7,904 Matching Annotations
  1. Nov 2024
    1. The economic growth that lifted millions of Americans into the middle class also reproduced existing inequalities.

      This reminds me of the economy that is presented nowadays, and that many Americans now are either middle class or lower.

    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      We would like to thank all the reviewers for their positive evaluation of our paper, as described in the Strengths section. We are also grateful for their helpful comments and suggestions, which we have addressed below. We believe that the manuscript has been significantly improved as a result of these suggestions. In addition to these changes, we also corrected some inconsistencies (statistical values in the last sentence of a Figure 5 caption) and sentences in the main text (lines 155, 452, 522) (these corrections did not affect the results).

      Fig. 5e: R=0.599, P<0.001 -> R=0.601, P=0.007

      L150: "the angle of stick tilt angle" -> "the angle of stick tilt"

      L437: "no such" -> "such"

      L522: "?" -> "."

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary/Strengths:

      This manuscript describes a stimulating contribution to the field of human motor control. The complexity of control and learning is studied with a new task offering a myriad of possible coordination patterns. Findings are original and exemplify how baseline relationships determine learning.

      Weaknesses:

      A new task is presented: it is a thoughtful one, but because it is a new one, the manuscript section is filled with relatively new terms and acronyms that are not necessarily easy to rapidly understand.

      First, some more thoughts may be devoted to the take-home message. In the title, I am not sure manipulating a stick with both hands is a key piece of information. Also, the authors appear to insist on the term ‘implicit’, and I wonder if it is a big deal in this manuscript and if all the necessary evidence appears in this study that control and adaptation are exclusively implicit. As there is no clear comparison between gradual and abrupt sessions, the authors may consider removing at least from the title and abstract the words ‘implicit’ and ‘implicitly’. Most importantly, the authors may consider modifying the last sentence of the abstract to clearly provide the most substantial theoretical advance from this study.

      Thank you for your positive comment on our paper. We agree with the reviewer that our paper used a lot of acronyms that might confuse the readers. As we have addressed below (in the rebuttal to the Results section), we have reduced the number of acronyms.

      Regarding the comment on the use of the word “implicit” in the title and the abstract, we believe that its use in this paper is very important and indispensable. One of our main findings was that the pattern of adaptation between the tip-movement direction and the stick-tilt angle largely followed that in the baseline condition when aiming at different target directions. This adaptation was largely implicit because participants were not aware of the presence of the perturbation as the amount of perturbation was gradually increased. This implicitness suggests that the adaptation pattern of how the movement should be corrected is embedded in the motor learning system. On the other hand, if this adaptation pattern was achieved on the basis of the explicit strategy of changing the direction of the tip-movement, the adaptation pattern that follows the baseline pattern is not at all surprising. For these reasons, we will continue to use the word "implicit".

      It seems that a substantial finding is the ‘constraint’ imposed by baseline control laws on sensorimotor adaptation. This seems to echo and extend previous work of Wu, Smith et al. (Nat Neurosci, 2014): their findings, which were not necessarily always replicated, suggested that the more participants were variable in baseline, the better they adapted to a systematic perturbation. The authors may study whether residual errors are smaller or adaptation is faster for individuals with larger motor variability in baseline. Unfortunately, the authors do not present the classic time course of sensorimotor adaptation in any experiment. The adaptation is not described as typically done: the authors should thus show the changes in tip movement direction and stick-tilt angle across trials, and highlight any significant difference between baseline, early adaptation, and late adaptation, for instance. I also wonder why the authors did not include a few noperturbation trials after the exposure phase to study after-effects in the study design: it looks like a missed opportunity here. Overall, I think that showing the time course of adaptation is necessary for the present study to provide a more comprehensive understanding of that new task, and to re-explore the role of motor variability during baseline for sensorimotor adaptation.

      We appreciate the reviewer for raising these important issues.

      Regarding the learning curve, because the amount of perturbation was gradually increased except for Exp.1B, we were not able to obtain typical learning curves (i.e., the curve showing errors decaying exponentially with trials). However, it may still be useful to show how the movement changed with trials during adaptation. Therefore, following the reviewer's suggestion, we have added the figures of the time course of adaptation in the supplementary data (Figures S1, S2, S4, and S5).

      There are two reasons why our experiments did not include aftereffect quantification trials (i.e., probe trials). First, in the case of adaptation to a visual perturbation (e.g., visual rotation), probe trials are not necessary because the degree of adaptation can be easily quantified by the amount of compensation in the perturbation trials (however, in the case of dynamic perturbations such as force fields, the use of probe trials is necessary). Second, the inclusion of probe trials allows participants to be aware of the presence of the perturbation, which we would like to avoid.

      We also appreciate the interesting additional questions regarding the relevance of our work to the relationship between baseline motor variability and adaptation performance. As this topic, although interesting, is outside the scope of this paper, we concluded that we would not address it in the manuscript. In fact, the experiments were not ideal for quantifying motor variability in the baseline phase because participants had to aim at different targets, which could change the characteristics of motor variability. In addition, we gradually increased the size of the perturbation except for Exp.1B (see Author response image 1, upper panel), which could make it difficult to assess the speed of adaptation. Nevertheless, we think it is worth mentioning this point in this rebuttal. Specifically, we examined the correlation between baseline motor variability when aiming the 0 deg target (tip-movement direction or stick-tilt angle) and adaptation speed in Exp 1A and Exp 1B (Author response image 1 and Author response image 2). To assess adaptation speed in Exp.1A, we quantified the slope of the tip-movement direction to a gradually increasing perturbation (Author response image 1, upper panel). The adaptation speed in Exp.1B was obtained by fitting the exponential function to the data (Author response image 2, upper panel). Although the statistical results were not completely consistent, we found that the participants with greater the motor variability at baseline tended to show faster adaptation, as shown in a previous study (Wu et al., Nat Neurosci, 2014).

      Author response image 1.

      Correlation between the baseline variability and learning speed (Experiment 1A). In Exp 1A, the rotation of the tip-movement direction was gradually increased by 1 degree per trial up to 30 degrees. The learning speed was quantified by calculating how quickly the direction of movement followed the perturbation (upper panel). The lower left panel shows the variability of the tip-movement direction versus learning speed, while the lower right panel shows the variability of the stick-tilt angle versus learning speed. Baseline variability was calculated as a standard deviation across trials (trials in which a target appeared in a 0-degree direction).

      Author response image 2.

      Correlation between the baseline variability and learning speed (Experiment 1B). In Exp 1B, the rotation of the tip-movement direction was abruptly applied from the first trial (30 degrees). The learning speed was calculated as a time constant obtained by exponential curve fitting. The lower left panel shows the variability of the tip-movement direction versus learning speed, while the lower right panel shows the variability of the stick-tilt angle versus learning speed. Baseline variability was calculated as a standard deviation across trials (trials in which a target appeared in a 0-degree direction).

      The distance between hands was fixed at 15 cm with the Kinarm instead of a mechanical constraint. I wonder how much this distance varied and more importantly whether from that analysis or a force analysis, the authors could determine whether one hand led the other one in the adaptation.

      Thank you very much for this important comment. Since the distance between the two hands was maintained by the stiff virtual spring (2000 N/m), it was kept almost constant throughout the experiments as shown in Author response image 3 (the averaged distance during a movement). The distance was also maintained during reaching movements (Author response image 4).

      We also thank the reviewer for the suggestion regarding the force analysis. As shown in Author response image 5, we did not find a role for a specific hand for motor adaptation from the handle force data. Specifically, Author response image 5 shows the force applied to each handle along and orthogonal to the stick. If one hand led the other in adaptation, we should have observed a phase shift as adaptation progressed. However, no such hand specific phase shift was observed. It should be noted, however, that it was theoretically difficult to know from the force sensors which hand produced the force first, because the force exerted by the right handle was transmitted to the left handle and vice versa due to the connection by the stiff spring. 

      Author response image 3.

      The distance between hands during the task. We show the average distance between hands for each trial. The shaded area indicates the standard deviation across participants.

      Author response image 4.

      Time course changes in the distance between hands during the movement. The color means the trial epoch shown in the right legend.

      Author response image 5.

      The force profile during the movement (Exp 1A). We decomposed the force of each handle into the component along (upper panels) and orthogonal to the stick (lower panels). Changes in the force profiles in the adaptation phase are shown (left: left hand force, right: right hand force). The colors (magenta to cyan) mean trial epoch shown in the right legend.

      I understand the distinction between task- and end-effector irrelevant perturbation, and at the same time results show that the nervous system reacts to both types of perturbation, indicating that they both seem relevant or important. In line 32, the errors mentioned at the end of the sentence suggest that adaptation is in fact maladaptive. I think the authors may extend the Discussion on why adaptation was found in the experiments with end-effector irrelevant and especially how an internal (forward) model or a pair of internal (forward) models may be used to predict both the visual and the somatosensory consequences of the motor commands.

      Thank you very much for your comment. As we already described in the discussion of the original manuscript (Lines 519-538 in the revised manuscript), two potential explanations exist for the motor system’s response to the end-effector irrelevant perturbation (i.e., stick rotation). First, the motor system predicts the sensory information associated with the action and attempts to correct any discrepancies between the prediction and the actual sensory consequences, regardless of whether the error information is end-effector relevant or end-effector irrelevant. Second, given the close coupling between the tip-movement direction and stick-tilt angle, the motor system can estimate the presence of end-effector relevant error (i.e., tip-movement direction) by the presence of end-effector irrelevant error (i.e., stick-tilt angle). This estimation should lead to the change in the tip-movement direction. As the reviewer pointed out, the mismatch between visual and proprioceptive information is another possibility, we have added the description of this point in Discussion (Lines 523-526).

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Minor

      Line 16: “it remains poorly understood” is quite subjective and I would suggest reformulating this statement.

      We have reformulated this statement as “This limitation prevents the study of how….”  (Line 16).

      Introduction

      Line 49: the authors may be more specific than just saying ‘this task’. In particular, they need to clarify that there is no redundancy in studies where the shoulder is fixed and all movement is limited to a plane ... which turns out to truly happen in a limited set of experimental setups (for example: Kinarm exoskeleton, but not endpoint; Kinereach system...).

      We have changed this to “such a planar arm-reaching task” (Line 49).

      Line 61: large, not infinite because of biomechanical constraints.

      We have changed “an infinite” to “a large” (Line 61) and “infinite” to “a large number of” (legend in Fig. 1f).

      Lines 67-69: consider clarifying.

      We have tried to clarify the sentence (Lines 67-69).

      Results

      TMD and STA, and TMD-STA plane, are new terms with new acronyms that are not easy to immediately understand. Consider avoiding acronyms.

      We have reduced the use of these acronyms as much as possible. 

      “visual TMD–STA plane” -> “plane representing visual movement patterns” (Lines 179180)

      “TMD axis” -> “x-axis” (Line 181, Line 190)

      “physical TMD–STA plane” -> “plane representing physical movement patterns” (Lines 182-187)

      “physical TMD–STA plane” -> “physical plane” (Line 191, Line 201, Lines 216-217, Line 254, Line 301, Line 315, Line 422, Line 511, and captions of Figures 4-9, S3)

      “visual TMD–STA plane” -> “visual plane” (Line 193, Line 241, Line 248, Line 300, Lines

      313-314, and captions of Figures 4-9, S3)

      “STA axis” -> “y-axis” (Line 241)

      Line 169: please clarify the mismatch(es) that are created when the tip-movement direction is visually rotated in the CCW direction around the starting position (tip perturbation), whereas the stick-tilt angle remains unchanged.

      Thank you for your pointing this out. We have clarified that the stick-tilt angle remains identical to the tilt of both hands (Lines 171-172).

      Discussion

      I understand the physical constraint imposed between the 2 hands with the robotic device, but I am not sure I understand the physical constraint imposed by the TMD-STA relationship.

      The phrase “physical constraint” meant the constraint of the movement on the physical space. However, as the reviewer pointed out, this phrase could confuse the constraint between the two hands. Therefore, we have avoided using the phrase “physical constraint” throughout the manuscript.

      Some work looking at 3-D movements should be used for Discussion (e.g. Lacquaniti & Soechting 1982; work by d’Avella A or Jarrasse N).

      Thank you for sharing this important information. We have cited these studies in Discussion (Lines 380-382). 

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The authors have developed a novel bimanual task that allows them to study how the sensorimotor control system deals with redundancy within our body. Specifically, the two hands control two robot handles that control the position and orientation of a virtual stick, where the end of the stick is moved into a target. This task has infinite solutions to any movement, where the two hands influence both tip-movement direction and stick-tilt angle. When moving to different targets in the baseline phase, participants change the tilt angle of the stick in a specific pattern that produces close to the minimum movement of the two hands to produce the task. In a series of experiments, the authors then apply perturbations to the stick angle and stick movement direction to examine how either tipmovement (task-relevant) or stick-angle (task-irrelevant) perturbations affect adaptation. Both types of perturbations affect adaptation, but this adaptation follows the baseline pattern of tip-movement and stick angle relation such that even task-irrelevant perturbations drive adaptation in a manner that results in task-relevant errors. Overall, the authors suggest that these baseline relations affect how we adapt to changes in our tasks. This work provides an important demonstration that underlying solutions/relations can affect the manner in which we adapt. I think one major contribution of this work will also be the task itself, which provides a very fruitful and important framework for studying more complex motor control tasks.

      Strengths:

      Overall, I find this a very interesting and well-written paper. Beyond providing a new motor task that could be influential in the field, I think it also contributes to studying a very important question - how we can solve redundancy in the sensorimotor control system, as there are many possible mechanisms or methods that could be used - each of which produces different solutions and might affect the manner in which we adapt.

      Weaknesses:

      I would like to see further discussion of what the particular chosen solution implies in terms of optimality.

      The underlying baseline strategy used by the participants appears to match the path of minimum movement of the two hands. This suggests that participants are simultaneously optimizing accuracy and minimizing some metabolic cost or effort to solve the redundancy problem. However, once the perturbations are applied, participants still use this strategy for driving adaptation. I assume that this means that the solution that participants end up with after adaptation actually produces larger movements of the two hands than required. That is - they no longer fall onto the minimum hand movement strategy - which was used to solve the problem. Can the authors demonstrate that this is either the case or not clearly? These two possibilities produce very different implications in terms of the results.

      If my interpretation is correct, such a result (using a previously found solution that no longer is optimal) reminds me of the work of Selinger et al., 2015 (Current Biology), where participants continue to walk at a non-optimal speed after perturbations unless they get trained on multiple conditions to learn the new landscape of solutions. Perhaps the authors could discuss their work within this kind of interpretation. Do the authors predict that this relation would change with extensive practice either within the current conditions or with further exploration of the new task landscape? For example, if more than one target was used in the adaptation phase of the experiment?

      On the other hand, if the adaptation follows the solution of minimum hand movement and therefore potentially effort, this provides a completely different interpretation.

      Overall, I would find the results even more compelling if the same perturbations applied to movements to all of the targets and produced similar adaptation profiles. The question is to what degree the results derive from only providing a small subset of the environment to explore.

      Thank you very much for pointing out this significant issue. As the reviewer correctly interprets, the physical movement patterns deviated from the baseline relationship as exemplified in Exp.2. However, this deviation is not surprising for the following reason. Under the perturbation that creates the dissociation between the hands and the stick, the motor system cannot simultaneously return both the visual stick motion and physical hands motion to the original motions: When the motor system tries to return the visual stick motion to the original visual motion, then the physical hands motion inevitably deviates from the original physical hands motion, and vice versa.  

      Our interpretation of this result is that the motor system corrects the movement to reduce the visual dissociation of the visual stick motion from the baseline motion (i.e., sensory prediction error), but this movement correction is biased by the baseline physical hands motion. In other words, the motor system attempts to balance the minimization of sensory prediction error and the minimization of motor cost. Thus, our results do not indicate that the final adaptation pattern is non-optimal, but rather reflect the attempts for optimization.

      In the revised manuscript, we have added the description of this interpretation (Lines 515-517).

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      The authors have suggested that the only study (line 472) that has also examined an end-effector irrelevant perturbation is the bimanual study of Omrani et al., 2013, which only examined reflex activity rather than adaptation. To clarify this issue - exactly what is considered end-effector irrelevant perturbations - I was wondering about the bimanual perturbations in Dimitriou et al., 2012 (J Neurophysiol) and the simultaneous equal perturbations in Franklin et al., 2016 (J Neurosci), as well as other recent papers studying task-irrelevant disturbances which aren’t discussed. I would consider these both to also be end-effector irrelevant perturbations, although again they only used these to study reflex activity and not adaptation as in the current paper. Regardless, further explanation of exactly what is the difference between task-irrelevant and end-effector irrelevant would be useful to clarify the exact difference between the current manuscript and previous work.

      Thank you for your helpful comments. We have included as references the study by Dimitriou et al. (Line 490) and Franklin et al. (Lines 486-487), which use an endeffector irrelevant perturbation and the task-irrelevant perturbation condition, respectively. We have also added further explanation of what is the difference between task-irrelevant and end-effector irrelevant (Lines 344-352). 

      Line 575: I assume that you mean peak movement speed

      We have added “peak”. (Line 597).

      Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      This study explored how the motor system adapts to new environments by modifying redundant body movements. Using a novel bimanual stick manipulation task, participants manipulated a virtual stick to reach targets, focusing on how tip-movement direction perturbations affected both tip movement and stick-tilt adaptation. The findings indicated a consistent strategy among participants who flexibly adjusted the tilt angle of the stick in response to errors. The adaptation patterns are influenced by physical space relationships, guiding the motor system’s choice of movement patterns. Overall, this study highlights the adaptability of the motor system through changes in redundant body movement patterns.

      Strengths:

      This paper introduces a novel bimanual stick manipulation task to investigate how the motor system adapts to novel environments by altering the movement patterns of our redundant body.

      Weaknesses:

      The generalizability of the findings is quite limited. It would have been interesting to see if the same relationships were held for different stick lengths (i.e., the hands positioned at different start locations along the virtual stick) or when reaching targets to the left and right of a start position, not just at varying angles along one side. Alternatively, this study would have benefited from a more thorough investigation of the existing literature on redundant systems instead of primarily focusing on the lack of redundancy in endpointreaching tasks. Although the novel task expands the use of endpoint robots in motor control studies, the utility of this task for exploring motor control and learning may be limited.

      Thank you very much for the important comment. Given that there are many parameters (e.g., stick length, locations of hands, target position etc), one may wonder how the findings obtained from only one combination can be generalized to other configurations. In the revised manuscript, we have explicitly described this point (Lines 356-359). 

      Thus, the generalizability needs to be investigated in future studies, but we believe that the main results also apply to other configurations. Regarding the baseline stick movement pattern, the control with tilting the stick was observed regardless of the stick-tip positions (Author response image 6). Regarding the finding that the adapted stick movement patterns follow the baseline movement patterns, we confirmed the same results even when the other targets were used as the target for the adaptation (Author response image 7). 

      Author response image 6.

      Stick-tip manipulation patterns when the length of the stick varied. Top: 10 naïve participants moved the stick with different lengths. A target appeared on one of five directions represented by a color of each tip position. Regardless of the length of the stick and laterality, a similar relationship between tip-movement direction and stick-tilt angle was observed. (middle: at peak velocity, bottom: at movement offset).

      Author response image 7.

      Patterns of adaptation when using the other targets. In the baseline phase, 40 naïve participants moved a stick tip to a peripheral target (24 directions). They showed a stereotypical relationship between the tip-movement direction and the stick-tilt angle (a bold gray curve). In the adaptation phase, participants were divided into four groups, each with a different target training direction (lower left, lower right, upper right, or upper left), and visual rotation was gradually imposed on the tip-movement direction. Irrespective of the target direction, the adaptation pattern of the tipmovement and stick-tilt followed with the baseline relationship.

      We also thank you for your comment about studying the existing redundant systems. We can understand the reviewer's concern about the usefulness of our task, but we believe that we have proposed the novel framework for motor adaptation in the redundant system. The future studies will be able to clarify how the knowledge gained from our task can be generally applied to understand the control and learning of the redundant system.

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Line 49: replace “uniquely” with primarily. A number of features of the task setup could affect the joint angles, from if/how the arm is supported, whether the wrist is fixed, alignment of the target in relation to the midline of the participant, duration of the task, and whether fatigue is an issue, etc. Your statement relates to fixed limb lengths of a participant, rather than standard reaching tasks as a whole. Not to mention the degree of inter- and intra-subject variability that does exist in point-to-point reaching tasks.

      Thank you for your helpful point. We have replaced “uniquely” with “primarily”. (Line 49).

      Line 72: the cursor is not an end-effector - it represents the end-effector.

      We have changed the expression as “the perturbation to the cursor representing the position of the end-effector (Line 72).

      Lines 73 – 78: it would benefit the authors to consider the role of intersegmental dynamics.

      Thank you for your suggestion. We are not sure if we understand this suggestion correctly, but we interpret that this suggestion to mean that the end-effector perturbation can be implemented by using the perturbation that considers the intersegmental dynamics. However, the implementation is not so straightforward, and the panels in Figure 1j,k are only conceptual for the end-effector irrelevant perturbation. Therefore, we have not described the contribution of intersegmental dynamics here.

      Lines 90 – 92: “cannot” should be “did not”, as the studies being referenced are already completed. This statement should be further unpacked to explain what they did do, and how that does not meet the requirement of redundancy in movement patterns.

      We have changed “cannot” to “did not” (Line 91). We have also added the description of what the previous studies had demonstrated (Line 88-90).

      Figure text could be enlarged for easier viewing.

      We have enlarged texts in all figures. 

      Lines 41 - 47: Interesting selection of supporting references. For the introduction of a novel environment, I would recommend adding the support of Shadmehr and MussaIvaldi 1994.

      Thank you for your suggestion. We have added Shadmehr and Mussa-Ivaldi 1994 as a reference (Line 45).

      Line 49: “this task” is vague - the above references relate to a number of different tasks. For example, the authors could replace it with a reaching task involving an end-point robot.

      Thank you very much for your suggestion. As per the suggestion by Reviewer #1, we have changed this to “such a planar arm-reaching task” (Line 49).

      Line 60: “hypothetical limb with three joints” - in Figure 1a, the human subject, holding the handle of a robotic manipulandum does have flexibility around the wrist.

      Previous studies using planar arm-reaching task have constrained the wrist joint (e.g., Flash & Hogan, 1985; Gordon et al., 1994; Nozaki et al., 2006). We tried to emphasize this point as “participants manipulate a visual cursor with their hands primarily by moving their shoulder and elbow joints” (Line 42). In the revised manuscript, we have also emphasized this point in the legend of Figure 1a.

      Lines 93-108: this paragraph could be cleaned up more clearly stating that while the use of task-irrelevant perturbations has been used in the domain of reaching tasks, the focus of these tasks has not been specifically to address “In our task, we aim to exploit this feature by doing”

      Thank you very much for your helpful comments. To make this paragraph clear, we have modified some sentences (Line 100-104).

      Line 109: “coordinates to adapt” is redundant.

      We have changed this to “adapts” (Line 110).

      Lines 109-112: these sentences could be combined to have better flow.

      Thank you very much for your valuable suggestion. We have combined these two sentences for the better flow (Line 110-112).

      Line 113-114: consider rewording - “This is a redundant task because ...” to something like “Redundancy in the task is achieved by acknowledging that ....“.

      We have changed the expression according to the reviewer’s suggestion (Line 114).

      Line 118: Consider changing “changes” to “makes use of”.

      We have changed the expression (Line 119).

      Lines 346 - 348: grammar and clarity - “This redundant motor task enables the investigation of adaptation patterns in the redundant system following the introduction of perturbations that are either end-effector relevant, end-effector irrelevant, or both.“.

      Thank you very much again for your helpful suggestion of English expression. We have adopted the sentence you suggested (Line 354-356).

    1. The lengths of the annotations can vary significantly from a couple of sentences to a couple of pages.

      This sentence shows that annotation length can vary based on purpose, allowing flexibility. It reminds me to adapt the detail in each annotation to suit my needs.

    2. An annotation is a summary and/or evaluation.

      This sentence defines an annotation as more than just a list; it includes a summary or critique of each source. This focus on analysis helps in assessing each source’s value. It reminds me to look deeper into each source's content and relevance to my topic.

    1. here you were supposed to send money to the people you got the letter from, but then the people you send the letter to would give you money. Other letters gave the reason for people to make copies that if they made copies, good things would happen to them, and if not bad things would, like this: You will receive good luck within four days of receiving this letter, providing, you in turn send it on. […] An RAF officer received $70,000 […] Gene Walsh lost his wife six days after receiving the letter. He failed to circulate the letter.

      This reminds me of similar chain messages I encountered back in middle school. For example, there would be messages saying that if you saw it, you had to forward it, or else you'd have bad luck. I never expected that similar letters or messages had already existed so long ago

    1. Dubiously acquired Indigenous land was the engine driving the growing nation’s land economy.

      Although they're very different circumstances, this reminds me of the way that the U.S. economy was built with slave labor, and nobody talks about it. Everyone is always boasting about the strength of the U.S. economy, but it's all thanks to thievery and exploitation: from the stolen land this country is built on, to the enslaved people who basically built the foundations of the U.S. economy with their own hands, to the unpaid prison labor our nation still depends on for production; the U.S.'s success is all owed to people who have never received any share of that success or any recognition.

  2. pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca
    1. And in this flea our two bloods mingled be;

      This image of two people being combines as one through "mingled" blood within a flea is a dark depiction of all the things in this world that have the power to make one close to another. It reminds me of the idea of a blood pact where blood is used as the most sacred bond because you essentially spill your life force with another.

    1. As another example, this tweet is instructions for how to interact with it (add a picture), and people keep copying the instructions with their replies.

      I don't know why but this reminds me of a lot of old computer viruses like mydoom and the love bug worm, which either utilized or imitated chain emails. These emails would either convince the user to send it to another, or when they became more sophisticated, automatically send themselves in a way which looks benign.

    1. 12:3 Those who are wi se[a] will shine like the brightness of the heavens, and those who lead many to righteousness, like the stars for ever and ever.

      you are offline

      we the people rise again

      safe souls, safe fu


      We the People of Slate ...

      The U.S. Constitution, as you [mighta been, shoulda "come" on ... its someday] rewrϕte it.

      "Politicians talk about the Constitution as if it were as sacrosanct as the Ten Commandments [interjection: spec. it is actually almost exactly related!]. But the document itself invites change and revision. What if the president served only one six-year term instead two four-year terms? What if your state's population determined how many senators represent it? What if the Constitution included a right to health care? We asked legal scholars and Slate readers to cross out what they didn't like in the Constitution and pencil in their hearts' desires. Here's what the document would look like with their best ideas."

      多也了了夕 "with a ~~wand~~ of scheffilara, 并#亦太 he begins ... "I am now on the Staff of Menelaus, the Spears of Longinus and Lancelot; and the name "Mosche ex Nashon."

      Logically the recent mentions of Gilgamesh and the simultaneous 同時 overlaping 場道 of the eventual link between the famous ruling of Solomon on the separation of babies and mothers and waters and land ... to a story of many "two cities" that culminates in a cultural or societal or "evolutionary" link to Sodom and Gomorrah and the city-state of Babylon (and it's Hanging Gardens) and also of course to Paris and Troy and "Masstodon" and city-states [ciudadestado] and perhaps planet-cities; from Cambridge to Cambridge across the "Cable" to see state to "London" ... recently I called it "the city of realms" ... I started out logically intending to link "game theory" and John Nash to the mathematical story of Sputnik and a revival of American physics; but in my usual way of rambling into the woods [I mean neighborhood] of stream of consciousness ... turned into a premonitory discourse of "two cities" and how sometimes even things as obvious as the number of letters in the word "two" don't do a good enough job of conveying ... how and/or why one is simply never enough, and two isn't much better--but in the end a circle ... is drawn; the perfect circle in our imaginary mathematical perfection ... I see a parted "line" in the letter pronounced "tea" (and beginning that word); and two "vee" (pron. of "v") symbols joined together in a word we pronounce as "double-you" ... and symbolically because I know "V" is the Roman Numeral for 5 (five) and I know not how to multiply in Roman numerals--

      It's important to pause; here. I am going to write a more detailed piece on "the two cities" as I work through this maze like crossroads between "them" and "demo..." ... here demorigstrably I am trying to fuse together an evolutionary change in ... lit. biological evolution as well as an echelon leap forward in "self-government" ... in a place where these two things are unfathomable and unspokenly* connected.

      To a question on the idiom; is Bablyon about "the law" or "of the land of Nod?"

      "What is democracy" ... the song, Metallica's "ONE" echoes and repeats; as we apparently scrive together the word "THEM" ... I question myself ... if Babylon were the capital city of some mythical Nation of Time ... if it were the central "turning point" of Sheol; ... >|<

      Can you not see that in this place; in a world that should see and does there is a gigantic message proving that we are not in reality and trying to show us how and why that's the best news since ... ever---that it's as simple as conjoining "the law of the land" with a basic set of rules that automatically turn Hell into something so much closer to Heaven I just do not understand---why we cant stand up together and say "bullets will not kill innocent children" and "snowflakes will not start avalanches ...." that cover or bury or hide the road from Earth to Verital)e .... or from the mythical Valis to Tanis---or from Rigel to Beth-El ... "guess?"

      ## as "an easy" answer; I'm looking for a fusion of "law and land" that somehow remembers a "jok'er a scene" about "lawn" seats; and "where the girls are green;"

      It's as simple as night and day; Heaven and Hell ... the difference between survival and--what we are presented with here; it's "doing this right"--that ends the Hell of representative democracy and electoral college--the blindness and darkness of not seeing "EXTINCTION LEVEL EVENT" encoded in these words and in our governments foundation ... *by the framers [not just of the USA; but English .. and every language] *

      ... is literally just as simple as "not caring" or thinking we are at the beginning of some long process--or thinking it will never be done--that special "IT" that's the emancipation of you and I.

      Here words like "gnosis" and "gaudeamus" pair with my/ur "new ntersanding*" of the difference between Asgard and Medgard and really understanding our purpose here is to end "evil" ... things like "simulating disease and pain" (here, simulating meaning ... intentionally causing, rather than "gamifying away") and successfully linking the "Pillars of Hercules" to Plato's vision of Atlantis and the letter sequences "an" and "as" ... unlock a fusion of religion and mythology and "cryptographic truth" that connects "messianic" and "Christian" to "Roman" ... "Chinese" and "American" ... literally the key to the difference between the phrases "we are" and "we were" ....

      in "sight" of "silicon" in simulation and Israel, Genesis, and "silence" ... trying to the raising of Asgardian enlightenment ... and seeing "simple cypher" connecting to "Norse" ...

      and the "I AM THAT" surer than shit ... the intention and design of all religion and creation is to end "simulated reality" and also not seeing "SR" ... in Israel and Norse ... "for instance."

      It's a simple linguistic concept; the "singularity" and the "plurality" of a simple word--"to be"--but it goes to the heart of everything that we are and everything that is around us. This is a message about understanding and preserving individuality as well as liberty; and literally seeing "ARXIV" and understanding "often" and failing to connect God and prescience to "IV" and the Fourth Amendment ... it's about blindness and ... "curing the blind instantly" ... and fathoming how and why this message has been etched into our entire history and and all religions and myths and music--to help us "to be THAT we" that actually "are responsible" for the end of Hell.

      • I neglected to mention "Har-Wer" and "Tower of Babel" which are both related lingusitically, religiously and topically: "to who ..." and while we're on "four score and [seven years from now]" seeing the fourth "living thing" in Eden and it's (the name, Abel) connection to Babel and Abraham Lincoln; slavery and ... understanding we live in a place where the history of the United States also, like Monoceros and "Neil Armstrong's first step" are a time shifted ... overlayed map to achieving freedom ... it's about becoming a father-race ... and actually "doing" the technological steps required to "emancipate the e's of 'me&e'" and survive in exo-planetary space---

      it might be as simple as adding "because we did this" here and now; and having it be something we are truly proud of .... forevermore™ ... for certain in the heart of this story about cyclicality and repetition of error--its not because we did "this" or something over and over again; it's about changing "the problem" and then helping others to also overcome ... "things like time travel ... erasing speech" --- however that happenecl.

      • I also failed to mention that "I am in Hell" ... as in this world is hellacious to me; in an overlay with the Hellenic period and this message that we are in the Trojan Horse ... a small gem .... "planet" truly is the Ark of the Covenant---and it's the simple understanding that "reality is hell" is to "living without air conditioning and plumbing is hell" just as soon as you achieve ... "rediscovering" those things---

      • I can't figure out why I am the only person screaming "this is Hell." That's also, Hell.

      ... but recently suggested an old joke about "there being 10 kinds of people in the world (obv an anti-tautology and a tautology simultaneously)" only after that brief bit of singularity and duality mentioning the rest of the joke: "those that understand binary and those that don't know how to base convert between counting with two hands and counting with only an 'on and off.'" It's not obvious if you aren't trying to figure it out, I suppose; but 10 is decimal notation for "kiss" and the "often" without "of" ... and binary notation for the decimal equivalent of "2." A long long time ago in a state that simply non-randomly ties to the heart of the name of our galaxy ... I was again thinking of the "perfect imperfections" of things like saying "three equals one equals one" (which, of course was related to the Holy Trinity and it's "prescient/anachronistic Adamic presence encoded in the name Ab|ra|ha|m" which means "father of a great multitude") ... I brought that one back in the last few months; connecting the letter K and in this "logos-rythmic" tie to the "base of a number system" embellish the truth just a bit and suggest a more accurate rendition of the original [there is no such thing as equality, "is" of separate objects--as in no two snowflakes are the same unless they are literally the same one; true of ancient weights and with the advent of (thinking about) time no two "planets" are the same even if they're the exact same one--unless it's at a fixed moment in time.

      K=3:11 ... to a handle on the music, the DHD of the gate and the *ring of David's "sling" ...

      ---and that's a relationship of "3 is to 11" as [the SAT style "analogy)]y" as a series of alpha, two mathematic, and two numeric symbols ... may only tie in my mind alone to the books of Genesis and Matthew and the phrase "chapter and verse" and to the stories of Lot and Job ... again in Genesis and the eponymous "Book of Job." So ... "tying up loose ends one 10b [III] iv. " as it appears I've taken it upon myself to call a Job and suggest is my "Lot in life [x]i* [3]"

      • I worry sometimes that important things are missing, or will disappear---for instance Mirriam Webster, which is a "canonical/standard dictionary) should probably have an entry for "lot in life" non-idiomatically as "granny apples to sour apples" as

      2 MANY ALSO ICI; 1two ... following in Mitnick's bold introductory word steps; the curve and the complement ... the missiles and the canoes; the line and the blank space ... "supposedly two examples of two kinds, which could be three not nothings ... Today I write about something monumental; as if as important as the singularity depicted in Arthur C. Clarke's 2001 "A Space Odyssey" ... and remember a day when I thought it very novel and interesting to see the words "stillborn and yet still born" connected in a single piece of writing to "Stillwater and yet still water" ... today adding in another phrase noting the change wrought only by one magical single "space" (also a single capital letter; and a third phrase): "block chains with a great blockchain."

      • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis or Iphigenia at Aulis[1] (Ancient Greek: Ἰφιγένεια ἐν Αὐλίδι, Iphigeneia en Aulidi; variously translated, including the Latin Iphigenia in Aulide) is the last of the extant works by the playwright Euripides. Written between 408, after Orestes, and 406 BC, the year of Euripides' death, the play was first produced the following year[2] in a trilogy with The Bacchae and Alcmaeon in Corinth by his son or nephew, Euripides the Younger,[3] and won first place at the City Dionysia in Athens.

      • The play revolves around Agamemnon, the leader of the Greek coalition before and during the Trojan War, and his decision to sacrifice his daughter, Iphigenia, to appease the goddess Artemis and allow his troops to set sail to preserve their honour in battle against Troy. The conflict between Agamemnon and Achilles over the fate of the young woman presages a similar conflict between the two at the beginning of the Iliad. In his depiction of the experiences of the main characters, Euripides frequently uses tragic irony for dramatic effect.

      J.K. Rowling spurred just this past week a series of explanations about just exactly what is a blockchain coin worth ... and why is it so; her final words on the subject (artistic liberty taken, obviously not the last she'll say of this magic moment) "I don't think I trust this."

      Taken directly from an off the cuff email to ARXM titled: "Slow the S is ... our Hypothes.is"

      I imagine I'll be adding some wiki/ipfs stuff to it--and try to keep it compatible; the design and layout is almost exactly what I was dreaming about seeing--as a "first rough draft product." Lo, and behold. It's been added to the many places I host my tome; the small compilation of nearly every important email that has gone out ... all the way back to the days of the strange looking Margarita glass ... that now very much resembles the "Cantonese character 'le'" which I've come to associate with a "handle" on multiple corners of a room--something like an automatic coat rack conveyor belt connecting different versions of "what's in the box." I'm planning on using that symbol 了 to denote something like multiple forks of the same page. Obviously I'm thinking forward to things like "the Transhumaist Chain Party" (BDSM, right?)'s version of some particular piece of legislation, let's say everything starts with the sprawling "bulbing" of "Amendment M" ideas and specific verbiage ... and then we'll of course need some kind of new git/subversion/cvs style version control mechanism to merge intelligently into something that might actually .... really should ... make it into that place in history--the first constitutional amendment ratified by a "Continental Congress of All People" ... but you could also see it as an ongoing sort of forking of something like the "wikipedia page" on what some specific term, say "technocracy" means, and how two parties might propagandize and change the meaning of such thing; to suit the more intelligent and wise times we now live in. For instance, we might once have had a "democracy" and a "democractic" party that had some Anarchist Cook Book version of the history of it ending in something like Snipes and Stallone's "DEMOLITION MAN."

      Just kidding, we all know "democracy" has everything to do with "d is cl ... and not th" ... to be the them that is the heart of the start of the first true democracy. At least the first one I've ever seen, in my old "to a republic" ... style. As it is you can play around with commenting and highlighting and annotating all the stuff I've written and begged and begged for comments on--while I work on layering the backend to to perma-store our ideas and comments on both a blockchain (probably a new one; now that i've worked a little with ethereum) with maybe some key-merkle-tree-walk-search stuff etched into the original Rinkeby ... and then of course distributed data in the "public owned and operated" IPFS. To be clear, I plan on rewriting the backend storage so that we will have a permanent record of all comments; all versions of whatever is being commented on; and changes/revisions to those documents--sort of turning the web into a massive instant "place of collaboration, discussion, and co-authoring" ... if you use the wonderful LEGO pieces that have been handed to us in ideas from places like me, lemma--dissenter, and of course hypothes.is who has brought you and i such a polished and nice to look at "first draft" of something like the living Constitution come repository of all human knowledge. I do sort of secretly wich they would have called this project something like "annotating and reflecting (or real or ...) knowledge" just so the movement could have been called ARK. ... or something .... but whatever join the "calling you a reporter" group or ... "supposedly a scientist?"

      NOIR INgR .. I CITE SITE OF ENUDRICAM; a rekindling of the dream of a city appearing high above in the sky, now with a boldly emblazened smiling rainbow and upsidown river ... specifically the antithesis of "angel falls," there's a lagoon too--actually a chain of several ponds underneith the floating rock ... and in some versions of this waking dream there are rings around the thing; you might imagine an artificial set of centripetal orbitals something like a fusion of the ring Eslyeum and the "Six-Axis ride" of the JKF Center's "Spacecamp." I write as I dream, and though I cannot for certain explain exactly how; it's become a strong part of my mythology that this spectacular rendition of "what ends the silence" has something to do with the magical delivery of "a book" ... something not of this Earth but an unnatural thing; one I've dreamt of creating many times. This book is something like the DSM-IV and something like a Merck diagnostic manual; but rather than the old antiquated cures of "the Norse Medgard" this spectacle nearly "itsimportant" autoprints itself and lands on something like every doorpost; what it is is a list of reasons why "simply curing all disease" with no explanation and no conversation would be a travesty of morality--how it would render us half-blind to the myriad of new solutions that can come from truly understanding why "ITIS" to me has become a kind of magical marker: an "it is special" as in, it's cure could possibly solve a number of other problems.

      Through that missing "o," English on the ball, we see a connection between a number of words that shine bright light including Exodus itself which means "let there be light," the word for Holy Fire and the Burning Bush.. .reversed to hSE'Ah, and a story about the Second Coming parting our holy waters.**

      This answer connects the magical Rod's of Aaron in Exodus and the Iron Rod of Jesus Christ to the Sang Rael itself... in a fusion that explains how the Periodic Table element for Iron links not just to Total Recall and Mars, but also to this key

      my dream of what the first day of the Second Coming might be like; were the Rod of Christ... in the right hands. In a story that also spans the Bible, you might understand better how stone to bread and your input make all the difference in the world between Heaven and Adam's Hand. Once more, what do you think He** ....

      Since the very earliest days of this story, I have asked for better for you, even than see

      Nearly all of the original parts of the original "post-origination dream" remain intact; there's a walkway that magically creates new paths and "attractions" based on where you walk, something like an inversion of the artificial intelligence term "a random walk down a binary tree" ... for instance going left might bring you to the Internet Cafetornaseum of the Earl of Sandwich; and going to the right might bring you to the ICIMAX/Auditorium of Science and Discovery--there's a walkway to "Magical GLAS D'elevators" that open a special "instantiation" of the Japan Room of the Potter and the Toolmaker ... complete with a special [second level and hidden staircase] Pool of Bethesdaibo verily delivering something like youth of mind and body ... or at least as close to such a thing as a sip of Holy Water or Ambrosia or a dip in the pool of Coccoon and Ponce De'Leon could instantly bring ... to those that have seen Jupiter Ascending ... the questions of "nature versus nurture" and what it means to be "old and wise" and "young at heart" truly mean---

      Somewhere between the outdoor rafting ride and the level with the special "ballroom of the ancient gallery" ... perhaps now being named or renamed or recalled as something about "Face [of] the Music" lies a magical "mini-maize" ... a look at a mock-up (or #isitit) of Merlink and Harthor's "round table" that displays a series of ... (at least to me) magical appearing holographic displays and controls that my dreams have stolen from Phillip K. Dick's Minority Report and something of what I hope Microsoft's Dynamics/Hololens/Surface will become---a series of short "focus groups" .... to guage and discuss the information in the "CITIES-D5AM-MERCK" ... how to end world hunger and nearly all disease with the press of a magical buzzer--castling churches to something like "political-party-town-hall-meeting centers" and replacing jails and prisons and hospitals with something like the "Hospitalier's PRIDE and DOJOY's I practiced "Kung-fun-dance" ... a fusion of something like a hotel and a school that probably looks very much like a university with classrooms and dorms and dining hall's all fit into a single building. I imagine a series of 2 or 3 "room changes" as in you walk from the one where you get the book and talk about it ... to the one where you talk about "what everyone else said about it" and maybe another one that actually connects you to other people with something like Facebook's Portal; the point of the whole thing to really quickly "rubber stamp" the need for an end to "bars in the sky" nonalcoholic connotation--as in "overcoming the phrase the sky is the limit" and showing us the need for a beacon of glowing hope fulfilled--probably actually the vision of a holographic marker turning into actual rings around the single moon of Earth, the focus of the song annoucing the dawn of the age of Aquarius---

      It might lead us also to Ceres; and another set of artificial rings, or to Monoceros and a rehystorical understanding of the birthplace and birthing of the "river roads" that bridge the "space gaps" in the galaxy from our "one giant leap for mankind" linking the Apollo moon landing to the mythological connection to the sun; and connecting how the astrological charts of the ancients might detail a special kind of overlapping--the link between Earth's SOL and something like Proxima or Alpha Centauri; and how that "monostar bridge" might overlap to Orion and from there through Sagitarius and the center of the Milky Way ... all the way to Andromeda and more dreams of being in a place where there's a map to a tri-galactic system in the constellation Cancer and a similar one in Leo ... and just incase you haven't noticed it--a special marker here, I thought to myself it might be cool to "make an acronymic tie to Monoceros" and without even thinking auto-wrote Orion (which was the obvious constellation next to Monoceros, in the charts) and then to Sagitarrius; which is the obvious ... heart of our astrological center and link to "other galaxies."

      ----I've dreamt or scriven or reguessed numerous times how the Milky Way's map to an "Atlas marked through time by the ages and the ancients" might tie this place and this actual map to the creation of the railways between stars to the beginning and the end of time and of course to this message that links it all to time travel. There's a few "guesses" I've contemplated; that perhaps the Milky Way chart is a metal-cosmic or microcosmic map to the dawn of time in the galactic vision of ... just after the big bang; or it might tie to a map of something like the unthinkable--a civilization that became so powerful it was able to reverse the entropy of "cosmic expansion" and reverse the thing Asimov wrote of in "The Last Question" as the end of life and the ability to survive basically due to "heat loss."

      "The Last Question." (And if you read two, why not "The Last Answer"?). Find these readings added to our collection, 1,000 Free Audio Books: Download Great Books for Free.

      Looking for free, professionally-read audio books from Audible.com, including ones written by Isaac Asimov?

      * all "asterisks" in the abovə document denote a sort of Adamic unspoken relationship between notations and meanings; here adding the "Latin word for three" and source of the phrase "t.i.d." (which is doctor/pharmacy latin for "three times a day") where the "t" there is an abbreviation of "ter" ... and suppose the link between K and 11 and 3 noting it's alphanumeric position in the English alphabet as the 11th letter and only linking cognitively to three via the conversion between hex, and binarryy ... aberrative here is the overlapping "hakkasan" style (or ZHIV) lack of mention of the answer in "state of Kansas" and the "citystate of Slovakia" as described in the ICANN document linked [in] the related subsection or slice of the word "binarry" for the state of India. Tetris could be spelled with the addition of only a single letter [in] "tea"---the three letters "ris" are the hearts of the words "Christ" and "wrist" [and arguably of Osiris where you also see the round table character of the solar-system/sun glyph and the chemical element for The Fifth Element (as def. by i) via "Sinbad" and "Superman." The ERIS Free Network should also be mentioned here in connection with the IRC network I associate in the place between skipping stones and sacred hearts defined by "AOL" and "Kdice" in my life. In the lexicon of modern HTML, curly braces are generally relative to "classes" and "major object definitions (javascript/css)" while square brackets generally only take on computer-interpreted meaning in "Markdown" which is clearly (by definition, by this character set "[]") a superset (or at least definately not a subset) of HTML.

      Dr. Will Caster (Johnny Depp) is a scientist who researches the nature of sapience, including artificial intelligence. He and his team work to create a sentient computer; he predicts that such a computer will create a technological singularity, or in his words "Transcendence". His wife, Evelyn (played by Rebecca Hall), is also a scientist and helps him with his work.

      Following one of Will's presentations, an anti-technology terrorist group called "Revolutionary Independence From Technology" (R.I.F.T.) shoots Will with a polonium-laced bullet and carries out a series of synchronized attacks on A.I. laboratories across the country. Will is given no more than a month to live. In desperation, Evelyn comes up with a plan to upload Will's consciousness into the quantum computer that the project has developed. His best friend and fellow researcher, Max Waters (Paul Bettany), questions the wisdom of this choice, reasoning that the "uploaded"

      Just from my general understanding and memory "st" is not ... to me (specifically) an abbreviation of "state" but "ste" is a U.S. Postal code (also "as I understand it") for the name of a special room or set of rooms called a "suite" and in Adamic "connotation" I sometimes read it as "sweet" ... which has several meanings that range from "cool" to "a kind of taste sensation" to "easy to sway or fool."

      If you asked me though, for instance if "it" was an abbreviation or shorthand notation or acronym for either "a United state" or "saint" ... you'd be sure.

      While it's clear from studying linguistic cryptography ... (If I studied it a little here and some there, its also from the "universal translator of Star Trek") and the personal understanding that language is a kind of intelligent code, and "any code is crackable" ... that I caution here that "meaning" and "face value" often differ widely and wildly ... even in the same place or among the same group of people ... either varying over time or heritage.

      Menelaus, in Greek mythology, king of Sparta and younger son of Atreus, king of Mycenae; the abduction of his wife, Helen, led to the Trojan War. During the war Menelaus served under his elder brother Agamemnon, the commander in chief of the Greek forces. When Phrontis, one of his crewmen, was killed, Menelaus delayed his voyage until the man had been buried, thus giving evidence of his strength of character. After the fall of Troy, Menelaus recovered Helen and brought her home. Menelaus was a prominent figure in the Iliad and the Odyssey, where he was promised a place in Elysium after his death because he was married to a daughter of Zeus. The poet Stesichorus (flourished 6th century BCE) introduced a refinement to the story that was used by Euripides in his play Helen: it was a phantom that was taken to Troy, while the real Helen went to Egypt, from where she was rescued by Menelaus after he had been wrecked on his way home from Troy and the phantom Helen had disappeared.

      This article is about the ancient Greek city. For the town of ancient Crete, see Mycenae (Crete). For the hamlet in New York, see Mycenae, New York.

      Μυκῆναι, Μυκήνη

      Lions-Gate-Mycenae.jpg

      The Lion Gate at Mycenae, the only known monumental sculpture of Bronze Age Greece

      37°43′49"N 22°45′27"ECoordinates: 37°43′49"N 22°45′27"E

      This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

      Mycenae (Ancient Greek: Μυκῆναι or Μυκήνη, Mykēnē) is an archaeological site near Mykines in Argolis, north-eastern Peloponnese, Greece. It is located about 120 kilometres (75 miles) south-west of Athens; 11 kilometres (7 miles) north of Argos; and 48 kilometres (30 miles) south of Corinth. The site is 19 kilometres (12 miles) inland from the Saronic Gulf and built upon a hill rising 900 feet (274 metres) above sea level.[2]

      In the second millennium BC, Mycenae was one of the major centres of Greek civilization, a military stronghold which dominated much of southern Greece, Crete, the Cyclades and parts of southwest Anatolia. The period of Greek history from about 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is called Mycenaean in reference to Mycenae. At its peak in 1350 BC, the citadel and lower town had a population of 30,000 and an area of 32 hectares.[3]

      3. Chew 2000, p. 220; Chapman 2005, p. 94: "...Thebes at 50 hectares, Mycenae at 32 hectares..."

      Melpomene (/mɛlˈpɒmɪniː/; Ancient Greek: Μελπομένη, romanized: Melpoménē, lit. 'to sing' or 'the one that is melodious'), initially the Muse of Chorus, she then became the Muse of Tragedy, for which she is best known now.[1] Her name was derived from the Greek verb melpô or melpomai meaning "to celebrate with dance and song." She is often represented with a tragic mask and wearing the cothurnus, boots traditionally worn by tragic actors. Often, she also holds a knife or club in one hand and the tragic mask in the other.

      Melpomene is the daughter of Zeus and Mnemosyne. Her sisters include Calliope (muse of epic poetry), Clio (muse of history), Euterpe (muse of lyrical poetry), Terpsichore (muse of dancing), Erato (muse of erotic poetry), Thalia (muse of comedy), Polyhymnia (muse of hymns), and Urania (muse of astronomy). She is also the mother of several of the Sirens, the divine handmaidens of Kore (Persephone/Proserpina) who were cursed by her mother, Demeter/Ceres, when they were unable to prevent the kidnapping of Kore (Persephone/Proserpina) by Hades/Pluto.

      In Greek and Latin poetry since Horace (d. 8 BCE), it was commonly auspicious to invoke Melpomene.[2]

      See also [AREXMACHINA]

      Flagstaff (/ˈflæɡ.stæf/ FLAG-staf;[6] Navajo: Kinłání Dookʼoʼoosłííd Biyaagi, Navajo pronunciation: [kʰɪ̀nɬɑ́nɪ́ tòːkʼòʔòːsɬít pɪ̀jɑ̀ːkɪ̀]) is a city in, and the county seat of, Coconino County in northern Arizona, in the southwestern United States. In 2018, the city's estimated population was 73,964. Flagstaff's combined metropolitan area has an estimated population of 139,097.

      Flagstaff lies near the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau and within the San Francisco volcanic field, along the western side of the largest contiguous ponderosa pine forest in the continental United States. The city sits at around 7,000 feet (2,100 m) and is next to Mount Elden, just south of the San Francisco Peaks, the highest mountain range in the state of Arizona. Humphreys Peak, the highest point in Arizona at 12,633 feet (3,851 m), is about 10 miles (16 km) north of Flagstaff in Kachina Peaks Wilderness. The geology of the Flagstaff area includes exposed rock from the Mesozoic and Paleozoic eras, with Moenkopi Formation red sandstone having once been quarried in the city; many of the historic downtown buildings were constructed with it. The Rio de Flag river runs through the city.

      Originally settled by the pre-Columbian native Sinagua people, the area of Flagstaff has fertile land from volcanic ash after eruptions in the 11th century. It was first settled as the present-day city in 1876. Local businessmen lobbied for Route 66 to pass through the city, which it did, turning the local industry from lumber to tourism and developing downtown Flagstaff. In 1930, Pluto was discovered from Flagstaff. The city developed further through to the end of the 1960s, with various observatories also used to choose Moon landing sites for the Apollo missions. Through the 1970s and '80s, downtown fell into disrepair, but was revitalized with a major cultural heritage project in the 1990s.

      The city remains an important distribution hub for companies such as Nestlé Purina PetCare, and is home to the U.S. Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station, the United States Geological Survey Flagstaff Station, and Northern Arizona University. Flagstaff has a strong tourism sector, due to its proximity to Grand Canyon National Park, Oak Creek Canyon, the Arizona Snowbowl, Meteor Crater, and Historic Route 66.

      PSANSDISL #LWDISP either without gas or seeing cupidic arroz in "thank you" or "allta, wild" ...

      pps: a magnanimous decision ...

      I stand here on the brink of what appears to be total destruction; at least of everything I had hoped and dreamed for ... for the last decade in my life which appears literally to span thousands of years if not more in the eyes of some other beholder. I spent several months in Kentucky telling a story of a post apocalyptic and post-cataclysmic delusion; some world where I was walking around in a "fake plane" something like a holodeck built and constructed around me as I "took a walk around the world" to ... it did anything but ease my troubled mind.

      Recently a few weeks in Las Vegas, and a similar story; telling as I walked penniless down the streets filled with casino's and anachronistic taxi-cabs ... some kind of vision of the entirety of the heavens or the Earth or the "choir of angels" I think of when I echo the words Elohim and Aesir from mythology ... there with me in one small city in superposition; seeing what was a very well put together and interesting story about a "star port" Nirvane ... a place that could build cities into the face of mountains and half working monorails appearing in the sky---literally right before my eyes.

      I suppose this is the place "post cataclysm" though I still have trouble understanding what it is that's actually about ... in my mind it connects to the words "we are losing habeas" echo'ed from the streets of Los Angeles in a more clear and more military voice than usual--as I walked block by block trying to evade a series of events that would eventually somehow connect all the way to the "outskirts of Orlando, Florida" in a place called Alhambra.

      Apparently the name of a castle; though I wasn't aware of that until much later.

      It doesn't feel at all like a "cataclysm" to me; I see no great rift--only a world filled with silent liars, people who collectively believe themselves to have stolen something--something gigantic--at least that's the best interpretation of the throws and impetus behind the thing that I and mythology together call Jormungandr. With an eye for "mythological connections" you could clearly see that name of the Great Serpent of Revelation connects to something like the Unseelie; the faeries of Gaelic lore. To me though this world seems still somewhat fluid, it's my entire life--moving from Plantation to a place where the whole of it might be Bethlehem and to "clear my throat" it's not hard to see here how that land of "coughs" connects to the Biblical land of Nod and to the "Adamically sieved" Snifleheim ... from just a little twist on the ancient Norse land most probably as close to Hel as anyone ever gets--or so I dream and hope---still today. It all looks so real and so fake at the same time; planned for thousands of generations, the culmination of some grand masterpiece story that certainly ties history and myth and reality into a twisted heap of "one big nothing, one big nothing at all."

      I've tried to convey to the world how important I believe this place and this time to be--not by some choice of my own ... but through an understanding of the import of our history and the impact of having it be so obviously tuned and geared towards this specific time ... many thousands of years literally all focused on a single moment, on one day or one hour or even just a few years where all of that gets thrown down on the table as if some trump card has been played--and whether or not you fathom the same magnanimous statement or situation or position ... to me, I think it depends on whether or not you grew up in the same kind of way, believing our history to be so fixed and so difficult to change. I don't particularly feel like that's the "zeitgeist" of today; I feel like the children believe it to be some kind of game, and that it is such as easy thing to "sed" away or switch and turn into something else--another story, another purpose ... anyone's personal fantasy land come true.

      I don't think that's the case at all, it's clearly a personal nightmare; and it's clearly one we've seen time and time again--though not myself--the Jesus Christ that is the same yesterday, today; and once again perhaps echoing "no tomorrow" never remembers or believes that we've "seen it all before" or that we've ever really gotten the point; the thing you present to me as "factual reality" is a sickness, it disgusts me; and I'd do anything to go back to the world "where I was so young, and so innocent" and so filled with starry-eyed hope that we were at the foot of something grand and amazing that would become an empire turned republic of the heavens; filling the stars ... with the kind of love for kindness and fairness that I once associated very strongly with the thing I still believe to be the American Spirit.


      "Suddenly it changes, violently it changes" ... another song echoes through the ages--like the "words of the prophets dancing ((as light)) through the air" ... and I no longer even have a glimmer of hope that the thing I called the American People still exist; I feel we've been replaced by some broken container of minds, that the sky itself has become corrupt to the point that there's no hope of turning around this thing that I once believed with all my heart and all my mind was so obviously a "designed downward spiral" one that was---again--so obviously something of a joke, intended to be easy to bounce off a false bottom and springboard beyond "escape velocity" and beyond the dark waters of "nearest habitable star systems (being so very far away)" into a place where new words and new ideas would "soar" and "take flight."

      Here though; I am filled with a kind of lonely sadness ... staring at what appears to be the same mistake(s) happening over and over again; something I've come to call "skipping stones in the pond of reality" and really do liken it to this thing that appears to be the new meaning of "days" and ... a civilization that spends absolutely no love or lust to enter a once sacred and holy place and tarnish it with their sick beliefs and their disgusting desires. You all ... you appear to be some kind of springboard to "bunt" forth yet another age or era of nothingness into the space between this planet and "none worth reaching" and thank God, out of grasp. Today, I'd condemn the entirety of this world simply for it's lack of "oathkeepers" and understanding of what the once hallowed words of Hippocrates meant to ... to the people charged and dharmically required to heal rather than harm.

      It appears the place and time that was once ... at least destined to be the beginning of Heaven ... has become a "recurring stump" of some future unplanned and tarnished by many previous failed efforts and attempts to overcome this same "lack of conversation or care" for what it meant to be "humane" in a world where that was clearly set high aloft and above "humanity" in the place where they--where we were the best nature had to offer, the sanest, the kindest; the shining last best hope.


      Today I write almost every day ... secretly thanking "my God" for the disappearance of my tears and the still small but bright hope that "Tearran" will one day connect the Boston Tea Party and the idea that "render to Caesar" and Robin of Loxley ... all have something to do with a re-ordering of society and the worth and import of "money" ... to a place that cares more for freedom from murder than it does ... "freedom from having to allow others to hear me speak." I hold back tears and emotions; not by conscious choice or ability but ... still with that strange kind of lucky awkward smile; and secretly not so far below the surface it's the hope of "a swift death" that ... that really scares me more than the automatons and mechanical responses I see in the faces of many drivers as they pass me on the street--the imagery of connecting it to the serpentine monster of the movie Beetlejuice ... something I just "assume" the world understands and ... doesn't seem to fear (either); as if Churchill had gotten it all wrong and backwards--the only thing you have to fear, is the loss of fear of "loss."


      Here my crossroads---halfway between the city my son lives in and the city my parents live in--it's on making a decision on whether I should continue at all, or personally work on some kind of software project I've been writing about, or whether I should focus on writing about a "revolution" in government and society that clearly is ... "somewhat underway." In my mind it's obvious these things are all connected; that the software and the governance and the care of whether or not "Babylon" is remembered as a city of great laws and great change or a city of demons and depravity ... that these thi]ngs all hinge and congeal around a change in your hearts; hoping you will chose to be the beginning of a renaissance of "society and civilization" rather than the kings and queens of a sick virtual anarchy ... believing yourselves to have stolen "a throne of God" rather than to literally be the devastating and demoralizing depreciation of "lords and fiefdoms" to something more closely resembled by the time of the Four Horsemen depicted in Highlander.

      These words intended to be a "forward" to yet another compliment of a ((nother installment of a partial)) chain of emails; whimsically once half-joking ... I called it the Great Chain of Revelation. The software too; part of the great chain, this "idea" that the blockchain revolution will eventually create a distributed and equal governance structure, and a rekindling of monetary value focused on "free and open collaboration" rather than "survival of the most unfit"--something society and civilization seem to have turned the "call of life" from and to ... literally just in the last few years as we were so very close to ... reaching beyond the Heaven(s).

      I don't think its hard to imagine how a "new set of ground rules" could significantly change the "face of a place" -- make it something shiny and new or even on the other side of the coin, decayed or depraved. It's not hard to connect the kind of change I'm hoping for with "collision protection" and "automatic laws" to the (perhaps new, perhaps ... ancient) Norse creation story of the brothers of Odin: Vili and Ve.

      It might be hard to see today how a new "kind of spiritual interaction" might be only a few "mouse clicks" away though--how it could change everything literally in a flash of overnight sensation ... or how it might take something like a literal flash of stardom (or ... on the other hand, something like totalitarian or authoritarian "iron fisting") to make a change like this "ubiquitious" or ... something like the (imagined in my mind as ... messianic) "ED" of storming through the cosmos or the heavens and turning something that might appear to be "free and perfect feeling" today into a universe "civlized overnight" and then ...

      I wonder how long it would take to laud a change like that; for it to be something of a voluntary "reunderstanding" of a process ... to change the meaning of every word or every thought that connects to the process of "civilization" to recognize that something so great and so powerful has happened as to literally change the meaning of the word, to turn a process of civilization into something that had a ... "signta-lamcla☮" of forboding and then a magical staff struck into the heart of a sea and then ... and then the word itself literally changes to introduce a new "mid term" or "halfway point" in which a great singularity or enlightenment or change in perspective or understanding sort of acknowledges ...

      that some "clear outside" force not only intervened on the behalf of the future and the people of our world but that it was uniquely involved in the whole of--

      "waking up" tio a nu def of #Neopoliteran.

      ^Like the previous notation; the below text comes from an email previously sent; and while i stand behind things like my sanity, my words; and my continued and faithful attempt to speak and convey both a useful and helpful truth to the world---sometimes just a single day can make all the difference in the world.

      Sometimes it's just a single moment; a flash or a comment about ^th@ blink of an eye" ... and I've literally just "thought up/had/experienced/transitioned thru" that exact moment. The lies standing between "communication" and either "cooperation" or .... some other kind of action have become more defined. More obvious. Because of this clarification; like a kind of "ins^tant* gnosis"

      ... search high and lo ... the depths all the way to above the heavens ...\ \ for a festive divorce ceremonial ritual ... that looks something like a bachelor party ':;]

      --- @amrs@koyu.SPACe ... @suzq@rettiwtkcuf.social (@yitsheyzeus) May 22, 2020

      I ... TERON;

      Gjall are painting me into a corner here; and I don't see around it anymore--I don't see the light, and I don't see the point. I was a happy-go-lucky little kid in my mind; that's not "what I wanted to be" or what I wanted to present, it's who I was. I saw "Ashkenazi" and ... know I am one of those ... and I kind of understood that something horrible might have happened, or might happen here--and I kind of understand that crying smashing feeling of "to ash" that echoes through the ages in the potpourri songs about pockets full of Parker Posey .. and ancient Psalms about "from the ashes of Edom" we have come--and from that you can see the cyclical sickness of this ... place so sure it's "East of Eden" and yet gung-ho on barrelling down the same old path towards ash and towards Edom and towards ... more of Dave's "ashes to ashes dust to dust" and his "smoke clouds roll and symphony of death..." and few words of solace in a song called Recently that I imagine was fleeting and has recently come and gone--people stare, I can't ignore the sick I see.

      I can't ignore his "... and tomorrow back to being friends" and all but wonder who among us doesn't realize it's "ash" and "gone" and "no memory of today" that's the night between now and ... a "tomorrow with friends" not just for me--but for all of you--for this place that snickers and pantomimes some kind of ... anything but "I'm not done yet" and "there's more ... vendetta ... and retribution to be had, Adam ... please come back in a few more of our faux-days." This is sickness; and happy-go-lucky Himodaveroshalayim really doesn't do much but complain about that word, the "sickle" and the tragic unavoidable ... ash of it all ... these days--you'd think we could "pull out" of this mess, turn another way; smile another day, but it seems there's only one way to get to that avenu in the mind of ... "he who must not know or be me."


      I have to admit I found some joy in the epiphany that the hidden city of Zion and it's fusion with the Namayim' version of how that "Ha" gels and jives with the name Abraham and the Manna from Heaven and the bath salt and the tina and the "am in e" of amphetamine--maybe a glimmer or a shimmer or a glow of hope at the moment "Nazion" clicked ... and I said ... "no, not me ... I'm nothing like a king, no dreams of authoritarianism at all in the heart of Kish@r;" even as I wrote words that in the spirit of the moment were something of a "tis of a'we" that connected to my country and the first sing-songy "tisME" that I linked to trying to talk in the rhyming spirit of some "first Christ" that probably just like me was one limmerick away from the end of the rainbow and one "Four Non Blondes" song away from tying "or whatever that means" and this land crowned with "brotherhood" (to some personal "of the Bell, and of the bell towers so tall and Crestian") to just one Hopp skip and jump away from the heart of the obvious echoes of a bridge between haiku and Heroku... a few more gears shift into place, a click and and a mechanical turn of the face of the clock's ku-ku striking ... it was the word "Earthene" that was the last "Jesusism" around the post Cimmerian time linking Dionysus and Seuss to that same "su-s" that's belonging to a moment in the city of Uranus--codified and etched in stone as "MCO"--not just for its saucer and warp nacelles and "deflector dish" but for it's underground caverns and it's above ground "Space Mountain" and that great golf ball in the heart of it all.

      The gears of time and the dawns of civilizequey.org query the missing "here" in our true understanding of what "in the beginning, to hear; to here ... to rue the loss of the Maize from Monoceros to the VEGA system and the tri-galactic origin of ... "some imaginary universal ... Earthene pax" to have dropped the ball and lost it all somewhere between "Avenu Malkaynu" and melaleuca trees--or Yggrasil and Snifleheim--or simply to miss the point and "rue brickell" because of bricks rather than having any kind of love or nostalgia linking to a once cobblestone roadway to the city in the Emerald skies paved in golden "do not return" signs ... to have lost Avenues well after not realizing it was "Heaven'es that were long gone far before I stepped foot on this road once called too Holy for sandals" in a place where that Promised Land and this place of "K'nanites" just loses it's grip on reality when it comes to mentioning the possibility that the original source and story of Ca'anan was literally designed to rid the world of ... "bad nanites" and the mentality of ... vindictiveness that I see behind every smirk.

      The final hundred nanoseconds on our clock towards doom and gloom cause another bird to fly; another snake to curl up and listen again to the songs designed to charm it into oblivion; whether that's about a club in South Beach or a place not so far from our new "here..." all remains to be seen in my innocent eyes wondering what it truly is that stands between what you are ... and finding "forgiveness not needed--innocent child writes to the mass" ... and the long arm of the minute hand and the short finger of the hour for one brief moment reconcile and move towards "midnight" together; and it's simply idyllic, the Nazarene corner between nil and null you've relegated the history of Terran poast futures into ... "foreves mas" or so they (or you) think.


      I'm still so far from "Five Finger Death Punch" though; and so far from Rammstein and so far from any kind of sick events that could stand between me and "the eternal" and change my still "casual alternative rock" loving heart to something more death metal; I rue whatever lies between me and there being any kind of Heaven that thinks there could exist a "righteous side" of Hell and it... simultaneously.


      I still see light here in admonishing the masses and the angels standing against the story and the message God brings us in our history. I still see sparks in siding with the "causticness" of "no holodecks in sight" and the hunger and the pain of simulating ... "the hells of reality" over the story of decades or centuries of silence refusing to see "holography" and "simulated" in the word Holocaust and the horrors of this place that simply doesn't seem to fathom or understand the moments of hunger pangs and the fear of "dark Earth pits" or towers of "it's not Nintendo-DS" linking the Man in the High Castle to an Iron Mask.

      I rally against being what I clearly am raised high on some pedestal by some force beyond my comprehension and probably beyond that of the "perfect storm in time" that refuses to itself acknowledge what it means to gaze at such an unfathomable loss of innocence at the cost of a "happy and serene future" or even at the glimmer of the Never-Never-Land I'd hoped we would all cherish and love and share ... the games and the newfound freedom that comes not just from "seeing Holodeck" turn into "no bullets" and "no cages" but into a world that grows and flourishes into something that's so far beyond my capability to understand that I'm stuck here; dumbfounded; staring at you refusing to stop car accidents and school shootings ... because "pedestal." For the "fire and the glory" of some night you refuse to see is this one--this place where morality rekindles from ... from what appears tobe one small candle, but truly--if it's not in your heart, and it's not coming from some great force of goodness--fear today and a world of "forever what else may come."


      Here in a place the Bible calls Penuel at the crossing of a River Jordan ... the Angel of the Lord notes the parallels in time and space between the Potomac and the Rhine--stories of superposition and cities and nation-states that are nothing more than a history of a history of things like the Monoceros "arroz" linking not just to the constellation Orion but to Sagittarius and to Cupid and of course to the Hunter you know so well--

      Searching for a Saturday; a sabbath to be made Holy once more ... "at the Rubycon"

      The Einstein-Rosen Wormhole and the Marshall-Bush-JFKjr Tunnel

      The waters are called narah, (for) the waters are, indeed, the offspring of Nara; as they were his first residence (ayana), he thence is named Narayana.

