubt, it may be, in more or less horrified alarm. Certain it is that an arquebuss was called for from below. And some add that its report, followed by a fierce whiz, as of the sudden snapping of a mainspring, with a steely din, as if a stack of sword blades should be dashed upon a pavement; these blended sounds came ringing to the plain, attracting every eye far upward to the belfry, whence, through the latticework, thin wreaths of smoke were curling. Some averred that it was the spaniel, gone mad by fear, which was shot. This, others denied. True it was, the spaniel never more was seen; and, probably for some unknown reason, it shared the burial now to be related of the domino. For, whatever the preceding circumstances may have been, the first instinctive panic over, or else all ground of reasonable fear removed, the two magistrates, by themselves, quickly re-hooded the figure in the dropped cloak wherein it had been hoisted. The same night, it was secretly lowered to the ground, smuggled to the beach, pulled far out to sea, and sunk. Nor to any after urgency, even in free convivial hours, would the twain ever disclose the full secrets of the belfry. From the mystery unavoidably investing it, the popular solution of the foundling’s fate involved more or less of supernatural agency. But some few less unscientific minds pretended to find little difficulty in otherwise accounting for it. In the chain of circumstantial inferences drawn, there may or may not have been some absent or defective links. But, as the explanation in question is the only one which tradition has explicitly preserved, in dearth of better, it will here be given. But, in the first place, it is requisite to present the supposition entertained as to the entire motive and mode, with their origin, of the secret design of Bannadonna, the minds above-mentioned assuming to penetrate as well into his soul as into the event. The disclosure will indirectly involve reference to peculiar matters, none of the clearest, beyond the immediate subject. At that period, no large bell was made to sound otherwise than as at present, by agitation of a tongue within by means of ropes, or percussion from without, either from cumbrous machinery, or stalwart watchmen, armed with heavy hammers, stationed in the belfry or in sentry boxes on the open roof, according as the bell was sheltered or exposed. It was from observing these exposed bells, with their watchmen, that the foundling, as was opined, derived the first suggestion of his scheme. Perched on a great mast or spire, the human figure, viewed from below, undergoes such a reduction in its apparent size as to obliterate its intelligent features. It evinces no personality. Instead of bespeaking volition, its gestures rather resemble the automatic ones of the arms of a telegraph. Musing, therefore, upon the purely Punchinello aspect of the human figure thus beheld, it had indirectly occurred to Bannadonna to devise some metallic agent which should strike the hour with its mechanic hand, with even greater precision than the vital one. And, moreover, as the vital watchman on the roof, sallying from his retreat at the given periods, walked to the bell with uplifted mace to smite it, Bannadonna had resolved that his invention should likewise possess the power of locomotion, and, along with that, the appearance, at least, of intelligence and will.

      His invention will be his downfall!

    1. However, I think Black’s negativeclaim is mistaken: a literal paraphrase need not ignore thesestructural relations. Our language may not contain manycommon, convenient devices for making them explicit, but itis well within our capabilities to represent them. I did justthat with Romeo’s metaphor, albeit in rather laborious terms,in order to motivate the intuition that therewassuch a struc-ture. We can also, more perspicuously, supplement our lan-guage with formal representational systems such as numericalweightings or maps, as I’ve done in Figure 1.

      Passage 4

    1. interdisciplinary studies is proven to broaden our intellectual horizons, therefore we must fund this type of education!

      I think funding as well as more awareness is key for the future of IDS. I had never heard of IDS until I left the nursing program last May. I had no idea this wonderful world existed and that makes me sad! This is such a wonderful program and more people need to know about what it has to offer!

  9. spinmelikearecord.wordpress.com spinmelikearecord.wordpress.com
    1. Secondly, being able to think abstractly, is very significant to me. It is so important to have different ideas that may even seem impossible

      This so true for me too. Sometimes we get lost in thinking inside the box, sticking to a strict discipline schedule of learning; we lose the ability to be creative and think outside of the box. Thinking abstractly is as important as thinking critically. The two go hand in hand.

    1. But, to speak practically and as a citizen, unlike those who call themselves no-government men, I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government. Let every man make known what kind of government would command his respect, and that will be one step toward obtaining it.

      I think that overall Thoreau makes a valid point. there have been may cases where the government hasn't let the public know what they are doing to "keep us safe"; and they never really ask the public what we need. I think that if the government did this it would be for the better in my opinion.

    2. I know that most men think differently from myself; but those whose lives are by profession devoted to the study of these or kindred subjects content me as little as any.

      I could be wrong, as I am slightly confused by this. However it almost gives this feel as if he is talking down onto others. He is suggesting that others have different views and that is okay, however he then goes on to imply that his are correct, simply becuase of his profession. This is incrediably ignorant, and while I totally understand his point, he may be failing to realize that he lives in a democratic republic, and if everyone just stops paying their highway tax, the funding for the military will stop. While that might make this man feel good in the moment, as one war stops, what happens next is well above this mans research. He has no evidence or reports suggesting that if we did not have a strong, vibrant military, that the masses of America would be safe and protected. There is however evidence everyday, that American's do not see, inteligence reports, and military attacks, happening everyday, that is funded by tax payers and more importantly, real attacks on American soil are stopped this way.

    1. Zadie Smith, “MEET THE PRESIDENT!” New Yorker, Aug. 12 & 19, 2003.

      The .PDF on blackboard includes a cover picture for "Meet The President". We can learn a great deal about how the local and the elites are portrayed in this story form the cover.

      First, you may notice the girl in the back. This is Aggie. In the story there is a scene where Aggie and Bill are walking to her sisters 'laying out'. Aggie is dressed in this Puritan, 1600's, style attire. Not very high end; her people, the locals, obviously do not have a lot of money. But I think the most important thing to notice is, she is human.

      Bill on the other hand is shown as an abstract/intangible person. No physical features other than his outline. He's walking on water. He's not being portrayed as human, or maybe not as human as Aggie.

    1. The eye of the reformer is met with angry flashes, portending disastrous times; but his heart may well beat lighter at the thought that America is young, and that she is still in the impressible stage of her existence.

      Douglass writes this line as a sign of hope. The people who hope for change may be angry with the current state they are in and give warnings to many through their acts and even writings like Douglass' but many think that all is lost since there is no change. Douglass says that you all have hope, there is a small fire within you knowing that America has a long way to go, and can still pick up new ideas with time. Nothing is set in stone yet, we can make a brighter future such as abolishing slavery.

    1. What are the risks in assuming that we start from a place of shared values and goals?

      Having worked myself in all the roles Joshua talks about here, I'll start out by agreeing with his main point: a lot of people in forprofit edtech are great folks and are personally motivated by many of the same things as educators. Yet I hope this isn't really the issue: I think humans share a lot of values regardless of who they work for. I locate the primary friction between EDU and forprofit edtech at a structural level: education as a public good and forprofit companies motivated primarily by revenue are not naturally aligned, regardless of how well-aligned people on all sides may be. What we need most is not to put more trust and faith in people working in forprofit edtech (we should have some already), but to work for models to develop and provide edtech that are fully aligned with the public good interests of education.

    1. All voting is a sort of gaming, like checkers or backgammon, with a slight moral tinge to it, a playing with right and wrong, with moral questions; and betting naturally accompanies it. The character of the voters is not staked. I cast my vote, perchance, as I think right; but I am not vitally concerned that that right should prevail. I am willing to leave it to the majority. Its obligation, therefore, never exceeds that of expediency. Even voting for the right is doing nothing for it. It is only expressing to men feebly your desire that it should prevail. A wise man will not leave the right to the mercy of chance, nor wish it to prevail through the power of the majority.

      Here, Thoreau discusses change through the power of voting. Only he questions whether voting is really making a difference. Voting is gambling and you think you are supporting the correct decision but will is succeed? The decision may be moral and just, but will it win against the majority? We should not waste time and allow the government to power more waiting for others to realize what is right. If we want to make a difference, we are going to have to do more which links to his protests.

    1. The administration is proposing cutting the EPA's budget by 31 percent, from $8.3 billion in fiscal year 2017 to $5.7 billion in fiscal year 2018. That's the largest cut among all Cabinet departments and major agencies.
      1. The EPA is having a huge cut by 31%. I dont think the Trump admin. realizes how important the EPA actually is and they are preparing for some huge domestic invasion with all of this military spending that may not even happen.
      2. The biggest increase is overall all kinds of military spending. This includes: Dep. of Homeland Security, Dep. of Veteran Affairs, and National Nuclear Security Admin. Trumps administration wants a large increase in defense spending even if that means huge cuts in other programs.
      3. My reaction is that it is very ridiculous and we do not need to spend this much on defense spending and Trump needs to realize that with his major increase, he is cutting very important social programs such as education spending and help for minorities. I feel like since the government is mostly Republican run, this budget plan will pass.
    1. But scientific research indicates the world was last this warm about 115,000 years ago and that the planet has not experienced such high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for 4m years.

      Actually some of the more recent estimates have suggested that we may have crossed over the 400 ppm threshold briefly as recently as 2.4 Million years age.. And again at 2.9 Mya. (see Martinez-Boti et al., Nature, 2015: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v518/n7537/fig_tab/nature14145_ft.html). I think climate scientists typically think of the Pliocene as being the last time period where CO2 may have been more or less permanently above the 400 ppm threshold though, so perhaps this is what they are referring to here. It might be advisable to tidy up the terminology a little here nonetheless.

    1. 透過何政策履歷形成科技政策或文化政策,然後最後補助什麼東西跟產出什麼東西,必須是連結起來。

      The government has failed so miserably in the so-called technology policy over the past two decades (at least) I simply don't understand why it's still doing the same thing. Therefore, the (only?) hope may lie in using open government to facilate accountability.

      Having said that, I think "digital government" has a bigger role to play. It's more than "open government," and it has potentially transformative power. Look at the UK. If we fully tap into expertise from the human-centered design & service design communities and Taiwan's existing tech industries, I believe Taiwan can do even better. Consequently, the government will lead the private sector in innovation. As of now, it's more of an impediment.

    1. Although regulation through architecture is just as powerful as law, it is less identifiable and less visible to courts, legislators, and potential plaintiffs.77 While this observation suggests that decision makers should be even more diligent in analyzing the impact of architecture, research demonstrates that they often fail to take it seriously.78 To be clear, officials may understand that an architectural decision could have an exclusionary effect—they might even intend that result—but they generally do not see their decisions as a form of regulation that should be analyzed and patrolled in the same way that a law with the same effect would be. Exclusion through architecture should be subject to scrutiny that is equal to that afforded to other methods of exclusion by law.79

      I think we should not have exclusion in architecture towards minorities, it is unethical and not right, because with public transit unable to reach ends of the city, specifically our city of Atlanta, job opportunities become unreachable for those people, not everyone can afford buying a car.

    2. We often experience our physical environment without giving its features much thought. For example, one might think it a simple aesthetic design decision to create a park bench that is divided into three individual seats with armrests separating those seats. Yet the bench may have been created this way to prevent people—often homeless people—from lying down and taking naps.27 Similarly, upon seeing a bridge, or a one-way street, or a street sign, many people tend to think that these are just features of a place—innocuous and normal.

      Here we can see that, some people my think that Architecture of modern city, such as benches in particular, made to not give homeless people ability to sleep on them, by adding hands on them, but I personally think that it could also means, having your own seat, just like classrooms, be individual.

    3. We often experience our physical environment without giving its features much thought. For example, one might think it a simple aesthetic design decision to create a park bench that is divided into three individual seats with armrests separating those seats. Yet the bench may have been created this way to prevent people—often homeless people—from lying down and taking naps.

      This introductory paragraph really caused me to think back to my childhood parks and benches. It never once occurred to me why benches were so small or why they were uncomfortable or how no more than two people typically could sit on a bench at a time. Even when I did think longer onto it I believed it had to be for artistic value or because of budgetary cuts, and for all fairness it very well could have been, but now I began to look at the community as a whole I like many others avoid homeless people and try to keep it out of mind but now the issue has become more prominent to me because of this opening paragraph and opening my mind.