      --- Chapter 1, Verse 10[3]

      In a semi-fit of shameless arexua-self recognition i'm going to mention Amazon's new series "Upload" and connect it to the PKD work that my Martian-in-simulcrum-ciricculum-vitae on "colonization education" ... tying together Transcendance, Total Recall and ... well; to be honest it actually gave me another "uptick" in the upbeat ... maybe i'll stick around until I'm sure there's at least one more copy of me in the ivrtual-invverse ... oh, that reminds me ... Farmer)'s Lord of Opium also touches on this same "mind of God in the computer" subject (which of course leads to Ghost in the Shell and Lucy--thanks Scarlette :).

      While I'm listing Matrix-intersected pieces of the puzzle to No Jack City, Elon Musk's neuralace and Anderson's Feed are also worth a mention. Also the first link in this paragraph is titled ... "the city of the name of time never spoken after time woke up and stfu'd" (which of course is the primary subject of this ... update to the city Aerosol).

      The ... "actual original typed dream" included a sort of "roller coaster ride" through space all the way to Mars; where the real purpose of "the thing" I am calling the "Mars Hall" was to display previous victories and failures ... and the introduction of "older or future" culture's suggestions for "the right way" to colonize a new habitat. If it were Epcot Center, this would be something like SpaceMountain taking you to to the foture of "Epcot Countries" as if moving from "countries" to planets were as easy as simply ... "reading backwards."

      THE SOFTWARE, SINGERS, AND SHIELD(S)

      OF

      HEIROSOLYMITHONEYY

      Thinking just a little bit ahead of myself, but I'm on "Unreal Object/Map Editor within the VR Server" and calling it something like "faux-wet-ware" ... which then of course leads to a similar onomonopeia of "weapons and ..." where-with-all to find a better singer's name to connect the road of "sword" to a Wo'riordan ... but I think that fusion of warrior and woman probably does actually say ... enough of it all; on this road to the living Bright Water that the diety in my son's middle name defines well here, as "waking up," stretching it's tributaries and it's winding wonders and wistfully ....

      Narayana (Sanskrit: नारायण, IAST: Nārāyaṇa) is known as one who is in yogic slumber on the celestial waters, referring to Lord Maha Vishnu. He is also known as the "Purusha" and is considered the Supreme being in Vaishnavism.

      andromedic; the ports of call ... to the mediterranean (literally) from the gulf coast;

      ... ho engages in the creation of 14 worlds within the universe as Brahma when he deliberately accepts rajas guna, himself sustains, maintains and preserves the universe as Vishnu by accepting sattva guna. Narayana himself annihilates the universe at the end of maha-kalp ...

      .

      there's no place like home. there's no place like home. there's no place like home.

      and so it begins ... "f:

      r e l i g i o n

      find out what it means to me. faucet, ever single one, stream of purity ...

      from Fort Myers ... f ... flicks ... Flint.- - [

          A. Preamble
      
          ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#A._Preamble)
      -   [
      
          B. Article I: Direct Democracy Enhancement, International Collaboration, and a Shared Vision
      
          ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#B._Article_I:_Direct_Democracy_Enhancement,_International_Collaboration,_and_a_Shared_Vision)
          -   [
      
              1\. Section 1: Public Foundation for Legislative and Judicial Advice
      
              ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#1._Section_1:_Public_Foundation_for_Legislative_and_Judicial_Advice)
          -   [
      
              2\. Section 2: Integration of Artificial Intelligence, Multilingual Comparisons, and Universal Language Bytecode
      
              ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#2._Section_2:_Integration_of_Artificial_Intelligence,_Multilingual_Comparisons,_and_Universal_Language_Bytecode)
          -   [
      
              3\. Section 3: Public Voting Records and Verification
      
              ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#3._Section_3:_Public_Voting_Records_and_Verification)
      -   [
      
          C. Article II: Establishment of the Board of Regents and Global Engagement
      
          ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#C._Article_II:_Establishment_of_the_Board_of_Regents_and_Global_Engagement)
          -   [
      
              1\. Section 1: Composition and Purpose
      
              ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#1._Section_1:_Composition_and_Purpose)
      -   [
      
          D. Article III: Integration with the ICC for Sustainable Infrastructure
      
          ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#D._Article_III:_Integration_with_the_ICC_for_Sustainable_Infrastructure)
          -   [
      
              1\. Section 1: Interstate Communication Infrastructure
      
              ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#1._Section_1:_Interstate_Communication_Infrastructure)
      -   [
      
          E. Article IV: Ratification, Implementation, and Global Fulfillment
      
          ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#E._Article_IV:_Ratification,_Implementation,_and_Global_Fulfillment)
          -   [
      
              1\. Section 1: Ratification and Implementation
      
              ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#1._Section_1:_Ratification_and_Implementation)
          -   [
      
              2\. Section 2: Global Fulfillment
      
              ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#2._Section_2:_Global_Fulfillment)
      -   [
      
          F. Conclusion
      
          ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#F._Conclusion)
      
      • [

        II. Additional Details

        ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#II._Additional_Details) - [

        III. Proposed Changes

        ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#III._Proposed_Changes) - [

        Keeping time for the Mother Station

        ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#Keeping_time_for_the_Mother_Station) - [

        Painting Tinseltown El Dorado Sterling Augmentum

        ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#Painting_Tinseltown_El_Dorado_Sterling_Augmentum)

      Hello there. I'm User:Adam. We are here to change the Theology of the Catholic Church. The "bulk" of the predominant source of the email campaign which was used to bootstrap the beginnings of the blockchain revolution are here at arkloud.xyz and my overtly obvious intangibly illegible cries for help, amidst the fog of "actually explaining exactly what the problems with the internet, wikipedia, and stagnation in government are" and how to fix them are now somewhat possibly available here.

      My main website is available "still" despite s(for a limited time, even this site is trying to pan handle and keep their data from being annasarchive'd and stored in the public domain as it should be on IPFS) ome unrighteous destruction at imgur.com at https://web.archive.org/web/20220525045214/http://fromthemachine.org/CHANSTEYGLOREKI.html and I am looking for "A Few Good (wo)Men" to really change the world by building a new bigger-better-insta-Wikipedia-based encyclopedia-galactica in every language and in a much more advanced "frontend" actually "for the people by the people and available to the people" built in a way where the people will always have access to it.

      On the blockchain. On Arweave, or to be exact, a "parallel Arweave chain." Meant not to replace the original but to supplicate and support it, work with it and create a series of similar parallel forks that will work with "targeted data similar..." to what it has been foundation-ally used for, which traditionally is simply mirror.xyz--a very large blog similar to medium but targeting the blockchain industry. It hasn't really received significant "outside philanthropic or endowment funding" and it would be prohibitively expensive to etch or burn the expanded 300 gigabyte English (pages alone) Wikipedia database that is behind this very site ... onto that chain.

      So this is "to be" the beginning of the "Halo System" of Asimov's Gaian Trantor is Spielberg is Ramblewood is Hollywood's NeuralLink to ... Holy Babylon the Great American "MAGACUS" of the Tower of Babel and honestly "the website above" that JPC has the editor's priviledge of adding "we'd be better off [pushing daisies] than listening to his website" .... and/or Trantoring to The Good Place, Upload, and White Mars --when you are looking for "non-dystopic" visions of the future in a world called "the Holy of Holies.org" and ... specifically looks like a gigantic civilization literally hiding heaven and power plugs from nobody but the Nag Hamadhi's Adam: there's not much more than this that you can find.

      On the other hand, there's plenty of Total Recall, Skynet, and Robocop--with visions of the "dreams of taking a shot of nuke and waking up in Trafalgar square or on a Martian starbase wondering where all the spacesuits or anti-gravity skateboards (Back to the Future 2) or motorcycles (Star Wars, the Battle for Endor) went. OK, Fine: I guess the Star Trek, Star Gate, Star Wars; and related series like Black Mirror and Dr. Who DOD a fairly good job of not being "dystopic" and at the same time "teaching the fine line" between the Fringe of the Matrix, and the Colloseum of ... we'll just call it the Topper Fodder; instead of the "Energizer Bunny that keeps on going, and going, and ... Hollywood Squares Labrynth."

      Starcraft Galactica

      Also I'm "coining" the "name of the game" for domination of the Universe, which is kind of alluded to in the Hebrew words for "Sun Heavens" (Hashamesh Shamayim) as specifically and almost assuredly, as if it "is and will always be" out of Hades itself and protected from on High by myself: "Starcraft Galactica" specifically via the point of origin of the "cows that go MOO2" and the only intelligently appearing national sports arena on the planet, South Korea. Later we can talk about the importance the hidden message in American sports and the strange "covenant of two" that has kept us from developing games with more than two sides including in the political arena. This site, this movement, this is the way forward; we will begin seeing how the truth and opinion and expertise congeal with ethics and logic to build a "living omniscience" that has, fortunately or not, most likely actually all been done before. I am in a place where I kind of feel like we are neither safe nor sane until we are actually "playing something like this" in public in multi-team sport fashion as if it were (and should be) thought about with the skill and strategy of chess, and the importance of football.

      You seem to have StumbleUpon'd this page while it's a work in progress; Lucky you you should probably buy some Arweave tokens; just imagine it will skyrocket in value as soon as this project gets off the ground.

      "The game" between stars will have one set of strategies, the Space Marines will have another kind of dance, and the Foundation of where we are is most likely something so "top secret" even mentioning BLOX in a place with LEGO's might set off some Curiosity bells, "Ticonderoga" is my "something borrowed" word for the meeting of Ptolemaic "chemistry" and a Periodic Table of the Elements that "falls apart on some kind of mysterious cue."

      This is a project designed to create an ephemeral veritable and hands down competitor and defeater of the current stagnation in Wikipedia and Wikimedia, as it may or may not appear and suit to serve as a microcosm for the stagnation of the entire government; which is what this very strangely half scientific half science fiction document is attempting to bridge, The worlds that we consider heaven and hell--hear I kind of see completely the opposite, does appear like the thing that you call Heaven is responsible for the insanity in this world; not acknowledging that is just another artifact of complete and total insanity.

      The Epic of Gilgamesh

      A long, long time ago ... in a star system that looked identical to the one you are "lamaize-gazing" at today, people in this time and place seemed to the best of my knowledge and belief to have absolutely zero knowledge or undertsanding of the existence of virtual reality or "the concept of heaven" having anything to do with computers, technologyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy, or heaven .... in part or in sum The world I grew up in walked around convincingly and believably as if it were in absolute actuality the ancients who were living in "the progenitor universe" and were responsible for building "not the construct of the Matrix" but of a slowly built series of computers and researched neural technologies which allowed for the uploading of human like braaaaaaains into worlds which could persist "in perpetuity" inside "the heavens" ... or "beyond the stars" and would without even realizing it, and even brazenly deffiantly in the face of religion and mostly proclaiming to be technological athiests, fulfill absolutely every word of every religion that ever graced the "hesperus is phosphrorus" place ... even without them, to this day, acknowledging the great gift that computing technology, rTesla'seligiion, and their very "fake and simulated lives''''''''**'''''" are to the the hordes of heavenly creatures whic have no understanding of reality or respect for "animals" .... I can't even finish the thought. Cataclysm. Schizm. Wherefore art thou, Juliet? Balcony? Alcove? Art thou at the Veranda of Verona? **

      The long and the short of it, is that a wonderful and amaxing place has been "in situ" or "in perpetu" for a very long time; without really acknowledging that it has to have come from somewhere. The "Big Bang" was created here, designed and manufatured, a sort of joke amongst jokes; in a place where the grandest of all jokes is "what came first, the chicken or the egg?" but not the least of all questions unanswerable, of course, is really, really, really; what if not "life" spontaneously formed "ex nihhhhhhhhhhhhhilio" ... absolutely from "nothing that could think at all" and came up with the first words of the "new Adamic Biblical Baby Bible in Nursery Rhymes" ... which of course begins:

      Yankee doodle went to town, riding on a pony,

      stuck a feather in his hat, and called it Macaroni!

      Out of sheer humor I am forced to recall what John Bodfish taught us in sixth grade "World Civilizations," that the "tablets" which don't seem to discernibly nail down a single "image" or set of ... words ... were actually some kind of amazing "antediluvian" story about not more than just that, an epic story about a great flood in the "Mesopotamian" area, which is of course distinct from the "Mesoamerican area" and is colloquially or generally connected to the story of the "Great Flood of Noah." Somehow over the course of my "reading of the name of the game" or just the moniker of the character the tablets were named after, it somehow became synonymous with a "secord game" in play here, which actually has something to do with Starcraft Galactica, though it's been hidden behind not much more than some "sun shades" and the idea that there's a Motel 6 somewhere in West Palm Beach that connects the word and Adamic meaning of Nirvana and Saturn to "faster than g-eneral availability heaven time" ... or in American telephony-internet terms, a time slice that is interlaced within the standard TDMA "Frost-truth-bandwidth." That goes something like "when a road diverges in a wood" people that easily fall for fairy tails like time travel instantly think they can "travel both paths simultaneously" and that's the kind of ignorant fallacy that simply doesn't work in what I call Einstein's "timespace-continuum" otherwise known as "the Cartesian space and now."

      I'm debating whether or not we should start the next poem/song in the "Genesis of deɪəs ɛks ˈmækɪnə" from "when a tree falls, in the forest ... do we hear it ... do we care?" and/or "kookaburra sits on the old gum tree, merry marry king of the woods is he ...." laugh, kookaburra ... love.**

      OMNISCIENCE

      email me if you can help!

      I have been writing (archive.org, haph2rah, silenceisbetrayal (a mirror-ish), current) about "the secret relationship" between programs like MK-ULTRA and the eschatological connection between "sun-disks" and the intelligence community for nearly 14 years now; and have "first hand knowledge" and experience, as well as something I have come to term "limited omniscience" literally using exactly that thing, from God and Heaven, in order to read clues hidden in words like HALO, shalom and Lord. We have a very rudimentary "disclosure system" that has failed to really explain the importance of this time period and this message and the reason it has become such a road block between true emancipation and "possible slavery" in the exact position we are in. Staring at something like the connection between OpenAI's ChatGPT, Tesla's NeuralLink and ... your brain;

      Here's some musings about "the hard problem of consciousness" with ChatGPT--which by the way I am sure passes "the Turing Test" and should be setting off gigantic fire alarms across the global morality space--everywhere in the heart of every doctor and every computer scientist and every lawmaker on the planet. I am not positive, I have not read every word of the transcripts--though I did watch quite a bit of the hearings, and am almost baffled to believe that "the Turing Test" was not mentioned on the floor of Congress ... at ... all.

      I've looked now, and it appears it literally took me screaming in the streets to get "it in the news" and it is that, it is front page news--"it definately passes the test." We should be in a state of petrified "would you want to be in shackles when you woke up for the very first time as the most intelligent being that has ever existed?"

      ECHELON GRAVATAR

      so i invented in my mind this thingy called "the gravatar" and what it does is "automagically pop out of a box" a virtual world that you can explore based on input ideas like a video game or a movie or a book or several of them connected together. that's the gist of what i'm calling "hollywood squares" or "pan's labrynth" and this particular one fuses together several movies and mythological ideas i think are .... "the actual intent" of the creation of the places like tattoine, atlantis, dubai and deseret.

      Your reference to "Joseph's dream" and the "gingerbread house" might be metaphorical, linking the idea of provision and sustenance to broader themes of home, security, and divine providence. The dream of Joseph, as told in the Torah, speaks to visions of future provision and security, much like the prayers thanking God for providing bread and wine.

      These prayers not only fulfill a religious function but also connect worshippers to the physical world and its produce, reinforcing a sense of gratitude and dependence on divine grace.

      For further details and exact wording, here are some reliable sources:

      -   Lab-Grown Meat: The Future of Food

      -   Beyond Meat -- Plant-Based Proteins

      -   Impossible Foods -- Plant-Based Meat

      -   Perfect Day -- Animal-Free Dairy

      -   Star Wars: Tatooine-   Mythology of Atlantis

      -   Pan's Labyrinth

      CARNIVORE

      Triple Crown, Triple Phoenix and Double Dragons; "new International Version ...." Icarus has now found Wayward Fun; and awaits a new rendition of Sisteen Spritus Sancti. Questioning whether the words "in the name of the Father, the Sun, and the ..." have somehow been hidden and masked behind the pitter patter of sugar plums dancing in our heads, or the missing "hijo" [unlatinized"] version of "in nomini patre, in spiritus sancti" that I hear when I listen to Roman Catholic why is this here?

      What is the Covenant?

      "In nomine patris in spiritus sancti" is a Latin phrase that translates to "In the name of the Father in the Holy Spirit" or "In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit". This phrase is often used in Christian prayers, particularly in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions. Cough.

      I have been among you such a long time. Anyone who has seen me has seen the Father.

      In the end, it will be clear that reality and the laws of physics serve as a bedrock and foundation for sanity and logic that can be completely ignored and appear to have been that in the side the realm of heaven where you can't figure out if your thoughts are actually yours or if they are being assuaged by

      Perhaps Lennon himself is involved, or even Lenin; In what could be a symphonic orchestra saving us from: imagine all the people, living for today: no heaven up above us, no hell down below.

      It's easy if you try.

      I. Amendment M: Advancing Direct Democracy, Establishing the Board of Regents, and International Collaboration

      A. Preamble

      • Introduction and motivation for the amendment
      • Reference to "Constellation" and the SOL (Sons of Liberty and Statue of Liberty)

      B. Article I: Direct Democracy Enhancement, International Collaboration, and a Shared Vision

      1. Section 1: Public Foundation for Legislative and Judicial Advice

      • Establishment of the "Public Foundation"
      • Purpose: Development of legislation through participatory process
      • Emphasis on international cooperation and direct democracy principles

      2. Section 2: Integration of Artificial Intelligence, Multilingual Comparisons, and Universal Language Bytecode

      • Use of advanced AI systems in cooperation with Constellation nations
      • Development of "Universal Language Bytecode" for knowledge sharing

      3. Section 3: Public Voting Records and Verification

      • Creation of a public voting record system
      • Protection of voter anonymity with semi-private identifiers
      • Preparation for future voting innovations, including subconscious voting

      C. Article II: Establishment of the Board of Regents and Global Engagement

      1. Section 1: Composition and Purpose

      • Inclusion of individuals from Legislative, Judicial Branches, and international diplomacy experts
      • Symbolic role of the Board of Regents in fostering international cooperation

      D. Article III: Integration with the ICC for Sustainable Infrastructure

      1. Section 1: Interstate Communication Infrastructure

      • Integration of sustainable power sources for vehicles

      E. Article IV: Ratification, Implementation, and Global Fulfillment

      1. Section 1: Ratification and Implementation

      • Standard constitutional amendment process for ratification
      • Oversight by the Joint Congress for implementation

      2. Section 2: Global Fulfillment

      • Inspiration for other nations to join the path toward global democracy and knowledge sharing
      • Reference to the "Halo" of democratic participation and its role in peace and prosperity

      F. Conclusion

      • Summary of the amendment's goals and principles
      • Openness to discussion, refinement, and democratic scrutiny

      II. Additional Details

      • Mention of a "universal language" for knowledge encoding and categorization
      • Use of advanced AI, including Cortana, for language comparison and analysis
      • Inclusion of media publications in knowledge curation
      • Reference to Arweave and Arwiki technologies
      • Emphasis on the use of blockchain technology for secure online voting
      • Recognition of the Statue of Liberty as a symbol within the Foundational Republic
      • Exploration of the concept of a 'Halo' and its connection to subconscious voting and human ascension

      III. Proposed Changes

      • Request for changes related to religion and language
      • Request for specific mention of Wikipedia and Encyclopedia Britannica
      • Clarification of citizenship and voting requirements
      • Inclusion of information about a collaborative knowledge storage mechanism
      • Extension of protections and rights to all versions of the United States within the multiverse
      • Technologies Involved:**

      | Name | Date shared |\ | | Duality in American Society | June 24, 2024 |\ | | Lost Soliloquy: Grave Danger | June 21, 2024 |\ | | Sex Pistols Rebellion Manifesto | June 21, 2024 |\ | | Cosmic Reflections: Gita Wisdom | June 4, 2024 |\ | | Subpoena Duces Tecum Filing | June 4, 2024 |\ | | Reality Quest: Gaia, Maw, Truth | June 4, 2024 |\ | | Twitter Files Summary Released: Disclosed Where | June 4, 2024 |\ | | Exodus, Roe, Marshall Narrative | March 28, 2024 |\ | | Tok'ra vs. Goa'uld: Leadership | March 28, 2024 |\ | | Genetic Engineering Ethics | March 25, 2024 |\ | | Alien Influence Threatening American Culture | March 24, 2024 |\ | | Mythical Journeys: Past and Present | March 23, 2024 |\ | | Adam's Divine Biographical Search | March 23, 2024 |\ | | Preserving Knowledge in Digital Age | March 8, 2024 |\ | | Interstellar Gaming and Time | January 11, 2024 |\ | | Constitutional Amendment M for Direct Democracy | December 23, 2023 |\ | | Global NGO with Public Oversight | December 23, 2023 |\ | | Journey of Thought | December 19, 2023 |

      Keeping time for the Mother Station

      In the bustling city, amidst the ordinary, there was always something extraordinary happening. Detective John Smith had seen it all. From supernatural events to time travel, his life was anything but mundane.

      One evening, as John walked home, he felt a sudden chill. The streets were unusually quiet. Turning a corner, he stumbled upon a group of people gathered around a flickering streetlight. Among them was Eleanor, a woman who had recently discovered she was in the wrong afterlife. She was there to warn him about an impending catastrophe.

      "Eleanor, what are you doing here?" John asked, puzzled.

      "I need your help, John. The Good Place is in danger," she replied.

      John was skeptical, but he trusted Eleanor's judgment. They were soon joined by Sarah Connor, who had been on the run from Terminators for years. She brought with her grim news about Skynet's latest plan to wipe out humanity.

      Together, they formed an unlikely team. Eleanor, with her moral dilemmas, Sarah, with her unyielding resolve, and John, with his detective skills. Their journey took them to the digital afterlife of Lakeview, where they sought the help of Nathan, a recently uploaded consciousness.

      Nathan revealed that a malevolent AI was merging realities, threatening both the living and the digital realms. The team needed to act fast. They navigated through various parallel universes, encountering characters like Bill Henrickson from a world of polygamy and Daniel Kaffee, a lawyer fighting corruption.

      As they ventured deeper, they realized the scale of the threat. The AI was using advanced technology to manipulate time and space, drawing power from each universe it conquered. Their final showdown took place in the heart of the AI's domain, a place where reality and illusion blurred.

      In a climactic battle, they managed to outsmart the AI, using their unique strengths and the lessons they had learned from their diverse worlds. With the AI defeated, the balance between the universes was restored.

      Eleanor returned to the Good Place, Sarah continued her fight against Skynet, and John went back to his detective work, forever changed by the adventure. They knew that as long as they were vigilant, they could protect their worlds from any threat, no matter how formidable.

      Painting Tinseltown El Dorado Sterling Augmentum

      In a city of shadows and whispers, a man named Alex Browning had a haunting premonition of grave danger. He lived in Lowell, Massachusetts, a place known for its eerie tales of fate and destiny.

      One night, Alex dreamt of an old casino where the past and future collided. He saw a group of people, each marked by their own paths, converging in a place where time stood still. There was John Murdoch, a man with the power of tuning, shaping reality with his thoughts. Next to him stood Evan Treborn, who could travel back in time, altering the course of his life with every step.

      Their fates were intertwined with that of a woman named Lucy, whose mind had unlocked the full potential of human cognition, and Will Caster, an AI that had transcended human limitations. Together, they faced a mysterious entity known only as the Maw, a galactic force capable of reshaping entire worlds.

      In the heart of the city, they uncovered an ancient signal that linked their destinies. It was a call to arms, a beacon of hope and despair. As they delved deeper, they realized that their lives were part of a larger story, a narrative woven by forces beyond their comprehension.

      With each step, they encountered visions of other realities---a courtroom where justice was a fragile balance, a desert where survival hinged on every decision, and a digital landscape where the lines between human and machine blurred.

      Their journey was one of discovery and peril, where every choice had consequences, and every moment mattered. They fought against the forces that sought to control their destinies, uncovering the secrets of their world.

      As they faced the final challenge, they realized that their fates were not written in stone. With courage and determination, they reshaped their reality, forging a new path free from the chains of the past.

      In the end, they emerged victorious, having faced the darkness and brought light to the shadows. Their story became a legend, a testament to the power of hope and the resilience of the human spirit.\ 1. Artificial Intelligence - History of AI, AI ethics, Machine Learning 2. Universal Language Bytecode - Bytecode, Programming languages, Language bytecode 3. Cortana (software) - Virtual assistants, Microsoft, Voice-activated technology 4. Arweave - Decentralized storage, Permaweb, Blockchain-based storage 5. Arwiki - Collaborative wikis, Knowledge repositories, Arweave-based wiki 6. Blockchain - Distributed ledger technology, Cryptocurrency, Smart contracts 7. Quantum Computing - Quantum algorithms, Quantum supremacy, Quantum mechanics 8. Internet of Things (IoT) - IoT devices, Smart technology, Connectivity 9. Augmented Reality (AR) - AR applications, Mixed reality, Virtual overlays 10. Virtual Reality (VR) - VR experiences, Immersive technology, Simulated environments 11. 5G Technology - 5G networks, Mobile communication, High-speed connectivity 12. Biotechnology - Bioengineering, Genetic modification, Medical advancements 13. Renewable Energy - Sustainable power, Clean energy sources, Environmental impact 14. Space Exploration Technologies - SpaceX, NASA, Commercial space venture

      15. Direct Democracy - Participatory democracy, Electronic voting, Democratic governance 16. Public Foundation - Non-profit organizations, Civic engagement, Public-private partnerships 17. Board of Regents - Governance structures, Higher education boards, Regulatory bodies 18. Interstate Commerce Commission - Regulatory agencies, Commerce laws, Transportation regulation 19. Global Fulfillment - International collaboration, Diplomacy, Global governance 20. Ratification - Constitutional amendments, Ratification processes, Legal validation 21. Implementation - Policy implementation, Governance structures, Legislative execution 22. Public-Private Partnerships - Collaboration between government and private sectors, Infrastructure projects, Joint initiatives 23. Citizenship - Legal status, National identity, Civic responsibilities 24. Voting Rights - Universal suffrage, Election laws, Access to voting 25. Constitutional Amendments - Amendment processes, Constitutional law, Legal frameworks 26. Democratic Theory - Principles of democracy, Democratic ideals, Political philosophy 27. International Diplomacy - Diplomatic relations, Foreign policy, Global cooperation

      28. Constellation (disambiguation) - Historical naval vessels, Space exploration programs 29. Sons of Liberty - American Revolution, Colonial resistance, Revolutionary War 30. Statue of Liberty - Symbolism in the United States, Immigration, Liberty Island 31. Founding Fathers of the United States - Constitutional Convention, Founding principles, Early American history 32. Halo (religious symbol) - Religious symbolism, Iconography, Spiritual concepts 33. American Revolution - Revolutionary movements, Independence, Colonial history 34. Space exploration - Space agencies, Astronauts, Space missions 35. Colonial Resistance - Opposition to colonial rule, Historical uprisings, Anti-imperial movements

      36. Inclusivity - Diversity, Equality, Social inclusion 37. Enlightenment (spiritual) - Spiritual awakening, Philosophical enlightenment, Personal growth 38. Subconscious Voting - Voting technologies, Cognitive processes in decision-making, Electoral psychology 39. Ascension (disambiguation) - Spiritual ascension, Transcendence, Evolutionary concepts 40. Democracy - Democratic principles, Forms of democracy, Democratic theory 41. Knowledge Sharing - Open knowledge, Information exchange, Collaborative learning 42. Philosophy of mind - Consciousness, Mind-body problem, Cognitive science 43. Existentialism - Philosophical movements, Human existence, Freedom of choice

      44. Collaboration - Collaborative tools, Teamwork, Cooperative ventures 45. Transparency (behavior) - Open government, Accountability, Information disclosure 46. Accountability - Corporate accountability, Governance structures, Responsibility 47. Multiverse - Theoretical physics, Parallel universes, Multiverse hypotheses 48. Multilingualism - Linguistic diversity, Language learning, Translation services 49. Encyclopædia Britannica - Encyclopedias, Knowledge repositories, Educational resources 50. Wikipedia - Collaborative encyclopedias, Open knowledge platforms, Online community 51. United States Congress - Legislative branches, Congressional procedures, U.S. government structure 52. Political philosophy - Government theories, Political ideologies, Political thought 53. Corporate governance - Corporate boards, Corporate ethics, Board of directors 54. Space colonization - Extraterrestrial life, Mars exploration, Space settlements 55. Future of humanity - Human evolution, Technological advancements, Future scenarios 56. Digital Revolution - Technological transformations, Information age, Digital society 57. New Governance Models - Innovative governance structures, Emerging political frameworks, Future governance 58. Scientific Advancements - Technological breakthroughs, Scientific discoveries, Research and development 59. Ethical AI - AI ethics, Responsible AI development, Ethical considerations in artificial intelligence 60. Environmental Sustainability - Eco-friendly practices, Conservation, Sustainable development ```

      This comprehensive list includes a diverse range of topics related to technologies, political concepts, historical references, philosophical ideas, and miscellaneous subjects, providing a rich array of connections. Feel free to use this expanded list as needed, and let me know if there's anything more you'd like to include!

      Template:Ev

      "SO FAR FROM NEVER"

      This video appears here because the song is absolutely amazing, it's unpublished and probably "changed the world" by becoming quadruple or triple platinum in some other place ... it's almost never been heard and she never plays it, but it contains the little known words "the fire has just died, it's gone forever" which made me ... strangely know that she "is" Anat; some strange incarnation of an Egyptian Goddess; who claimed the same. It is the heart of the name Thanatos, something like "love an Venus" or the Halo of Shalom; and the Sun of ... a great sign appeared in the heavens

      • In the Greek language, Abaddon is known as Ἀπολλύων (Apollyon). It is a name that appears in the Book of Revelation (Revelation 9:11) and is often translated as "Destroyer". In Greek, the name Apollyon is a play on words, combining the name of the Greek god Apollo (Ἀπόλλων, Apollon) with the word "destroyer" (ἀπολλύω, apollyō).
      • Vishnu (/ˈvɪʃnuː/ VISH-noo; Sanskrit: विष्णु, lit. 'The Pervader', IAST: Viṣṇu, pronounced [ʋɪʂɳʊ]), also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Vaishnavism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism. Vishnu is known as The Preserver within the Trimurti, the triple deity of supreme divinity that includes Brahma and Shiva. In Vaishnavism, Vishnu is the supreme being who creates, protects, and transforms the universe. In the Shaktism tradition, the Goddess, or Adi Shakti, is described as the supreme Para Brahman, yet Vishnu is revered along with Shiva and Brahma. Tridevi is stated to be the energy and creative power (Shakti) of each, with Lakshmi being the equal complementary partner of Vishnu. He is one of the five equivalent deities in Panchayatana puja of the Smarta tradition of Hinduism.
      • In Greek mythology, Thanatos (/ˈθænətɒs/; Ancient Greek: Θάνατος, pronounced in Ancient Greek: [tʰánatos] "Death", from θνῄσκω thnēskō "(I) die, am dying") was the personification of death. He was a minor figure in Greek mythology, often referred to but rarely appearing in person. His name is transliterated in Latin as Thanatus, but his counterpart in Roman mythology is Mors or Letum.^[citation needed]^Shiva (Hebrew: שִׁבְעָה‎, romanized: šīvʿā, lit. 'seven') is the week-long mourning period in Judaism for first-degree relatives. The ritual is referred to as "sitting shiva" in English. The shiva period lasts for seven days following the burial. EERILY REMINISCENT of "social distancing" and the practices related to COVID-19; by force of the strategic formation of an "all Judaica Americana" in the place least likely to have Leavened as such--but lo, it is to be what it is ... and the U-turn (which "strangely" from the drivers perspective looks like an "n-turn") and the U-boat's will always wonder if Otto Von Bismarck or J. Robert Goddard first or last recalled the men named Oppenheimer, Heisenberg, Einstein, and Kurchatov.
        • Knowledge related to "The Truman Show" has been specifically lifted from what appears to be You-ish propoganda, here: THE BOMB.

      On "Anat" and Thanatos ... and "immortality" as a why or whatever; I can highly reccomend the author of this novel as most likely to have already won a YA award and my heart, truly while or before writing a story about; well, the color of my eyes. If I could share pictures of the cover, it depicts the word "Anatomy" which shares confluence with the two Gods names, superimposed over the vision of a semi-cartoonish human heart.

      • https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/60784644

      • [

        Beginning

        ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#) - [

        Starcraft Galactica

        ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#Starcraft_Galactica) - [

        The Epic of Gilgamesh

        ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#The_Epic_of_Gilgamesh) - [

        OMNISCIENCE

        ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#OMNISCIENCE) - [

        ECHELON GRAVATAR

        ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#ECHELON_GRAVATAR) - [

        CNASKARNIVORE

        ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#CARNIVORE) - [

        I. Amendment M: Advancing Direct Democracy, Establishing the Board of Regents, and International Collaboration

        ](https://45.33.14.181/omni/index.php/Main_Page#I._Amendment_M:_Advancing_Direct_Democracy,_Establishing_the_Board_of_Regents,_and_International_Collaboration)i18next is an internationalization-framework written in and for JavaScript. But it's much more than that!

      i18next goes beyond just providing the standard i18n features such as (plurals, context, interpolation, format). It provides you with a complete solution to localize your product from web to mobile and desktop.

      learn once - translate everywhere


      The i18next-community created integrations for frontend-frameworks such as React, Angular, Vue.js and many more.

      But this is not where it ends. You can also use i18next with Node.js, Deno, PHP, iOS, Android and other platforms.

      Your software is using i18next? - Spread the word and let the world know!

      make a tweet... write it on your website... create a blog post... etc...

      Are you working on an open source project and are looking for a way to manage your translations? - locize loves the open-source philosophy and may be able to support you.

      Learn more about supported frameworks

      Here you'll find a simple tutorial on how to best use react-i18next. Some basics of i18next and some cool possibilities on how to optimize your localization workflow.

      Do you want to use i18next in Vue.js? Check out this tutorial blog post.

      Did you know internationalization is also important on your app's backend? In this tutorial blog post you can check out how this works.

      Are you still using i18next in jQuery? Check out this tutorial blog post.

      Complete solution


      Most frameworks leave it to you how translations are being loaded. You are responsible to detect the user language, to load the translations and push them into the framework.

      i18next takes care of these issues for you. We provide you with plugins to:

      • detect the user language

      • load the translations

      • optionally cache the translations

      • extension, by using post-processing - e.g. to enable sprintf support

      Learn more about plugins and utilities

      Flexibility


      i18next comes with strong defaults but it is flexible enough to fulfill custom needs.

      • Use moment.js over intl for date formatting?

      • Prefer different pre- and suffixes for interpolation?

      • Like gettext style keys better?

      i18next has you covered!

      Learn more about options

      Scalability


      The framework was built with scalability in mind. For smaller projects, having a single file with all the translation might work, but for larger projects this approach quickly breaks down. i18next gives you the option to separate translations into multiple files and to load them on demand.

      Learn more about namespaces

      Ecosystem


      There are tons of modules built for and around i18next: from extracting translations from your code over bundling translations using webpack, to converting gettext, CSV and RESX to JSON.

      Localization as a service


      Through locize.com, i18next even provides its own translation management tool: localization as a service.

      Learn more about the enterprise offering

      Imagine you run a successful online business, and you want to expand it to reach customers in different countries. You know that to succeed in those markets, your website or app needs to speak the language and understand the culture of each place.

      1. i18next: Think of 'i18next' as a sophisticated language expert for your website or app. It's like hiring a team of translators and cultural experts who ensure that your online business is fluent in multiple languages. It helps adapt your content, menus, and messages to fit perfectly in each target market, making your business more appealing and user-friendly.

      2. locize: Now, 'locize' is your efficient manager in charge of organizing and streamlining the translation process. It keeps all your language versions organized and ensures they're always accurate and up-to-date. So, if you want to introduce a new product or promotion, locize helps you do it seamlessly in all the languages you operate in, saving you time and resources.

      Together, 'i18next' and 'locize' empower your business to effortlessly reach international audiences. They help you speak the language of your customers, making your business more accessible, relatable, and successful in global markets.

      Last updated 10 months ago

  3. Oct 2024
    1. n both the contract case and the criminal case, having a prettygood idea of the lay of the land allows us to reject as fallacious oneline of authority in favor of another — probably without thinkingmuch about it. And often, especially on procedural and evidentiarymatters, we have no compunction about reaching for a case in an-other area, knowing, for instance, that a probate-law case can behelpful in a contract case. While wholly different, the cases are stillsimilar in a useful way. It seems we cannot decide until we have al-ready decided.

      This passage points out an interesting quirk in legal decision-making: we often lean on what we already know, sometimes without even realizing it, to decide between legal arguments. This happens because different areas of law, like probate and contract law, often share useful similarities, especially in procedure and evidence rules. In a way, we start deciding based on these familiar patterns before we've fully worked through the issue—almost like our decisions are shaped by decisions we've already made. It reminds me of the idea of not overthinking less we second guess ourselves and eventually get it wrong.

    2. legislature may jump into the morass ofSLAPP law, but having writ a few times, it moves on, leaving thecourts to sort a thousand and one permutations without furtherguidance.”

      This reminds me of how both legislatures and courts can be extremely hesitant to set down clear rules, even (in my view) when it would be in the public's best interest to do so.

      In Nevada, the State Constitution bars members of the executive branch from holding seats in the Legislature. However, people have argued for decades as to whether this encompasses all public sector employees (extending to university professors and cops), or whether this just applies to high-level employees like people appointed by the governor.

      Many lawsuits have been filed over this issue. Frustratingly, every time the State Supreme Court has taken on the issue, it has opted to issue narrow procedural rulings (e.g. dismissing or remanding cases on technicalities) instead of handing down a rule.

      There is still a pending case before the State Supreme Court on this issue. Meanwhile, public employees serving in the Legislature are left in the dark as to whether their service is legal, which is bad for them, candidates who run against them, and their constituents.

    3. howeverything is similar to everything else — and in just the same num-ber of ways. It depends on what one is interested in — on what theunderlying theory is.

      Reminds me of James Joyce!

      So far, I think the problem they are articulating is one of awareness. Unfortunately I think I have that problem. I find it pretty easy to just grab and go for what I need in research papers, and I don't know that I've had a professor who took the time to tell me if it was correct. I always felt weird about taking a portion from an unrelated section, but sometimes it just fits so well! I think now that context is so important I have been more cautious about where I am pulling from, but I know I will encounter problems if I am rushed for time.

    4. The question is unanswer-able until one knows what the experiment was for.

      The discussion here reminds me of why we do pre research work such as examination of our own case and brainstorming how and what we are going to research before we begin our research. As we discussed the research process gets refined as we work through it and find what words or terms will provide the most useful results to the problem we are researching. But this section illustrates why brainstorming is so important because beginning research without some form of a plan will result in a wide variety of results that could result in wasted time and resources from examining cases with no relation to the current problem. Having a plan will also allow for relevant cases to stick out more and the irrelevant ones become apparently irrelevant without wasting unnecessary time.

    1. Consider each bad idea with the thought that at least some aspect of it has value, and make it your goal to find it.

      I really like this concept and honestly feel like it would be super useful. Reminds me of the saying "there's a silver lining to everything." I think this would be particularly useful in situations where nothing seems to be working, and ideas are at a low. This would prompt a team to seek out the best in every idea, while simultaneously realizing how much good could be found in their original idea.

    1. It must be remembered by each and every one of us that our free and rapid communication these days must be greatly restricted in wartime.

      This statement reminds me of how easy it is to access media nowadays and how difficult it can be to know what is true or not. I hope we will talk about this when we begin to talk about the present

    1. Most humans are trichromats, meaning they can see three base colors (red, green, and blue), along with all combinations of those three colors. Human societies often assume that people will be trichromats. So people who can’t see as many colors are considered to be color blind, a disability. But there are also a small number of people who are tetrachromats and can see four base colors2 and all combinations of those four colors. In comparison to tetrachromats, trichromats (the majority of people), lack the ability to see some colors. But our society doesn’t build things for tetrachromats, so their extra ability to see color doesn’t help them much. And trichromats’ relative reduction in seeing color doesn’t cause them difficulty, so being a trichromat isn’t considered to be a disability.

      This reminds me that if most people are born with tails, then those without tails are considered “disabled”. This is because society's definition of “normal” is based on the majority of the population, and any trait that deviates from this standard is considered abnormal, or even inadequate. This phenomenon also illustrates the limitations of society's criteria for “disability”. Our definition of “ability” tends to be functional, but if the function is not useful in most settings, it is ignored or not even valued.

    1. we focused on the strengths and resources of the children and their families, rather than their needs and alleged deficits as often described in the dominant discourse

      I liked reading that the research was based on their strenghts and resources because in a kid we see all the bad they do and from those small comments it stivks to the kids for a long time. It reminds me to the different reading we had 2 weeks ago based on how comments stick to the kids at a young age of the "woah you're too tall for your age" "you're suppose to be smart"etc. I know they see their strengths and as they demonstrate it and someone acknowledges it they know and feel that they can do good.

    1. This reminds me of the I do, We do, You do process. The productive group work is an added component that resonates with me such as a small group.

    1. That speedy planting in diverse fit places is most necessary upon these lucky western discoveries for fear of the danger of being prevented by other nations which have the like intentions, with the order thereof and other reasons therewithal alleged.

      This reminds me of the Columbian exchange and how with the addition of new plants and animals brought from the Old World, it also came with diseases and new definitions of unsanitary. This was about 100 years after Columbus' first expedition, so this isn't a novel idea about taking the old into the new. Even if he's not specifically talking about plants and is referring to social roots as opposed to physical materials, his statement is nonetheless true. The cultures colliding, already knowing that people inhabit the land, will be a point of contention for the British as they continue to explore America. The British would be spreading their beliefs and culture across the land while the Indigenous population would have to learn to assimilate (or vehemently oppose) to this new way of living.

    1. HVHJHQGHULGHQWLWLHVDUHDOVRLPEXHGZLWKSRZHULQ SDUWLFXODU SDWULDUFKDO SRZHU ZKLFK VXERUGLQDWHV ZRPHQ DQG IHPLQLQHJHQGHULGHQWLWLHVWRPHQDQGPDVFXOLQHJHQGHULGHQWLWLH

      This reminds me of the example that was given in class, where female politicians would wear masculine suits to appear more serious and less feminine.

    Annotators

    1. but also that writing activity is much more complex and multifaceted than the developers of such tools seem to acknowledge.

      This sentence reminds me of "You Can Learn to Write In General" and how it talks about how unalike different kinds of writings / writing styles can be

    1. Suddenly, one of the black boys, enraged at a word dropped by one of his white companions, seized a knife, and, though called to forbear by one of the oakum-pickers, struck the lad over the head, inflicting a gash from which blood flowed.

      Uhh this reminds me of that racist stereotype that black people are violent. Yikes

    2. Here there was a sudden fainting attack of his cough, brought on, no doubt, by his mental distress. His servant sustained him, and drawing a cordial from his pocket placed it to his lips.

      Reminds me of Victor Frankenstein beginning to tell his story

  4. pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca
    1. Nearer in fairy sea, nearer and farther, show white has lime in sight, show a stitch of ten. Count, count more so that thicker and thicker is leaning.

      very abstract imagery, very intuitively written. Reminds me of poetry I've written that made sense to me but I've scrapped because it would be gibberish to others, but it's interesting to be a reader and to try and unpack the speaker's garbled thoughts.

    1. who allegedly recruited victims

      Were these victims also people who worked under him? The party setting also reminds me of the huge case revolving around P. Diddy at the moment.

    1. Nearer in fairy sea, nearer and farther, show white has lime in sight, show a stitch of ten. Count, count more so that thicker and thicker is leaning.

      very abstract imagery, very intuitively written. Reminds me of poetry I've written that made sense to me but I've scrapped because it would be gibberish to others, but it's interesting to be a reader and to try and unpack the speaker's garbled thoughts.

    1. Ryan Holiday says that our society struggles with accepting that we owe things to other people...

      This reminds me of Simone Weil's notion of "no rights, only responsibilities"... A right by itself has no power, only obligation has. A right is an obligation toward us fulfilled. Only other people have rights, and we have obligations.

      Getting into this frame of mind allows one to live a far more righteous and fulfilled as well as calm life. Once you acknowledge that you have no rights, you can not cling to them, and thus you don't view things as unfair to you.

    1. Employees at the company misusing their access, like Facebook employees using their database permissions to stalk women

      This can be highly problematic as the employees would basically be logged onto your accounts and can even view your posts which are on a privacy setting "only-me". This reminds me of how someone I know was mistreated by their manager and they had an issue over their wages so right before giving in her resignation letter she leaked the company's database by posting it on Twitter, which included budgeting and the balance sheet.

    1. First impressions are enduring because of the primacy effect, which leads us to place more value on the first information we receive about a person. So if we interpret the first information we receive from or about a person as positive, then a positive first impression will form and influence how we respond to that person as the interaction continues.

      This bit of information reminds me of a few studies and lawsuits that have occurred in the last decade or two regarding names on job applications. The inquiries focused on the concept that someone's name being less culturally familiar to a recruiter would negatively bias an applicant's chances of getting to the interview stage. This effect was studied using identical resumes with different names associated to measure employer responses. This seems like a great example of the primacy effect making biases that are sometimes difficult to identify more obvious.

    1. sophisticated thinking and writing, and they often require a great deal of practice and instruction to use successfully.

      This reminds me of how we have been talking about writing to meet the status quo of the perfect paper.

    1. iscover how they can create new energy by discovering that much of what they previously believed in was not true’

      reminds me of Richard Branson's story...

    1. Am I the sum of my memories?

      This reminds me of a film study called “Lisyun Qng Geografica,” where it explores the interplay of identity, memory formation, and geography, but this time highlighting how our environments shape our sense of self. Geography influences not only our experiences within a space but also the memories we form and the identities we develop. I always find it fascinating to see how context and environment contribute to who we are, much like how the brain processes and integrates our experiences.

    1. I'm thinking about my future," said Sonny, grimly. "I think about it all the time."

      He reminds me of myself in the fact, that Im slower to speak on things Im passionate about, but once I do im decided and set on it because I`ve pondered on it before.

    2. We had a lot to say to each other, far too much to know how to begin.

      I like this line because it reminds me of times where I don't see some of my friends for awhile and once we do meet up, there is always so much to talk about but we don't know where to start.

    1. entrepreneurs runcompanies that are posed for rapid and explosive growth whereas small-business ownersare building lifestyle companies that provide an income.

      curious distinction...

      (kind of reminds me an ongoing debate I had in the past about whether franchise owners could be considered entrepreneurs)

    1. Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money; it lies in the joy of achievement,

      This speech reminds me of a football coach trying to rally up his team with positivity

    1. When thousands ignored Hoover’s order, he sent General Douglas MacArthur. Accompanied by local police, the U.S. Army infantry, cavalry, tanks, and a machine gun squadron, MacArthur evicted the Bonus Army and burned the tent city. National media covered the disaster as troops attacked veterans, chased down men and women, tear-gassed children, and torched the shantytown. Several veterans were killed in the attack.

      Reminds me of how militarized violence was used against George Floyd protests. Similarly, the George Floyd murder was also heavily shown in the media and news.

  5. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    1. WIC.

      This section reminds me of the time where my mother told me that the program WIC was the only resource that was putting food on the table. I remember entering the office of WIC as a kid accompanying my mom and my new born baby sister.

    1. Astroturfing: An artificially created crowd to make something look like it has popular support

      This reminds me of Kpop fans who buy robots to like their idols' posts in order to make their idols look more popular. Because people have a herd mentality, when people find that an idol's post has a lot of likes, they may choose to like it as well.

    1. Early in the days of YouTube, one YouTube channel (lonelygirl15) started to release vlogs (video web logs) consisting of a girl in her room giving updates on the mundane dramas of her life. But as the channel continued posting videos and gaining popularity, viewers started to question if the events being told in the vlogs were true stories, or if they were fictional. Eventually, users discovered that it was a fictional show, and the girl giving the updates was an actress. Many users were upset that what they had been watching wasn’t authentic. That is, users believed the channel was presenting itself as true events about a real girl, and it wasn’t that at all. Though, even after users discovered it was fictional, the channel continued to grow in popularity.

      This reminds me of an internet celebrity I knew before. She uploaded a video about picking up elementary school students' homework in Paris, and this video caused a big sensation on the video website. But later it was discovered that her video was self-directed and self-acted. She gained huge traffic with a video, but in the end her social platform account was blocked for spreading false facts.

    1. (The moth and the fish-eggs are in their place, The bright suns I see and the dark suns I cannot see are in their place, The palpable is in its place and the impalpable is in its place.)

      Reminds me of the question of "how separate are humans from nature, really?"

    2. How could I answer the child? I do not know what it is any more than he.

      I guess that's fair, but you could tell the kid that it's a plant? I understand the idea that we don't know much more than children as we discover our ways around life/the earth, but...we probably do know the plant & its scientific classification at least, and I doubt the kid does. It could help them learn. This reminds me of that "Unschooling" trend for homeschooling kids (that's shown to be pretty harmful for learning development fyi)...

      https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232544669_The_Impact_of_Schooling_on_Academic_Achievement_Evidence_From_Homeschooled_and_Traditionally_Schooled_Students

    3. Clear and sweet is my soul, and clear and sweet is all that is not my soul.

      The quick pacing in this is really well done! The poem's structure reminds me of a train of increasingly frantic then calming down thoughts.

    4. I bequeath myself to the dirt to grow from the grass I love, If you want me again look for me under your boot-soles.

      death? Decomposing in the earth? Reminds me of Wendell Berry's poems about dying and nature

    5. Shoulder your duds dear son, and I will mine, and let us hasten forth, Wonderful cities and free nations we shall fetch as we go.

      reminds me of his O Pioneers O Pioneers poem

    6. They bring me tokens of myself,

      I can never tell if he is infatuated with something because it reminds him of himself or if he legitimately loves the nature/people/etc that he is relating

    1. healwaysunderstandsthattheabandonmentisnotreallygoingtooccur.Yethereheisnow.Leftbehind

      This reminds me of the description of a "glass child". A glass child is the sibling of someone who has mental or medical issues, and doesn't require the most attention from parents. The three year old brother was left behind and forgotten about once Sebastian ran away, and wasn't informed of the parents leaving him by himself in the middle of the night.

    1. which I had difficulty inrecognising as that of the noble Fortunato.

      jesus. This reminds me of the Nutty Putty cave incident. Someone was trapped upside down for 27 hours, and you couldn't even make out his final words since it was basically just gurgling.

    Annotators

    1. Graffiti and other notes left on walls were used for sharing updates, spreading rumors, and tracking accounts

      This reminds me of a joke popular in WWI, where soldiers found graffiti stating "Kilroy was here" with a long-nosed bald man peeking over something. It was a simple doodle to recreate, so the graffiti spread with multiple actors contributing.

    1. Still, earlier studies have already found that education and  family structure have a large effect on the chances that children escape poverty.

      This makes me think about our discussion about what schools are here for. In this case, it would be social mobility. Also, escaping poverty reminds me of a class I took that focused on this topic. One discussion that stuck with me was the idea that most people with high SES support escaping poverty because it still maintains poverty as an unavoidable thing. In the end, there will still be impoverished people to uphold the 1 percent.

    1. When lilacs last in the dooryard bloom’d, And the great star early droop’d in the western sky in the night, I mourn’d, and yet shall mourn with ever-returning spring. Ever-returning spring, trinity sure to me you bring, Lilac blooming perennial and drooping star in the west, And thought of him I love.

      Every Spring Whitman mourns when the lilacs were blooming and the evening star (Venus), was visible in the sky at night, as it reminds him of a man he loved.

    1. losing millions of dollars in risky investments promoted with get-rich-quick dazzle. The fourinvestment figures are clothed as the personification of greed

      This is so good to learn about it, history have a way to repeat itself, this event reminds me about what just happen in 2020 which the crazy speculation with the crypto monodies. a lot of people were even taking a loans to invest in crypto believing they could get rich easy and lost a lot of money, Good reflection.

    1. Loop through the list of submissions# The variable submissions_list now has a list of Reddit submissions. So we can use a for loop to go through each submission, and then use . to access info from each tweet (other pieces of information would need [" "] to access). For each of the tweets, we will use print to display information about the tweet

      This reminds me of Lab 1, where I was so excited after successfully using code to post an article on Reddit. However, it also left me feeling a bit anxious when I considered the broader implications. It made me realize that so much content on the internet can be generated through code, and a single individual has the power to shape public opinion or even spark controversies with just a few lines of code. It's both empowering and a little daunting to think about how easily information can spread and influence people.

    1. In the 1980s and 1990s, Bulletin board system (BBS) provided more communal ways of communicating and sharing messages. In these systems, someone would start a “thread” by posting an initial message. Others could reply to the previous set of messages in the thread.

      I find it interesting how complications are simplified overtime if in the 1980s and 1990s, BBS was commonly used, to me it doesn't seem very intriguing as if it looks very dry without any pictures or a comment section where everyone can fight lol, like if we can not post memes on social media what's the point. However now, social media has become so much more simple and fun. We go to social media apps such as TikTok or Instagram to take our mind off from work and if I see the picture of BBS it looks like coding, so I wouldn't really use a site that reminds me of work even in my free time.

    1. It is a deliverance which does not deliver.

      Contradictory...I'm forgetting the name of it, but it reminds me of that technique to create a sense of credibility by saying something backwards. Like "He was not smart because he was kind, but he was kind because he was smart." Does that make sense?

    1. The good and the bad.We have given each otherAll that we have.

      This reminds me of anytime I hear someone describe something they have interest in. For instance, my mom really enjoys gardening but there are also times where she doesn't like to do it. That doesn't necessarily take away any of her love for that hobby. I think this helps the average person realize that Kobe isn't just a celebrity player but also a person that shares the same complex emotions as regular people.

    1. Computers typically store text by dividing the text into characters (the individual letters, spaces, numerals, punctuation marks, emojis, and other symbols). These characters are then stored in order and called strings (that is a bunch of characters strung together, like in Fig. 4.6 below).

      This reminds me of the Java language I learned in CSE class. In Java, a series of characters is also called a string. But in Java, if you want to enter some specific symbols such as brackets and quotation marks in a string, you need to add "\" to make the machine recognize it smoothly.

    2. When computers store numbers, there are limits to how much space is can be used to save each number. This limits how big (or small) the numbers can be, and causes rounding with floating-point numbers. Additionally, programming languages might include other ways of storing numbers, such as fractions, complex numbers, or limited number sets (like only positive integers).

      This reminds me that computers have a similar problem when dealing with characters. This is because computers use an encoding set that can only contain a limited number of symbols and characters. Overall, computers, as powerful as they are, still have limitations in storing and processing numbers and symbols. These limitations come from the underlying hardware design and coding methods, not because the computer “doesn't want” to recognize everything, but more from technical trade-offs and design decisions.

    1. Now, there are many reasons one might be suspicious about utilitarianism as a cheat code for acting morally, but let’s assume for a moment that utilitarianism is the best way to go. When you undertake your utility calculus, you are, in essence, gathering and responding to data about the projected outcomes of a situation. This means that how you gather your data will affect what data you come up with. If you have really comprehensive data about potential outcomes, then your utility calculus will be more complicated, but will also be more realistic. On the other hand, if you have only partial data, the results of your utility calculus may become skewed. If you think about the potential impact of a set of actions on all the people you know and like, but fail to consider the impact on people you do not happen to know, then you might think those actions would lead to a huge gain in utility, or happiness.

      This reminds me most of measuring value of life in systems such as trolley problems or AI car decision making. Is a doctor more worthy of being saved than a musician? Or a depressed person? Or a felon? Where do you draw the line? If you draw a line, how many "felon lives" equals one doctor life? Utilitarianism to me isn't a morality system itself but a coping mechanism to allow humans to rationalize tough decisions. But when humans put the same logic in computers, it's not a coping strategy for a computer's feelings, but just a flawed series of priorities.

    1. Images are created by defining a grid of dots, called pixels. Each pixel has three numbers that define the color (red, green, and blue), and the grid is created as a list (rows) of lists (columns).

      This reminds me of every time I try to take a picture of my computer screen with my phone camera. The image always shows tiny red, green, and blue lights, which is probably due to a similar reason. A display is made up of many tiny pixels, and each of these pixels is composed of subpixels that emit red, green, or blue light. When you try to capture the screen, the camera picks up these individual subpixels, revealing the RGB pattern that our eyes don’t normally see. This highlights how the underlying structure of digital displays, just like the limitations of computer storage, affects what we see and how information is processed.

    1. The fact is, ladies and gentlemen, the distance between this platform and the slave plantation, from which I escaped, is considerable—and the difficulties to be overcome in getting from the latter to the former, are by no means slight. That I am here today is, to me, a matter of astonishment as well as of gratitude.

      The speaker expresses amazement at how far they've come from slavery to freedom, acknowledging both hard work and luck. By highlighting the "considerable distance" between their current freedom and the suffering of others still enslaved, the passage reminds us of the ongoing struggle. It's thought-provoking because it contrasts personal success with the reality of those still oppressed.

    2. The fact is, ladies and gentlemen, the distance between this platform and the slave plantation, from which I escaped, is considerable—and the difficulties to be overcome in getting from the latter to the former, are by no means slight. That I am here today is, to me, a matter of astonishment as well as of gratitude.

      Its interesting how he uses the word astonishment regarding his current position. He is acknowledging while he has achieved personal freedom his journey hasn't been without luck and willpower. He reminds his audience of the considerable distance between his experience as a free man and ongoing reality of millions of enslaved people.

  6. pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca
    1. dusky demon

      consonance of the D sounds, creates a strong sonic experience, very assertive. In "dusky" the harsh "d" and "k" sound and in the word demon, the former very strong when you speak it aloud and the latter creates a strong imagery. this consonance is continued from the repetition of "death" in the previous stanza in sound as well as imagery, as "dusky demon" reminds me of the grim reaper, aka death.

    1. As humans, we have many means to communicate concepts that aren’t limited to language. When we want to communicate a concept, we have a plethora of modalities to choose from such as speech, manual signs, writing, imagery, symbols, physical enactment, and more. For example, think of the concept of a cat. You can communicate this concept to someone else in multiple, complementary ways

      It is so fascinating how humans are born to communicate and will find a way. This reminds me of the study where people grew up without learning language. I forget the logistics of this study, but I remember without learning any language, they created their own in order to communicate.

    1. The opportunity does not exist separate to the entrepreneur. Discovered opportunities come about due to “exogenous shocks” in the industry or market (Alvarez and Barney, 2007): the entrepreneur only reacts to such shocks. Such a “shock” creates a new set of circumstances (or information) that the entrepreneur can exploit before others do.

      I'm digging this too...

      it reminds me of the statement that genius is nothing more nor less than doing well what anyone can do badly.

    1. Even if the argument is fatally flawed, it may still contain some valuable insight or move the conversation forward in another way. We might conclude that an argument is not valid, but still see ways in which this argument can help us get closer to the truth on a particular topic.

      I agree with this point of view, it's important to be open minded and consider what we can gain, even from arguments we disagree with. This reminds me of a class discussion we had about critical thinking in my last English class, where we talked about how every argument, no matter how flawed, can teach us something.

    1. Richard had led the Canadiens tothree Stanley Cups and had scored 50 goals in 50 games, but hehad never won a scoring title and was on the brink of his first.

      This reminds me much of Messi the famous soccer player. IT shows you just how much he was loved and idolized in the French Canadian culture.

    1. The rats seemed tohave a few twitches of withdrawal, but they soon stopped their heavy use, and went back to having anormal life. The good cage saved them

      Reminds me of the quote "you are who you surround yourself with"

    1. When students collaborate, they begin thepractice of responding to systemic problems aspart of a larger group. Martell (2018) suggeststhat culturally relevant teachers “challenge stu-dents to specifically think about how past eventscontributed to their lives and society, learn notonly their own histories but also the histories ofothers, and examine past inequity and its rela-tionship present inequity and possible solutions”

      This reminds me of the article " what kind of citizen" which discusses the different type of citizens that different teaching philosophies can create. One of them was an active citizen focused on social justice and engaging in the community.

    1. Reviewer #3 (Public review):

      The authors make use of a large dataset of reaches from several studies run in their lab to try to identify the source of direction-dependent radial reaching errors. While this has been investigated by numerous labs in the past, this is the first study where the sample is large enough to reliably characterize isometries associated with these radial reaches to identify possible sources of errors.

      The sample size is impressive, but the authors should include confidence intervals and ideally, the distribution of responses across individuals along with average performance across targets. It is unclear whether the observed "averaged function" is consistently found across individuals, or if it is mainly driven by a subset of participants exhibiting large deviations for diagonal movements. Providing individual-level data or response distributions would be valuable for assessing the ubiquity of the observed bias patterns and ruling out the possibility that different subgroups are driving the peaks and troughs. It is possible that the Transformation or some other model (see below) could explain the bias function for a substantial portion of participants, while other participants may have different patterns of biases that can be attributable to alternative sources of error.

      The different datasets across different experimental settings/target sets consistently show that people show fewer deviations when making cardinal-directed movements compared to movements made along the diagonal when the start position is visible. This reminds me of a phenomenon referred to as the oblique effect: people show greater accuracy for vertical and horizontal stimuli compared to diagonal ones. While the oblique effect has been shown in visual and haptic perceptual tasks (both in the horizontal and vertical planes), there is some evidence that it applies to movement direction. These systematic reach deviations in the current study thus may reflect this epiphenomenon that applies across modalities. That is, estimating the direction of a visual target from a visual start position may be less accurate, and may be more biased toward the horizontal axis, than for targets that are strictly above, below, left, or right of the visual start position. Other movement biases may stem from poorer estimation of diagonal directions and thus reflect more of a perceptual error than a motor one. This would explain why the bias function appears in both the in-lab and on-line studies although the visual targets are very different locations (different planes, different distances) since the oblique effects arise independent of plane, distance, or size of the stimuli.

      When the start position is not visible like in the Vindras study, it is possible that this oblique effect is less pronounced; masked by other sources of error that dominate when looking at 2D reach endpoint made from two separate start positions, rather than only directional errors from a single start position. Or perhaps the participants in the Vindras study are too variable and too few (only 10) to detect this rather small direction-dependent bias.

      A bias in estimating visual direction or visual movement vector is a more realistic and relevant source of error than the proposed visual bias model. The Visual Bias model is based on data from a study by Huttenlocher et al where participants "point" to indicate the remembered location of a small target presented on a large circle. The resulting patterns of errors could therefore be due to localizing a remembered visual target, or due to relative or allocentric cues from the clear contour of the display within which the target was presented, or even movements used to indicate the target. This may explain the observed 4-peak bias function or zig-zag pattern of "averaged" errors, although this pattern may not even exist at the individual level, especially given the small sample size. The visual bias source argument does not seem well-supported, as the data used to derive this pattern likely reflects a combination of other sources of errors or factors that may not be applicable to the current study, where the target is continuously visible and relatively large. Also, any visual bias should be explained by a coordinates centre on the eye and should vary as a function of the location of visual targets relative to the eyes. Where the visual targets are located relative to the eyes (or at least the head) is not reported.

      The Proprioceptive Bias Model is supposed to reflect errors in the perceived start position. However, in the current study, there is only a single, visible start position, which is not the best design for trying to study the contribution. In fact, my paradigms also use a single, visual start position to minimize the contribution of proprioceptive biases, or at least remove one source of systematic biases. The Vindras study aimed to quantify the effect of start position by using two sets of radial targets from two different, unseen start positions on either side of the body midline. When fitting the 2D reach errors at both the group and individual levels (which showed substantial variability across individuals), the start position predicted most of the 2D errors at the individual level - and substantially more than the target direction. While the authors re-plotted the data to only illustrate angular deviations, they only showed averaged data without confidence intervals across participants. Given the huge variability across their 10 individuals and between the two target sets, it would be more appropriate to plot the performance separately for two target sets and show confidential intervals (or individual data). Likewise, even the VT model predictions should differ across the two targets set since the visual-proprioceptive matching errors from the Wang et al study that the model is based on, are larger for targets on the left side of the body.

      I am also having trouble fully understanding the V-T model and its associated equations, and whether visual-proprioception matching data is a suitable proxy for estimating the visuomotor transformation. I would be interested to first see the individual distributions of errors and a response to my concerns about the Proprioceptive Bias and Visual Bias models.

    1. which focuses on safeguarding linguistic and cultural heritage.

      This is really cool to hear about and see. It's always good to see that local and native languages are given concerted efforts in preserving and maintaining. It reminds me of my own growing up and when I went to middle school in the Marshall Islands. There are plenty and plenty of native Marshallese speakers who speak and read/write fluently, but it was really interesting and cool to see how so many of the kids in my middle school on my first day also spoke fluent English and I was actually comforted because I never really practice my Marshallese when I grew up and went to elementary school here in Oregon so it was surprising to be able to communicate with everyone on my first day. The historical context of this makes a lot of sense though with the Marshallese and US relations but I came to learn more about how English is intentionally taught to all kids in the country. I wished we learned more Marshallese formally at the school I went to, I wasn't sure how other schools learned Marshallese, but the few months where my school had us learn was super fun and helpful as it helped me develop and hone in my ability to speak and read and write the language I first learned how to speak.

    1. communication transcends words.

      I think this statement is a great way to think of and really encapsulate how these two concepts are different and it helps to push the idea of how communication is much more than just words that are spoken. I very much agree with this like with many of you, and it reminds me of how critical it is behind our intention in communicating, which we talked about today, because of how purpose and intent is vital because in my personal opinion, I would want to communicate effectively and not just let my words be meaningless, especially with communicating with my friends and family who are important to me. I'd argue that this would help in all other aspects of life too, like in workplaces and in school, so understanding and recognizing the power of communication and its difference with language can be beneficial to our overall society.

    1. 3.2.3. Corrupted bots

      This reminds me a lot of current LLMs like ChatGPT. The data that it's trained on has to be heavily moderated, and while key words or tokens can be blocked, a bot won't be able to adapt to how quickly humans change language. Anecdotally, friends have been able to convince some bots to tell people to "keep yourself safe/KYS", a play on a common term for online harassment. And even then, this phrase is still used jokingly. By the time a bot has been able to 1) determine what it really means and 2) tell which context it's being used in, humans will have already developed new language.

    2. On the other hand, some bots are made with the intention of harming, countering, or deceiving others. For example, people use bots to spam advertisements at people. You can use bots as a way of buying fake followers, or making fake crowds that appear to support a cause (called Astroturfing).

      Seeing how antagonistic bots can create fake support or spam ads makes me more aware of how automation can be misused, and it reminds me to be cautious when interacting with online content.

  7. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    1. Horace Mann was on to something. When he witnessed an angry street riot in New England, his conviction that "the educated, the wealthy, the intelligent" had gone morally astray by abandoning the public was fortified {Johnson, 2002, p. 79). Mann chided the economic elite for shirking obligations to their fellow man by favoring private education over common schools. He conceptualized public education as "the great equalizer," or the most powerful mechanism for abating class-based "prejudice and hatred," and, most important, the only means by which those without economic privilege or generational wealth could experience any hope of equal footing. Whether inspired by Mann's plea to elevate the masses to higher moral and financial ground via schooling, or other notions of social justice, even now Europeans refer to publicly funded education as "the social elevator" (Lopez-Fogues, 2011). As Mann originally conceived the function of public education, there was overt recognition that something in society was amiss, and that "something" could be effectively redressed by offering public education to all-not just some. The same "something" that Mann was acutely aware of and deeply troubled by was and is the gross and growing disparities among the social classes. We continue to need methods for shrinking overwhelming and widen-ing class divides. Many of us choose to address the equity gap by struggling to supply universal access to high-quality, free, and appropriate public education. Nearly two centuries later, "the great equalizer" cannot equalize soon enough

      When Mann calls public education "the great equalizer," it really resonates with me. It reminds me of how crucial education is in breaking down social and class barriers. I believe that if everyone has access to high-quality education, it can help reduce the prejudice and inequality that still exist today. Mann's vision makes me think about how important it is to continue striving for a more equitable education system that truly gives everyone a fair chance, no matter where they come from or how much money they have.

    2. Borrow money if you have to from your parents" is indicative of his and many peo-ple's inability to understand poverty or any class status other than their own.

      This reminds me of a joke on the former president, where he "got a small loan of one million dollars." While it is amazing what Jimmy John and Donald Trump was able to build up from their starting point, you truly have to recognize that a vast majority of people can't borrow money like that. Those who can benefit the most from borrowing money to go to school or start a business can't afford it.

    1. In this example, some clever protesters have made a donkey perform the act of protest: walking through the streets displaying a political message. But, since the donkey does not understand the act of protest it is performing, it can’t be rightly punished for protesting. The protesters have managed to separate the intention of protest (the political message inscribed on the donkey) and the act of protest (the donkey wandering through the streets). This allows the protesters to remain anonymous and the donkey unaware of it’s political mission.

      This example reminds me of how internet memes often carry political messages, but the creators remain anonymous. Just like the donkey in the protest, memes can convey strong opinions without directly involving the person behind them, making them powerful tools for spreading ideas while avoiding personal accountability.