    1. Despite the potential benefits, how-ever, music educators may be hesitant to use social media for class purposes, given concerns regarding privacy, inappropriate usage, cyberbullying, and inappropriate student-teacher communications.

      This raises a lot of questions and concern for me. We are moving at such a fast pace with technology and being more connected to a cyber reality and less connected to human connection and interactions. When it comes to cyber bullying it is very scary to think about. When you think of bullying without technology it is hearbreaking to see a kid being picked on in the classroom. Cyberbullying can be even more dangerous becuase we don't actuallly see it happening or it's process. This created issues with students shutting down from their peers, feeling isolated. long term effects and in extreme cases thoughts or atrempts of suicide. In some ways this is out of educators control. How doe we monitor this kind of behaviour. Perhaps one way is bringing it up as a topic in the classroom. And allowing a space to discuss for the students. Here is a link to some statisitc on Cyber Bullying, which also rwfers to as Internet bullying. http://www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/cyber-bullying-statistics.html

    1. He motions over his shoulder with his thumb.

      Hey Chris,

      Loved this story. I think you have done an excellent job at building characterization between the two brothers. It's tricky to capture familial peculiarities, but I think it's well handled here. Couple of suggestions:

      1) I've marked several areas in the text where the narrator uses words that feel a bit thesaurus-y given his age. Given the beer drinking/insult-piling nature of the protag, it just seems out of context.

      2) Although nothing drastic needs to happen (I'm glad they survive the day), I would suggest adding more conflict into the beginning of the piece. To hook a reader, knowing two brothers are gearing up to drive with some beer may spell some conflict, but any additional level might help; a time limit with the car, somewhere they have to stop off, the hint that trespassing carries big penalties in this town...anything. Conflict drives the engine, and as is, we have one moment where it looks like Mike may have injured himself.

      All in all, a very smooth read. Authentic language, perfect snapshot of siblings at a particular stage and phase. Good job with this one.

    1. Neuroscientists endeavor to understand how the brain develops and controls our perception of the world and our interactions with it. Animal models enable investigations of the genetic, molecular, cellular, circuit-level and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these processes. Noninvasive technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) complement these approaches by assessing human brain structure and neural responses to complex behaviors. In this issue, Nature Neuroscience presents a series of commissioned pieces that discuss recent progress in several noninvasive techniques and put forth conceptual frameworks under which we can examine neuroimaging data to deepen our understanding of these rich data sets. These advances may help connect findings from various species and achieve a more complete picture of the brain's structure and function.

      Main idea: Through the use of new technology of modern society, neuroscientists are able to learn more about the brain than they ever could before. What I think: Because of computer coding in MRI and other technologies, neuroscientists can now learn more about the brain than even before.

    1. Providing a malicious onLogin callback, for example popup a window into which the user may type their username and password

      This is something I do think we should have a plan for. I have a couple of suggestions:

      1. If we teach the Chrome extension to ignore settings from the host page, that should avoid this problem for the extension.
      2. For the embed, given that we allow publishers to customize the sidebar app UI in several ways, I think the app should verify that the publisher is trusted. How can this be done? If the publisher signed a grant token then the access token exchange already provides us with this proof. If the user is not logged in then we don't have any such proof. I did suggest that the publisher could create a grant token by signing a JWT where the userid was null as one approach.
    1. Seeing a bat flying at night, who among us truly thinks, “There is a creature that eats 8,000 mosquitoes a night, and without it we’d all have died of malaria by now.” It may be safe to say that the opposite is true, that we see a bat and think illness and death, all words akin to the vampire because it has always been blamed as the carrier for such horrors.

      True, bats are actually quite helpful. It's a shame we often portray them in such a negative light.

    1. I like what I look at, but what I look at and like I can’t locate–”   (So great is the confusion in which this lover wanders, lost!)   “My pain is even greater, for no ocean lies between us, nor some highway without end, nor mountain range to cross, nor gates to scale: only this shallow pool! He would be held, for every time I lean down to the surface and offer him my willing mouth to kiss, he, on his back, lifts up his lips toward mine– you’d think he could be touched! So very small a thing it is that keeps us from our loving! Come out and show yourself! Why do you mock me, singular boy? Where do you take yourself? Surely I’m young and sufficiently attractive to stay your flight! Why, even nymphs have loved me! I’ve no idea what hopes you mean to raise with that come-hither look of yours, but when I’ve reached down toward you, you’ve reached up again, and when I laughed, why, you laughed too, and often I have seen tears on your cheeks when I wept; you second all my motions, and the movement of your bow-shaped lips suggests that you respond with words to mine–although I never hear them!   But now I get it! I am that other one! I’ve finally seen through my own image! I burn with love for–me! The spark I kindle is the torch I carry: whatever can I do? Am I the favor-seeker, or the favor sought? Why seek at all, when all that I desire is mine already? Riches in such abundance that I’ve been left completely without means! Oh, would that I were able to secede from my own body, depart from what I love! (Now that‘s an odd request from any lover.) My grief is draining me, my end is near; soon I will be extinguished in my prime. This death is no grave matter, for it brings an end to sorrow. Of course, I would have been delighted if my beloved could have lived on, but now in death we two will merge as one.”   Maddened by grief, he spoke and then turned back to his image in the water, which his tears had troubled; when he saw it darkly wavering, he cried out, “Stay! Where are you going? O cruel, to desert your lover! Touch may be forbidden, but looking isn’t: then let me look at you and feed my wretched frenzy on your image.”   And while he mourned, he lifted up his tunic and with hard palms, he beat on his bare breasts until his skin took on a rosy color, as parti-colored apples blanch and blush, or clustered grapes, that sometimes will assume a tinge of purple in their unripened state; the water clears; he sees what he has done and can bear no more; just as the golden wax melts when it’s warmed, or as the morning’s frost retreats before the early sun’s scant heat, so he dissolves, wasted by his passion slowly consumed by fires deep within. Now is no more the blushing white complexion, the manly strength and all that pleased the eye, the figure that was once quite dear to Echo. And seeing this, she mourned although still mindful of her angry pain; as often as the wretched boy cried, “Alas!” she answered with “Alas!” And when he struck his torso with his fists, Echo responded with the same tattoo. His last words were directed to the pool: “Alas, dear boy, whom I have vainly cherished!” Those words returned to him again, and when he cried “Farewell!” “Farewell!” cried Echo back. His weary head sank to the grass; death closed those eyes transfixed once by their master’s beauty, but on the ferry ride across the Styx, his gaze into its current did not waver. The water nymphs, his sisters, cut their locks in mourning for him, and the wood nymphs, too, and Echo echoed all their lamentations; but after they’d arranged his funeral, gotten the logs, the bier, the brandished torches, the boy’s remains were nowhere to be found; instead, a flower, whose white petals fit closely around a saffron-colored center.       Categories Antigone creation myths greece instructor's note maya civilization mesopotamia online work week 2 Online Work Week 3 online work week 5 online work week 6 Plato and Socrates recipe week 1 thousand and one nights Uncategorized Recent Posts Work for Thursday – Thousand and One Nights SOPHOCLES, ANTIGONE Questions 1,3 and 4 Readings for Tuesday’s Class Antigone – Answered Questions Recent Commentsj.wu32 on Readings for Tuesday’s Classj.green on Please sign up for Greek Theatre Topic!j.picotte on Please sign up for Greek Theatre Topic!k.butler on Please sign up for Greek Theatre Topic!AGeertsma on Work for next TuesdayTags845to718 accountingmajor adaptable affectionate analysis Antigone anxious Baptism Beginning Creon dreamer Ea english Enuma Elish food Gaia Gods greece Greece Dark Ages hardworker Hesiod immigrant intro Jamaican Jewish King's Role korean lazy Marduk Mayan Muses Persuasion Polytheistic Popol Vuh recipe Religion rhetoric sassy server Socrates tenneessee Theogony Tiamat welcome Zeus

      He cant touch and feel the reflection he sees and is getting frustrated. Not the smartest person out there.

    1. Eating with friends and family and not having everyone glued to their smart devices." Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock"...checking up on the latest post that their friend made on Facebook when they're sitting exactly four feet away." - adamrocks84 var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Eating with friends and family and not having everyone glued to their smart devices.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#eating-with-friends-and-family-and-not-having-everyone-glued-to-their-smart-devices-8"; curSlideObj.anchor = "eating-with-friends-and-family-and-not-having-everyone-glued-to-their-smart-devices-8"; curSlideObj.index = 7; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#eating-with-friends-and-family-and-not-having-everyone-glued-to-their-smart-devices-8";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads ="\n\t<div data-bi-ad data-ad-container class=\"ad dfp\" data-adunit=\"desktop\/tech\/sai\/slideshow\" data-authors=\"megan-willett\" data-pagetype=\"slideshow\" data-refresh-frequency=\"4\" data-region=\"Slideshow One Page Ad Desktop\" data-responsive=\"null\" data-sizes=\"970x250,728x90,600x200,600x480,300x250\" data-tag=\"features,reddit,internet,digital-culture,tech-insider\" data-url=\"\/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12\/\" data-views=\"10001-500000\">\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t(function() {\n\t\t\t'use strict';\n\t\t\t\/\/ Notify the DFP code that a new ad has just been rendered\n\t\t\tamplify.publish('adRender');\n\t\t}());\n\t<\/script>\n"; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "A certain amount of ignorance." Flickr"Sure, [the internet has] made me more educated about several topics but, in many ways, I feel like I know too much because everything gets posted now." - GirlDontThrowawayMad var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;A certain amount of ignorance.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#a-certain-amount-of-ignorance-9"; curSlideObj.anchor = "a-certain-amount-of-ignorance-9"; curSlideObj.index = 8; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#a-certain-amount-of-ignorance-9";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Everything not being spoiled immediately." Paul Szoldra/Tech Insider- Zandyne var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Everything not being spoiled immediately.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#everything-not-being-spoiled-immediately-10"; curSlideObj.anchor = "everything-not-being-spoiled-immediately-10"; curSlideObj.index = 9; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#everything-not-being-spoiled-immediately-10";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Being able to have debates/discussions without being sh---y to one another." LaVladina/Flickr"Anonymity is a sure-fire way to make anyone act like a childish a--hole in a reasonable discussion." - VheloGrace var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Being able to have debates/discussions without being sh---y to one another.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#being-able-to-have-debatesdiscussions-without-being-sh-y-to-one-another-11"; curSlideObj.anchor = "being-able-to-have-debatesdiscussions-without-being-sh-y-to-one-another-11"; curSlideObj.index = 10; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#being-able-to-have-debatesdiscussions-without-being-sh-y-to-one-another-11";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Enjoying the moment or wanting to do something because it's fun." Flickr / JasonParis"People seem like they just want to do things so they can take pictures with their phones and post to social media. [They] just want to show off to their friends and have everyone look at them and be jealous." - drsquires var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Enjoying the moment or wanting to do something because it's fun.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#enjoying-the-moment-or-wanting-to-do-something-because-its-fun-12"; curSlideObj.anchor = "enjoying-the-moment-or-wanting-to-do-something-because-its-fun-12"; curSlideObj.index = 11; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#enjoying-the-moment-or-wanting-to-do-something-because-its-fun-12";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads ="\n\t<div data-bi-ad data-ad-container class=\"ad dfp\" data-adunit=\"desktop\/tech\/sai\/slideshow\" data-authors=\"megan-willett\" data-pagetype=\"slideshow\" data-refresh-frequency=\"4\" data-region=\"Slideshow One Page Ad Desktop\" data-responsive=\"null\" data-sizes=\"970x250,728x90,600x200,600x480,300x250\" data-tag=\"features,reddit,internet,digital-culture,tech-insider\" data-url=\"\/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12\/\" data-views=\"10001-500000\">\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t(function() {\n\t\t\t'use strict';\n\t\t\t\/\/ Notify the DFP code that a new ad has just been rendered\n\t\t\tamplify.publish('adRender');\n\t\t}());\n\t<\/script>\n"; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Mix tapes." ramsey everydaypants/Flickr "Like the cassettes. I would sit [for] hours in front of the radio, wait[ing] for just the right song to come on and then [I would] hit record." - rubaduck   var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Mix tapes.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#mix-tapes-13"; curSlideObj.anchor = "mix-tapes-13"; curSlideObj.index = 12; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#mix-tapes-13";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "My work ethic." Adikos/Flickr"90% of my internet use at work is not business related, and those hours cannot be made up. I am not as productive as I once was, and I'm lucky I own the place. Otherwise I'd fire [myself]." - Scrappy_Laue var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;My work ethic.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#my-work-ethic-14"; curSlideObj.anchor = "my-work-ethic-14"; curSlideObj.index = 13; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#my-work-ethic-14";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Kids playing outside a lot more." Shutterstock"Neighborhoods are ghost towns now.” - El_Frijol var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Kids playing outside a lot more.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#kids-playing-outside-a-lot-more-15"; curSlideObj.anchor = "kids-playing-outside-a-lot-more-15"; curSlideObj.index = 14; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#kids-playing-outside-a-lot-more-15";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "I miss my attention span." Reuters/Phil Noble- addywoot var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;I miss my attention span.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#i-miss-my-attention-span-16"; curSlideObj.anchor = "i-miss-my-attention-span-16"; curSlideObj.index = 15; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#i-miss-my-attention-span-16";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads ="\n\t<div data-bi-ad data-ad-container class=\"ad dfp\" data-adunit=\"desktop\/tech\/sai\/slideshow\" data-authors=\"megan-willett\" data-pagetype=\"slideshow\" data-refresh-frequency=\"4\" data-region=\"Slideshow One Page Ad Desktop\" data-responsive=\"null\" data-sizes=\"970x250,728x90,600x200,600x480,300x250\" data-tag=\"features,reddit,internet,digital-culture,tech-insider\" data-url=\"\/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12\/\" data-views=\"10001-500000\">\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\t\t(function() {\n\t\t\t'use strict';\n\t\t\t\/\/ Notify the DFP code that a new ad has just been rendered\n\t\t\tamplify.publish('adRender');\n\t\t}());\n\t<\/script>\n"; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Serendipity." flequi/Flickr"Running into friends you hadn't seen in a long time, and having a great time without planning it all out. Flipping through the channels one by one, and something catches your attention that you would never watch using a guide." - Piktoggle var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Serendipity.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#serendipity-17"; curSlideObj.anchor = "serendipity-17"; curSlideObj.index = 16; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#serendipity-17";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Writing." Flickr/daniel sandoval"I used to write when I was bored. Now it's a lot harder to be bored, so I have to actively choose to sit down and write, which means that I write less and there's less variety in topic/format." - laidymondegreen var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Writing.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#writing-18"; curSlideObj.anchor = "writing-18"; curSlideObj.index = 17; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#writing-18";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "Privacy!" Shutterstock"Have you ever googled your full name and city/state/location? It's insane how much personal information you can find about yourself online if you know how to search for it." - Whatsamattahere var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;Privacy!&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#privacy-19"; curSlideObj.anchor = "privacy-19"; curSlideObj.index = 18; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#privacy-19";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); "My innocence." Shutterstock- ParkourPants var curSlideObj = {}; curSlideObj.title = "&quot;My innocence.&quot;"; curSlideObj.postTitle = "People on Reddit reveal what they miss most about life before the internet"; curSlideObj.url = "http://www.businessinsider.com/what-do-you-miss-about-life-before-the-internet-2015-12/#my-innocence-20"; curSlideObj.anchor = "my-innocence-20"; curSlideObj.index = 19; curSlideObj.embeds = {}; curSlideObj.slideShareButtonsEnabled = true; curSlideObj.name ="/#my-innocence-20";curSlideObj.embeds =[];curSlideObj.html ="";curSlideObj.ads =""; BI.vaop.push(curSlideObj); SEE ALSO: Russia is threatening to ban Reddit More: Features Reddit Internet Digital Culture Tech Insider facebook linkedin twitter email print window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({mode:'thumbs-1r', container:'taboola-below-main-column', placement:'below-main-column'}); ×     by Taboola by Taboola Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links Recommended from the WebEverQuote Insurance QuotesSan Jose, California: This Brilliant Company Is Disrupting a $1…EverQuote Insurance QuotesUndoHome ChefSan Jose: This Meal Service is Cheaper Than Your Local StoreHome ChefUndoFree Solar EnergyThere Is a No Cost Solar Program in California? 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Dow -32.53 20,921.81 (-0.20%) 1:52:55 PM EST Nasdaq -7.24 5,841.94 (-0.10%) 1:53:22 PM EST S&P 500 -5.75 2,369.56 (-0.20%) 1:58:21 PM EST FTSE 100 -11.13 7,338.99 (-0.20%) 11:35:29 AM EST (function() { 'use strict'; // Notify the DFP code that a new ad has just been rendered amplify.publish('adRender'); }()); Disclaimer Sponsored LinksSponsored LinksPromoted LinksPromoted LinksVideos You May LikeA Navy SEAL explains what to do …UndoMICHAEL MOORE: 'I think …UndoHere's why some people have …UndoThe model who quit Insta…Undoby Taboolaby Taboola window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({mode: 'organic-thumbnails-e', container: 'taboola-right-rail-thumbnails', placement: 'Right Rail Thumbnails', target_type: 'video'}); (function() { 'use strict'; // Notify the DFP code that a new ad has just been rendered amplify.publish(''); }()); Sponsored Links Sponsored Links Promoted Links Promoted Links From The WebNasdaqThis Black Card is Taking SF by StormNasdaqUndoBlue ApronI Tried Blue Apron and Here's What HappenedBlue ApronUndo    by Taboola by Taboola  window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({mode: 'ab_thumbnails-a_2x1', container: 'taboola-right-rail-thumbnails-2', placement: 'Right Rail Thumbnails 2nd', target_type: 'video'}); BI.dianomi.setConfigKey(true); BI.dianomi.init('US'); Featured A Nobel Prize-winning biologist reveals the biggest mistake she made early in her career More "Idea Factory" » We just created the best Google Chrome extension on the market for latest news headlines More "BI Innovations" » Tech Insider Emails & Alerts Get the best of Business Insider delivered to your inbox every day. 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      This would be a good thing to talk about in the interview, this seems to be a major difference. It isn't so much a problem in many situations but when trying to have a family event it can prevent people from connecting in real life.

    1. women, the plain and the colored.

      I recognize that this may just be the manner of thinking for that time but I can't help but wonder what experiences may have affected this way of thinking. I feel like even if it was common to see women as less than men, if you had interactions with women that were more than just "plain or colored" you wouldn't necessarily think this was true. I also think that having negative or boring experiences with women would have brought out this feeling. or possibly even a lack of attraction to women which is where we can see Wilde hinting through his writing.

    1. o field of study seemed for-eign to him, and his many books and articles are marked by his continuing enthusi-asm for psychology, linguistics, anthropology, information theory, and philosophy.

      Gor. Some answers, Socrates, are of necessity longer; but I will do my best to make them as short as possible; for a part of my profession is that I can be as short as any one.

      Soc. That is what is wanted, Gorgias; exhibit the shorter method now, and the longer one at some other time.

      Gor. Well, I will; and you will certainly say, that you never heard a man use fewer words.

      Soc. Very good then; as you profess to be a rhetorician, and a maker of rhetoricians, let me ask you, with what is rhetoric concerned: I might ask with what is weaving concerned, and you would reply (would you not?), with the making of garments?

      Gor. Yes.

      Soc. And music is concerned with the composition of melodies?

      Gor. It is.

      Soc. By Here, Gorgias, I admire the surpassing brevity of your answers.

      Gor. Yes, Socrates, I do think myself good at that.

      Soc. I am glad to hear it; answer me in like manner about rhetoric: with what is rhetoric concerned?

      Gor. With discourse.

      Soc. What sort of discourse, Gorgias?-such discourse as would teach the sick under what treatment they might get well?

      Gor. No.

      Soc. Then rhetoric does not treat of all kinds of discourse?

      Gor. Certainly not.

      Soc. And yet rhetoric makes men able to speak?

      Gor. Yes.

      Soc. And to understand that about which they speak?

      Gor. Of course.

      Soc. But does not the art of medicine, which we were just now mentioning, also make men able to understand and speak about the sick?

      Gor. Certainly.

      Soc. Then medicine also treats of discourse?

      Gor. Yes.

      Soc. Of discourse concerning diseases?

      Gor. Just so.

      Soc. And does not gymnastic also treat of discourse concerning the good or evil condition of the body?

      Gor. Very true.

      Soc. And the same, Gorgias, is true of the other arts:-all of them treat of discourse concerning the subjects with which they severally have to do.

      Gor. Clearly.

      Soc. Then why, if you call rhetoric the art which treats of discourse, and all the other arts treat of discourse, do you not call them arts of rhetoric?

      Gor. Because, Socrates, the knowledge of the other arts has only to do with some sort of external action, as of the hand; but there is no such action of the hand in rhetoric which works and takes effect only through the medium of discourse. And therefore I am justified in saying that rhetoric treats of discourse.

      Soc. I am not sure whether I entirely understand you, but I dare say I shall soon know better; please to answer me a question:-you would allow that there are arts?

      Gor. Yes.

      Soc. As to the arts generally, they are for the most part concerned with doing, and require little or no speaking; in painting, and statuary, and many other arts, the work may proceed in silence; and of such arts I suppose you would say that they do not come within the province of rhetoric.

      Gor. You perfectly conceive my meaning, Socrates.

    1. On landing, we found the town a heap of ruins. A more terrible picture of desolation cannot be imagined. Passing through streets choaked with rubbish, we reached with difficulty a house which had escaped the general fate. The people live in tents, or make a kind of shelter, by laying a few boards across the half-consumed beams; for the buildings being — 3 — here of hewn stone, with walls three feet thick, only the roofs and floors have been destroyed. But to hear of the distress which these unfortunate people have suffered, would fill with horror the stoutest heart, and make the most obdurate melt with pity.

      When seeing the title of this novel for the first time, readers may think that Sansay's "Horrors" of Saint Domingo are the atrocities, such as enslavement and exploitation, that the European colonists committed against the native peoples. We discussed in class, however, that Sansay is actually referring to the the ways in which the enslaved natives rebelled against their white oppressors during the Haitian revolution. Upon arriving in Santo Domingo, the main protagonist Mary says, "A more terrible picture could not be imagined," which suggests that she is not used to seeing the mistreatment of the white inhabitants (62). The mention that “the people live in tents, or make a kind of shelter,” is her main evidence of the the colonists’ misfortunes. Subsequently, she notes that “only the roofs and floors [of the houses] have been destroyed,”(62). The partial collapse of these houses foreshadows Clara's marital issues and destruction of Clara’s “domestic tranquility,” due to her flirtations with General Rochambeau (83). In addition, this passage hints at the later razing of the town and massacre of the white inhabitants by the revolutionaries (122-124). Finally, this passage includes the first use of the word “horrors” in this novel; this ultimately implies that the main focus of these “horrors” and the overall book will be the about the violence of the Haitian revolutionaries against the European colonizers.

  10. Feb 2017
    1. 1) Why annotate?

      First, we are working on building up ideas for longer assignments; you may find yourselves citing conversations that take place “within the pages” of Wilde’s novel in your next essay assignment!

      Second, we are trying to read as a community: to have a “discussion” that is grounded in specific textual details.

      In a way, every famous book draws much of its meaning from the historical “conversation” about that book: if we could read, say, Shakespeare’s Hamlet with 500 years worth of “annotations” in its margins….well, that “book” would be unreadably long. An editor of a text with a long history considers that text’s potential audience, and their needs, and then draws some small portion of the historical discussion of that text into their own edition. (Consider the notes I’ve given you to Wilde’s “Helas”, a single 14-line poem—I provide everything the editors provide, and add one very small thing I discovered myself…)

      Reading as a community will also answer the question “WHO are we annotating FOR?” Some of you have more experience with late 19th-century literature than other; but all of you are readers born around the turn of the millenium. Think of these notes as being written for each other and to help other readers of a similar background to yourselves.