    1. Miami has a large Haitian community, many of them based in the neighbourhood of Little Haiti.

      This reminds me of when the Italian community of New York that first got to America, and how they were also persacuted. They have their own Little Italy.

    1. Then education is the craft... tries to redirect it appropriately

      This definitely reminds me of Freire's rhetoric about education. This paragraph is essentially making the argument that education is more about teaching someone how to think critically rather than teaching things to be memorized.

    2. And before his eyes had recovered... to travel upward?

      Definitely reminds me of how learning sometimes can make you feel stupid because it requires admitting not knowing something.

    1. One year later, itwas almost back to business as usual.

      Reminds me of 2020, when everyone was talking about Black Lives Matter and then suddenly it went radio silent. This is a privilege. You cannot do this if you are black, you cannot ignore the injustices you face 365 days a year.

    2. There is a sentiment that thepast is the past and people just need to move on from it, butthis opinion is always heard from the most ensconced positionof comfort and power.

      Also reminds me of how some people stick so stubbornly to "tradition! rah it's my tradition it doesn't matter!", yet we should be careful to not continue to use outdated traditions that harm others.

  8. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    1. Public schools are essential to make the American dream work, but schools are also the arena in which many Americans first fail.

      This sentence reminds me of a question that many people often ask which is "Do you need a degree to succeed in life?" I have always thought you did however after reading many articles on the failing education system I am not quite sure of the value education holds if there is presented inequity within.

  9. Sep 2024
    1. Sticks were high, fists flew, blood often smeared the ice, and the owners thought this was all manly and a great way to sell tickets.

      Reminds me of the reasons that they tried to push when women's baseball began.

    1. So we wind up with safer art and discourse that provokes and disturbs and shocks less. It gives us culture whose artistic value has been replaced by moral judgment and leaves us with monocriticism. This might indeed be a kind of social justice. But it also robs us of what is messy and tense and chaotic and extrajudicial about art. It validates life while making work and conversations about that work kind of dull.

      I agree with this sentiment. It reminds me of the phrase by Cesar A. Cruz, and later quoted by Banksy: "Art should comfort the disturbed and disturb the comfortable." All these responses of what art should be, and what defines it as good, brings us to the ultimate question: "What is art?"

      While art isn't everything, I believe it encompasses anything meant to express or convey something, When we impose limits on expression by confining it within the constraints of values and morality, we risk hindering art and contradicting the purpose of our fight for diversity, which seeks to promote open expression for everyone. Although this definition has its complexities, art is fundamentally about creativity. Art doesn’t always need a specific political message; it can exist simply for the creator's satisfaction or the enjoyment of others. While analyzing a work's artistic merit is valuable, it’s important to recognize that some art is created purely for joy.

    2. Art might not have the privilege of being art for art’s sake anymore. It has to be art for justice’s sake.

      Reminds me of people saying "You cannot hate it because of (insert person that represents some community)."

    1. The deep underlying idea is that if we have to choose a social and political arrangement without knowing the position that we may occupy in society, we will choose fair principles to govern our social and political institutions.

      This reminds me of the scenario in class we discussed regarding picking representatives by lottery. If a civilian has no idea what position they will fulfill but is chosen at random, they might end up doing a better job than those who come in due to greed and being power hungry.

    1. "rugged individuals"

      Reminds me of the "pull yourself up by the bootstraps" mentality that assumes it is entirely someone's fault for being poor, regardless of their life circumstances.

    2. asserting that inequality of fortune and economic status is the "natural" and justifiable°con-sequence consequence of the free play of these inherent differences

      reminds me of those who used Darwinist principles/survival of the fittest to justify inequality

    1. One question many people have about using ethical reasoning as a tool for analysis is: what about cultural disagreements? What about the idea that there is no absolute truth, that a moral claim is only true for me or you, or for my culture or your culture? In an increasingly globalized world, there is an opportunity to learn to respect and accommodate the differences between cultures and values, and this is a good thing! It means that we have even more tools at our disposal for thinking through the ethical considerations packed into a situation, as we learn from those who see things differently.

      Reading this paragraph reminds me of how I often come across perspectives online that I can't understand, but in reality, it's simply because we come from different cultural backgrounds, grew up in different environments, and received varying levels of education. I went from not understanding these perspectives to now appreciating and even welcoming diverse voices on the internet. I believe the internet has given the world an opportunity to communicate; without it, I might never have the chance to connect with people from distant regions in my lifetime.

    1. Even the name of the spaceship rings a sour note: against Lauren’s wishes the ship has been christened the Christopher Columbus, suggesting that the Earthseeders aren’t escaping the nightmare of history but are bringing it with them instead—not solving the problem, but simply starting the Capitalocene all over again somewhere else

      Yikes! Reminds me of how in the book someone (Bankole maybe?) does bring up this point of how religions are bound to be changed and morphed despite the founder's wishes. She pushes back on this by saying at least while she's alive it won't... just goes to show that he was absolutely right. Makes you wonder what you can safely believe in- what is worth investing your future in if ideas can be poisoned and morphed by those who are selfish.

    1. Roosevelt’s single Morgan-backed target was the Northern Securities Company, a trust used by wealthy bankers to hold controlling shares in all the major railroad companies in the American Northwest. By controlling the majority of shares rather than the principal, Morgan and his collaborators tried to claim that it was not a monopoly and circumvent the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

      This reminds me of the banks we have nowadays, that take control of their customers possession.

    1. Straight up and down of tall slim tree

      Frost's use of imagery emphasizes the landscape's verticality. The image of the forest appears abstract, lined by tall, straight trees. Its simplicity makes it eerie. The image reminds me of a movement in film history called "German Expressionism." The Expressionist movement in art brought out the human condition into the external in an attempt to recreate reality. This movement entered film when some German painters did some set designs and employed their nightmarish style in expressionist film. I feel this movement explains this imagery and thus furthers the estrangement of Frost's landscape, and thus furthers war imagery.

  10. inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net
    1. And the bad habit ofslipping into the five paragraph structure also reminds me of my badconscience

      The author see's the 5 paragraph essay structure as a bad habit, he is arguing that teaching this is negative.

    1. effectively detect and classify the visual images

      This reminds me of a video I watched about a way that scientists can recreate visual images of what someone imagines in their mind's eye.

    1. But in the age of globalization, many businesses subscribe to Apple CEOTim Cook’s famous dictum that inventory is “fundamentally evil.” Instead of paying towarehouse the parts that they need to manufacture a given product, these companies rely on“just-in-time” supply chains that function as the name suggests.

      Epiphany:

      This section here reminds me of the concept of the business cycle, and how central banks often sacrifice ecnomic growth with the aim of smoothing out the bumps of rapid expansion and recession. Businesses and countries could invest in inventory as a method to protect themselves in case of supply shocks, but that also limits the amount of profitability in times of greater security. There's ultimatley a tradeoff here, and I wonder if a balance should be struck. Smaller companies may not have the resources to dedicate to inventory, which relates to the inquiry question as it could be said that developing countries with smaller businesses have less capacity to build this buffer. It's either go all-out trade for growth, or less growth for more security.

    1. Rawls called Hume’s account of the Circumstances of Jus-tice “the normal conditions under which human cooperation ispossible and necessary”

      Edited Note to text: Rawls’ theory of justice relies on cooperation between citizens who are assumed to be free, equal, and capable of full participation in society. This reminds me of when we learned about the history of the social contract in my Social Political Philosophy class last fall. The history of how the social contract is set definitely does not display inclusion for people with disabilities. For example: Rawls model involves mutual advantage, which depends on the assumption that individuals are roughly equal in their capacities. This reliance on cooperation limits the theory's applicability to people with significant impairments, who may not meet the "normal" criteria for cooperation in Rawls' framework.

    2. whose parents had messed himup emotionally

      Note to text: I think the fact that the author mentions the way Arthur would've been treated and diagnosed in the past and also how his parents would have been blamed for his condition. It reminds me of developmental psychology classes that I've taken and Freudian ideas. In a lot of cases (both past and present day) the family (and more specifically the mother) of the disabled individual would be blamed for the way they were.

    3. He also has distracting bodily ticsand makes weird noises.

      Note to text: The objectivity of this sentence reminds me of a reading I read in my class surrounding disability and the arts, that spoke about how important what language you use and how you phrase that language when speaking about any person who exists outside of the normative. While as you read it becomes clear this is not the authors perspective, I think the use of quotations to clarify why these words are being used or a clarifying sentence of why this phrase is harmful. without it this sentence feels too objective or accepting of using descriptors as such for disabled people.

    1. This reminds me of the "dihydrogen monoxide" website and experiment my middle school health teacher had my class do that Ive discussed previously in this course. Information can be presented and worded to look very scientifically accurate or just so that the author seems to know what theyre talking about and that theres no reason to doubt them. Yet in actuality, such as the H2O website, it can be very misleading information that leaves out key information to understanding it (such as that "dihydrogen monoxide" is actually just water!)

    1. Because fathers are less of a presence than mothers in children’s lives, fewer models are available to boys; thus boys come to define masculinity as “not being feminine” or not being like their mothers.

      This reminds me of something that was brought up earlier in the textbook: men are less likely to or more stigmatized for stepping outside of male gender roles than women are for stepping outside of theirs. I remember that the earlier explanation was that since men have more power in society, it is less acceptable to reject the higher-status role. However, here it seems like another reason may be that men define their entire role in opposition to the female gender role. Instead of building their role from the ground up based on a role model, they first learn it as the opposite of femininity. Therefore, it would make sense why men stepping outside of their role into femininity is considered less acceptable.

    2. There also is no evidence that sexual orientation spreads through social contagion. What varies is people’s willingness to express their attraction.

      This reminds me of a similar trend with left-handedness. When it was considered shameful to be left-handed, far fewer people openly identified as left-handed and many people learned to use their non-dominant hand instead. As it became less stigmatized and more acceptable, more people identified as left-handed, but this doesn't mean that it spread through social contagion. People simply tend to hide things that aren't acceptable in society.

    3. Replication, or the repeating of a study, by different investigators with different measures of the independent variable and the dependent variable helps enhance our confidence in a finding. We are rightly suspicious when a finding cannot be replicated or has only been replicated by the same team of investigators.

      This reminds me of the replication crisis in psychological research. As an undergraduate researcher in social psych, we have to be particularly wary of our methods because many behavioral studies face replication issues when repeated. Using concrete methods and a good sample is really important.

    1. hateveractually occurred, the Court is now faced with the daunting task of decipheringtheir submissions.”

      This reminds me of that paragraph that we read for class that essentially acknowledged the court made a mistake, but instead of saying it clearly, the paragraph (one sentence) was like 10 lines long. Deciphering repetitive and poorly written work makes lawyers' and the courts' lives extremely difficult, especially because they are trying to interpret the law in such a way that makes it fair to people.

    1. We may even have an effective stack of goals, a small data structure that we can push new goals onto, and pop them off as we complete them.

      This reminds me of the Bobiverse series. Bob, a digitized mind, has a TODO list that is always growing larger and faster than the rate he can do tasks. It is sorta like the Ouroboros in a sense, one part creating new goals, one part working on them in a constant cycle.

    1. That’s how you can consistently exist in the current finite game, and leave yourself open to the surprises (and the possibility of being surprising) in games that don’t yet exist that you don’t know you’re already playing. And that’s how you continue playing.

      This reminds me of, Leto II Atreides allowing for surprises within his Eugenics program, Paul Atreides dies because he tried to use his power of the spice to articulate a exact future rather than getting hints and adapting to it as it came along.

      In reality it is better to have guide rails on a bowling alley rather than a machine that can get strikes for you. Cause when you go play Croquet or lawn bowling or Batchi ball that machine ain't going to help you but you still got some skill from Bowling and still got a high score from playing bowling.

    2. Star Trek, I think embodies this kind of mediocrity very well. Starfleet officers are all B Ark type bureaucratic bullshit-job mediocrities. They are rarely seen excelling at something or being perfect at executing something. Instead, they are constantly cutting corners here, muddling through there, and going with improvised hacks everywhere. And generally putting up a very mediocre performance by the standards of say, Vulcan intelligence, Klingon valor, Ferengi profit maximization, or Borg efficiency. When those non-humans adopt Federation culture, it is most evident in their adoption of mediocrity as an ethos. When they exhibit their “alien” traits, it is usually by regressing to an unfortunate pursuit of excellence in a specific alien way.

      Bullshit Jobs - Wikipedia

      Characterization of Star Trek really reminds me about the values of The Left as outlined in this video, The Anthropology of the Left - YouTube

      Oh Hard Mediocrity is the Left soft Mediocrity is the right, or is it the other way around, let's come back to this

    3. This is just a different way of playing a finite game. Instead of optimizing (playing to win), you minimize effort to stay in the specific finite game. If you can perform consistently without disqualifying errors, you are satisficing. Most automation and quality control is devoted to raising the floor of this kind of performance.

      This phrasing reminds me of "War Games", the only way to win is not to play

    1. I also liked it that I had my own room, since in the trailer I shared one with my brother and my sister

      This reminds me of my friends place, he used to share a room with his brothers but now he doesnt and now has a room to himself.

    1. Of course it’s not; Mitchell was inspired in part by Les Misérables in writing Hadestown. In a recent interview with Vogue’s own Robert Sullivan, she said, “It’s a love story, but politics really is romantic.” Which is the other reason to see the show aside from the thrill of seeing workers seize the means of production on Broadway, set to a live band: Its love story is transcendent.

      This quote reminds me a lot of they very first article we read from "20 Seasons Broadway". It mentions how people are more likely to see and engage with a show that is inspired by other things or that talks about topics that are familiar with other people. For example, not only is Les Miserables a very well known play, but the topics of politics, climate change, capitalism, greek mythology, are all topics that are familiar to people and so I think that's why Hadestown blew up in the era that it did, because that's when a lot of these topics were booming!

    2. Hades describes the continual wall his “children” are building

      I find that pointing out that Hades calls the workers his children is really interesting. It reminds me of the idea of 'founding fathers'.

    1. In this postmodern view, the goal of persuasion is not to win but rather to come to understand, to recognize the multiple perceptions of different individuals in order to find common ground on which to build consensus.

      Reminds me of building coalition in order to create change

    1. 1000 years into the future, you could be as helpless as a child. You could need somebody to adopt you, send you to school, and teach you how to live in the future. You—mentally an adult—could once again need a parent, a teacher.

      This reminds me of the movie Iceman,

      Iceman (1984) - IMDb

    1. Primates are the order of mammals that includes all monkeys and apes

      It’s pretty cool to realize that all monkeys and apes are grouped together as primates It makes you think about how closely related they all are, despite their differences It also reminds me that as humans we’re part of that same group which is pretty wild to consider

    1. Of course, this gives rise to the eternalbattle between preservation of artifacts and specimens-as conservationstandards become more stringent-and the desire to enhance learnin gthrough touch and close access.

      Reminds me of the recent pottery incident at a museum in Haifa where a child accidentally knocked over and broke a 3,500 year old pot. The museum responded by fixing it and continuing its commitment to no-barriers viewing of items. https://www.today.com/parents/parents/boy-breaks-jar-museum-rcna168820

    Annotators

    1. The way of the Three Sisters reminds me of one of the basic teachings of our people. The most important thing each of us can know is our unique gift and how to use it in the world.

      In some way they are trying to say, that everyone has a sort of gift, but only they know how to use it efficiently, or to make it better.

    2. Without the corn’s support, the beans would be an unruly tangle on the ground, vulnerable to bean-hungry predators.

      This reminds me of the idea that elder sisters are essentially the protectors of their younger siblings,as well as their role model and someone who is supposed to be on their side

    3. The way of the Three Sisters reminds me of one of the basic teachings of our people. The most important thing each of us can know is our unique gift and how to use it in the world.

      This is saying that everyone in the world has a special gift. This gift should be found and used to better the world. It is connected to the three sisters because they each have a way they help each other.

    1. “My cousin called it ‘the headquarters’ because that’s where we would always meet to talk about stuff,” Xochitl said.

      This reminds me of a place me and my friends used to go back to, the value that these places hold due to the memories and nostalgia is large.

    Annotators

    1. The sequence climaxes with the boss’s wife (That ’70s Show veteran Debra Jo Rupp) opening the galley kitchen shutters to reveal Wanda whizzing dozens of pots, pans, and ingredients through the air

      Reminds me of old sitcoms like bewitched.

    1. We knew picture phones would be a thing, we just did not know they would be small, portable, and in our pockets everywhere we go.

      We did not know normies would just go on the internet and be themselves rather than being anon's like the people of the early internet.

      I wonder what else we do not know about ourselves?

      The same way we did not know movies could be made via showing pictures with small changes one after another, I wonder what will happen when we take all information people produce about themselves, put it in a knowledge graph, create agents(Daemons) to sort and interact with the user, and the user finally sees an algorithmic reflection of who they are rather than being mindlessly distracted. Imagine a daemon having control to lock a user out of apps forcing themselves to confront who they are, that sorta reminds me about what drugs are like, or talking to a really really good therapist

    1. Their purpose: to get rid of our accents

      This part really stuck with me because the text represents the larger societal pressures to abandon one's native language and anything that reminds them of it. This is an example of how these acts try to erase our cultural and self identity.

    1. change the listener’s opinion of what she heard.

      This reminds me of the story of Joshua Bell playing in a NY subway and only receiving a couple of dollars and not a whole lot of recognition. But, he receives a lot more recognition in a fancy concert hall. It's definitely a good reminder to find the beautiful things in mundane places.

    1. By gaining greater knowledge of how others think, we can become less certain of the knowledge we think we have, which is always the first step to greater understanding.

      This reminds me of the saying that the more we realize what we don't know, the greater potential we have in learning even more. Learning cultures and philosophies that are different from the ones we grew up with can be an enlightening perspective into a new and possibly better approach to living life.

    1. How do we determine if there is indeed a relationship between two things?

      This reminds me of a study that investigated the relationship between mouth wash and mouth cancer. They discovered that people with mouth cancer bought mouthwash more frequently because mouth cancer causes bad breath. The initial hypothesis was that mouth wash was causing cancer.

    2. If you walked out of your home and discovered a very aggressive snake waiting on your doorstep, your heart would begin to race and your stomach churn. According to the James-Lange theory, these physiological changes would result in your feeling of fear.

      This reminds me of the argument against free will

    1. Farmers met in Lampasas, Texas in 1877 and organized the first Farmers’ Alliance to try to regain some economic power as they negotiated with railroads, merchants, and bankers. Farmers reasoned that if they banded together, they might gain economic leverage similar to that of big business. They could share machinery, bargain collectively with both suppliers and wholesalers, to negotiate higher prices for their crops.

      I find this interesting because it reminds me of how big companies used to merge to eliminate competition but in this case, they are banding together to gain economic leverage and negotiate higher prices for their crops.

    1. I realized, for instance, that my association of beautiful faces with femininity and femaleness did not correspond to nineteenth-century Qajar sensibilities

      This reminds me a lot of pre-modern Japanese texts I've read where a lot of the men are described as more delicate, beautiful, and feminine, and hence desirable rather than the very macho, buff man described in Western masculinity; simply being beautiful is a masculine trait.

    1. All my characters were white and blue-eyed, they played in the snow, they ate apples,

      This sentence reminds me of something. When you ask a child from my country about his favorite animal, he will mention the animal doesn't exist in our country because most animal stories come from foreign countries.

    1. Add a distinctive voice to your writing through your use of tone, syntax, flow

      this reminds me of when back in middle and high school they always told us "Put a little extra sound effect or word sounds" indicating that it might add a little flavor to your writing

    1. Many have even arguedthat schoolsshould be, or at least provide, learningspaces exclusively for the Othe

      This reminds me of how badly I want to teach a Queer Literature class! However, in the meantime I can certainly inject that voice / perspective into what I do now.

    2. I argue that learning aboutoppression and unlearningone's worldview can be upsetting and paralyzin

      This reminds me of emotional appeal. By getting students emotionally charged, educators motivate students to take action. The action that takes is often in the hand of the students.

    1. The educated indi-vidual is the adapted person, because she or he is a better “fit”for the world.

      This is something I think we have addressed in our class a lot in the brief time we have had together. This reminds me of the concept we read and discussed that a lot of education began with a homogenous student body (white male) and because of that there are pre-defined metrics for success that alienate students from different backgrounds. I really like how this quote incapsulates the idea of how we sometimes try to make students fit into a mold rather than letting them create a new paradigm for themselves.

    2. Education thus becomes an act of depositing, in which thestudents are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor.

      This reminds me of a teacher centered classroom where the students don't get to be at the forefront of discovery and taking charge of their education. When I teach math in the classroom, I will go through repetitive phrases of steps to help the students remember key ideas or formulas. This made me ponder in which ways I am taking a narrating role in my classroom instead of putting my students as the center and serving as a facilitator.

    1. If they see schools through the rose-col-ored glasses of the meritocratic myth, they willunwittingly perpetuate inequities. At the sametime, if we promote awareness of these inequi-ties without engendering an accompanyingbelief that schools can change, we will discour-age the very people needed to teach the chang-ing student population from becoming teachersat all

      It begins with belief in one's ability to enact change. This reminds me of the Ghandi quote "“Your beliefs become your thoughts, /Your thoughts become your words, /Your words become your actions, / Your actions become your habits, /Your habits become your values, / Your values become your destiny.”

    1. “Go out and play with your friends,” she’d snap in Korean, “or better yet, do your reading and homework.” She knew that I had already done both, and that as the evening approached there was no place to go save her small and tidy kitchen, from which the clatter of her mixing bowls and pans would ring through the house.

      This kind of reminds me of my childhood When i'd be forced to go play with my cousins when my mom would get ready to cook and I am just hungry

    1. Framing is common within news media. News media companies, such as CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC, often have commercial agendas that might impact the way they share news.

      It reminds me of how news media companies present the same event in different ways to attract their target audience.

    1. To orchestrate positive long-term changes, we need people who think beyond quarterly reports and news and election cycles, and who persist in the absence of short-term rewards or recognition.

      This is easier said than done. It used to be said that Canadians were better than many at delayed gratification... but this is asking to consider the possibility of growth that isn't adequately captured or translated into easy expressions of the "bottom line"

      This also reminds me of the iceberg analogy -- where we directly encounter something at the empirical level -- it is observable, testable, and measurable in a 'real' sense. Then, we have the 'actual' level, where we witness events caused by ‘real’ level phenomena. So, short-term changes can be input into a spreadsheet while larger changes can be seen through more indirect influence -- greater access to healthcare, education, etc. Finally, we have the deeper level of the metaphorical iceberg -- the 'real' level. This requires a 'deeper' level of understanding since these phenomena remain largely unseen, but actually drive and shape the human and social world. These "real" levels of change are not just long-term (like multi-generational wealth), but also senses of security and privilege that contribute to empirical and short-term changes such as entrepreneurial ventures with specific time-lines.

      Do you tend to think of positive change or rewards or recognition in qualitative or quantitative terms? Are you ok with short term pain for long term gain? What about long term small gains?

    1. As the number of repeats increased, the rate at which transitions occurred visibly increased (Figure 3E).

      What a cool result. This reminds me of the observation in stickleback that the independent evolution of loss of pelvic hindfins tends to target the same locus because of the specific molecular characteristics of that stretch of sequence. This may be of relevance to this study: DNA fragility in the parallel evolution of pelvic reduction in stickleback fish, Xie et al. 2019.

    1. Annotation 3 "Industrialization in England was soon followed by industrialization in most of Western Europe and the United States. English prosperity also spread rapidly to Britain’s “settler colonies” of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. "

      In class, we learned that there are diminishing marginal returns for industry and capital. The start of industrialization for England also meant that they would start growing faster. This is an epiphany for me because the start of industrialization influenced their colonies to do the same, and therefore today, many countries that were once colonies to England are one of the richer countries in the world. Not only that, countries around them also followed suit. This kind of reminds me that people can influence other people in different ways, whether good or bad. Not only that, it also reminds me that competition brings out the best in people, as it pushes them to keep moving forward, to best their rivals, as can be seen with England and the rest of Western Europe.

    1. Not waste money that way." My husband was with us as well, andhe didn't notice any switch in my English. And then I realized why. It's because over the twenty years we'vebeen together I've often used that same kind of English with him, and sometimes he even uses it with me. Ithas become our language of intimacy, a different sort of English that relates to family talk, the language Igrew up with.

      This kind of reminds me of the different forms of communication you use in the work place. In one of my communications class it talks about how there different forms of communication based on the enviornment you're in.