    1. We often experience our physical environment without giving its features much thought. For example, one might think it a simple aesthetic design decision to create a park bench that is divided into three individual seats with armrests separating those seats. Yet the bench may have been created this way to prevent people—often homeless people—from lying down and taking naps.

      In the supplmentaly reading, it stated how over 130,000 signed a petition to have the metal spikes in the ground removed, which prevented homeless people from sleeping in those areas. The article continued on to say that despite this large number of people petitioning against the attempts to deterr homeless people, not many people have realized that everyday objects that we use, such as benches, have been strategically designed to prevent anyone from sleeping on them, homeless people more specifically.

  11. literaryanalysisscsu307.wordpress.com literaryanalysisscsu307.wordpress.com
    1. A third draws aimless patterns in the dirt

      Who is the "third"? Is the third a child or someone she loved? I feel as these lines could be somewhat confusing to readers because we go from one setting (her kids) to another setting (someone she once loved). One may thi nk that the third is someone who she once loved seeing as these lines are enjammed and there are no puncuation. However, after reading further and specifically in line 5, I see that it says "to feign indifference to that casual nod." Now, I feel as if this is someone she once loved. Ultimately, I don't think any parent would just give a nod to one of their childre--someone who they love unconditionally.

    1. Should “learning to code” become a school requirement, and if so how do we cram it into an already overloaded curriculum?

      This is an important point to mention because with an increasing amount of stressed out students, piling more heavy work on them may not be as beneficial as the STEM hopefuls might think. Maybe students could be introduced to coding at a slow pace and in a smaller amount of time and then if they find themselves interested then they can pursue studying the topic further in high school.

    1. Having a Parent Behind Bars Costs Children, States Having a parent in jail or prison can take an emotional toll on children and lead to higher foster care and welfare rolls. Some states are trying to address it. by Teresa Wiltz, Stateline.org / May 24, 2016 0 Inmates at the National Bilibid Prison are “virtually in touch” with their loved ones. flickr/vickens_dan Jamaill never knew his mother. When he was 1, his father was incarcerated, and Jamaill got to know him largely through letters and phone calls. Twice a year, he would trek from Brooklyn to an upstate New York prison to visit — a trip that involved a plane ride, a long drive and an overnight stay in a motel. Now, the 10th-grader’s father has been transferred to another prison even farther away. So they’ll stay in touch with “televisits,” video-conferenced meetings. Jamaill doesn’t think it should be so hard for kids to see their imprisoned parents. And that’s what he told New York state legislators in March. “Incarcerated parents need to be closer to home,” said Jamaill, 15, who lives with his grandmother and doesn’t want his last name used because he doesn’t want to further stigmatize his father. “Some people have to drive nine, 10 hours to see their parents — and then only have 30 minutes to talk to them.” Many states are beginning to look at a growing body of research that shows that having a parent behind bars can have a destabilizing effect on an estimated 1.7 million children like Jamaill. The separation can have costly emotional and social consequences, such as trauma and trouble in schools, homelessness, and bigger welfare and foster care rolls. Some states are encouraging greater contact between the children and their parents by using new technology such as televisiting, or by placing parents in the closest correctional facility. And some are trying to intervene when a parent is charged, tried and convicted of a crime to provide emotional support and a stable home for the children. In New York, for example, the Senate’s corrections committee advanced a bill in March that would create a pilot program that places sentenced parents in the nearest jail or prison. The federal government allows states to use funding from the National Family Caregiver Support Program to provide grandparents and other elderly relatives who care for the children with services such as counseling. Washington, for example, has a statewide network of “kinship navigators” that connects families and extended relatives with legal services, health care and parenting classes. Some states also are looking at ways to better reconnect children with their parents after they leave jail or prison, and to help ease the parents back into society to provide a more stable family life for their children. In Georgia, a statewide council on criminal justice reform tailors policy and services designed to reduce the barriers to employment after a parent is released from prison. In California, the state suspends child support payments for anyone who is incarcerated for more than 90 days. This prevents late fees on child support payments from piling up while parents are locked up, which can often create insurmountable debt when they are released. In San Francisco, a coalition of nonprofits, representatives of government bodies and advocates work together to ensure the well-being of children of incarcerated parents at every step of their involvement with the criminal justice system. This includes protocols on steps police officers should take to minimize trauma on children who witness a parent’s arrest, sentencing guidelines and life after prison. “The trauma associated with having an incarcerated parent is like that of divorce or domestic violence,” said Scot Spencer of the Annie E. Casey Foundation, a research and advocacy group that focuses on child welfare. “There’s an emotional and an economic impact.” Staggering Numbers More than 5 million children, or one in 14, in the U.S. have had a parent in state or federal prison at some point in their lives, according to the Casey Foundation. Their numbers swelled by 79 percent between 1991 and 2007, according to U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) figures, largely driven by tough drug laws and mandatory sentencing. Thirteen percent of the children in Kentucky have had a parent behind bars, the largest percentage of any state, according to an April report from the Casey Foundation. Indiana follows at 11 percent. New Jersey has the lowest, at 3 percent, followed by New York, at 4 percent. Children of color are much more likely to have a parent in prison. One in nine African-American children had a parent behind bars in 2008, according to a Pew Charitable Trusts report (Pew also funds Stateline). One in 28 Latino children had an incarcerated parent and one in 57 white children did. Sixty-two percent of women in state prisons reported having minor children and 51 percent of male state prisoners did, according to the BJS. Maintaining close connections with a parent behind bars appears to be good for a child’s emotional well-being and for the parent, said state Sen. Gustavo Rivera, sponsor of the New York bill to set up a pilot project to move incarcerated parents closer to their children. Closer family bonds tend to reduce recidivism, he said, and his project can help demonstrate that. “Having that connection is a positive for the child; it’s positive for the incarcerated individual,” Rivera, a Democrat, said. “And it’s a positive for society. When we have people that are working, productive members of society, they’re not wasting [taxpayer] money.” Kiara, an 18-year-old high school senior from Brooklyn, agrees that it’s important for children to be close to their incarcerated parents. Her father has been in and out of prison since she was a baby. Mostly, they’ve kept in touch through letters and email, and an occasional visit. These days, her dad is incarcerated at New York’s Coxsackie Correctional Facility, more than a two hours’ drive north from Brooklyn. The last time she saw her dad was in November. Visiting him is a hassle, she said, because it involves long lines and hours of waiting. “Then I only have an hour to talk to him,” said Kiara, who doesn’t want her last name used because she said she doesn’t trust anyone but her family and counselors with information about her father’s incarceration. But the effort to stay close is worth it, she said. “We grew a good relationship,” Kiara said. “There’s no negativity, only joy. I can tell him things I wouldn’t be able to tell my mom. He gives me good advice. He tells me he doesn’t want me to end up like him.” Help After Prison Many children can fall through the cracks when a parent is sent to prison, especially if the parent was the child’s sole support, some children’s advocates say. And it can be difficult for states to help them. In New York, for instance, no city or state agency is solely responsible for coordinating services and tracking the well-being of the more than 100,000 children with a parent behind bars, said Tanya Krupat, program director for the NY Initiative for Children of Incarcerated Parents at the Osborne Association, a nonprofit based in Brooklyn. Incarceration also often forces families deeper into poverty and debt, the Casey Foundation report said. Their families are more likely to rely on public welfare programs such as food stamps and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. And these children may be more likely to join the other 400,000 children throughout the U.S. in state foster care. When an incarcerated parent is released, the families continue to struggle with finding work and a place to live because of the stigma attached to a criminal conviction. That’s prompted some states to pass so-called ban the box laws that prohibit employers from asking about a person’s criminal history in job applications as a way of encouraging employment after prison. Georgia, which has an incarceration rate 32 percent higher than the national average, has taken several steps in the past few years to help ease the transition from prison to society and help former inmates gain employment — with a goal to help provide stability for their children. This year, the Legislature passed bills to lift the state’s lifetime ban on food stamps for people with felony drug convictions, allow judges to seal the records of first-time offenders at sentencing, help ease the way to get occupational licenses and provide retroactive reinstatement of driver’s licenses revoked for drug offenses. Lawmakers also created a tax incentive program that encourages employers to hire parolees. If former prisoners “can’t take care of themselves, they can’t take care of their own families,” said Doug Ammar of the Georgia Justice Project, an Atlanta-based advocacy group that worked with the Legislature in crafting the laws. Family Ties In Brooklyn, Jamaill is counting the days until his father is released from prison, although he will be 20 by then. He plans to be in college, so he’s not sure if he’ll be living with his father, or if his father will have to live in a halfway house. There is one thing he is sure about, however. “The second they tell me he’s out, I’m driving out there,” he said. “I’m going to be right there, waiting for him.”

      The article touches on the tragic account of a child whose parent is incarcerated and located at a prison hundreds of miles from where he is living. Many people are having to travel numerous hours, board a plane, and make extra effort to see their parents for thirty minutes to an hour.

      States are beginning to look at the expanding research of the costs to children with parents behind bars. Separation can take a toll on emotional and social health of children, and cause issues in school and behavior.

      New York has created a program that allows the parents to be located in nearby jails and prisons to remain close to the children. Washington has a “Kinship Navigator” program that connects families to legal services, health care, and parenting classes to help families remain connected. Other states have programs that allow children and parents to video-chat as a means of communication.

      Many other states are trying to combat the issue by working with grants and existing services, as well as nonprofits and other entities that can help alleviate the burden on states and local governments.

      While other entities are trying to compensate for what the government doesn’t provide, the number of children with parents behind bars are increasing, due to mandatory sentencing and tough drug laws. It’s apparent that more public policy avenues need to be addressed in order to rehabilitate incarcerated parents and keep families together. Deeper issues such as systemic racism in the criminal justice system also need to be addressed so that children of minorities are not being disproportionately affected by prison sentences.

    1. And a colorblind society is not the solution to racism.

      This made me think about the issue of representation of people of color in literature. In many ways, we can look at some novels as colorblind, because the authors do not mention the race of the characters in them. But because these novels take place in and cater to mainstream society, readers are encouraged to assume that the characters are white. So then no representation of any race simply becomes an exclusive representation of whiteness. Ignoring color very quickly becomes only seeing white.

    2. “social construct” as being synonymous with non-existent.

      I find this paragraph incredibly interesting. Viewing race as a social construct is completely valid. I am very passionate about history and seeking out the context (or sometimes rationale) behind events and periods of time. I think this article raises an interesting and potent point that we need to acknowledge where racism comes from in order to be able to eradicate it. We look different from one another, but race and racism in the United States (as well as around the world) is much bigger than that. To discount the reality that race is a social construct, in the context that its importance was manufactured, is to discredit racism. Very much like the Black Lives Matter movement, and what we read, combating racism does mean combating elements of our system that oppress people of colour.

    3. Because race was socially constructed by Europeans, white people are seen as “raceless,” whereas people of color are racialized. This leads us to see white people through the lens of personhood before race, while not giving people of color the same treatment.

      This statement made me think about James Baldwin's discussion of history in The White Man's Guilt. In it, he states that, "...people who imagine that history flatters them (as it does, indeed, since they wrote it) are impaled on their history like a butterfly on a pin and become incapable of seeing or changing themselves, or the world." Because race is socially constructed, and white people perpetuated this construction, then we hold the power to disengage from race, and see ourselves as raceless. What I mean by raceless, and what I understand the article to mean by this term as well, is that the race does not go away, but it is not the transient component of my identity. I, as a white person, get to be viewed as an individual rather than as a representation of my race. I suppose that the way to extend this privilege to others would be, to continue Baldwin's metaphor, to release the pin in order to be able to challenge ourselves and the structures that surround us. But how does a butterfly release themself from their pin?

    1. The movie makes you want to slice up some Persians.”

      The author says in this whole article that the film pursues a sort of racist standard against middle-easterners and supports conflict and opinions against them. First off, i think it's important to remember that this conflict, while stylized heavily in the movie, did happen. There was a conflict, the battle took place, and was part of a great war between two very different cultures, at odds mostly for reasons of incompatibility. Even in the frames of the movie though, Spartans fight out of desire to protect their dominance in their society, their honor. Their freedom.They do not fight the Persian army because they hate the Persians. They fight the Persians because this massive army arrives on their doorstep and their character compels them not to subordinate themselves to the opposing force. This is congruent with Spartan ideals. Regardless of the film's historical depiction of the battle, the mores of the Spartan are more or less in line with what History tells us, though maybe tempered with some more modern twists. I think in the end, I would have a hard time calling the film racist--at least for the reasons the author describes here. Spartans are fiercely independent as portrayed, and consider themselves better warriors than their neighbors. This quality can be confused by the viewer as xenophobia, but I think pride is a more apt term. In the end, does the film depict Persians as the "bad guy"? Yeah. And it does so by assigning the bad guy the opposite values of the Spartans. Those values would've been assigned to whomever the bad guy was. In this case we have historical grounding for the choice made. I guess personally, I view 300 as a film. Art. On some level, all movies are made to communicate a message, and that message hinges on the viewer's ability to interpret it. All great art is grounded in knowledge, and especially in references to other art, history, pop culture, etc. It needs to form connections existing parts of people's minds. This places a burden of responsibility on the viewer to discern well what the movie is saying, rather than simply view it as an emotional ride and visual spectacle. In my experience watching the movie, I don't walk out of the theater saying, "Man, it really makes you want to slice up some Persians" because Persians are the worst people on earth, and how could they be so bad. It does, however, make me say, "Man, if it came down to it, I would really love to be able to fight some bad guy like that". To me, this is, however, the same idea, just with different phrasing. It appeals to our culture's understanding of masculinity and honor. It makes a male viewer desire the body and skills he's just seen portrayed. Now, importantly, I did not grow up at a time when culture was influencing my thoughts post 9/11. Maybe if I'd been older at that time, I would've identified more with the Spartans fighting Middle-Easteners. And maybe Frank Miller should have thought that through, thought about how that choice would link to the modern world. Maybe, as his NPR interview suggests, he does think America should stand up in defense of itself. But again, I think that's pride speaking. I don't think it's racism. While Frank Miller could arguably be called racist (which is pretty subjective from just one interview), and is certainly not very well educated about Islamic History (again, mere words being spoken in an interview situation so not necessarily represent 100% of the man's ideas), I don't think his Spartans are racist, nor misunderstanding. They see a threat of their masculinity. That's really all Leoinides responds to. Xerxes makes him an offer he almost can't refuse, he seems to have actually thought about it. He simply won't kneel. Thus, Miller may be racist, but his Spartans aren't. Elitist yes, prideful certainly. But I'm not quite getting a racism vibe.

    1. My personal opinions aside…..I have given this section a good bit of thought and believe I can summarize constructively:

      The introductory video from Joseph R. DesJardins (Ethics and International Standards of Behavior - we should name him BTW) sets the stage very well for how and why businesses are (and should be) stakeholders in global standards of behavior.

      He provides good guidance and an outline we could follow to provide a business centric context for this section. As a business instructor I am prepared to discuss and teach a business’s global stewardship and the various global organizations like WTO, IPCC etc.. Corporate social responsibility in the banking industry and the UBS case study is a very relevant and teachable from a business perspective.

      I am not however prepared to discuss or teach C02 levels of emission or scientific findings on greenhouse gases. This whole section becomes vulnerable to scientific arguments and may miss opportunity to make the relevant business point.

      I think if we renamed this section “International Standards for Corporate Social Responsibility” instead of “Climate Change” it would help to emphasize the relevance to business. Climate change then becomes “an example of”.

      I suggest we change (broaden) the last 2 outcomes:

      o Identify the key causes of man-made “climate change” change to "Important 21st century global business issues". o Describe cap-and-trade systems for limiting carbon dioxide emission Change to: "the impact of global regulatory systems, such as cap-and-trade on businesses today". Then reword to emphasize business (I’ve made some suggestions throughout)

    1. One thing I do agree with in this is when it talks about the awkwardness for whites talking about race. I think for most whites there is not a lot of talk about race because we may feel as though we will be ignorant when we do talk about it. I think society has made race into such a touchy subject that a lot of people just don't say anything when it comes up.

    1. Social Change: Interdisciplinarians work to build connections across divided ideas, and we seek out new ways of conceptualizing knowledge. This can lead us to truly change the world, structure our world differently, and see ourselves as connected in a wide web of humanity.

      I think that many people on campus are divided by major. People may think their major may be more important than someone else's major but by combining and perhaps forcing these two majors per se to work together, we can structure new ways of thinking.

    1. Is not every man born as free by nature as his father? Has he not the same natural right to think and act and contract for himself? Is it possible for a man to have a natural right to make a slave of himself or of his posterity? Can a father supersede the laws of nature? What man is or ever was born free if every man is not?

      "We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, That they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness." Otis like may of the writers of the period all stress the ideas of freedom and liberty which form a key part of the declaration of independence.

    2. No. Nor on force? No. Nor on compact? Nor property? Not altogether on either. Has it any solid foundation, any chief cornerstone but what accident, chance, or confusion may lay one moment and destroy the next? I think it has an everlasting foundation in the unchangeable will of GOD, the author of nature, whose laws never vary. The same omniscient, omnipotent, infinitely good and gracious Creator of the universe who has been pleased to make it necessary that what we call matter should gravitate for the celestial bodies to roll round their axes, dance their orbits, and perform their various revolutions in that beautiful order and concert which we all admire has made it equally necessary that from Adam and Eve to these degenerate days the different sexes should sweetly attract each other, form societies of single families, of which larger bodies and communities are as naturally, mechanically, and necessarily combined as the dew of heaven and the soft distilling rain is collected by the all-enlivening heat of the sun. Government is therefore most evidently founded on the necessities of our nature. It

      I found this passage interesting given the contrast to what Otis views to be the reason why people enter political society compared to others we have read. Unlike Hobbes or Locke, whose theories take the form of rational actors choosing to enter into an agreement based primarily on self preservation and protection of property respectively, Otis contends that the formation of government is a natural phenomena that is a product of God's Will. Much like God willed gravity to govern the motion of celestial bodies, God willed that people enter into political society.

    3. A, B, and C, for example, make a democracy. Today A and B are for so vile a measure as a standing army. Tomorrow B and C vote it out. This is as really deposing the former administrators as setting up and making a new King is deposing the old one. Democracy in the one case and monarchy in the other still remain; all that is done is to change the administration.

      I find this quote quite intriguing because of the simplicity of it. Albeit, Otis probably made it simple on purpose, but it made me think. Otis thinks that any type of government is obliged by the same laws of nature and reason. Therefore, if an administration of any type of government deviates from truth, justice, and equity and goes towards tyranny, they are to be deposed. He then gives the example of disposing the administration of a simple democracy. What made this quote stand out to me was when I compared it to the political situation that we find ourselves in today. Does Otis not think that political parties will arise within a democracy? Thus, making his example much more complicated as tyranny to one party may mean justice to another. It seems to me that in a Democracy it can, sometimes, take a lot more than just a vote to depose its administration when thinking about political parties.

    1. an illusion of effective learning” (p. 1302), and learners may stop studying before lexical items are actually acquired, resulting in underlearning

      I had never heard of this concept before, but I feel like it would be important to make our students aware of this when we discuss study strategies with them. I think that it probably goes beyond vocabulary learning as well.

    1. his “clerk”

      As with the "girls" in "As We May Think," this terminology starts me thinking about actual clerks, the work they did, how it compares to what is described here, and what happened to them when (and if) systems like this eventually eliminated their jobs.

    1. With scientific claims, the only definitive answer is to reexamine the original research data and repeat the experiments and analysis. But no one has the time or the expertise to examine the original research literature on every topic, let alone repeat the research. As such, it is important to have some guidelines for deciding which theories are plausible enough to merit serious examination.

      "The superiority of Scientific Evidence Reexamined":

      "Allow me now to ask, Will he be so perfectly satisfied on the first trial as not to think it of importance to make a second, perhaps u third, and a fourth? Whence arises this diffidence'! Purely from the consciousness of the fallibility of his own faculties. But to what purpose, it may be said, the reiterations of the at-tempt, since it is impossible for him, by any efforts, to shake off his dependence on the accuracy of his attention and fidelity of his memory? Or, what can he have more than reiterated testimonies of his memory, in support of the truth of its for-mer testimony? I acknowledge, that after a hundred attempts he can have no more. But even this is a great deal. We learn from experience, that the mistakes or oversights committed by the mind in one operation. arc sometime!-., on a review, corrected on the second, or perhaps on a third. Besides, the repetition, when no error is discovered, enlivens the remembrance, and so strengthens the conviction. But, for this conviction. it is plain that we are in a great measure indebted to memory. and in some measure even to experience." (Campbell 922)

    1. We may distinguish three kinds, or degrees, of eloquence.

      See Campbell's breakdown of appealing to the passions. I think these strikingly similar hierarchies might be important for the conviction/persuasion distinction made on page 970 (as pointed out by Nathaniel).

      It is not, however, every kind of pathos, which will give the orator so great an ascendancy over the minds of his hearers. All passions are not alike capable of producing this effect. Some are naturally inert and torpid; they deject the mind, and indispose it for enterprise . Of this kind are sorrow, fear, shame, humility. Others, on the contrary, elevate the soul, and stimulate to action. Such are hope, patriotism, ambition, emulation, anger. These, with the greatest facility, are made to concur in direction with arguments exciting to resolution and activity : and are, consequently , the fittest for producing what, for want of a better term in our language, I shall henceforth denominate the vehement. There is, besides, an intermediate kind of passions, which do not so congenially and directly either restrain us from acting, or incite us to act; but, by the art of the speaker, can, in an oblique manner, be made conducive to either. Such are joy, love, esteem, compassion. Nevertheless, all these kinds may find a place in suasory discourses, or such as are intended to operate on the will. The first is properest for, dissuading; the second, as hath been already hinted, for persuad- ing; the third is equally accommodated to both. (904)

    1. Almost every human behaviour, from shopping to marriage to expressions of feelings, is learned. In Canada, people tend to view marriage as a choice between two people, based on mutual feelings of love. In other nations and in other times, marriages have been arranged through an intricate process of interviews and negotiations between entire families, or in other cases, through a direct system such as a “mail order bride.” To someone raised in Winnipeg, the marriage customs of a family from Nigeria may seem strange, or even wrong. Conversely, someone from a traditional Kolkata family might be perplexed with the idea of romantic love as the foundation for the lifelong commitment of marriage. In other words, the way in which people view marriage depends largely on what they have been taught.

      I agree with this paragraph partly. Yes, it is true that every community, country or nation has its own cultural traditions and beliefs; and they should be respected. When we are talking about harmless different marriage traditions, I think, we can apply the philosophy of this paragraph. However, what about cruel and life threatening cultural traditions existing across the world, they are taught or not!

    1. when you don’t know how much things have changed, you don’t see that they are changing or that they can change.

      Reminds me of ourselves. We don't notice the changes in ourselves as we get older, because it's a gradual change. Then when you really think about it, certain memories seem to have happened longer ago than the last time you reveled that memory. People may say "you've changed" and you may not see it in yourself right away.

    1. We therefore contend that academic research practices need to be connected to students’ existing practices rather than set up as wholly separate from (and better than) them.

      Students may know more than they think they do... let's change that. Student DO know more than they think they do.

    1. Man, as a physical being, is, like other bodies, governed by invariable laws. As an intelligent being, he incessantly transgresses the laws established by God, and changes those of his own instituting. He is left to his private direction, though a limited being, and subject, like all finite intelligences, to ignorance and error: even his imperfect knowledge he loseth; and, as a sensible creature, he is hurried away by a thousand impetuous passions. Such a being might every instant forget his Creator; God has therefore reminded him of his duty by the laws of religion.