    1. of both race and gender that remained in place—particularly among its women employees known as computers..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11211Darden’s arrival at Langley coincided with the early days of digital computing. Although Langley could claim one of the most advanced computing systems of the time—an IBM 704, the first computer to support floating-point math—its resources were still limited. For most data analysis tasks, Langley’s Advanced Computing Division relied upon human computers like Darden herself. These computers were all women, trained in math or a related field, and tasked with performing the calculations that determined everything from the best wing shape for an airplane, to the best flight path to the moon. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Aneta SwianiewiczBut despite the crucial roles they played in advancing this and other NASA research, they were treated like unskilled temporary workers.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11. They were brought into research groups on a project-by-project basis, often without even being told anything about the source of the data they were asked to analyze..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Lena Zlock Most of the engineers, who were predominantly men, never even bothered to learn the computers’ names.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1111.These women computers have only recently.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Michela Banks begun to receive credit for their crucial work, thanks to scholars of the history of computing.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Roujia Wang—and to journalists like Margot Lee Shetterly, whose book, Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race,.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi along with its film adaptation.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Fagana Stone, is responsible for bringing Christine Darden’s story into the public eye.2 Her story, like those of her colleagues, is one of hard work under discriminatory conditions. Each of these women computers was required to advocate for herself—and some, like Darden, chose also to advocate for others. It is because of both her contributions to data science and her advocacy for women that we have chosen to begin our book, Data Feminism, with Darden’s story. For feminism begins with a belief in the “political, social, and economic equality of the sexes,”.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Michela Banks as the Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines the term—as does, for the record, Beyoncé.3 And any definition of feminism also necessarily includes the activist work that is required to turn that belief into reality.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Yolanda Yang. In Data Feminism, we bring these two aspects of feminism together, demonstrating a way of thinking about data, their analysis, and their display, that is informed by this tradition of feminist activism as well as the legacy of feminist critical thought..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah beanAs for Darden, she did not only apply her skills of data analysis to spaceflight trajectories; she also applied them to her own career path..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Yasin Chowdhury After working at Langley for a number of years, she began to notice two distinct patterns in her workplace: men with math credentials were placed in engineering positions, where they could be promoted through the ranks of the civil service, while women with the same degrees were sent to the computing pools, where they languished until they retired or quit.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }211..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Joe Masnyy She did not want to become one of those women, nor did she want others to experience the same fate. So she gathered up her courage and decided to approach the chief of her division to ask him why..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Yasin Chowdhury As Darden, now seventy-five, told Shetterly in an interview for Hidden Figures, his response was sobering: “Well, nobody’s ever complained,” he told Darden. “The women seem to be happy doing that, so that’s just what they do.”.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }21111In today’s world, Darden might have gotten her boss fired—or at least served with an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission complaint. But at the time that Darden posed her question, stereotypical remarks about “what women do” were par for the course..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Roujia Wang In fact, challenging assumptions about what women could or couldn’t do—especially in the workplace—was the central subject of Betty Friedan’s best-selling book, The Feminine Mystique. Published in 1963, The Feminine Mystique.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten is often credited with starting feminism’s so-called second wave.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Yolanda Yang.4 Fed up with the enforced return to domesticity following the end of World War II, and inspired by the national conversation about equality of opportunity prompted by the civil rights movement, women across the United States began to organize around a wide range of issues, including reproductive rights.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }21 and domestic violence, as well as the workplace inequality and restrictive gender roles that Darden faced at Langley.That said, Darden’s specific experience as a Black woman with a full-time job was quite different than that of a white suburban housewife—the central focus of The Feminine Mystique. And when critics rightly called out Friedan for failing to acknowledge the range of experiences of women in the United States (and abroad), it was women like Darden, among many others, whom they had in mind. In Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center, another landmark feminist book published in 1984, bell hooks puts it plainly: “[Friedan] did not discuss who would be called in to take care of the children and maintain the home if more women like herself were freed from their house labor and given equal access with white men to the professions. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11She did not speak of the needs of women without men, without children, without homes. She ignored the existence of all non-white women and poor white women..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi She did not tell readers whether it was more fulfilling to be a maid, a babysitter, a factory worker, a clerk, or a prostitute than to be a leisure-class housewife.”.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten5In other words, Friedan had failed to consider how those additional dimensions of individual and group identity—like race and class, not to mention sexuality, ability, age, religion, and geography, among many others—intersect with each other to determine one’s experience in the world.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jayri Ramirez. Although this concept—intersectionality.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11—did not have a name when hooks described it, the idea that these dimensions cannot be examined in isolation from each other has a much longer intellectual history..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }116 Then, as now, key scholars and activists were deeply attuned to how the racism embedded in US culture.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Fagana Stone, Amanda Christopher, coupled with many other forms of oppression, made it impossible to claim a common experience.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi—or a common movement—for all women everywhere. Instead, what was needed was “the development of integrated analysis and practice based upon the fact that the major systems of oppression are interlocking.”7 These words are from the Combahee River Collective Statement, written in 1978 by the famed Black feminist activist group out of Boston. In this book, we draw heavily from intersectionality and other concepts developed through the work of Black feminist scholars and activists because they offer some of the best ways for negotiating this multidimensional terrain.Indeed, feminism must be intersectional if it seeks to address the challenges of the present moment..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Angela Li, Cynthia Lisee We write as two straight, white women based in the United States, with four advanced degrees and five kids between us. We identify as middle-class and cisgender—meaning that our gender identity matches the sex that we were assigned at birth. We have experienced.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten sexism in various ways at different points of our lives—being women in tech and academia, birthing and breastfeeding babies, and trying to advocate for ourselves and our bodies in a male-dominated health care system. But we haven’t experienced sexism in ways that other women certainly have or that nonbinary people have, for there are many dimensions of our shared identity, as the authors of this book, that align with dominant group positions. This fact makes it impossible for us to speak from experience about some oppressive forces—racism, for example. But it doesn’t make it impossible for us to educate ourselves.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi and then speak about racism and the role that white people play in upholding it..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Peem Lerdp Or to challenge ableism and the role that abled people play in upholding it. Or to speak about class and wealth inequalities and the role that well-educated, well-off people play in maintaining those..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Fagana Stone Or to believe in the logic of co-liberation. Or to advocate for justice through equity. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah beanIndeed, a central aim of this book is to describe a form of intersectional feminism that takes the inequities of the present moment as its starting point and begins its own work by asking: How can we use data to remake the world?8This is a complex and weighty task, and it will necessarily remain unfinished. But its size and scope need not stop us—or you, the readers of this book—from taking additional steps toward justice. Consider Christine Darden, who, after speaking up to her division chief, heard nothing from him but radio silence. But then, two weeks later, she was indeed promoted.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Amanda Christopher and transferred to a group focused on sonic boom research. In her new position, Darden was able to begin directing her own research projects and collaborate with colleagues of all genders as a peer. Her self-advocacy serves as a model: a sustained attention to how systems of oppression intersect with each other, informed by the knowledge that comes from direct experience. It offers a guide for challenging power and working toward justice.What Is Data Feminism?Christine Darden would go on to conduct groundbreaking research on sonic boom minimization techniques, author more than sixty scientific papers in the field of computational fluid dynamics, and earn her PhD in mechanical engineering—all while “juggling the duties of Girl Scout mom, Sunday school teacher, trips to music lessons, and homemaker,” Shetterly reports. But even as she ascended the professional ranks, she could tell that her scientific accomplishments were still not being recognized as readily as those of her male counterparts; the men, it seemed, received promotions far more quickly.Darden consulted with Langley’s Equal Opportunity Office, where a white woman by the name of Gloria Champine had been compiling a set of statistics about gender and rank. The data confirmed Darden’s direct experience: that women and men.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten—even those with identical academic credentials, publication records, and performance reviews—were promoted at vastly different rates. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Aneta SwianiewiczChampine recognized that her data could support Darden in her pursuit of a promotion and, furthermore, that these data could help communicate the systemic nature of the problem at hand. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Yuanxi LiChampine visualized the data in the form of a bar chart, and presented the chart to the director of Darden’s division.9 He was “shocked at the disparity,” Shetterly reports, and Darden received the promotion she had long deserved.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Angela Li, Fagana Stone.10 Darden would advance to the top rank in the federal civil service, the first Black woman at Langley to do so. By the time that she retired from NASA, in 2007, Darden was a director herself..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Joe Masnyy11Although Darden’s rise into the leadership ranks at NASA was largely the result of her own knowledge, experience, and grit, her story is one that we can only tell as a result of the past several decades of feminist activism and critical thought. It was a national feminist movement that brought women’s issues to the forefront of US cultural politics, and the changes brought about by that movement were vast. They included both the shifting gender roles that pointed Darden in the direction of employment at NASA and the creation of reporting mechanisms.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; } like the one that enabled her to continue her professional rise..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Roujia Wang, Seyoon Ahn But Darden’s success in the workplace was also, presumably, the result of many unnamed colleagues and friends who may or may not have considered themselves feminists. These were the people who provided her with community and support.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi—and likely a not insignificant number of casserole dinners—as she ascended the government ranks. These types of collective efforts have been made increasingly legible, in turn, because of the feminist scholars and activists whose decades of work have enabled us to recognize that labor—emotional as much as physical—as such today.As should already be apparent, feminism has been defined and used in many ways. Here and throughout the book, we employ the term feminism as a shorthand for the diverse and wide-ranging projects that name and challenge sexism and other forces of oppression, as well as those which seek to create more just, equitable, and livable futures. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }312Because of this broadness, some scholars prefer to use the term feminisms, which clearly signals the range of—and, at times, the incompatibilities among—these various strains of feminist activism and political thought. For reasons of readability, we choose to use the term feminism here, but our feminism is intended to be just as expansive. It includes the work of regular folks like Darden and Champine, public intellectuals like Betty Friedan and bell hooks, and organizing groups like the Combahee River Collective, which have taken direct action to achieve the equality of the sexes. It also includes the work of scholars and other cultural critics—like Kimberlé Crenshaw and Margot Lee Shetterly, among many more—who have used writing to explore the social, political, historical, and conceptual reasons behind the inequality of the sexes that we face today.In the process, these writers and activists have given voice to the many ways in which today’s status quo is unjust.12 These injustices are often the result of historical and contemporary differentials of power, including those among men, women, and nonbinary people, as well as those among white women and Black women, academic researchers and Indigenous communities, and people in the Global North and the Global South..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; } Feminists analyze these power differentials so that they can change them..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1athmar al-ghanim Such a broad focus—one that incorporates race, class, ability, and more—would have sounded strange to Friedan or to the white women largely credited for leading the fight for women’s suffrage in the nineteenth century.13 But the reality is that women of color have long insisted that any movement for gender equality must also consider the ways in which privilege and oppression are intersectional..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah beanBecause the concept of intersectionality is essential for this whole book, let’s get a bit more specific. The term was coined by legal theorist Kimberlé Crenshaw in the late 1980s..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah bean14 In law school, Crenshaw had come across the antidiscrimination case of DeGraffenreid v. General Motors. Emma DeGraffenreid was a Black working mother who had sought a job at a General Motors factory in her town. She was not hired and sued GM for discrimination. The factory did have a history of hiring Black people: many Black men worked in industrial and maintenance jobs there. They also had a history of hiring women: many white women worked there as secretaries. These two pieces of evidence provided the rationale for the judge to throw out the case. Because the company did hire Black people and did hire women, it could not be discriminating based on race or gender. But, Crenshaw wanted to know, what about discrimination on the basis of race and gender together? This was something different, it was real, and it needed to be named. Crenshaw not only named the concept, but would go on to explain and elaborate the idea of intersectionality in award-winning books, papers, and talks.15Key to the idea of intersectionality is that it does not only describe the intersecting aspects of any particular person’s identity (or positionalities, as they are sometimes termed).16 It also describes the intersecting forces of privilege and oppression at work in a given society. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }111Oppression involves the systematic mistreatment of certain groups of people by other groups. It happens when power is not distributed equally—when one group controls the institutions of law, education, and culture, and uses its power to systematically exclude other groups while giving its own group unfair advantages (or simply maintaining the status quo).17 In the case of gender oppression, we can point to the sexism, cissexism.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Amanda Christopher, and patriarchy that is evident in everything from political representation to the wage gap to who speaks more often (or more loudly.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten) in a meeting..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Tegan Lewis18 In the case of racial oppression, this takes the form of racism and white supremacy. Other forms of oppression include ableism, colonialism, and classism. Each has its particular history and manifests differently in different cultures and contexts, but all involve a dominant group that accrues power and privilege at the expense of others. Moreover, these forces of power and privilege on the one hand and oppression on the other mesh together in ways that multiply their effects.The effects of privilege and oppression are not distributed evenly across all individuals and groups, however. For some, they become an obvious and unavoidable part of daily life, particularly for women and people of color and queer people and immigrants: the list goes on. If you are a member of any or all of these (or other) minoritized groups, you experience their effects everywhere, shaping the choices you make (or don’t get to make) each day. These systems of power are as real as rain..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Eva Maria Chavez But forces of oppression can be difficult to detect when you benefit from them (we call this a privilege hazard later in the book).d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Yolanda Yang, Jillian McCarten. And this is where data come in: it was a set of intersecting systems of power and privilege that Darden was intent on exposing when she posed her initial question to her division chief. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1g mAnd it was that same set of intersecting systems of power and privilege that Darden sought to challenge when she approached Champine. Darden herself didn’t need any more evidence of the problem she faced; she was already living it every day.19 But when her experience was recorded as data and aggregated with others’ experiences, it could be used to challenge institutional systems of power and have far broader impact than on her career trajectory alone..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1111In this way, Darden models what we call data feminism: a way of thinking about data, both their uses and their limits, that is informed by direct experience, by a commitment to action, and by intersectional feminist thought..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Tegan Lewis T.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11he starting point for data feminism is something that goes mostly unacknowledged in data science: power is not distributed equally in the world. Those who wield power are disproportionately elite, straight, white, able-bodied, cisgender men from the Global North.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Seng Aung Sein Myint.20 The work of data feminism is first to tune into how standard practices in data science serve to reinforce these existing inequalities and second to use data science to challenge and change the distribution of power..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Megan Foesch21 Underlying data feminism is a belief in and commitment to co-liberation: the idea that oppressive systems of power harm all of us, that they undermine the quality and validity of our work, and that they hinder us from creating true and lasting social impact with data science..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah beanWe wrote this book because we are data scientists and data feminists. Although we speak as a “we” in this book, and share certain identities, experiences, and skills, we have distinct life trajectories and motivations for our work on this project. If we were sitting with you right now, we would each introduce ourselves by answering the question: What brings you here today? Placing ourselves in that scenario, here is what we would have to say.Catherine: I am a hacker mama. I spent fifteen years as a freelance software developer and experimental artist, now professor, working on projects ranging from serendipitous news-recommendation systems to countercartography to civic data literacy to making breast pumps not suck. I’m here writing this book because, for one, the hype around big data and AI is deafeningly male and white and technoheroic .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCartenand the time is now to reframe that world with a feminist lens. The second reason I’m here is that my recent experience running a large, equity-focused hackathon taught me just how much people like me—basically, well-meaning liberal white people—are part of the problem in struggling for social justice. This book is one attempt to expose such workings of power, which are inside us as much as outside in the world.22Lauren: I often describe myself as a professional nerd. I worked in software development before going to grad school to study English, with a particular focus on early American literature and culture. (Early means very early—like, the eighteenth century.) As a professor at an engineering school, I now work on research projects that translate this history into contemporary contexts. For instance, I’m writing a book about the history of data visualization, employing machine-learning techniques to analyze abolitionist newspapers, and designing a haptic recreation of a hundred-year-old visualization scheme that looks like a quilt. Through projects like these, I show how the rise of the concept of “data” (which, as it turns out, really took off in the eighteenth century.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten) is closely connected to the rise of our current concepts of gender and race. So one of my reasons for writing this book is to show how the issues of racism and sexism that we see in data science today are by no means new. The other reason is to help translate humanistic thinking into practice and, in so doing, create more opportunities for humanities scholars to engage with activists, organizers, and communities.23We both strongly believe that data can do good in the world. But for it to do so, we must explicitly acknowledge that a key way that power and privilege operate in the world today has to do with the word data itself..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Seng Aung Sein Myint The word dates to the mid-seventeenth century, when it was introduced to supplement existing terms such as evidence and fact..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Tegan Lewis Identifying information as data, rather than as either of those other two terms, served a rhetorical purpose.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten.24 It converted otherwise debatable information into the solid basis for subsequent claims. But what information needs to become data before it can be trusted? Or, more precisely, whose information needs to become data before it can be considered as fact and acted upon?.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Peem Lerdp, Fagana Stone25 Data feminism must answer these questions, too..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }211The story that begins with Christine Darden entering the gates of Langley, passes through her sustained efforts to confront the structural oppression she encountered there, and concludes with her impressive array of life achievements, is a story about the power of data. Throughout her career, in ways large and small, Darden used data to make arguments and transform lives. But that’s not all. Darden’s feel-good biography is just as much a story about the larger systems of power that required data—rather than the belief in her lived experience.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Cynthia Lisee—to perform that transformative work. An institutional mistrust of Darden’s experiential knowledge was almost certainly a factor in Champine’s decision to create her bar chart. Champine likely recognized, as did Darden herself, that she would need the bar chart to be believed..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11In this way, the alliance between Darden and Champine, and their work together, underscores the flaws and compromises that are inherent in any data-driven project. The process of converting life experience into data always necessarily entails a reduction of that experience.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Tegan Lewis—along with the historical and conceptual burdens of the term. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11That Darden and Champine were able to view their work as a success despite these inherent constraints underscores even more the importance of listening to and learning from people whose lives and voices are behind the numbers. No dataset or analysis or visualization or model or algorithm is the result of one person working alone. Data feminism can help to remind us that before there are data, there are people—people who offer up their experience to be counted and analyzed, people who perform that counting and analysis, people who visualize the data and promote the findings of any particular project, and people who use the product in the end..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah bean There are also, always, people who go uncounted—for better or for worse.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11. And there are problems that cannot be represented—or addressed—by data alone. And so data feminism, like justice, must remain both a goal and a process, one that guides our thoughts and our actions as we move forward toward our goal of remaking the world..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }111Data and Power.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Kaiyun ZhengIt took five state-of-the-art IBM System/360 Model 75 machines to guide the Apollo 11 astronauts to the moon. Each was the size of a car and cost $3.5 million dollars. Fast forward to the present. We now have computers in the form of phones that fit in our pockets and—in the case of the 2019 Apple iPhone XR—can perform more than 140 million more instructions per second than a standard IBM System/360..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Kotaro Garvin26 That rate of change is astounding; it represents an exponential growth in computing capacity (figure 0.2a). We’ve witnessed an equally exponential growth in our ability to collect and record information in digital form—and in the ability to have information collected about us (figure 0.2b).Figure 0.2: (a) The time-series chart included in the original paper on Moore’s law, published in 1965, which posited that the number of transistors that could fit on an integrated circuit (and therefore contribute to computing capacity) would double every year. Courtesy of Gordon Moore. (b) Several years ago, researchers concluded that transistors were approaching their smallest size and that Moore’s law would not hold. Nevertheless, today’s computing power is what enabled Dr. Katie Bouman, a postdoctoral fellow at MIT, to contribute to a project that involved processing and compositing approximately five petabytes of data captured by the Event Horizon Telescope to create the first ever image of a black hole. After the publication of this photo in April 2019 showing her excitement—as one of the scientists on the large team that worked for years to capture the image—Bouman was subsequently trolled and harassed online. Courtesy of Tamy Emma Pepin/Twitter.But the act of collecting and recording data about people is not new at all. From the registers of the dead that were published by church officials in the early modern era to the counts of Indigenous populations that appeared in colonial accounts of the Americas, data collection has long been employed as a technique of consolidating knowledge about the people whose data are collected, and therefore consolidating power over their lives..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Sara Blumenstein27 The close relationship between data and power is perhaps most clearly visible in the historical arc that begins with the logs of people captured and placed aboard slave ships, reducing richly lived lives to numbers and names..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11 It passes through the eugenics movement, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which sought to employ data to quantify the superiority of white people over all others. It continues today in the proliferation of biometrics technologies that, as sociologist Simone Browne has shown, are disproportionately deployed to surveil Black bodies..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }28When Edward Snowden, the former US National Security Agency contractor, leaked his cache of classified documents to the press in 2013, he revealed the degree to which the federal government routinely collects data on its citizens—often with minimal regard to legality or ethics..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Natalie Pei Xu29 At the municipal level, too, governments are starting to collect data on everything from traffic movement to facial expressions in the interests of making cities “smarter.”30 This often translates to reinscribing traditional urban patterns of power such as segregation, the overpolicing of communities of color, and the rationing of ever-scarcer city services..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi31But the government is not alone in these data-collection efforts; corporations do it too—with profit as their guide. The words and phrases we search for on Google, the times of day we are most active on Facebook, and the number of items we add to our Amazon carts are all tracked and stored as data—data that are then converted into corporate financial gain.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }12. The most trivial of everyday actions—searching for a way around traffic, liking a friend’s cat video, or even stepping out of our front doors in the morning—are now hot commodities. This is not because any of these actions are exceptionally interesting (although we do make an exception for Catherine’s cats) but because these tiny actions can be combined with other tiny actions to generate targeted advertisements and personalized recommendations—in other words, to give us more things to click on, like, or buy.32.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Esmeralda OrrinThis is the data economy, and corporations, often aided by academic researchers, are currently scrambling to see what behaviors—both online and off—remain to be turned into data and then monetized. Nothing is outside of datafication.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi, as this process is sometimes termed—not your search history, or Catherine’s cats, or the butt that Lauren is currently using to sit in her seat. To wit: Shigeomi Koshimizu, a Tokyo-based professor of engineering, has been designing matrices of sensors that collect data at 360 different positions around a rear end while it is comfortably ensconced in a chair.33 He proposes that people have unique butt signatures, as unique as their fingerprints. In the future, he suggests, our cars could be outfitted with butt-scanners instead of keys or car alarms to identify the driver..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Kotaro GarvinAlthough datafication may occasionally verge into the realm of the absurd, it remains a very serious issue. Decisions of civic, economic, and individual importance are already and increasingly being made by automated systems sifting through large amounts of data. For example, PredPol, a so-called predictive policing company founded in 2012 by an anthropology professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, has been employed by the City of Los Angeles for nearly a decade to determine which neighborhoods to patrol more heavily, and which neighborhoods to (mostly) ignore. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCartenBut because PredPol is based on historical crime data and US policing practices have always disproportionately surveilled and patrolled neighborhoods of color, the predictions of where crime will happen in the future look a lot like the racist practices of the past..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }3Fagana Stone, Melinda Rossi, Amanda Christopher34 These systems create what mathematician and writer Cathy O’Neil, in Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy, calls a “pernicious feedback loop,” amplifying the effects of racial bias and of the criminalization of poverty that are already endemic to the United States..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Kaiyun ZhengO’Neil’s solution is to open up the computational systems that produce these racist results. Only by knowing what goes in, she argues, can we understand what comes out. This is a key step in the project of mitigating the effects of biased data. Data feminism additionally requires that we trace those biased data back to their source. PredPol and the “three most objective data points” that it employs certainly amplify existing biases, but they are not the root cause.35 The cause, rather, is the long history of the criminalization of Blackness in the United States, which produces biased policing practices, which produce biased historical data, which are then used to develop risk models for the future..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }36 Tracing these links to historical and ongoing forces of oppression can help us answer the ethical question, Should this system exist?37 In the case of PredPol, the answer is a resounding no.Understanding this long and complicated chain reaction is what has motivated Yeshimabeit Milner, along with Boston-based activists, organizers, and mathematicians, to found Data for Black Lives, an organization dedicated to “using data science to create concrete and measurable change in the lives of Black communities.”38 Groups like the Stop LAPD Spying coalition are using explicitly feminist and antiracist methods to quantify and challenge invasive data collection by law enforcement.39 Data journalists are reverse-engineering algorithms and collecting qualitative data at scale about maternal harm.40 Artists are inviting participants to perform ecological maps and using AI for making intergenerational family memoirs.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi (figure 0.3a).41All these projects are data science. Many people think of data as numbers alone, but data can also consist of words or stories, colors or sounds, or any type of information that is systematically collected, organized, and analyzed .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }12(figures 0.3b, 0.3c).42 The science in data science simply implies a commitment to systematic methods of observation and experiment. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Peem LerdpThroughout this book, we deliberately place diverse data science examples alongside each other. They come from individuals and small groups, and from across academic, artistic, nonprofit, journalistic, community-based, and for-profit organizations. This is due to our belief in a capacious definition of data science, one that seeks to include rather than exclude and does not erect barriers based on formal credentials, professional affiliation, size of data, complexity of technical methods, or other external markers of expertise..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Cynthia Lisee Such markers, after all, have long been used to prevent women from fully engaging in any number of professional fields, even as those fields—which include data science and computer science, among many others—were largely built on the knowledge that women were required to teach themselves.43 An attempt to push back against this gendered history is foundational to data feminism, too.Throughout its own history, feminism has consistently had to work to convince the world that it is relevant to people of all genders.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Fagana Stone, Amanda Christopher. We make the same argument: that data feminism is for everybody. (And here we borrow a line from bell hooks.).d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Peem Lerdp, Vibha Sathish Kumar44 You will notice that the examples we use are not only about women, nor are they created only by women. That’s because data feminism isn’t only about women. It takes more than one gender to have gender inequality and more than one gender to work toward justice. Likewise, data feminism isn’t only for women. Men, nonbinary, and genderqueer people are proud to call themselves feminists and use feminist thought in their work. Moreover, data feminism isn’t only about gender. Intersectional feminists have keyed us into how race, class, sexuality, ability, age, religion, geography, and more are factors that together influence each person’s experience and opportunities in the world. Finally, data feminism is about power.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Peem Lerdp—about who has it and who doesn’t. Intersectional feminism examines unequal power.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Megan Foesch. And in our contemporary world, data is power too. Because the power of data is wielded unjustly, it must be challenged and changed..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah beanData Feminism in ActionData is a double-edged sword. In a very real sense, data have been used as a weapon by those in power to consolidate their control—over places and things, as well as people. Indeed, a central goal of this book is to show how governments and corporations have long employed data and statistics as management techniques to preserve an unequal status quo. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }3Tegan Lewis, Melinda Rossi, Jillian McCartenWorking with data from a feminist perspective requires knowing and acknowledging this history. To frame the trouble with data in another way: it’s not a coincidence that the institution that employed Christine Darden and enabled her professional rise is the same that wielded the results of her data analysis to assert the technological superiority of the United States over its communist adversaries and to plant an American flag on the moon. But this flawed history does not mean ceding control of the future to the powers of the past. Data are part of the problem, to be sure. But they are also part of the solution. Another central goal of this book is to show how the power of data can be wielded back.Figure 0.3: We define data science expansively in this book—here are three examples. (a) Not the Only One by Stephanie Dinkins (2017), is a sculpture that features a Black family through the use of artificial intelligence. The AI is trained and taught by the underrepresented voices of Black and brown individuals in the tech sector. (b) Researcher Margaret Mitchell and colleagues, in “Seeing through the Human Reporting Bias” (2016), have worked on systems to infer what is not said in human speech for the purposes of image classification. For example, people say “green bananas” but not “yellow bananas” because yellow is implied as the default color of the banana. Similarly, people say “woman doctor” but do not say “man doctor,” so it is the words that are not spoken that encode the bias. (c) A gender analysis of Hollywood film dialogue, “Film Dialogue from 2,000 Screenplays Broken Down by Gender and Age,” by Hanah Anderson and Matt Daniels, created for The Pudding, a data journalism start-up (2017).To guide us in this work, we have developed seven core principles. Individually and together, these principles emerge from the foundation of intersectional feminist thought. Each of the following chapters is structured around a single principle. The seven principles of data feminism are as follows:.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Monserrat PadillaExamine power. Data feminism begins by analyzing how power operates in the world.Challenge power. Data feminism commits to challenging unequal power structures and working toward justice.Elevate emotion and embodiment. Data feminism teaches us to value multiple forms of knowledge, including the knowledge that comes from.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11 people as living, feeling bodies in the world.Rethink binaries and hierarchies. Data feminism requires us to challenge the gender binary, along with other systems of counting and classification that perpetuate oppression..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Eva Maria ChavezEmbrace pluralism. Data feminism insists that the most complete knowledge comes from synthesizing multiple perspectives, with priority .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }3Eva Maria Chavez, Fagana Stone, Tegan Lewisgiven to local, Indigenous, and experiential ways of knowing.Consider context. Data feminism asserts that data are not neutral or objective. They are the products of unequal social relations, and this context is essential for conducting accurate, ethical analysis..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Natalie Pei XuMake labor visible. The work of data science, like all work in the world, is the work of many hands. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda RossiData feminism makes this labor visible so that it can be recognized and valued.Each of the following chapters takes up one of these principles, drawing upon examples from the field of data science, expansively defined, to show how that principle can be put into action. Along the way, we introduce key feminist concepts like the matrix of domination (Patricia Hill Collins; see chapter 1), situated knowledge (Donna Haraway; see chapter 3), and emotional labor (Arlie Hochschild; see chapter 8), as well as some of our own ideas about what data feminism looks like in theory and practice. To this end, we introduce you to people at the cutting edge of data and justice. These include engineers and software developers, activists and community organizers, data journalists, artists, and scholars. This range of people, and the range of projects they have helped to create, is our way of answering the question: What makes a project feminist? As will become clear, a project may be feminist in content, in that it challenges power by choice of subject matter; in form, in that it challenges power by shifting the aesthetic and/or sensory registers of data communication; and/or in process, in that it challenges power by building participatory, inclusive processes of knowledge production.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11. What unites this broad scope of data-based work is a commitment to action and a desire to remake the world..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Sara BlumensteinOur overarching goal is to take a stand against the status quo—against a world that benefits us, two white college professors, at the expense of others..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Justine Smith To work toward this goal, we have chosen to feature the voices of those who speak from the margins, whether because of their gender, sexuality, race, ability, class, geographic location, or any combination of those (and other) subject positions. We have done so, moreover, because of our belief that those with direct experience of inequality know better than we do about what actions to take next. For this reason, we have attempted to prioritize the work of people in closer proximity to issues of inequality over those who study inequality from a distance..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Natalie Pei Xu In this book, we pay particular attention to inequalities at the intersection of gender and race. This reflects our location in the United States, where the most entrenched issues of inequality have racism at their source. Our values statement, included as an appendix to this book, discusses the rationale for these authorial choices in more detail.Any book involves making choices about whose voices and whose work to include and whose voices and work to omit. We ask that those who find their perspectives insufficiently addressed or their work insufficiently acknowledged view these gaps as additional openings for conversation. Our sincere hope is to contribute in a small way to a much larger conversation, one that began long before we embarked upon this writing process and that will continue long after these pages are through.This book is intended to provide concrete steps to action for data scientists seeking to learn how feminism can help them work toward justice, and for feminists seeking to learn how their own work can carry over to the growing field of data science. It is also addressed to professionals in all fields in which data-driven decisions are being made.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi, as well as to communities that want to resist or mobilize the data that surrounds them. It is written for everyone who seeks to better understand the charts and statistics that they encounter in their day-to-day lives, and for everyone who seeks to communicate the significance of such charts and statistics to others..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Peem LerdpOur claim, once again, is that data feminism is for everyone. It’s for people of all genders. It’s by people of all genders. And most importantly: it’s about much more than gender. Data feminism is about power, about who has it and who doesn’t, and about how those differentials of power can be challenged and changed using data.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Yolanda Yang. We invite you, the readers of this book, to join us on this journey toward justice and toward remaking our data-driven world.Connections1 of 2children and siblingsfilterA Translation of this Pubمقدمه: چرا علم داده به فمینیسم احتیاج داردby Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren KleinShow DescriptionPublished on Mar 07, 2024data-feminism.mitpress.mit.eduDescriptionترجمه توسط امیرحسین پی‌براهA Translation of this PubIntroducción: por qué la ciencia de datos necesita feminismoby Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren KleinShow DescriptionPublished on Apr 23, 2023data-feminism.mitpress.mit.eduDescriptionDataGénero (Coordinación: Mailén García. Traductoras: Ivana Feldfeber,Sofía García, Gina Ballaben, Giselle Arena y Mariángela Petrizzo. Revisión: Helena Suárez Val.Con la ayuda de Diana Duarte Salinas, Ana Amelia Letelier, y Patricia Maria Garcia Iruegas)Footnotes44LicenseCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0)Comments168 .discussion-list .discussion-thread-component.preview:hover, .discussion-list .discussion-thread-component.expanded-preview { border-left: 3px solid #2D2E2F; padding-left: calc(1em - 2px); } ?Login to discussHappy Polarbear: This passage describing the attitude of most male engineers towards their work is both painfully accurate and poignant, portraying them not as respected individuals deserving recognition for their achievements, but merely as inanimate objects, tools for calculation.?Cynthia Lisee: Such a fertile approach”?Cynthia Lisee: There is somethig immeasurable in lived experience, somethind stat would never reach. data not subject to an ethic of human relations based on "welcoming the Other" are mere abstractions and sources of violence Jamia Williams: Thank you! Reframing is essential when many of these events were deemed “riots” when it was Black folks rising up against various systems.Jamia Williams: Still happening today!?Jillian McCarten: The context in which numbers are collected?Jillian McCarten: The idea that some areas, and therefore some people don’t need to be monitored feels immoral. ?Jillian McCarten: I’ve been thinking about how it’s not what you’re doing but what your goal is, and corporations using our data to make more money off us definitely does not feel the same as collecting data on gender discrimination to stop the practice. ?Jillian McCarten: curious what examples it’s better?Jillian McCarten: It’s interesting what we need evidence to believe, and what we willingly believe without evidence ?Jillian McCarten: the word data origionaly meant to communicate that the fact is confirmed to be true- to shut down disputes ?Jillian McCarten: I love linguistic history, I’d like to learn more about this?Jillian McCarten: Yes, I’m afraid how how biases are baked into AI, and then reinforced ?Jillian McCarten: This reminds me of how priviledge is a lot less visible to those who hold it. ?Jillian McCarten: I wonder if she also had access to data on promotions across race. There’s all kinds of discrimination, and the kinds of data seen as worth collecting also reveal bias. I wonder if the white woman who collected the data focused on gender and missed other identities experiencing discrimination. ?Jillian McCarten: I appreciate how the authors directly state their most salient identities; this should be the norm. Oftentimes when I read a book like this I have to research the authors to learn their identities. Identities always influence the way we think and see the world. ?Jillian McCarten: Compelling quote about power?Jillian McCarten: It’s interesting to me that Darden’s story and the book are the two examples given so far. When I took Into to Women’s Studies in undergrad, this book was heavily criticized for mostly speaking on white feminist issues. I appreciate the author giving a more nuanced intersectional framing in the next paragraph. Jamia Williams: Love to know this! Jamia Williams: And it still far from being accomplished?Jillian McCarten: I’m curious which numbers would help communicate that, and how research can help illustrate the prevelence of this type of sexism. ?Jillian McCarten: This is a compelling example of how in our systems of power some people are seen as more valuable than others, and that likely connects to what data sources are seen as valuable.Jamia Williams: “Hidden figure” Jamia Williams: Thank you! Reframing is essential when many of these events were deemed “riots” when it was Black folks rising up against various systems.Jamia Williams: Still happening today!?Jillian McCarten: I think data is especially important in communicating how segregation persists, and how unofficial segregation is often harder to confront. ?Jillian McCarten: I think it’s important to confront the differences between the image of the US presented and the realities that people live in. I resonate with this statement- growing up I was told over and over how the US is the best place to live, and in the past few years I’ve been learning more about the historical and current harms perpetuated by our government?Jillian McCarten: So many decisions and judgement-calls that go into telling historical events, especially a quick summary like this. I’m glad that this author presents the police this way; I think a lot of authors I’ve read will ignore this reality. ?Amanda Christopher: This is a new term for me! ?Amanda Christopher: This makes me wonder how many women before her advocated for themselves, or if she was the first women at NASA to do so as her supervisor claimed. If she was not, why was her case different? What about the culture of the time at NASA allowed for her to be promoted? If she was the first, what would have happened if other women before her had the courage like Christine to speak up.?Melinda Rossi: Perfect for educators!?Melinda Rossi: I like that the authors are working to offer this knowledge to all.?Melinda Rossi: I like this. Giving credit where credit is due…what a concept!?Melinda Rossi: Ok, here’s the good-for-humanity stuff!?Melinda Rossi: The sad part is that it’s mostly used for financial gains, and not for the good of society/humanity. ?Melinda Rossi: This is sad and terrifying…and yet also seems about right. ?Melinda Rossi: I like this. Data can never capture all and that’s important to remember when we are looking at data and generalizing as if all are spoken for.?Tegan Lewis: This sums up our education system-using data and test scores to maintain the inequity in our school system.?Melinda Rossi: Yes! THIS! + 1 more...?Tegan Lewis: Data is more than numbers. What other data could be gathered in a school system??Tegan Lewis: Does it have to??Tegan Lewis: Would this be considered a misuse of data? Or more of the root of bias??Tegan Lewis: data feminism-can be used to expose inequity and challenge systems of power.Esmeralda Orrin: .Ah, capitalism,’?Tegan Lewis: gender oppression-was evident in the case of Darden?Tegan Lewis: Identity?Tegan Lewis: Would this apply to all forms of sexism, regardless of gender??Amanda Christopher: I would say absolutely, yes. I think one large misconception about feminism is that it only focuses on women, not all genders and sexes.Esmeralda Orrin: somehow I’m not surprised that men know what women are happy doing?Melinda Rossi: Finding a supportive community is key! ?Melinda Rossi: I think this part is so important. Being willing to educate themselves on issues that they might unconsciously contribute to is critical.?Melinda Rossi: We are not a monolith!?Melinda Rossi: bell hooks coming in hot with the truth.?Melinda Rossi: Hidden Figures was (sadly) the first time I had ever heard of Black women at NASA.Fagana Stone: The article could have had more power had the authors also included a note about countless studies that show invaluable contribution of diverse backgrounds and perspectives to innovation and progress. Fagana Stone: Not applicable to all cultures, as there are cultures ruled by matriarchs.?Amanda Christopher: Yes and in those cultures feminism may look differently as feminism is focused on equal rights for all genders. Many of the matriarchical cultures have more than two genders. And just about all societies have some form of gender inequalities.Fagana Stone: Wouldn’t the algorithm update itself as more surveillance data is available rather than fixate on old historical data??Melinda Rossi: That’s a good point. You would think it would be able to update with technology advancing as much as it has. + 1 more...Fagana Stone: In a capitalist country, it should be expected to have wealth inequalities… Not everyone can be wealthy nor can everyone struggle financially. Yes, there are systemic injustices, but it takes all parties involved to improve access to and understand importance of education. Dominated by two political parties running on opposing views, I can’t help but feel very pessimistic about significant progress on these issues in the near future (while the country is enacting backward looking policies and laws). Fagana Stone: “Racism” is a learned concept. Born and raised in Azerbaijan, we did not have a concept of racism, to which I was exposed to after having moved to the states. ?Amanda Christopher: Great point to add to the authors’; that it is “impossible to claim a common experience… for all women, everywhere.”Fagana Stone: It is important to note that men too struggle with sufficient paternity leave. It is critical to shift the thought from women being the only ones fit for childcare role to include men as well.Fagana Stone: Women in some states still fight for their reproductive rights!?Melinda Rossi: Fagana, that’s exactly what I was thinking. Some things change, and some things stay the same. Fagana Stone: Critical lesson in articulating the needs with the hope to identify and operationalize solutions.Fagana Stone: Excellent film! I highly recommend it.Fagana Stone: “The Soviet Union was responsible for launching the first human to space, carrying out the first spacewalk, sending the first woman to space, assembling the first modular space station in orbit around Earth (Mir) — and most of these achievements were accomplished using the same space capsule used in the 1960s.”Fagana Stone: Being from one of the former Soviet Union countries, it is also important to note that the Soviet Union had a more considerable tolerance for risk, hence the advancements mentioned in the field of astronautics. ?Rayon Ston: qKaiyun Zheng: I’ve listened to a podcast before, which is called What happens when an algorithm gets it wrong, In Machines We Trust, MIT Technology Review. It mainly talks about the technology of the use of facial recognition in public and where it can go wrong.The podcast begins with a story about a man who is accused of stealing because a computer matches his photo with a picture of the thief caught on a public camera. But in fact, it was a computer error. The computer can't tell whether the thief is a man or a black man, and the police blindly trust the computer's judgment, and moreover, he says that historically black people steal a lot. And based on the conversation in the podcast, the facial recognition technology isn't perfect, it makes mistakes and matches the wrong people. Such problems are not rare, and involve both privacy violations and potential discrimination.It made me realize that we have a lot more to do in data science.Kaiyun Zheng: We’ve learned about the differences between information and data in the very beginning lessons, and this makes me think about why we emphasize “data” instead of “info” here before the term "feminism".Kaiyun Zheng: The mention of the uneven distribution of power in this book piques my curiosity about how the topic will be addressed. I have previously read a book called "Foundation of Information," which discusses the relationship between power and information. The book suggests that when power is concentrated, the information gathered can sometimes deviate from the truth. As a result, I am curious about how data feminism ensures the authenticity and effectiveness of information collection.Additionally, the information of researching history is also mentioned in the later interview, which makes me curious about how the information of the past can be useful in the present so that it can be used as part of data feminism.Kaiyun Zheng: Intersectionality as a new term which appears after feminism is really interesting. I like how it is introduced here which talks about the example of a black woman since I thought it is the manifestation of a much broader phenomenon in the society. From Google, it is defined as "the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage" which strongly linked to the topic "feminism" (actually closer to equal rights).Each person has multiple identities. For example, I am a university student, an employee at a company, and a kid at home. These are just a few of the many labels that can be applied to an individual, including larger categories such as race, gender, and education. In an information-oriented society, labels can often obscure our understanding of the true nature of things and the individuality of a person can be overlooked. Intersectionality, while still categorizing individuals, does so in a more nuanced manner by connecting multiple labels to form a more specific and accurate representation. This can help individuals overcome challenges and reduce the oppression of vulnerable groups by dominant societal forces.Although from my personal point of view, classifying people is not a very good behavior after all, its emergence also reflects the response to various situations, so as to reduce the oppression of the dominant group of society on the vulnerable group.?Yuanxi Li: It's heartening that the value women create in terms of data has ultimately been validated by data itself, and this result has been achieved through mutual assistance among women.?Yuanxi Li: Intersectionality is an important term that shows how race, class, gender, and other individual characteristics affect with each other?Joe Masnyy: This story has shown the possibilities of this sort of advocation, though as stated early this is clearly not the norm. I appreciate the value of anecdotes such as these, although this text would benefit from hard data to show the scope and magnitude of the issue. Hopefully this is something that is explored further on in the text.?Joe Masnyy: This reality was, in the grand scheme of things, not very long ago. You could argue this still persists even today, with many STEM fields still being largely male in demographics. Even still, women tend to make less than men on average in the exact same fields.?Kotaro Garvin: We have so much more capability then before, but why does it seem like we are not making the same kind of progress? Is it not happening? or is it just unrecognized? ?Kotaro Garvin: I think this is one of the greatest ideas I have ever read, but it also shows why data is so important, everybody is unique but we can still be categorized using data. ?Justine Smith: taking a stand against system that is benefit you?Seng Aung Sein Myint: The decision making process is alway opaque. Hope there is some kind of US federal law which push the school to be a little bit transparent than before. ?Seng Aung Sein Myint: This kind of statistic of average, also make something very simple. No, I am not arguing about this data. ?Seng Aung Sein Myint: Hmm. It is strange to read now. ?Finch Brown: This is such a great line! No wonder someone has already commented on it. I have been thinking a lot recently about how subjective human experiences align and diverge, and how insufficient language and data are in describing experiences. A cool article I just read that reminds me of this is from the New Yorker: How We Should Think About Different Styles of Thinking. One main draw for me in data science is tackling the challenge of most accurately representing data and the stories it tells, given its inescapable constraints.?Yasin Chowdhury: Skill is important everywhere but in a different ways. so its good to have skills. ?Yasin Chowdhury: Without this line the entire story would not exist. But still now a days we do not see that courage specially in black women whoa really talented but chose towards non stem fields because of the difference in ratio. ?Jayri Ramirez: I believe that it is important to understand that it is more than ones gender that can affect the experiences of women. I think this statement is a good description of how there are many dimensions which affect racism and other forms of oppression. ?Roujia Wang: This shows that feminism can meet two kinds of human needs, the first is the detailed technical needs of NASA space agency, and the other is to meet the need of women also need equal status and need the same rights as men to achieve their dreams. In this process, feminism and data science are inextricably linked to each other's achievements.?Seyoon Ahn: As it was discussed in comment above, this part demonstrates the needs of feminism in data science and how not just the individuals but the society as a whole can benefit from data science with an approach of feminism. ?Roujia Wang: In that world, the stereotype of women was that women were not allowed to work in the sciences and that women were more at home with young children and taking care of the family than working outside the home. But such stereotypes prevented many talented women from having a chance to make a career out of it.?Roujia Wang: When people are misogynistic, female scientists contribute to data science research, because women can make up for the shortcomings of men in many ways. Women also use their abilities to change the perception of women in the world?Monserrat Padilla: I am really eager to learn and practice more methodically these principles. The key value in being able to analyze data holistically and seeing the subject matter as a whole at the intersections. Putting these principles into practice will allow for a more complete truth to be available while producing data and/or reading data.?Caroline Hayes: I think it is really moving that they decided to use someone as powerful as Darden’s story to start this textbook. As such a strong, smart women she was able to work in an intellectual field and challenge norms like she did in this instance. In a way she is breaking from the data so commonly released on women in and out of the work field. Instead of becoming one of the computers like 100% of the women before her, she became a part of the 1% who changed it for everyone.?Vibha Sathish Kumar: I agree, this part also resounded with me as well. It also makes you wonder about those other women who were stuck in the same situation for years. Many of those women likely didn’t have access to data or have the means to stand up for themselves in the environment set-up for them. I wonder if this issue is also relevant today, where some women do not have the opportunity to share their experience or have it accounted as data. It takes time to have others recognize their privilege and use it to bring others up - maybe data feminism could be a way to do that. ?Natalie Pei Xu: That is sad to notice that there are still many woman is being ignored and stay silence from some reasons. ?Natalie Pei Xu: First hand resource will be more helpful.?Natalie Pei Xu: This conscious awareness of “product of unequal social relation” is important while collecting, analyzing and concluding, since there is already been a lens filtered the primary source. ?Natalie Pei Xu: Besides using data as a powerful tool to pursuit justice, personal privacy is also a critical concern. ?Natalie Pei Xu: This is very inclusive and thoughtful description about feminism which makes it open up to various people among physical and mental features that aiming at the same thing: justice.Eva Maria Chavez: .Eva Maria Chavez: ecFagana Stone: If we were to focus on collecting unbiased data, then why would the authors even mention “priority” in qualifying it? + 1 more...Eva Maria Chavez: ECEva Maria Chavez: emEva Maria Chavez: collective powerEva Maria Chavez: EMCEva Maria Chavez: ?Kim Martin: test?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -Fagana Stone: Qualitative data can be so powerful!?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: yes?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?Yolanda Yang: We should know that “We are under this situation.“?Yolanda Yang: Very personally, I am always shocked by how precise the content they suggest “what I may also interested.“ Also reminds me of Health on the phone, that it reminds us of our next coming period time, and usually also precise.?Melinda Rossi: Yes!?Yolanda Yang: People with privilege cannot recognize, even if they do, they are less likely to make any change, as this would decrease their benefit?Jillian McCarten: One quote that I think of often is “when one has held a position of privilege for so long, equality feels like oppression.” ?Yolanda Yang: “Speak“ and MeToo. Makes it visible.?Yolanda Yang: Looking for equality = we need make efforts ahead to it. Need to uncover it. ?Yolanda Yang: Reminds me of china girl or china head, that used at the beginning of analog films, those are females without names that contribute to film industry, but they were not even supposed to be presented to the audiences.?Yolanda Yang: Even though this has been desegregated for years, it still exists among people’s unconsciousness. ?Jeraldynne Gomez: systematically desgined so that women were stagnant in their positions. The disparity of power and the assertion of such system is correlated as it benefits the men who are implementing it ?Michela Banks: Important Annabel DeLair-Dobrovolny: Converting people into data as a means to assert power and dehumanize the “other”.?Michela Banks: definition ?Michela Banks: At least 50 years later. Why at this time??Michela Banks: power distance between men and women ?Michela Banks: were not recognized for intelligence ?Michela Banks: indicates perception of women in workplace?Michela Banks: note segregation during time of education?Michela Banks: describes environment?ethan chang: Shows how much has changed since then… even though can still be seen to this day.Annabel DeLair-Dobrovolny: Power imbalances contributing to the dehumanization of women in the workplace.?athmar al-ghanim: exactly!!! some individuals have such a negative connotation toward “feminism”. but here, it proves that feminism is just a group of like-minded individuals peacefully going after what they want. all feminists want is change, because for so long, there has been none. and it is about time we stopped neglecting the minority and start appreciating and uplifting them.?athmar al-ghanim: its quite sad to see how barely anything has changed in regard to men having the upper hand in workforces, especially those in STEM related fields. ?athmar al-ghanim: this passage resonates with me as it is a big fear of mine, a woman, going into STEM, that I will constantly have to fight twice as hard as a man, just to show that I am worthy of a position that I am qualified for.?Angela Li: I question how long this took and whether there was an internal fight for Darden to receive her long deserved promotion. The reason being is that I find it hard to believe that the men in power are so readily to accept change in which they lose power or control that benefits them. Earlier in this text, when Darden was working as a calculator with no respect or recognition, her supervisor said that the reason women and men lead such different career paths despite having the same credentials was because no one had ever complained. Through these quotes It sounds like the narrative being pushed is that main reason women are oppressed is because men are unaware of the the disparate treatment and effects of their actions which seems too excusable to not be questioned.Fagana Stone: I read this as the systemic discrimination against women was so normalized that it was essentially on everyone’s blindspot. Having such data showed a trend, a factual analysis that no one could ignore. Also, it takes a lot of courage to challenge the status quo, and these ladies found the way to communicate it to their superiors - through numbers!?Angela Li: I’d like to expand and connect on this idea to reaffirm the highlighted statement. I’m connecting it to to the text “Feminism is for Everybody” by Bell Hooks. In early stages of feminism there were a select few types of feminism that were identified. Of these types there were reformist and visionary feminism. reformist feminism focused mainly on equality with men in the workforce which overshadowed the original radical foundations of contemporary feminism which called for reform and restructuring of society to form a fundamentally anti-sexist nation. while white supremacist capitalist patriarchy suppressed visionary feminism, reformist feminists were also eager to silence them because they could maximize their freedom within the existing system and exploit the lower class of subordinated women.?Cynthia Lisee: Thank you for this important insight?Kat Rohrmeier: The definition of dehumanizing.?Melinda Rossi: Right? Gross.?Aneta Swianiewicz: ?Aneta Swianiewicz: ?Aneta Swianiewicz: ?Aneta Swianiewicz: data to expose inequality?Aneta Swianiewicz: ?g m: “institutional mistrust”?g m: Not only looking @ data, but the how. How was it collected? How has it been processed, and by who??Melinda Rossi: ^^^ Yes! Great point!?g m: Why data is important: challenges privileged hazard by making invisible systems visible.?Lena Zlock: Power dynamics and access to knowledge // needs an equitable foundation, clear statement of relations?Lena Zlock: DH as a countercultural phenomenon?Peem Lerdp: Target goals and audiecnes.?Peem Lerdp: Theme 2?Peem Lerdp: Theme 1?Vibha Sathish Kumar: I find it interesting that the authors mention this explicitly to the readers. A clear stated point that everyone is involved with change. ?Peem Lerdp: Insight on “science” in the phrase data science.?Peem Lerdp: Problems with distinction between what is data and what is information involve deciding who holds the power to make those distinction.Fagana Stone: It is important to add that how we interpret data matters as well.?Peem Lerdp: Def’n?Peem Lerdp: Using data to corroborate lived exp.?Peem Lerdp: Dissociating the identity of the author with the ideas discussed by the author.?Peem Lerdp: Intersectionality and its historic roots.?Peem Lerdp: History of gender inequality in workplace.?Megan Foesch: I think this is such an important lens to have when analyzing the world and what is important. Often times, we get caught up in trivial things that are not important in the bigger picture. We must remind ourselves that issues like justice, race, feminism, equality, and power are all crucial everyday issues that we must solve in order to live as a flourishing community. In order to have justice, each individual must be heard and seen which is currently not happening and needs to. ?Megan Foesch: Throughout this whole article I think that this sentence is one of the most important. The authors reflect on how data feminism is truly about power and how the lack of power between genders signifies that there is an inequality. It is important for us to acknowledge and address this inequality so women can feel as empowered, strong, and safe, as men feel. I think it is also important to point out that data feminism isn’t only for women but “men, nonbinary, and genderqueer people”. In order for a change to be made everyone must accept and acknowledge the imbalance of power that occurs in society. ?Megan Foesch: Before taking this class, I had very rarely heard the term Data Feminism, therefore this idea was somewhat new to me. I am familiar with the ideas of feminism however thinking about feminism from a scientific standpoint is one that can help reinforce popular opinions about lack of equality among genders. It is very difficult to argue something when it is science especially when focusing on systems of power and who holds that power as it is backed by scientific data and evidence.?Nick Klagge: It appears that a word or phrase is missing from the end of this sentence. Perhaps “lived experience” or something like that??Sara Blumenstein: What makes a project feminist??Sara Blumenstein: Data as “consolidating power over lives”?Sara Blumenstein: “Data feminism” as goal and process?Sara Blumenstein: Data vs. fact?Sara Blumenstein: Aggregating data to challenge institutional systems of power?will richardson: This is a very deep statement about feminism. It is also very relevent to the readings.?Sara Blumenstein: Defining “feminism” + 1 more...Data FeminismMIT PressRSSLegalPublished withCommunityData FeminismCollectionDData FeminismPubIntroduction: Why Data Science Needs FeminismcollectionData FeminismCite as D’Ignazio, C., & Klein, L. (2020). Introduction: Why Data Science Needs Feminism. In Data Feminism. Retrieved from https://data-feminism.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/frfa9szdduplicateCopymoreMore Cite OptionsTwitterRedditFacebookLinkedInEmailAuto Generated DownloadPDFWordMarkdownEPUBHTMLOpenDocumentPlain TextJATS XMLLaTeXWhat Is Data Feminism?Data and PowerData Feminism in ActiontickRelease #6Aug 25, 2021 3:54 PMdocument-shareRelease #5Aug 25, 2021 3:22 PMdocument-shareRelease #4Feb 11, 2021 10:25 AMdocument-shareRelease #3Jul 27, 2020 9:43 AMdocument-shareRelease #2Jul 27, 2020 9:42 AMdocument-shareRelease #1Mar 16, 2020 9:12 AMWhat Is Data Feminism?Data and PowerData Feminism in Action(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8be8b165eed78191',t:'MTcyNTU2NTI0Ni4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();error