      When I've been reading about God establishing the basis of laws, essentially, I begin thinking a lot about what these connections may mean looking back at what we've already read by Locke -- and a few other authors -- and what it all might mean going forward in our next readings. In essence, I'm curious to see the impact that Montesquieu's reflections of the evolution of law have on the founding fathers as they progressed through the structuring of our American government. In a more modern sense, we hear a lot about the separation between church and state, etc. -- and I think quotes like this invite us to explore some of the impacts of God's law/religious law/natural law on the formation of what sparked the American revolution and how it was carried out.

    1. And that’s the difference between reading “As We May Think” on my own, and working through it in this community, this network of fellow learners

      An open and connected community of learners, making for richer, more resonant learning, in my view. It has certainly enriched my own understanding and appreciation of the text by Vannaver Bush!

    1. Presumably man's spirit should be elevated if he can better review his shady past and analyze more completely and objectively his present problems

      I like the multiple meanings one can find in "spirit should be elevated." Not just happier, but better as people.

    2. if the scholar can get at only one a week by diligent search, his syntheses are not likely to keep up with the current scene

      Here, directional velocity gives way to processing speed, scholarly productivity and currency (in the dual sense of "nowness" and relevance/pertinency).

    3. A new symbolism, probably positional, must apparently precede the reduction of mathematical transformations to machine processes
      1. Mathematics can be used to describe and calculate quantity/scale, position or probability; it makes sense to map this "new symbolism" onto one of those dimensions.
      2. This reminds one of a passage from Richard Powers The Gold Bug Variations (1991) where he reminds us that a sufficiently precise placement and measurement of a notch on a rod would be able to encode and decode the Encyclopedia Britannica, indeed, the full holdings of the Library of Congress.
      3. Let us remember that the nearly instantaneous calculations of the computers we use today have limits in terms of the numbers of digits that may be processed at any one time; for that reason, the kind of highly compressed mathematical encoding that Powers envisioned is virtually impossible for us in the early 21st century.
    4. The Encyclopoedia Britannica could be reduced to the volume of a matchbox

      ... a matchbox or a USB thumb drive or a flat smart media card or a minuscule microchip or even a non-substantial set of information on a server on the cloud somewhere that can be streamed almost instantly anywhere in the world. In one sense, 21st-century digital "compression" leads not to density, but to dispersion and to widespread, easy access through ubiquitous devices and software tools.

    5. Man cannot hope fully to duplicate this mental process artificially, but he certainly ought to be able to learn from it

      Tagging mechanisms and other such tools bridge the gap between organic neuro-processed association as a kind of index and "mechanical" indexing. Basically, human brains imprint the digital archive with some traces of their own organic associations. Not exactly a reproduction of the organic process, but creating a bridge between the organic "pulling together" of disparate elements and mechanical indexing.

    6. Such machines will have enormous appetites

      Interesting image -- the machine is portrayed as actually desiring/needing data, rather than simply being capable of processing it. This feels somewhat true to the growth of Big Data today: once the system/capabilities are in place, the desire to collect data -- perhaps more data than we can really use, at least responsibly/ethically -- seems to grow.

    7. talk directly to the record?

      In this case, what happens to the "process of digestion and correction" which follows "the first stage"? In some ways, we do now have something like this: many more records of the early stages of thinking (including these annotations), in addition to or instead of records of the later stages, after an author has done more "digesting" of his/her thoughts, and published them in a more orderly way. There's a lot to be said for this sort of "thinking in the open," but it also adds exponentially to the "record," which Bush is already finding overwhelming in size.

    8. But there are signs of a change as new and powerful instrumentalities come into use.

      On first reading, this seemed like a very odd transition, from talking about new ways to navigate the ever-proliferating piles/sea of data, to talking about instruments that seem more likely to add to the piles than to organize it. It takes some time for him to come back to how photography can help solve the problem. If this were a student paper, I'd probably be telling him to move his thesis/solution closer to the beginning, so readers don't lose it in the mass of his own accumulated examples of technological progress.

    9. remember

      The limits of memory are/is a key theme throughout. As I write below, I'm not sure he always distinguishes as well as he might between "memory" as in retrieving information that one remembers exists, but of which one can't remember the details and "memory" as in remembering that the information exists in the first place.

    10. healthily

      This is an interesting choice of words, and echoes, though it does not directly repeat, some of his optimism at the beginning. I found myself thinking about Rachel Carson and others who exposed the results of the "better living through chemistry" (and other forms of science) optimism of the post-WWII era.

    11. with some assurance that he can find them again if they prove important

      I found myself checking Bush's age at time of writing when I read this: c. 55. As a fellow middle-aged person, I can sympathize with his desire, but am inclined to point out that the problem is not just finding something that might be useful, but remembering that it exists in the first place (I guess the "trails" might help with that, assuming one remembers one made a trail, or has a way of stumbling across it).

    12. The inheritance from the master becomes, not only his additions to the world's record, but for his disciples the entire scaffolding by which they were erected.

      I've been noticing throughout that his attitude toward the existing "record" is essentially conservative/trusting. There's little suggestion that the role of the present generation of researchers might be to question or even overturn it, and no attention to social/cultural forces that might have shaped what it does and doesn't contain.

    13. sets a reproducer in action, photographs the whole trail out, and passes it to his friend for insertion in his own memex

      One major difference between the memex as envisioned here and most web-based systems is that each individual who has a memex (which presumably isn't everyone; they sound expensive) has his (or her?) own memex. To use the trail metaphor, everyone has his own network of trails on his own island, and while it's possible to reproduce a network of trails from someone else's island on one's own island, the two sets of trails don't really connect (nor does there seem to be a chance for serendipitous connections made by people who don't know each other already).

    14. On deflecting one of these levers to the right he runs through the book before him, each page in turn being projected at a speed which just allows a recognizing glance at each.

      I'm having flashbacks to using microfilm readers (and to the headaches induced by trying to read while scrolling just slowly enough to scan headlines). No question that it was amazing technology in many ways, but the thought of spending most of one's day working in that environment; ugh.

    15. Thus far we seem to be worse off than before—for we can enormously extend the record; yet even in its present bulk we can hardly consult it.

      Back the central question/problem (from which we seem to have strayed for quite some time, mostly as the result of his enthusiasm for all the new ways of gathering/manipulating/processing data he sees on the horizon)

    16. Much needs to occur, however, between the collection of data and observations, the extraction of parallel material from the existing record, and the final insertion of new material into the general body of the common record. For mature thought there is no mechanical substitute. But creative thought

      And here I think he's going to address the importance of selection (and he does, a bit), but instead he's mostly focusing on the process of bringing in yet more "material," this time from "the existing record."

    17. As he ponders over his notes in the evening, he again talks his comments into the record.

      There's a very important element that I think is assumed here, and that requires considerable mental labor (and some practice with using the tools described): selection. If the notes and photographs are to be useful, they can't be a stream-of-consciousness recording of everything encountered, observed, or thought that day. Otherwise, the "pondering" would take as long as the day itself.

      And presumably the process of "talk[ing] comments into the record" involves yet more selection. That's a natural part of the process of research and writing, but one thing I think we've learned as tools of this sort become widely available is that the temptation to record everything is strong (scholars are not immune to the same impulses experienced by students with highlighters), and the result is a postponement of the difficult task of selecting what's important to a later date (or sometimes never).

    18. is retyped

      Another obfuscation-of-labor moment in the passive here? Who does the retyping, and just how much correction, interpretation, etc. is required (cf. what happens when you run OCR: the result is not usually a text clean enough for markup without some fixing by well-educated humans, often located in low(er)-wage countries such as India).

    19. disquieting gaze

      This is interesting. Perhaps a recognition that the "girl" is more mentally present/engaged than she seems? There's some tension between languid and disquieting.#openlearning17

    20. Must we always transform to mechanical movements in order to proceed from one electrical phenomenon to another?

      Abstractly worded, but this remains an enduring question about technology and innovation. Albeit with a more critical sensibility than Bush carries in this essay.

    21. amplified

      Amplification is an interesting trope in Bush's essay and tech talk in general. It's less about speed than visibility. Certainly works for annotation:

      Online, a book can be a gathering place, a shared space where readers record their reactions and conversations. Those interactions ultimately become part of the book too, a kind of amplified marginalia.

      - Jennifer Howard, Chronicle of Higher Education

    22. specialization

      Though clearly, Bush is situated squarely within a capitalist context, I'm reading Marx in here against the grain in terms of specialization and the loss of holistic sense of labor. Could increased access to knowledge counter that trend in capitalism?

    23. may yet be mechanized

      Is mechanized different from automated? I'd agree that these associations can be more rapidly and frequently induced. I don't think they can be automated. It's still going to require idiosyncratic human labor.

    24. With one item in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain.

      Gardner, is this "insight"?

    25. halting

      Acceleration is a key trope for Bush. It's largely about speed. When I think of some of the same technologies that he is imagining, however, its more about direction--to keep in in the realm of physics...

  12. Jan 2017
    1. wisdom of race experience

      I find it interesting that though Bush opens and closes his article with a comment about race, no one has annotated them. Is the ideology of race just as normal today as it was seventy years ago? I guess UNESCO's Statements on Race have had no lasting effect in the US.

    2. the life of a race rather than that of an individual.

      I find it interesting that though Bush opens and closes his article with a comment about race, no one has annotated them. Is the ideology of race just as normal today as it was seventy years ago? I guess UNESCO's Statements on Race have had no lasting effect in the US.

    3. physicists promptly constructed thermionic-tube equipment

      hahahahaha Physicists don't construct vacuum tubes (valves in the UK) for research, glassblowers do! Just another case of workers being edited out of the academic record. We even have our own revisionist label: Invisible Assistant. Patronizing much?

    4. truly significant attainments become lost in the mass of the inconsequential.

      This problem has only accelerated and is exacerbated by knowledge being locked away by copyrights and professional journals. Knowledge financed with public monies should be publicly available for review.

    5. occupied a master craftsman of the guild for months

      Dr. Bush should have visited the glassblowers in the basement of any good lab. They were making prototype tubes in a few hours with the help of the glassblowing lathe invented in Redwood City, California, by Charlie Litton.

    6. For mature thought there is no mechanical substitute

      Yes! Let's highlight this...no technology can substitute for the cognitional acts that produce understanding and insight. Technological affordances may contribute to the conditions for the possibility of insight, but they never replace the intelligence that grasps a unifying idea in a set of particular and otherwise randomly associated data.

    7. Britannica

      I wonder if Bush could have foreseen, not just that the traditional stores of records would become astoundingly more accessible, but that technologies would enable new forms of building such records based on opening the processes of knowledge production and editing...here I am thinking of the comparison of the Britannica with Wikipedia, and those analyses that regard them as comparably authoritative sources of knowledge

    8. Combine these two elements, let the Vocoder run the stenotype, and the result is a machine which types when talked to.

      So in this example and in others throughout the piece, a machine takes over a job formerly done by a "girl". This is similar to other examples where digital labor is feminized in subtle and (now) increasingly invisible and insidious ways. In other words, stenography is characterized as a field worth replacing because it is just a woman's job. The researcher at his desk remains essential because of course he is.

    9. The camera hound of the future wears on his forehead a lump a little larger than a walnut.

      Because this version of the essay doesn't seem to include the illustrations:

    10. The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it

      There is great optimism in this assumption. I don't know if I feel quite so positive about where we are today with cheaper and more complex devices.

    11. the means we use for threading through the consequent maze to the momentarily important item

      Interesting how he's already figuring knowledge as a maze, foreshadowing what's to come later in this essay.

    12. The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.

      It seems that we live in a world that we focus on mass production of products versus the authenticity and quality of ones inventions.

    13. Take the prosaic problem of the great department store. Every time a charge sale is made, there are a number of things to be done. The inventory needs to be revised, the salesman needs to be given credit for the sale, the general accounts need an entry, and, most important, the customer needs to be charged.

      I can't even imagine working retail without the technology. We barey keep the stores together with the tech we have now!

    14. It is a far cry from the abacus to the modern keyboard accounting machine. It will be an equal step to the arithmetical machine of the future

      From the abacus to the modern keybaord accounting machine, to the smart phone with the scientific calculator.

    15. delegated to a series of machines, and the cards then transferred bodily from one to another.

      How old school, to have more than one machine, and then have to physically take the info from one to the other.

    16. It is strange that the inventors of universal languages have not seized upon the idea of producing one which better fitted the technique for transmitting and recording speech

      Could binary be considered a Universal language between computers, which could be considered better fitted for transmitting and recording speech?

    17. A scene itself can be just as well looked over line by line by the photocell in this way as can a photograph of the scene.

      This made me think of 3D printing because that is done bit by bit, but comes together to create the whole object. Fascinating to see this translated back in time to photography.

    18. Had a Pharaoh been given detailed and explicit designs of an automobile, and had he understood them completely, it would have taxed the resources of his kingdom to have fashioned the thousands of parts for a single car, and that car would have broken down on the first trip to Giza.

      I thought this was a really interesting evaluation on what exactly progression and evolution is. I never really thought about the ideas that people constantly have and the means that we all have to execution. We always think about the future and what that technology is or could be, but we don't ever talk about it in relation to the past. It made me think what if we sent modern ways that we read (like that book that you showed us) back in time, how would they react to that?

    19. Logic can become enormously difficult, and it would undoubtedly be well to produce more assurance in its use. The machines for higher analysis have usually been equation solvers. Ideas are beginning to appear for equation transformers, which will rearrange the relationship expressed by an equation in accordance with strict and rather advanced logic. Progress is inhibited by the exceedingly crude way in which mathematicians express their relationships.

      The author is pointing out how the idea of logic can be a hindrance when analyzing and sharing data. referencing that of mathematicians who are deemed inadequate simply due to the way they express themselves. All very true but very different to take into consideration when reading this work.

    1. Power is like fire; it warms, scorches, or destroys, according as it is watched, provoked, or increased. It is as dangerous as useful. Its only rule is the good of the people; but because it is apt to break its bounds, in all good governments nothing, or as little as may be, ought to be left to chance, or the humours of men in authority: All should proceed by fixed and stated rules, and upon any emergency, new rules should be made. This is the constitution, and this the happiness of Englishmen; as hath been formerly shewn at large in these letters.

      I think the approach to power is quite interesting. Very similar to Locke, the basis of power lies within the people and the people can use this to either benefit or it will destroy society. This is a very realistic approach to power, and there is a recognition and appreciation that allows people to have the power to control the state and that many others are not as lucky. This topic of discussion specifically shows the progressivism on the idea of power. Last week we read about how power should be kept within an individual, and this occurs not long after stating an appreciation for how power is held within the people and always should be held by the people.

    1. Share on facebook45KShare on twitter Share on reddit1Share on linkedin901 Credit: N.Hendrickson / iStockphoto How to read a scientific paper By Adam RubenJan. 20, 2016 , 3:15 PM Nothing makes you feel stupid quite like reading a scientific journal article. I remember my first experience with these ultra-congested and aggressively bland manuscripts so dense that scientists are sometimes caught eating them to stay regular. I was in college taking a seminar course in which we had to read and discuss a new paper each week. And something just wasn’t working for me. Every week I would sit with the article, read every single sentence, and then discover that I hadn’t learned a single thing. I’d attend class armed with exactly one piece of knowledge: I knew I had read the paper. The instructor would ask a question; I’d have no idea what she was asking. She’d ask a simpler question—still no idea. But I’d read the damn paper! It reminded me of kindergarten, when I would feel proud after reading a book above my grade level. But if you had asked me a simple question about the book’s contents—What kind of animal is Wilbur? How did Encyclopedia Brown know that Bugs Meany wasn’t really birdwatching?—I couldn’t have answered it. A few weeks into the seminar, I decided enough was enough. I wasn’t going to read another paper without understanding it. So I took that week’s journal article to the library. Not just the regular library, but the obscure little biology library, one of those dusty academic hidey-holes only populated by the most wretched forms of life, which are, of course, insects and postdocs. I placed the paper on a large empty desk. I eliminated all other distractions. To avoid interruptions from friends encouraging alcohol consumption, as friends do in college, I sat in an obscure anteroom with no foot traffic. To avoid interruptions from cellphone calls, I made sure it was 1999. Most importantly, if I didn’t understand a word in a sentence, I forbade myself from proceeding to the next sentence until I looked it up in a textbook and then reread the sentence until it made sense. I specifically remember this happening with the word “exogenous.” Somehow I had always glossed over this word, as though it was probably unimportant to its sentence. Wrong. It took me more than 2 hours to read a three-page paper. But this time, I actually understood it. And I thought, “Wow. I get it. I really get it.” And I thought, “Oh crap. I’m going to have to do this again, aren’t I?” Every week I would sit with the article, read every single sentence, and then discover that I hadn’t learned a single thing. If you’re at the beginning of your career in science, you may be struggling with the same problem. It may help you to familiarize yourself with the 10 Stages of Reading a Scientific Paper: 1. Optimism. “This can’t be too difficult,” you tell yourself with a smile—in the same way you tell yourself, “It’s not damaging to drink eight cups of coffee a day” or “There are plenty of tenure-track jobs.” After all, you’ve been reading words for decades. And that’s all a scientific paper is, right? Words? 2. Fear. This is the stage when you realize, “Uh … I don’t think all of these are words.” So you slow down a little. Sound out the syllables, parse the jargon, look up the acronyms, and review your work several times. Congratulations: You have now read the title. 3. Regret. You begin to realize that you should have budgeted much more time for this whole undertaking. Why, oh why, did you think you could read the article in a single bus ride? If only you had more time. If only you had one of those buzzer buttons from workplaces in the 1960s, and you could just press it and say, “Phoebe, cancel my January.” If only there was a compact version of the same article, something on the order of 250 or fewer words, printed in bold at the beginning of the paper… 4. Corner-cutting. Why, what’s this? An abstract, all for me? Blessed be the editors of scientific journals who knew that no article is comprehensible, so they asked their writers to provide, à la Spaceballs, “the short, short version.” Okay. Let’s do this. 5. Bafflement. What the hell? Was that abstract supposed to explain something? Why was the average sentence 40 words long? Why were there so many acronyms? Why did the authors use the word “characterize” five times? 6. Distraction. What if there was, like, a smartphone for ducks? How would that work? What would they use it for? And what was that Paul Simon lyric, the one from “You Can Call Me Al,” that’s been in your head all day? How would your life change if you owned a bread maker? You’d have to buy yeast. Is yeast expensive? You could make your own bread every few days, but then it might go stale. It’s not the same as store-bought bread; it’s just not. Oh, right! “Don’t want to end up a cartoon in a cartoon graveyard.” Is Paul Simon still alive? You should check Wikipedia. Sometimes you confuse him with Paul McCartney or Paul Shaffer. Shame about David Bowie. Can you put coffee in a humidifier? 7. Realization that 15 minutes have gone by and you haven’t progressed to the next sentence. 8. Determination. All righty. Really gonna read this time. Really gonna do it. Yup, yuppers, yup-a-roo, readin’ words is what you do. Let’s just point those pupils at the dried ink on the page, and … 9. Rage. HOW COULD ANY HUMAN BRAIN PRODUCE SUCH SENTENCES? 10. Genuine contemplation of a career in the humanities. Academic papers written on nonscientific subjects are easy to understand, right? Right? What a strange document a scientific journal article is. We work on them for months or even years. We write them in a highly specialized vernacular that even most other scientists don’t share. We place them behind a paywall and charge something ridiculous, like $34.95, for the privilege of reading them. We so readily accept their inaccessibility that we have to start “journal clubs” in the hopes that our friends might understand them and summarize them for us. Can you imagine if mainstream magazine articles were like science papers? Picture a Time cover story with 48 authors. Or a piece in The Economist that required, after every object described, a parenthetical listing of the company that produced the object and the city where that company is based. Or a People editorial about Jimmy Kimmel that could only be published following a rigorous review process by experts in the field of Jimmy Kimmel. Do you know what you’d call a magazine article that required intellectual scrutiny and uninterrupted neural commitment to figure out what it’s even trying to say? You’d call it a badly written article. So for those new to reading journals, welcom

      In time journal reading became easier and I understood the topic. At times I would read journals on a class subject just to know more about the subject.

    1. And if we may not suppose men ever to have been in the state of nature, because we hear not much of them in such a state, we may as well suppose the armies of Salmanasser or Xerxes were never children, because we hear little of them, till they were men, and imbodied in armies.

      I thought this analogy was very interesting. Locke addresses those who think that because there is no documentation of people coming together to form government, it may not have happened that way. His response is an argument from analogy. Even if we have never heard of a soldier's childhood, it doesn't mean they didn't have one (they obviously did). To the same extent, even if we have never heard of people coming together in the state of nature to form a government, it doesn't mean that it didn't occur that way.

    1. This claim is not accurate, although ambiguous terminology allows ITER representatives to claim that the reactor will produce 500 million Watts of “fusion power.”

      In other words, when the words are defined as used, it's accurate as to design intention. Anyone presenting a research goal as if it were a fact is being misleading. Krivit is here contradicting himself. "Ambiguous terminology allows the representatives to claim ..." means that the claim is a representation of truth, with the words defined as used. Where is the ambiguity? I have known the claim for years, and never interpreted it as Krivit seems to think the "public" interprets it. People who think shallowly, which is common, might indeed interpret it incorrectly, from the brief statements that Krivit cites. But fusion power means power produced from fusion, and it is not ambiguous at all. Only someone who interprets it as "net power generation" -- which isn't claimed -- would be confused. Further, the real issue is always, in the end, energy generation, peak power is irrelevant unless we know for how long such power is generated. Generating high peak power is not terribly difficult. What is difficult is generating significant power, continuously, for extended periods of time. Krivit doesn't seem to realize the importance of time, and he misses other aspects of these issues, I think we will see.

      "Have led" implies, though it does not state, that the misinformation is deliberate. The idea is that this was done to increase support, to maintain or increase funding. I doubt it, and I doubt that any serious decision-maker has been misled on this point. Rather, the strong points of JET and ITER have been communicated, and JET, in particular, set records for "fusion power," which has almost nothing to do with "net power," i.e, power produced in excess of the power consumption of the entire facility (which is an arbitrary measure, because any power produced is "net"). As has been pointed out, the former is electrical power, from the grid, whereas the latter is heating power, almost entirely, but it is not clear to me at this point exactly how it was measured, it may have, instead, been calculated from measures of the reaction rate, because the reaction is well-understood. The record rates were with D-T fusion, which is easier than ordinary D-D fusion.

      Probably because Krivit's understanding of power and energy is poor, and also resulting for his search for a dramatic story, "lies!" being dramatic, Krivit apparently does not know the questions to ask to truly understand what is going on. Instead he seizes on what is said whenever it seems to confirm his "story."

      It is a crucial part of Krivit's story what the "public" believes. What public? Wikipedia is edited by the public, and I don't see that the misconception Krivit imagines as being widespread is reflected in the relevant articles.