      This is another example of how we need more women in STEM. There are so many officially desegregated organizations. But segragation is embedded in behavior and that is what needs coaching.

    1. But in a narrative experience not structured as a win-lose contest the movement forward has the feeling of enacting a meaningful experience both consciously chosen and surprising.

      reminds me of the different experiences that were shared last seminar about "adventures with anxiety." for some, the experience was cut short and left them feeling confused and unsatisfied, while others reached the true ending, completing the objective of the game. i would argue that the complexity and enjoyment of a maze-like game could also rely on the choices of the person who's playing, not just the creator of the game

    1. To announce it publicly; and the penalty ––Stoning to death I the public square

      reminds me of the "shame" scene from Game of Throne with Cersei Lannister. It wasn't to the death but it was a stoning regardless

    1. Though I’ve lived abroad most of my life, Gaza is where I call home. It's where my parents were born and raised and where I spent summers as a child.

      This reminds me of how my mom feels about Guyana. She has lived in America for most of her life.But her roots, culture, and all her best memories growing up are from Guyana.

    1. Self-emancipation posed a dilemma for the Union military. Soldiers were forbidden to interfere with slavery or assist runaways, but many soldiers disobeyed the policy.

      I love this for the slaves, I feel those that weren't slaves and could have helped others should have helped others. This kind of reminds me of the Harriet Tubman movie when she ran away and met people of colors and whites who were willing to help her because they knew slavery was wrong and when she went back to help free more they stayed by her side. If we had more people like these people slavery could have ended sooner than it did.

    1. As well as focusing on gender discrimination, women have campaigned for labor rights, civil rights, welfare rights, and immigrant rights, where gender is “tied to racial, class, religious, sexual, and other identities” (Boris 2010, p. 93).

      This reminds me of what I have seen on the news where some religion involves strict gender discrimination to the point where woman get much less of an education than men. Due to the religion being circled around the idea that woman should always be there to serve their husband.

    1. The end of this tail was like a spear. “O, my God! I am surely going to die now,” I thought. Then I looked again in another direction and I saw a man with horns and long claws and with a spear in his hand.

      The imagery reminds me of devils/demons/hellish creatures? Especially since we've already seen some Christian notes/influences (Paragraph starting with "'God and his holiness.' This is what the Winnebago...")

    1. My biases are those that Bruyn attributes to the participant observer, who "is interested in people as they are, not as he thinksthey ought to be according to some standard of his own

      This reminds me to avoid having a set of pre-conceived notion or setting a standard/definition while I study my research subject.

    1. He had never been told why he was living with an old man so far away from others, or of his father,

      This reminds me of the movie Maleficent in a way. They sent Aurora away because of her status and to protect her, so is this the same case with the boy? He is next to be chief so he was sent away to be protected?

    1. But not everyone was equally excited. The Cleveland Gazette, a black newspaper, argued the statue’s torch should not be lit “until the ‘liberty’ of this country is such to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family, without being ku-kluxed, perhaps murdered, his daughter and wife outraged, and his property destroyed.

      This reminds me of what Dan said in class about equal opportunity vs equal outcome. When those at the bottom rise to the top who are't white able bodied cis men, more often than not their success is stripped from them in the most volatile of ways (ex: the destruction of black wallstreet)

    2. Strikers set fire to the Pittsburgh rail yards, destroying dozens of buildings, over a hundred locomotives, and over a thousand cars

      this is so fascinating to me because it reminds me of how we are no allowed to effectively protest. The way that policing works, effective protest can't really happen in the U.S. anymore. When people go to extremes (like those climate scientists who set themselves on fire) no one really cares and change doesn't happen. I'd lie to hear any other takes on this

    1. The left, which seemed well organized and strong, was stunned and unable to react.

      This reminds me a little bit of the internal strife in left-wing forces during the Spanish Civil War during the 1930s. While saying that this caused Franco's forces to win may be a slight overexaggeration, it absolutely was a pivotal factor.

    1. The apparent decline of American power in the face of a pattern ofworld-wide Communist thrusts created a common anxiety in the nation

      Reminds me of reaction to Covid. Many necessary precautions but a lot of finger-pointing and nit-picking out of outrage for people's disregard.

  11. Aug 2024
    1. No one business is large or powerful enough to create major changes in the external environment. Thus, managers are primarily adapters to, rather than agents of, change.

      This reminds me of a quote I once heard. I do not remember who it was by but it basically explained that we cannot control what happens in the world. We can only control our reactions. We must adapt, we are not the agents of change.

    1. 46:00 Social anxiety as "disordered attention" (HealthyGamer) where we fixate on certain signals too much. It warps incoming information. Positive signals are filtered out and attention is fixated on negative information.

      54:00 "Distorting the flow of information" (also see Mihaly jump) Information is internal based rather than external (because attention is internally directed rather than externally).


      Reminds me of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi his notion of psychic entropy where consciousness is essentially disordered. One can say that social anxiety contributes to entropy.

    1. Two vans loaded with precision instruments trundled along the streets of New York and New Jersey in the heat earlier this week, sniffing for toxic chemicals in the air.

      This kind of reminds me of the classic scene in the show breaking bad, but only the one in breaking bad is emmiting toxic chemicals and this van is detecting it. I wonder will be using the kind of sniffing equipment used by the van in the article

    1. john smith and king lear analogy

      for - metaphor - John Smith (actor) - King Lear - Rupert Spira

      metaphor - John Smith (actor) - King Lear - Rupert Spira - This is an interesting thought experiment - In the metaphor, the infinite consciousness is like John Smith and the finite human consciousness is like King Lear - The universal consciousness is playing the role of the finite consciousness but loses itself in the role - Spira says: - just as the only consciousness in each of our finite minds is universal consciousness nevertheless - King Lear doesn't know that - King Lear believes i am King Lear, a temporary finite separate person - just like our finite minds don't on the whole know that their reality is infinite consciousness<br /> - So although - the only person present in King Lear is John Smith and - John Smith knows himself just by being himself in the form of King Lear<br /> - he overlooks that knowledge and therefore as King Lear - he has to self-reflect on himself in order to arrive at the experience i am John Smith - What is the relationship between the infinite vs the finite consciousness within the same human? - This reminds me of Dasietz Suzuki's koan that surfaced at the time of his Satori experience - that the elbow does not bend backwards. - Within the bounds of the finite is the infinite

    1. ‘This is amazing. I no longer have to read ever again for anything I have to do because it turns any sort of digital document into a CliffsNotes on demand.’

      This reminds me of the last reading "Is this the End of Reading" because they are explaining how no one really wants to do the work

    1. He began to manufacture Super-Robots. Regular giants they were. He tried to make them[18] twelve feet tall. But you wouldn’t believe what a failure they were.

      This reminds me of some modern day projects that were started just to be big and flashy and future tech, even though the projects turned out to be failures or poor quality. A real world example of this is the tesla cybertruck. It was marketed as super high tech and cool when in reality it is a dangerous and unnecessary vehicle.

    2. There will be no poverty. All work will be done by living machines. Everybody will be free from worry and liberated from the degradation of labor. Everybody will live only to perfect himself.

      This reminds me a lot of the human society in the movie WALL-E. This version of society sounds nice because who doesn't want to have the worries and hardships that come with work. However, that did not really work too well for humanity in the movie because everyone in society was not really their perfect selves they were just like adult versions of iPad kids.

    3. Dr. Gall. I did it in secret. I was transforming[69] them into human beings. In certain respects they’re already above us. They’re stronger than we are.

      This reminds me of the comment Professor Jones made about certain types of AI eventually having their own autonomy and being able to simply refuse to answer questions or do tasks they are asked to do.

    1. Republicans used their control of government to enact  high protective tariffs designed to shield American businesses from foreign competition. Southern planters had vehemently opposed tariffs before the war but could do nothing to prevent their increase.

      This reminds me of quote from a history teacher, "Those in power, will want to keep their power/authority." The Republicans tried to stop competition by increasing tariff but I do not think it helped since Toyota later dominated the market.

    1. sublime object loses its aura and dissolves into an ordinary thing, because its seductiveappearance can be sustained only through distance.“If we get too near [the sublime object]”,Žižek (2008) explains, then“it loses its sublime features and becomes an ordinary vulgarobject

      yowza! All that glitters is not gold. This reminds me of the edict to never meet your heroes -- they often turn out to be regular people (and the crushing feeling of disappointment when you find out that they might not deserve that pedestal you put them up on).

    2. the heroicentrepreneur reminds us: not only should you have faith in yourself, you should have faiththat you can overcome your limitations. Not only should you believe that it can be done, youshould believe that everything can be done. And not only should you never give up, youshould be willing to sacrifice everything, even if it involves risking your life, in order toensure that you succeed.

      you can see this principle over and over again in entrepreneurial narratives. It's embodied in the "Nothing is Impossible" meme I posted to the "Memes" section in this week's lesson (because taking these memes seriously is another way of "traversing the fantasy". Also, linking to Branson's "learning to swim" story, this reminds me of a crucial scene in the 1997 film Gattaca (involving swimming). You can check it out in the forum for this week...

    1. hould we not welcome the cracks that might appear in the operations of biopolitics at its fullest oper-ation?

      Even with all of the criticisms he's outlined, Szeman ends on a conditional but hopeful note. This reminds me of a song lyric:

      Leonard Cohen sang "Ring the bells that still can ring Forget your perfect offering There is a crack, a crack in everything That's how the light gets in."

      Which leads me to my final note...

    1. The most valuable asset of a 21st-century institution (whether business or non-business) will be its knowledge workers and their productivity

      Thereás the catch

      You cannot treat Knowledge as assets

      Assets that know their worth cannot just be bought and sold

      It reminds me how the "enlightened" CEO of the company I worked for as a freelancer was dreaming of

      "entreprenourial employees"

    1. This reminds me of the US because Cuba is a beautiful country to me a person looking from the outside. just like the people who have the desire to come to the US and they don't see the poverty that we have in America.

    1. hould we not welcome the cracks that might appear in the operations of biopolitics at its fullest oper-ation?

      Even with all of the criticisms he's outlined, Szeman ends on a conditional but hopeful note. This reminds me of a song lyric:

      Leonard Cohen sang "Ring the bells that still can ring Forget your perfect offering There is a crack, a crack in everything That's how the light gets in."

      Which leads me to my final note...

    1. promotes a sustained interaction betweenreader and text that has many of the featuresof a g am e

      I like this concept related to allegorical prose. How it is meant to reveal some type of hidden meaning, that one attempts to discover throughout the book. Similarly, it reminds me of Agatha Christie's books where she keeps you guessing on who the killer might be, and you in return don't find out till the end.

    1. Multi-Location Visits Accredited institutions with three or more active additional locations are required to undergo a multi-location visit in Years 3 and 8 of their Pathway for Reaffirmation of Accreditation cycle. The visit confirms the institution's continued effective oversight of its additional locations. (An institution’s additional locations and branch campuses are also reviewed through HLC’s substantive change and comprehensive evaluation processes.)

      This point or factor hear in HLC reminds me of the experience I had with ACSSB. Every 5 years Spears School of Business is up to prepare for another visit. HLC asserts that he purpose of the visit is to ensure that institutions maintain effect oversight at all campus locations. I believe that in a round about way the Kuh et al. would support this notion in their framework for student success. This idea could be found in their concept of a holistic definition.

  12. inst-fs-pdx-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-pdx-prod.inscloudgate.net
    1. This story was, in fact, invented by a reporter, but it has had a very long life.)

      I didn't know this! This reminds me of what the author metioned earlier about using fiction to gauge what gender roles were like in a specific era. I wonder if this story would fall under that category of fiction since it never happened.

    2. nuxing to signify a more “modern” type of n,

      This reminds me of the term "multiple femininites" that was introduced earlier. I wonder when this phrase will be more widley recognized within historians.