    1. 0 Research Article Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science Open Science Collaboration*,†+ Author Affiliations*All authors with their affiliations appear at the end of this paper.↵†Corresponding author. E-mail: nosek@virginia.edu Science  28 Aug 2015:Vol. 349, Issue 6251, DOI: 10.1126/science.aac4716 All authors with their affiliations appear at the end of this paper. Article Figures & Data Info & Metrics eLetters PDF Empirically analyzing empirical evidenceOne of the central goals in any scientific endeavor is to understand causality. Experiments that seek to demonstrate a cause/effect relation most often manipulate the postulated causal factor. Aarts et al. describe the replication of 100 experiments reported in papers published in 2008 in three high-ranking psychology journals. Assessing whether the replication and the original experiment yielded the same result according to several criteria, they find that about one-third to one-half of the original findings were also observed in the replication study.Science, this issue 10.1126/science.aac4716Structured AbstractINTRODUCTIONReproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. Scientific claims should not gain credence because of the status or authority of their originator but by the replicability of their supporting evidence. Even research of exemplary quality may have irreproducible empirical findings because of random or systematic error.RATIONALEThere is concern about the rate and predictors of reproducibility, but limited evidence. Potentially problematic practices include selective reporting, selective analysis, and insufficient specification of the conditions necessary or sufficient to obtain the results. Direct replication is the attempt to recreate the conditions believed sufficient for obtaining a previously observed finding and is the means of establishing reproducibility of a finding with new data. We conducted a large-scale, collaborative effort to obtain an initial estimate of the reproducibility of psychological science.RESULTSWe conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. There is no single standard for evaluating replication success. Here, we evaluated reproducibility using significance and P values, effect sizes, subjective assessments of replication teams, and meta-analysis of effect sizes. The mean effect size (r) of the replication effects (Mr = 0.197, SD = 0.257) was half the magnitude of the mean effect size of the original effects (Mr = 0.403, SD = 0.188), representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had significant results (P < .05). Thirty-six percent of replications had significant results; 47% of original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteristics of the original and replication teams.CONCLUSIONNo single indicator sufficiently describes replication success, and the five indicators examined here are not the only ways to evaluate reproducibility. Nonetheless, collectively these results offer a clear conclusion: A large portion of replications produced weaker evidence for the original findings despite using materials provided by the original authors, review in advance for methodological fidelity, and high statistical power to detect the original effect sizes. Moreover, correlational evidence is consistent with the conclusion that variation in the strength of initial evidence (such as original P value) was more predictive of replication success than variation in the characteristics of the teams conducting the research (such as experience and expertise). The latter factors certainly can influence replication success, but they did not appear to do so here.Reproducibility is not well understood because the incentives for individual scientists prioritize novelty over replication. Innovation is the engine of discovery and is vital for a productive, effective scientific enterprise. However, innovative ideas become old news fast. Journal reviewers and editors may dismiss a new test of a published idea as unoriginal. The claim that “we already know this” belies the uncertainty of scientific evidence. Innovation points out paths that are possible; replication points out paths that are likely; progress relies on both. Replication can increase certainty when findings are reproduced and promote innovation when they are not. This project provides accumulating evidence for many findings in psychological research and suggests that there is still more work to do to verify whether we know what we think we know. <img class="fragment-image" src="https://d2ufo47lrtsv5s.cloudfront.net/content/sci/349/6251/aac4716/F1.medium.gif"/> Download high-res image Open in new tab Download Powerpoint Original study effect size versus replication effect size (correlation coefficients).Diagonal line represents replication effect size equal to original effect size. Dotted line represents replication effect size of 0. Points below the dotted line were effects in the opposite direction of the original. Density plots are separated by significant (blue) and nonsignificant (red) effects. AbstractReproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. Replication effects were half the magnitude of original effects, representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had statistically significant results. Thirty-six percent of replications had statistically significant results; 47% of original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteristics of the original and replication teams.Reproducibility is a core principle of scientific progress (1–6). Scientific claims should not gain credence because of the status or authority of their originator but by the replicability of their supporting evidence. Scientists attempt to transparently describe the methodology and resulting evidence used to support their claims. Other scientists agree or disagree whether the evidence supports the claims, citing theoretical or methodological reasons or by collecting new evidence. Such debates are meaningless, however, if the evidence being debated is not reproducible.Even research of exemplary quality may have irreproducible empirical findings because of random or systematic error. Direct replication is the attempt to recreate the conditions believed sufficient for obtaining a previously observed finding (7, 8) and is the means of establishing reproducibility of a finding with new data. A direct replication may not obtain the original result for a variety of reasons: Known or unknown differences between the replication and original study may moderate the size of an observed effect, the original result could have been a false positive, or the replication could produce a false negative. False positives and false negatives provide misleading information about effects, and failure to identify the necessary and sufficient conditions to reproduce a finding indicates an incomplete theoretical understanding. Direct replication provides the opportunity to assess and improve reproducibility.There is plenty of concern (9–13) about the rate and predictors of reproducibility but limited evidence. In a theoretical analysis, Ioannidis estimated that publishing and analytic practices make it likely that more than half of research results are false and therefore irreproducible (9). Some empirical evidence supports this analysis. In cell biology, two industrial laboratories reported success replicating the original results of landmark findings in only 11 and 25% of the attempted cases, respectively (10, 11). These numbers are stunning but also difficult to interpret because no details are available about the studies, methodology, or results. With no transparency, the reasons for low reproducibility cannot be evaluated.Other investigations point to practices and incentives that may inflate the likelihood of obtaining false-positive results in particular or irreproducible results more generally. Potentially problematic practices include selective reporting, selective analysis, and insufficient specification of the conditions necessary or sufficient to obtain the results (12–23). We were inspired to address the gap in direct empirical evidence about reproducibility. In this Research Article, we report a large-scale, collaborative effort to obtain an initial estimate of the reproducibility of psychological science.MethodStarting in November 2011, we constructed a protocol for selecting and conducting high-quality replications (24). Collaborators joined the project, selected a study for replication from the available studies in the sampling frame, and were guided through the replication protocol. The replication protocol articulated the process of selecting the study and key effect from the available articles, contacting the original authors for study materials, preparing a study protocol and analysis plan, obtaining review of the protocol by the original authors and other members within the present project, registering the protocol publicly, conducting the replication, writing the final report, and auditing the process and analysis for quality control. Project coordinators facilitated each step of the process and maintained the protocol and project resources. Replication materials and data were required to be archived publicly in order to maximize transparency, accountability, and reproducibility of the project (https://osf.io/ezcuj).

      Audience seems to be a range of people with experience/knowledge in this topic. Author uses words and abbreviations that would not make sense to the average viewer.

    1. the interface to Microsoft Word contains few deep principles about writing, and as a result it is possible to master Word's interface without becoming a passable writer. This isn't so much a criticism of Word, as it is a reflection of the fact that we have relatively few really strong and precise ideas about how to write well.

      "Write well" is complex, like "personality" (although OCEAN, haha, oops). I think especially of Karla's lament so beautifully expressed in Oceanic Mind. https://rampages.us/karlaimpala/2015/12/04/oceanic-mind/. Perhaps "strong" and "precise" are not mutually compatible here--the pairing may be misleading.

    1. visually imbued 'cultm;i-and social practices, which may vary from culture to culture and ep-�h to ep:h. So�;y;es these can be construed in grandiose terms, such as a massive sh

      "visually imbued cultural and social practices"--Jay's claim here states that cultural and social practices are dependent upon vision. While that's kind of a general claim (and he does give a few examples) we could think about what social or cultural practices (historical or contemporary0 this claim holds true for....

    1. Growth, or growing as developing, notonly physically but intellectually and morally, is one exemplification of the principle of continuity. The objection made is that growth might take many different directions: a man, for example, who starts out on a career of burglary may grow in that direction, and by practice may grow into a highly expert burglar. Hence it is argued that "growth" is not enough; we must also specify the direction in which growth takes place, the end towards which it tends. Before, however, we decide that the objection is conclusive we must analyze the case a little further. That a man may grow in efficiency as a burglar, as a gangster, or as a corrupt politician, cannot be doubted. But from the standpoint of growth as education and education as growth the question is whether growth in this direction promotes or retards growth in general. Does this formof growth create conditions for further growth, or does it set up conditions that shut offthe person who has grown in this particular direction from the occasions, stimuli, and opportunities for continuing growth in new directions? What is the effect of growth in a special direction upon the attitudes and habits which alone open up avenues for development in other lines? I shall leave you to answer these questions, saying simply that when and only when development in a particular line conduces to continuing growth does it answer to the criterion of education as growing. For the conception is one that must find universal and not specialized limited application. I return now tothe question of continuity as a criterion by which to discriminate between experiences which are educative and those which are mis-educative. As we have seen, there is some kind of continuity in any case since every experience affects for better or worse the attitudes which help decide the quality of further experiences, by setting up certain preference and aversion, and making it easier or harder to act for this or that end. Moreover, every experience influences in some degree the objective conditions under which further experiences are had. For example, a child who learns to speak has a new facility and new desire. But he has also widened the external conditions of subsequent learning. When he learns to read, he similarly opens up a new environment. If a person decides to become a teacher, lawyer, physician, or stock-broker, when he executes his intention he thereby necessarily determines to some extent the environment in which he will act in the future. He has rendered himself more sensitive and responsive to certain conditions, and relatively immune to those things about him that would have been stimuli if he had made another choice. But, while the principle of continuity applies in some way in every case, the quality of the present experience influencesthe wayin which the principle applies. We speak of spoiling a child and of the spoilt child. The effect of over-indulging a child is a continuing one. It sets up an attitudewhich operates as an automatic demand that persons and objects cater to his desires and caprices in the future. It makes him seek the kind of situation that will enable him to do what he feels like doing at the time. It renders him averse to and comparatively incompetent in situationswhich require effort and perseverance in overcoming obstacles. There is no paradox in the fact that the principle of the continuity of experience may operate so as to leave a person arrested on a lowplane of development, in a waywhich limits later capacity for growth. On the other hand, if an experience arouses curiosity, strengthens initiative, and sets up desires and purposes that are sufficiently intense to carry a person over dead places in the future, continuity works in a very different way. Every experience is a moving force. Its value can be judged only on the ground of what it moves toward and into. The greater maturity of experience which should belong to the adult as educator puts him in a position to evaluate each experience of the young in a way in which the one having the less mature experience cannot do. It is then the business of the educator to see in what direction an experience is heading. There is no point in his being more mature if, instead of using his greater insight to help organize the conditions of the experience of the immature, he throws away his insight. Failure to take the moving force of an experience into account so as to judge and direct it on the ground of what it is moving into means disloyalty 23 / 36 Enter Full Screen Exit Full Screen

      I really enjoy this particular paragraph. The example is very effective. Growth is not necessarily always good, although in many cases it is generally thought to be so. When someone says that they have "grown as a person", they generally mean that they think that they have developed more and become a better person. However, this is not always the case. In education, it is possible for one to gain experience, learn, and grow in exactly the wrong way, just like a man who starts out stealing and becomes a master burglar. In a similar way, someone can start out writing poorly and evolve from there to become an even bigger mess.

    1. All soul is immortal, for she is the source of all motion both in herself and in others. Her form may be described in a figure as a composite nature made up of a charioteer and a pair of winged steeds

      I find this very interesting. It made me think of how this goddess can effect not only herself but others through her soul almost like how we talked about the bad apple affect doing the same thing.

    2. It might be so if madness were simply an evil; but there is also a madness which is a divine gift, and the source of the chiefest blessings granted to men

      Love it madness. It doesn’t make sense. it causes you to do things you wouldn't normally do. The things you do for love, you don’t do because they rationally make sense, you do them because they feel right. When viewed from the outside from a strictly rational perspective, one might think that person ought to be pitied for he fails to see reason. However love, and the ability to set reason aside to do what feels right may be the greatest gift we have as humans, for love may be the greatest thing one can experience. This love isn't just between a couple; it’s the same love we feel for our families, our friends, our pets, and for some people, God. To live your life strictly rationally and with no regard to love is to rob yourself of the greatest part of being human.

    1. Fourthly, that a Monarch cannot disagree with himselfe, out of envy, or interest; but an Assembly may; and that to such a height, as may produce a Civill Warre.

      This is an extremely interesting quote, given the fact that these are real possibilities that occurred later in American history. (To the extent that you take out any monarch factor and replace it with the fact that we have a representative-based system of the legislature.) I think this speaks to the variety of different perspectives and divisiveness that can occur in this type of government, whereas a monarchy doesn't have these sort of issues.

    1. drew his inspiration from academic culture, with its dense interweaving of cross-references and annotations

      Essential reading: Vannevar Bush's As We May Think (and the Hypothesis annotations layered atop this version of his essay are pretty great, too).