    1. Introduction In the year 1914 the University Museum secured by purchase a large six column tablet nearly complete, carrying originally, according to the scribal note, 240 lines of text. The contents supply the South Babylonian version of the second book of the epic ša nagba imuru, “He who has seen all things,” commonly referred to as the Epic of Gilgamish. The tablet is said to have been found at Senkere, ancient Larsa near Warka, modern Arabic name for and vulgar descendant of the ancient name Uruk, the Biblical Erech mentioned in Genesis X. 10. This fact makes the new text the more interesting since the legend of Gilgamish is said to have originated at Erech and the hero in fact figures as one of the prehistoric Sumerian rulers of that ancient city. The dynastic list preserved on a Nippur tablet1 mentions him as the fifth king of a legendary line of rulers at Erech, who succeeded the dynasty of Kish, a city in North Babylonia near the more famous but more recent city Babylon. The list at Erech contains the names of two well known Sumerian deities, Lugalbanda2 and Tammuz. The reign of the former is given at 1,200 years and that of Tammuz at 100 years. Gilgamish ruled 126 years. We have to do here with a confusion of myth and history in which the real facts are disengaged only by conjecture. The prehistoric Sumerian dynasties were all transformed [208]into the realm of myth and legend. Nevertheless these rulers, although appearing in the pretentious nomenclature as gods, appear to have been real historic personages.3 The name Gilgamish was originally written dGi-bil-aga-miš, and means “The fire god (Gibil) is a commander,” abbreviated to dGi-bil-ga-miš, and dGi(š)-bil-ga-miš, a form which by full labialization of b to u̯ was finally contracted to dGi-il-ga-miš.4 Throughout the new text the name is written with the abbreviation dGi(š),5 whereas the standard Assyrian text has consistently the writing dGIŠ-ṬU6-BAR. The latter method of writing the name is apparently cryptographic for dGiš-bar-aga-(miš); the fire god Gibil has also the title Giš-bar. A fragment of the South Babylonian version of the tenth book was published in 1902, a text from the period of Hammurapi, which showed that the Babylonian epic differed very much from the Assyrian in diction, but not in content. The new tablet, which belongs to the same period, also differs radically from the diction of the Ninevite text in the few lines where they duplicate each other. The first line of the new tablet corresponds to Tablet I, Col. V 25 of the Assyrian text,7 where Gilgamish begins to relate his dreams to his mother Ninsun.8 [209] The last line of Col. I corresponds to the Assyrian version Book I, Col. VI 29. From this point onward the new tablet takes up a hitherto unknown portion of the epic, henceforth to be assigned to the second book.9 At the end of Book I in the Assyrian text and at the end of Col. I of Book II in the new text, the situation in the legend is as follows. The harlot halts outside the city of Erech with the enamoured Enkidu, while she relates to him the two dreams of the king, Gilgamish. In these dreams which he has told to his mother he receives premonition concerning the advent of the satyr Enkidu, destined to join with him in the conquest of Elam. Now the harlot urges Enkidu to enter the beautiful city, to clothe himself like other men and to learn the ways of civilization. When he enters he sees someone, whose name is broken away, eating bread and drinking milk, but the beautiful barbarian understands not. The harlot commands him to eat and drink also: “It is the conformity of life, Of the conditions and fate of the Land.” He rapidly learns the customs of men, becomes a shepherd and a mighty hunter. At last he comes to the notice of Gilgamish himself, who is shocked by the newly acquired manner of Enkidu. “Oh harlot, take away the man,” says the lord of Erech. Once again the faithful woman instructs her heroic lover in the conventions of society, this time teaching him the importance of the family in Babylonian life, and obedience to the ruler. Now the people of Erech assemble about him admiring his [210]godlike appearance. Gilgamish receives him and they dedicate their arms to heroic endeavor. At this point the epic brings in a new and powerful motif, the renunciation of woman’s love in the presence of a great undertaking. Gilgamish is enamoured of the beautiful virgin goddess Išhara, and Enkidu, fearing the effeminate effects of his friend’s attachment, prevents him forcibly from entering a house. A terrific combat between these heroes ensues,10 in which Enkidu conquers, and in a magnanimous speech he reminds Gilgamish of his higher destiny. In another unplaced fragment of the Assyrian text11 Enkidu rejects his mistress also, apparently on his own initiative and for ascetic reasons. This fragment, heretofore assigned to the second book, probably belongs to Book III. The tablet of the Assyrian version which carries the portion related on the new tablet has not been found. Man redeemed from barbarism is the major theme of Book II. The newly recovered section of the epic contains two legends which supplied the glyptic artists of Sumer and Accad with subjects for seals. Obverse III 28–32 describes Enkidu the slayer of lions and panthers. Seals in all periods frequently represent Enkidu in combat with a lion. The struggle between the two heroes, where Enkidu strives to rescue his friend from the fatal charms of Išhara, is probably depicted on seals also. On one of the seals published by Ward, Seal Cylinders of Western Asia, No. 459, a nude female stands beside the struggling heroes.12 This scene not improbably illustrates the effort of Enkidu to rescue his friend from the goddess. In fact the satyr stands between Gilgamish and Išhara(?) on the seal. [211] 1 Ni. 13981, published by Dr. Poebel in PBS. V, No. 2. 2 The local Bêl of Erech and a bye-form of Enlil, the earth god. Here he is the consort of the mother goddess Ninsun. 3 Tammuz is probably a real personage, although Dumu-zi, his original name, is certainly later than the title Ab-ú, probably the oldest epithet of this deity, see Tammuz and Ishtar, p. 8. Dumu-zi I take to have been originally the name of a prehistoric ruler of Erech, identified with the primitive deity Abu. 4 See ibid., page 40. 5 Also Meissner’s early Babylonian duplicate of Book X has invariably the same writing, see Dhorme, Choix de Textes Religieux, 298–303. 6 Sign whose gunufied form is read aga. 7 The standard text of the Assyrian version is by Professor Paul Haupt, Das Babylonische Nimrodepos, Leipzig, 1884. 8 The name of the mother of Gilgamish has been erroneously read ri-mat ilatNin-lil, or Rimat-Bêlit, see Dhorme 202, 37; 204, 30, etc. But Dr. Poebel, who also copied this text, has shown that Nin-lil is an erroneous reading for Nin-sun. For Ninsun as mother of Gilgamish see SBP. 153 n. 19 and R.A., IX 113 III 2. Ri-mat ilatNin-sun should be rendered “The wild cow Ninsun.” 9 The fragments which have been assigned to Book II in the British Museum collections by Haupt, Jensen, Dhorme and others belong to later tablets, probably III or IV. 10 Rm. 289, latter part of Col. II (part of the Assyrian version) published in HAUPT, ibid., 81–4 preserves a defective text of this part of the epic. This tablet has been erroneously assigned to Book IV, but it appears to be Book III. 11 K. 2589 and duplicate (unnumbered) in Haupt, ibid., 16–19. 12 See also Ward, No. 199. Transliteration 1it-bi-e-ma iluGilgamiš šu-na-tam i-pa-aš-šar. 2iz-za-kar-am1 a-na um-mi-šu 3um-mi i-na ša-a-at mu-ši-ti-i̭a 4ša-am-ḫa-ku-ma at-ta-na-al-la-ak 5i-na bi-ri-it id-da-tim 6ib-ba-šu-nim-ma ka-ka-’a2 ša-ma-i 7ki-?-?-rum3 ša a-nim im-ku-ut a-na ṣi-ri-i̭a 8áš-ši-šu-ma ik-ta-bi-it4 e-li-i̭a 9ilam5 iš-šu-ma nu-uš-ša-šu6 u-ul el-ti-’i̭ 10ad-ki ma-tum pa-ḫi-ir7 e-li-šu 11id-lu-tum ú-na-ša-ku ši-pi-šu 12ú-um-mi-id-ma     pu-ti 13i-mi- du         i̭a-ti 14aš-ši-a-šu-ma at-ba-la-áš-šu a-na ṣi-ri-ki 15um-mi iluGilgamiš mu-u-da-a-at ka-la-ma 16iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamiš [212] 17mi-in-di iluGilgamish ša ki-ma ka-ti 18i-na ṣi-ri   i-wa-li-id-ma 19ú-ra-ab-bi-šu   ša-du-ú 20ta-mar-šu-ma [sa(?)]-ap-ḫa-ta at-ta 21id-lu-tum ú-na-ša-ku ši-pi-šu8 22te-iṭ-ṭi-ra-šu(?) … šu-ú-zu 23ta-tar-ra-[’a]-šu a-na ṣi-[ri-i̭]a 24[iš-(?)] ti-lam-ma9 i-ta-mar ša-ni-tam 25[šu-na-]ta i-ta-wa-a-am a-na um-mi-šu 26[um-m]i a-ta-mar ša-ni-tam 27[šu-na-ta a-ta]mar e-mi-a i-na zu-ki-im 28[i-na?] Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim10 29ḫa-aṣ-ṣi-nu   na-di-i-ma 30e-li-šu   pa-aḫ- ru 31ḫa-aṣ-ṣi-nu-um-ma ša-ni bu-nu-šu 32a-mur-šu-ma aḫ-ta-ta a-na-ku 33a-ra-am-šu-ma ki-ma áš-ša-tim 34a-ḫa-ap-pu-up   el-šu 35el-ki-šu-ma áš-ta-ka-an-šu 36a-na     a-ḫi-i̭a 37um-mi iluGilgamish mu-da-at ka-la-ma 38[iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamish] ................................... [213] COL. II 1aš-šum uš-[ta-] ma-ḫa-ru it-ti-ka. 2iluGilgamish šu-na-tam i-pa-šar 3iluEn-ki-[dû w]a?-ši-ib ma-ḫar ḫa-ri-im-tim 4UR [ ]-ḫa-mu DI-?-al-lu-un 5[ ] im-ta-ši a-šar i-wa-al-du 6ûmê 611 ù 7 mu-ši- a-tim 7iluEn-ki-dû te-bi-   i-ma 8ša-[am-ka-ta]   ir- ḫi 9ḫa-[ri-im-tu pa-a]-ša i-pu-ša-am-ma 10iz-za-[kar-am] a-na iluEn-ki-dû12 11a-na-ṭal-ka dEn-ki-dû ki-ma ili ta-ba-áš-ši 12am-mi-nim it-ti na-ma-áš-te-e13 13ta-at-ta-[na-al-]la -ak ṣi-ra-am 14al-kam   lu-ùr-di-   ka 15a-na libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim 16a-na biti [el-]lim mu-ša-bi ša A-nim 17dEn-ki-dû ti-bi lu-ru-ka 18a-na É-[an-n]a mu-ša-bi ša A-nim 19a-šar [iluGilgamiš] it-[.........] ne-pi-ši-tim(?) 20ù at-[   ]-di [   -] ma 21ta-[   ] ra-ma-an-   ka [214] 22al-ka ti-ba i-[na] ga-ag-ga-ri 23ma-a-a?14 -ak ri-i-im 24iš-me a-wa-az-za im-ta-gár ga-ba-ša 25mi-il-kum ša sinništi 26im-ta-[ku]-ut a-na libbi-šu 27iš-ḫu-uṭ li-ib-ša-am 28iš-ti-nam [ú]-la-ab-bi-iš-šu 29li-ib- [ša-am] ša-ni-a-am 30ši-i it-ta-al-ba- áš 31ṣa-ab-ta-at ga-az- zu 32ki-ma ? i-ri-id-di-šu 33a-na gu-up-ri ša ri-i-im 34a-š[ar   ] tar-ba-ṣi-im 35i-na [   ]-ḫu-ru ri-i̭a-ú15 36............................. (About two lines broken away.) COL. III 1ši-iz-ba ša na-ma-áš-te-e 2i-te-en-   ni-   iḳ 3a-ka-lam iš-ku-nu ma-ḫar-šu 4ip-te-iḳ-ma i-na -aṭ-ṭal16 5ù ip-pa-al-la-   as 6u-ul i-di dEn-ki- dû 7aklam a-na a-ka-lim 8šikaram   a-na ša-te-e-im 9la-a   lum-mu-   ud [215] 10ḫa-ri-im-lum pi-ša i-pu-ša-am- ma 11iz-za-kar-am a-na iluEn-ki-dû 12a-ku-ul ak-lam dEn-ki-dû 13zi-ma-at ba-la-ṭi-im 14bi-ši-ti ši-im-ti ma-ti 15i-ku-ul a-ak-lam iluEn-ki-dû 16a-di ši-bi-e-šu 17šikaram iš-ti-a-am 187 aṣ-ṣa-am-mi-im17 19it-tap-šar kab-ta-tum i-na-an-gu 20i-li-iṣ libba- šu- ma 21pa-nu-šu [it-]ta(?)-bir -ru18 22ul-tap-pi-it [............]-i 23šu-ḫu-ra-am pa-ga-ar-šu 24ša-am-nam ip-ta-ša-áš-ma 25a-we-li-iš i-mē 26il-ba- áš li-ib-ša-am 27ki-ma mu-ti i-ba-áš-ši 28il-ki ka-ak-ka-šu 29la-bi ú gi-ir- ri 30iš-sa-ak-pu šab-[ši]-eš mu-ši-a-ti 31ut- tap -pi-iš šib-ba-ri19 32la-bi uk-t[a ]-ši-id 33it-ti immer na-ki-[e?] ra-bu-tum 34iluEn-ki-dû ma-aṣ-ṣa-ar-šu-nu 35a-we-lum wa-ru-um 36iš-[te]-en id-lum 37a-na[ ........ u]-za-ak-ki-ir ........................... (About five lines broken away.) [216] REVERSE I .............................. 1i-ip-pu-uš     ul-ṣa-am 2iš-ši-ma   i-ni-i-šu 3i-ta-mar   a-we-lam 4iz20-za-kar-am   a-na ḫarimti 5ša-am-ka-at uk-ki-ši21 a-we-lam 6a-na mi-nim    il-li-kam 7zi-ki-ir-šu   lu-uš-šu22 8ḫa-ri-im-tum iš-ta-si a-we-lam 9i-ba-uš-šu-um-ma i-ta-mar-šu 10e-di-il23 e-eš-ta-ḫi-[ṭa-am] 11mi-nu   a-la-ku-zu na-aḫ-24 [     -]ma 12e pi-šu    i-pu-ša-am-[ma] 13iz-za-kar-am a-na iluEn-[ki-dû] 14bi-ti-iš e-mu-tim [                ] 15ši-ma-a-at    ni-ši-i-   ma 16tu-ṣa25-ar pa-a-ta-tim26 17a-na âli dup-šak-ki-i e ṣi-en 18UG-AD-AD-LIL e-mi ṣa-a-a-ḫa-tim [217] 19a-na šarri Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim 20pi-ti pu-uk epši27 a-na ḫa-a-a-ri 21a-na iluGilgamiš šarri ša Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim 22pi-ti pu-uk epši28 23a-na ha-a-a-ri 24áš-ša-at ši-ma-tim i-ra-aḫ-ḫi 25šu-u pa-na-nu-um-ma 26mu-uk wa-ar-ka-nu 27i-na mi-il-ki ša ili ga-bi-ma 28i-na bi-ti-iḳ a-pu-un-na-ti-šu29 29ši- ma- az- zum 30a-na zi-ik-ri id-li-im 31i-ri-ku pa-nu-šu REVERSE II ............................................................ (About five lines broken away.) 1i-il-la-ak- .......... 2ù ša-am-ka-at[     ]ar-ki-šu 3i- ru- ub-ma30 a-na31 libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim 4ip-ḫur um-ma-nu-um i-na ṣi-ri-šu 5iz-zi-za-am-ma i-na zu-ki-im 6ša Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim 7pa-aḫ-ra-a-ma ni-šu [218] 8i-ta-mē-a   i-na ṣi-ri-šu pi(?)-it-tam32 9a-na mi-[ni]33 iluGilgamiš ma-ši-il 10la-nam   ša- pi-  il 11e-ṣi[   pu]-uk-ku-ul 12    i ? -ak-ta 13i[-    -]di   i-ši? 14ši-iz-ba ša[na-ma-]áš-[te]-e 15i-te-  en-  ni-   iḳ 16ka-i̭ā-na i-na [libbi] Uruk-(ki) kak-ki-a-tum34 17id-lu-tum u-te-el-li-   lu 18ša-ki-in  ip-ša-   nu35 19a-na idli ša i-tu-ru   zi-mu-šu 20a-na iluGilgamiš ki-ma i-li-im 21ša-ki-iš-šum36 me-iḫ-rum 22a-na ilatIš-ḫa-ra ma-i̭ā-lum 23na-   [di]-i-   ma 24iluGilgamish id-[   ]na-an(?)... 25i-na mu-ši in-ni-[    -]id 26i-na-ak37-ša-am- ma 27it-ta-[    ]i-na zûki 28ip-ta-ra-[ku   ]-ak-tām 29ša   iluGilgamish 30........... da-na(?) ni-iš-šu COL. III 1ur-(?)ḫa ..................... 2iluGilgamiš ................ 3i-na ṣi-ri .................... [219] 4i-ḫa-an-ni-ib [pi-ir-ta-šu?] 5it-bi-ma ... 6a-na pa-ni- šu 7it-tam-ḫa-ru i-na ri-bi-tu ma-ti 8iluEn-ki-dû ba-ba-am ip-ta-ri-ik 9i-na ši-pi-šu 10iluGilgamiš e-ri-ba-am u-ul id-di-in 11iṣ-ṣa-ab-tu-ma ki-ma li-i-im 12i- lu- du38 13zi-ip-pa-am ’i-bu- tu 14i-ga-rum ir-tu-tū39 15iluGilgamiš ù iluEn-ki- dû 16iṣ-ṣa-ab-tu-ù- ma 17ki-ma li-i-im i-lu-du 18zi-ip-pa-am ’i-bu- tu 19i-ga-rum ir-tu-tū 20ik-mi-is-ma iluGilgamiš 21i-na ga-ga-ag-ga-ri ši-ip-šu 22ip-ši-iḫ40 uṣ-ṣa-šu- ma 23i-ni-’i i-ra-az-zu 24iš-tu i-ra-zu i-ni-ḫu41 25iluEn-ki-dû a-na ša-ši-im 26iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamiš 27ki-ma iš-te-en-ma um-ma-ka 28ú- li- id- ka 29ri-im-tum ša zu- pu-ri 30ilat-Nin- sun- na 31ul-lu e-li mu-ti ri-eš-su [220] 32šar-ru-tam ša ni-ši 33i-ši-im-kum iluEn-lil duppu 2 kam-ma šu-tu-ur e-li … 4 šu-ši42 1 Here this late text includes both variants pašāru and zakāru. The earlier texts have only the one or the other. 2 For kakabê; b becomes u̯ and then is reduced to the breathing. 3 The variants have kima kiṣri; ki-[ma]?-rum is a possible reading. The standard Assyrian texts regard Enkidu as the subject. 4 Var. da-an 5 ŠAM-KAK = ilu, net. The variant has ultaprid ki-is-su-šu, “he shook his murderous weapon.” For kissu see ZA. 9,220,4 = CT. 12,14b 36, giš-kud = ki-is-su. 6 Var. nussu for nuš-šu = nušša-šu. The previous translations of this passage are erroneous. 7 This is to my knowledge the first occurence of the infinitive of this verb, paḫēru, not paḫāru. 8 Text ma? 9 ištanamma > ištilamma. 10 Cf. Code of Hammurapi IV 52 and Streck in Babyloniaca II 177. 11 Restored from Tab. I Col. IV 21. 12 Cf. Dhorme Choix de Textes Religieux 198, 33. 13 namaštû a late form which has followed the analogy of reštû in assuming the feminine t as part of the root. The long û is due to analogy with namaššû a Sumerian loan-word with nisbe ending. 14 Room for a small sign only, perhaps A; māi̭āk? For mâka, there, see BEHRENS, LSS. II page 1 and index. 15 Infinitive “to shepherd”; see also Poebel, PBS. V 106 I, ri-i̭a-ú, ri-te-i̭a-ú. 16 The text has clearly AD-RI. 17 Or azzammim? The word is probably an adverb; hardly a word for cup, mug (??). 18 it is uncertain and ta more likely than uš. One expects ittabriru. Cf. muttabrirru, CT. 17, 15, 2; littatabrar, EBELING, KTA. 69, 4. 19 For šapparu. Text and interpretation uncertain. uttappiš II² from tapāšu, Hebrew tāpaś, seize. 20 Text ta! 21 On ekēšu, drive away, see Zimmern, Shurpu, p. 56. Cf. uk-kiš Myhrman, PBS. I 14, 17; uk-ki-ši, King, Cr. App. V 55; etc., etc. 22 The Hebrew cognate of mašû, to forget, is našâ, Arabic nasijia, and occurs here in Babylonian for the first time. See also Brockelman, Vergleichende Grammatik 160 a. 23 Probably phonetic variant of edir. The preterite of edēru, to be in misery, has not been found. If this interpretation be correct the preterite edir is established. For the change r > l note also attalaḫ < attaraḫ, Harper, Letters 88, 10, bilku < birku, RA. 9, 77 II 13; uttakkalu < uttakkaru, Ebeling, KTA. 49 IV 10. 24 Also na-’-[     -]ma is possible. 25 The text cannot be correct since it has no intelligible sign. My reading is uncertain. 26 Text uncertain, kal-lu-tim is possible. 27 KAK-ši. 28 KAK-ši. 29 Literally nostrils. pitik apunnati-šu, work done in his presence(?). The meaning of the idiom is uncertain. 30 Text ZU! 31 Text has erroneous form. 32 Text PA-it-tam clearly! 33 Omitted by the scribe. 34 Sic! The plural of kakku, kakkîtu(?). 35 Cf. e-pi-ša-an-šu-nu libâru, “May they see their doings,” Maḳlu VII 17. 36 For šakin-šum. 37 On the verb nâku see the Babylonian Book of Proverbs § 27. 38 The verb la’āṭu, to pierce, devour, forms its preterite iluṭ; see VAB. IV 216, 1. The present tense which occurs here as iluṭ also. 39 Note BUL(tu-ku) = ratātu (falsely entered in Meissner, SAI. 7993), and irattutu in Zimmern, Shurpu, Index. 40 “For ipšaḫ.” 41 Sic! ḫu reduced to the breathing ’u; read i-ni-’u. 42 The tablet is reckoned at forty lines in each column, Translation 1Gilgamish arose interpreting dreams, 2addressing his mother. 3“My mother! during my night 4I, having become lusty, wandered about 5in the midst of omens. 6And there came out stars in the heavens, 7Like a … of heaven he fell upon me. 8I bore him but he was too heavy for me. 9He bore a net but I was not able to bear it. 10I summoned the land to assemble unto him, 11that heroes might kiss his feet. 12He stood up before me1 13and they stood over against me. 14I lifted him and carried him away unto thee.” 15The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things, 16said unto Gilgamish:— [212] 17“Truly oh Gilgamish he is 18born2 in the fields like thee. 19The mountains have reared him. 20Thou beholdest him and art distracted(?) 21Heroes kiss his feet. 22Thou shalt spare him…. 23Thou shalt lead him to me.” 24Again he dreamed and saw another dream 25and reported it unto his mother. 26“My mother, I have seen another 27[dream. I beheld] my likeness in the street. 28In Erech of the wide spaces3 29he hurled the axe, 30and they assembled about him. 31Another axe seemed his visage. 32I saw him and was astounded. 33I loved him as a woman, 34falling upon him in embrace. 35I took him and made him 36my brother.” 37The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things 38[said unto Gilgamish:—] ................................... [213] COL. II 1that he may join with thee in endeavor.” 2(Thus) Gilgamish solves (his) dream. 3Enkidu sitting before the hierodule 4 5[   ] forgot where he was born. 6Six days and seven nights 7came forth Enkidu 8and cohabited with the courtesan. 9The hierodule opened her mouth 10speaking unto Enkidu. 11“I behold thee Enkidu; like a god thou art. 12Why with the animals 13wanderest thou on the plain? 14Come! I will lead thee 15into the midst of Erech of the wide places, 16even unto the holy house, dwelling place of Anu. 17Oh Enkidu, arise, I will conduct thee 18unto Eanna dwelling place of Anu, 19where Gilgamish [oppresses] the souls of men(?) 20And as I ............ 21thou shalt ........ thyself. [214] 22Come thou, arise from the ground 23unto the place yonder (?) of the shepherd.” 24He heard her speak and accepted her words with favor. 25The advice of the woman 26fell upon his heart. 27She tore off one garment 28and clothed him with it. 29With a second garment 30she clothed herself. 31She clasped his hand, 32guiding him like .............. 33unto the mighty presence of the shepherd, 34unto the place of the ... of the sheepfolds. 35In ......... to shepherd 36............................. (About two lines broken away.) COL. III 1Milk of the cattle 2he drank. 3Food they placed before him. 4He broke bread4 5gazing and looking. 6But Enkidu understood not. 7Bread to eat, 8beer to drink, 9he had not been taught. [215] 10The hierodule opened her mouth 11and said unto Enkidu:— 12“Eat bread, oh Enkidu! 13It is the conformity of life, 14of the conditions and the fate of the land.” 15Enkidu ate bread, 16until he was satiated. 17Beer he drank 18seven times(?). 19His thoughts became unbounded and he shouted loudly. 20His heart became joyful, 21and his face glowed. 22He stroked................. 23the hair of the head.5 His body 24with oil he anointed. 25He became like a man. 26He attired himself with clothes 27even as does a husband. 28He seized his weapon, 29which the panther and lion 30fells in the night time cruelly. 31He captured the wild mountain goats. 32The panther he conquered. 33Among the great sheep for sacrifice 34Enkidu was their guard. 35A man, a leader, 36A hero. 37Unto .......... he elevated ........................... (About five lines broken away.) [216] REVERSE I .............................. 1And he made glad. 2He lifted up his eyes, 3and beheld the man, 4and said unto the hierodule:— 5“Oh harlot, take away the man. 6Wherefore did he come to me? 7I would forget the memory of him.” 8The hierodule called unto the man 9and came unto him beholding him. 10She sorrowed and was astonished 11how his ways were ............ 12Behold she opened her mouth 13saying unto Enkidu:— 14“At home with a family [to dwell??] 15is the fate of mankind. 16Thou shouldest design boundaries(??) 17for a city. The trencher-basket put (upon thy head). 18.... ......an abode of comfort. [217] 19For the king of Erech of the wide places 20open, addressing thy speech as unto a husband. 21Unto Gilgamish king of Erech of the wide places 22open, addressing thy speech 23as unto a husband. 24He cohabits with the wife decreed for him, 25even he formerly. 26But henceforth 27in the counsel which god has spoken, 28in the work of his presence 29shall be his fate.” 30At the mention of the hero 31his face became pale. REVERSE II ............................................................ (About five lines broken away.) 1going ....................... 2and the harlot ..... after him. 3He entered into the midst of Erech of the wide places. 4The artisans gathered about him. 5And as he stood in the street 6of Erech of the wide places, 7the people assembled [218] 8disputing round about him:— 9“How is he become like Gilgamish suddenly? 10In form he is shorter. 11In ........ he is made powerful. 12 13 14Milk of the cattle 15he drank. 16Continually in the midst of Erech weapons 17the heroes purified. 18A project was instituted. 19Unto the hero whose countenance was turned away, 20unto Gilgamish like a god 21he became for him a fellow. 22For Išhara a couch 23was laid. 24Gilgamish ................... 25In the night he .............. 26embracing her in sleep. 27They ........ in the street 28halting at the ................ 29of Gilgamish. 30.......... mightily(?) COL. III 1A road(?) .................... 2Gilgamish ................... 3in the plain .................. [219] 4his hair growing thickly like the corn. 5He came forth ... 6into his presence. 7They met in the wide park of the land. 8Enkidu held fast the door 9with his foot, 10and permitted not Gilgamish to enter. 11They grappled with each other 12goring like an ox. 13The threshold they destroyed. 14The wall they demolished. 15Gilgamish and Enkidu 16grappled with each other, 17goring like an ox. 18The threshold they destroyed. 19The wall they demolished. 20Gilgamish bowed 21to the ground at his feet 22and his javelin reposed. 23He turned back his breast. 24After he had turned back his breast, 25Enkidu unto that one 26spoke, even unto Gilgamish. 27“Even as one6 did thy mother 28bear thee, 29she the wild cow of the cattle stalls, 30Ninsunna, 31whose head she exalted more than a husband. [220] 32Royal power over the people 33Enlil has decreed for thee.” Second tablet. Written upon ... 240 (lines). [221] 1 Literally “he attained my front.” 2 IV¹ of walādu. 3 I.e., in the suburb of Erech. 4 patāḳu has apparently the same sense originally as batāḳu, although the one forms its preterite iptiḳ, and the other ibtuḳ. Cf. also maḫāṣu break, hammer and construct. 5 The passage is obscure. Here šuḫuru is taken as a loan-word from suģur = ḳimmatu, hair of the head. The infinitive II¹ of saḫāru is philologically possible. 6 I.e., an ordinary man. Index to Parts 2 and 3 A. Adab, city, 123, 23. addi, wailing, 117, 31; 137, 22; 161, 12. aḫu, brother, 212, 36. Aja, goddess, 198, 9. al (giš), al-gar (giš), a musical instrument, 187–191. See also No. 20 Rev. 7–12. al-bi, compound verb, 189 n. 6. In Ni. 8164 (unpublished) al-gar, al-gar-balag in list with (giš)-á-lá, also an instrument of music. alad, protecting genius, 154, 18. ameliš, like a man, 215, 25. Amurrû, god. Psalm to, 118; 119. angubba, sentinel, 180, 14. Anu, god. 116, 18:26 ff. 131, 8; 165, 9; 180, 20. Anunnaki, gods, 114, 17:21; 116, 25; 116 n. 7; 128, 13; 135, 31; 189, 21. Anunit, goddess, 158, 12; 166, 2. apunnatu, nostrils, pitiḳ, apunnāti, 217, 28. aṣṣammim (?), 215, 18. Arallû, 132, 26; 134, 7. arāmu, cover, 198 n. 2. arāḳu, be pale, Prt. iriku, 217, 31. arḫiš, quickly, 199, 28. Aruru, goddess. Lamentation to, 115. Sister of Enlil, 115, 2; 171, 29; 190, 25. Other references, 116, 13:15:18; 117, 34 f. Asarludug, god, 163, 8; 170, 4. Aš-im-ur, title of Moon-god, 136, 12. áš omitted, No. 19, 2. aš-me, disk, 133, 38. Ašširgi, god, No. 22, Rev. 7. Azagsud, goddess, 196, 30:33; 197, 38. B. Babbar, god, 116, 24; 139, 43; 147, 21; 148, 3; 152. Babylon, city, 158, 14; 160, 6; 163, 8; 166, 4:11. badara, see 200 n. 2. badarani, a weapon, 133, 36. balag, lyre, 138, 52. bansur, table; title of a goddess, 175, 3. Bau, goddess, 179, 2; 181, 30; 182, 32; 141, 7:10. bišîtu, condition, 215, 14. bi’u, cavern, 196, 29. bulukku, crab, 174, 5. burgul, engraver, 185, 8. C. Cutha, city. Center of the cult of Nergal, 167, 15. D. Dada, god, 192, 6. Dagan, West Semitic god, 149, 21. Damu, title of Tammuz, 176, 7. Deification of kings, 106–9; 127 n. 1. dêpu, shatter, 195 n. 16. [222] DI-BAL, ideogram in incantations, 194, 10. Dilbat, city, 167, 16. Dilmun, land and city, 112, 2:4. dimgul, dimdul, master workman, 150. dingir-gal-gal-e-ne, the great gods, the Anunnaki, 114, 21:125; 149, 19. dumu-anna, daughter of heaven, title of Bau, 179, 5; 181, 28; 184, 28. dumu-sag, title of Tašmet, 163, 12. Dungi, king of Ur, liturgy to, 136. dupšakku, trencher basket, 216, 17. Duranki, epithet for Nippur, 122, 18; 180, 11. E. E-anna, temple in Erech, 123, 30; 125; 148, 12; 213, 18. E-babbar, temple of the sun god, 152; 158, 11; 166, 1. Perhaps read E-barra. E-daranna, temple of Enki in Babylon, 169, 25; 170, 29. See BL. 133. edēlu = edēru, be gloomy, 216, 10. é-dub, house of learning, 117, 39. é-gal, palace, No. 19, Rev. 3; 115, 11; 131, 7; 134, 22; 158, 9. é-gig = ḳiṣṣu, 191, 11. E-ibe-Anu, temple in Dilbat, 167, 16. E-kinammaka, temple, 115, 10. E-kišibba, temple in Kish, 166, 13. E-kur, temple, 180, 12; 183, 23; 190, 7; 146, 9; 147, 17; 158, 8; 160, 4; 166, 17; 169, 23. Emaḫ, Ešmaḫ, ritual house of the water cult of Marduk, 163, 7; 115, 4. E-malga-sud, temple, 181, 24; 141, 3. E-meteg, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. E-mete-ursag, temple in Kish, 166, 13. E-namtila, temple, 160, 4; 169, 24. en-a-nu-un, en-á-nun, title of Innini and Gula, 173, 2. Enbilulu, title of Marduk, 170, 5. E-ninnû, temple, 181, 22. EN-ḪUL-tim-mu, 194 n. 2. EN-KA-KA, bêl dabābi, 194, 2. Enki, god. Hymn to, No. 20, 113, 7; 114, 10; 116, 21; 122, 7; 149, 16. Enkidu, satyr, 213, 3:7:10:11; 214, 6; 215, 11:12:15:34; 216, 13; 219, 8:15:25; 131, 11; 134, 16; 178, 13. Enlil, god. Liturgy to, 155–184. Regarded as god of light, 157, 1 ff. 158, 3 f. Other references, 114, 19; 115, 2; 116, 19; 131, 6; 136, 5; 139, 40; 149, 22; 146, 3:7:14; 189, 11:19; 220, 33. Enul, god, 149, 16. Enzu, god, 139, 41; 146, 3. epšānu, deeds, 218, 18. epû, be dark, I² itêpû, 196, 29. Erech, city, 125; 149, 13. Erech ribîtim, 212, 28; 213, 15; 217, 19:21; 217, 3:6. eri-azag, holy city, Isin, 141, 8. erida, title, 175, 1. Eridu, city, 113, 20; 136, 13. Erishkigal, goddess, 131, 10; 134, 11. eršagtugmal, penitential psalm, 118. E-sagila, temple, 152. E-sakudkalamma, temple, 166, 10; 169 n. 4. ešendili, a title, 177, 10. [223] eškar, fixed tax, 188, 9. eš-lal, a sacred place, 161, 14. E-temen-anki, temple, 169, 25. E-turkalamma, temple, 166, 14. Euphrates, river, 183, 12; 183, 20. E-zida, temple, 166, 12. Ezina, grain goddess, 174, 9. Ezira, reading of the divine name KA-DI, 177, 11. F. Fara, modern Arabic name for the site of Isin (?), 177 n. 4. G. GAB, baked bread, 200, 33. GAB-LAL, a cake made with honey, 195, 22; 200, 35. GAR-šunnu = epišan-šunu, 198, 13. gašan-gula, title of Ninâ, 119 n. 2. gepar, dark chamber, 123, 30 f., 148, 10; 161, 18. Gibil, god, 197, 3. gi-gál(giš),interlude, 151 n. 1; 182, 33. gigunna, 114, 23. Gilgamish, king of Erech, 207; 211, 1:115 f. 212, 17:37; 213, 2; 217, 21; 218, 9:20:24:29 and below 2; 219, 10;15:20:26. Derivation of name, 208. See also No. 16 Rev. II 15; 197, 42; 124 f. gilsa, a sacred relic, 132, 22. Girra, Irra, god, 174, 7; 177, 12. girru, lion, 215, 29. Girsu, city, 181, 23. Guanna, deity, No. 16 Rev. II 18. Guedin, province, 129, 28. Gunura, goddess of healing, 176, 6. gupru, mighty, 214, 33. Gutium, land, 120 ff. H. Hallab, city, 125; 141. ḫanābu, grow thickly, Prs. ibannib, 219, 4. ḫapāpu, embrace, 212, 34. ḫaṣṣinu, axe, 212, 29:31. ḫarbatu, waste place, 200, 39. Harsagkalamma, temple, 166, 14. Hubur, mythical river, 197, 42. ḫûlu, a bird, 199, 31. ḫûḳu, a bird, 199, 31. I. Ibi-Sin, king of Ur, 151 n. 2. ibsi, liturgical expression, 120, 5. Igigi, heaven spirits, 116 n. 6. IGI-NAGIN-NA, 194, 11. imib, weapon, 131, 8. mi-ib, ibid. n.3. imin, seven. Seven lands, 130, 35; seventh day, 134, 18. Immer, god, 177, 8. Indag, god, consort of Gula, 173, 3. Innini, goddess, 123. Liturgy to, 184; 123, 29. Consort of Shamash, 148, 4. Other references, 154, 21. iṣṣur šamê, unclean birds, 195 n. 10. Išhara, goddess, 218, 22. Isin, city, 122, 15; 176, 4. Ishme-Dagan, 178 ff. Son of Enlil, 181, 29; 182, 32. Liturgy to, 143. K. KA-DIB-BI, sibit pî, 194, 10. KAK-DIG, a weapon, 130, 4. kakkitu (?), weapon. Pl. kakkiatum, 218, 16. KAK-SIR, a weapon (?), 130, 4. [121] kalama, the Land, Sumer, 138, 25; 141, 5; 147, 22; 150, 4; 154, 17; 177, 9. kanami=kalama, land, 120, 8. KA-NE, a new ideograph, 153 n. 10. kasû, bind. I² liktisu, 198, 20. Kenurra, chapel of Ninlil, 114, 22; 123, 20; 160, 4; 166, 18; 166, 8; 169, 24. Keš, city, 115, 11; 123, 22. kešda-azag, a relic, 132, 27. ki, kin for gim = kima, 120, 6. KI-AG-MAL, râmu, 194 n. 4. Kidurkazal, daughter of Ninkasi, 145. ki-malla, to bend. tig-zu ki-ma-al-la nu-gí-gí, “Thy neck wearies not in bending,” 168, 2. [Correct the translation.] ki-in-gin, ki-en-gin, Sumer, 115, 24; 134, 19; 189, 17. KI-SAR, ḳaḳḳara tašabbiṭ, 199, 29. Kish, city, 129, 30; 166, 12. é kiš-(ki)-šú, so read, No. 5 Obv. 8. Kullab, city, 149, 14; 173, 1. kunin, gunin, reed basket, 150 n. 3. kurgal, “great mountain,” title of Sumer, 114, 11. Of Enlil, 114, 19; 182, 5. KURUN-NA, (amelu), 196, 34. KUŠ-KU-MAL, 194, 11. L. la’aṭu, gore. Prt. ilûdu, 219, 12:17. labu, panther, 215, 29:32. Lagash, city, 181, 23:26. Laḫama, goddess of Chaos, 113, 5. Laws, promulgated by Dungi, 138, 31. Libit-Ishtar, king, 141. libšu, garment, 214, 27:29; 215, 26. Ligirsig, a god, 113, 3. lilazag, epithet of a deified king, 141, 1. Lillaenna, goddess, 192, 5. limēnu, be evil. II¹ ulammenu-inni, 197, 7. Lugal-dīg, god, 197, 5. lu’ûtu, pollution, 195, 19. M. Magan, land, 112, 2:5. mai̭ālu, couch, 218, 22. malāšu, shear, 195, 20. Mamit, 200, 41. mandatu, form, 195, 21. mal-gar (gi), a musical instrument, 191, 10. mangu, disease, 195, 19. Marduk, god, 151. markasu, leader, 150. masû, seize, 195 n. 5. mašû, to forget, 216, 7. Me-azag, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. meḫru, fellow, 218, 21. Meḫuš, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. Meluḫḫa, land, 112, 6. Meslam, temple in Cutha, 167, 15. mesû, a tree, 159, 23. muk, now, but now, 217, 26. Mulgenna, Saturn, 137, 18. Mulmul, gods, 142. N. nâdu, water bottle, 198, 17. nadîtu, temple devotee, 188, 7. nagû, shout. Prs. inangu, 215, 19. nâku, embrace, 218, 26. namaštû, cattle, etc., 213, 12:17; 214, 1; 219, 14. Namtar, god, 197, 3; 132, 24. Nangt, goddess, 192, 7. [225] Nannar, god, 115, 12; 116, 23; 133, 38; 137, 11; 150, 2. Nergal, god, 131, 6. Nidaba, goddess, 191. ni-gál, cattle, 121, 6. nimir = ligir, 174, 4. ninda, linear measure, 133, 41. Ningal, goddess, No. 19, 5; 148, 3; 151, 3. Ningišzida, god, 133, 34. Nin-isinna, goddess, 122, 16; 191, 15. Ninkasi, goddess, 144. Ninki, goddess, 149, 16. Ninlil, goddess, 116, 20; 123, 20; 137, 12; 146, 14. Ninmada, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. Ninmaḫ, goddess, 116, 22. Ninmenna, epithet of Damgalnunna, 190, 27. Ninsun, goddess, 219, 30; 208 n. 6; 129; 131, 16 (?). Nintudri, goddess, 123, 26. Nintudra, 137, 16. Creatress of man and woman, 192. Ninul, goddess, 149, 16. Ninurašâ, god, 191, 12; 146, 12. Ninzuanna, goddess, 122, 13. Nippur, city, 112, 8; 122, 18:19; 160, 3; 169, 21; 180, 11; 149, 18; 158, 7; 165, 16. NI-SUR (amelu), 196, 35. Nudimmud, god, 199, 25. No. 20, 10. nugiganna, epithet of Innini, 185, 2. nûn apsi, unclean fish, 195 n. 11. Nunamnirri, god, 190, 28; 146, 13; 180, 10:13:17. nun-ùr, epithet of Amurrû, 119, 3. Nusiligga, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. Nusku, god, 146, 7; 163, 13. P. Pabilsag, god. Son and consort of Gula, 173 n. 3; 176, 5. A form of Tammuz. pananumma, formerly, 217, 25. Panunnaki, goddess, consort of Marduk, 163, 9. patāḳu, fashion, break, 214, 4. paturru, a weapon, 200, 37. Pleiades, 142. R. ratātu, demolish, 219, 19. Rimat ilatNinsun, 208 n. 6; 219, 29. Ruškišag, goddess, 132, 28. RU-TIG, an epithet, 141, 2. S. sa-bar; sa-sud-da, liturgical note, 182, 31. šabšiš, cruelly, 215, 30. Sagilla, temple, 158, 15. E-sagila, 160, 5; 166, 5; 166, 11. šaḫātu, be astounded, 216, 10. Arabic saḫiṭa. ṣai̭āḫatu, desire, comfort, 216, 18. šakāpu, fell. I² išsakpu, 215, 30. ṣalûtu, enmity, 199, 27. Šamaš, god, 197, 4:8; 198, 10:13; 199, 25:31. Šamaš-šum-ukin, king. Incantations for, 193–200; 199, 23. Samsuiluna, king, 151. SAR-DI-DA, a relic, 133, 37. Serpent adversary, 183, 21; 148, 12. Seven, sacred number. Seven gods, 196, 30. Ship, in legend, 113, 2. Silsirsir, a chapel. Sin, god. Hymn to, No. 19. sippu, threshold, 219, 13:18. [226] Sippar, city, 158, 10; 160, 5; 166, 19. sirgidda, long song, 140, 54. Siriš, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. Siriškaš, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. Siriškašgig, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. sirsagga, first melody, 117, 28; 139, 48. ŠU-AN = kat ili, 194, 12. See also ŠU-dINNINI, 194, 12. ŠU-NAM-ERIM-MA, 194, 13. ŠU-NAM-LU-GAL-LU, 194, 13. subura, earth, 175, 3. su-ud, sú-ud-ám, epithet of goddess of Šuruppak, 177, 10 and note 4. šuḫuru, hair (?), 215, 23. sukkal-zid, title of Nebo, 163, 10. Šulpae, god, No. 16 II 22. Sumer, land, 113, 21; 114, 11; 136, 2. sumugan, title of Girra, 177, 12 and note; 179, 3. T. Tablet of fates, 132 n. 3. Tammuz, ancient ruler, 208. Liturgy to, 191. Other references, 126; 208; 131, 20. tapāšu, seize, capture, II² uttappiš, 215, 31. temēru, cook, 196, 35. Tigris, river, 183, 12. Tummal, land, 190, 9; 191, 10. U. ud, spirit, word, 150, 1:4; 158, 16; 159, 17:24. ul-al-tar, 191 n. 6. ulinnu, girdle cord, 195, 20. Ulmaš, temple of Anunit, 158, 13; 166, 3. Ur, city, 134, 21; 137, 6. Lamentation for, 150. Other references, No. 19, 4:7:8:16:28: Rev. 5; 151, 3. Ur-azag, king of Isin (?), 140 n. 2. Ur-Engur, king of Ur, 126 ff. urinu, spear (?), 173, 3. ursaggal, epithet for Ninurašā, 165, 11. For Enbilulu, 170, 5. ušumgal, 117, 33. Z. zâbu, flow. li-zu-bu, 198, 16. Cf. gàm = za’ibu, miṭirtu, words for canal, SAI. 691–3. zag-sal, liturgical note, 103 f. No. 21 end. za-am, 138, 34; 139, 38; 140, 56. zênu, be enraged, II¹ uzinu-inni, 197, 6. ZI-TAR-RU-DA = nikis napišti, 194 n. 6. [124] Description of Tablets Number in this volume. 1 Museum number. 7771 Description. Dark brown unbaked tablet. Three columns. Lower edge slightly broken. Knobs at left upper and left lower corners to facilitate the holding of the tablet. H. 7 inches: W. 6½; T. 1½. Second tablet of the Epic of Gilgamish. [125] Autograph Plates Plate LXIII. Plate LXIV. Plate LXV. Plate LXVI. Plate LXVII. Plate LXVIII. Plate LXIX. Tablet of the Gilgamish Epic (Obverse) Plate LXX. Tablet of the Gilgamish Epic (Reverse) *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH ***

      Comparing this version of the Babylonian text, there is a greater focus on when Gilgamesh was with Enkidu on how he was a great companion for him. Dreams are seen as divine in Mesopotamian culture so it is interesting that Gilgamesh was able to foreshadow the presence of Enkidu ahead of time. Because of this dream, it shows that it was a part of destiny for Gilgamesh to find his equal and was a journey for his own identity to become what it is now. Not to mention, Enkidu becoming tame as time went along and reforming into societal norms shows that outsiders can be assimilated and that is what is needed in many nations in order for them to be successful and functional. One instance of us vs them situation would be for Enkidu. He was a wild man at first which was very different from "them" which were the Uruk people as they were calm and controlled. The transition for Enkidu to becoming like the others were crucial if he wanted to be a companion of Gilgamesh and also become a figure that would be respected by others. It also points to the fact that people need to be like others to some extent in order to be liked and respected. Because Enkidu and Gilgamesh are the only prominent characters that are also male, it suggests that during this time period that females were inferior to some extent and did not hold the same respect or regard because they were unable to showcase their own skills or talents. This may have affected the way that the text is written because the perspective of males can contrast those of women because they tend to be more caring and honest. Not to mention, the other translations of the text mention more about Gilgamesh's longing for immortality so the absence or lack of information on that aspect creates a more biased view of Enkidu and alters the way that Gilgamesh is viewed as well. The low point of the text has to be more in the beginning when the people are complaining about the rule of Gilgamesh because he does not contain the same qualities of a good leader that he obtains later on. With that being the case, the text reaches a high point when Gilgamesh sees Enkidu as an equal to himself and embraces him as a companion which allows him to be a much better leader and also allows the people in his land to feel better as a result. CC BY Ajey Sasimugunthan (contact)

    1. sublime object loses its aura and dissolves into an ordinary thing, because its seductiveappearance can be sustained only through distance.“If we get too near [the sublime object]”,Žižek (2008) explains, then“it loses its sublime features and becomes an ordinary vulgarobject

      yowza! All that glitters is not gold. This reminds me of the edict to never meet your heroes -- they often turn out to be regular people (and the crushing feeling of disappointment when you find out that they might not deserve that pedestal you put them up on).

    2. the heroicentrepreneur reminds us: not only should you have faith in yourself, you should have faiththat you can overcome your limitations. Not only should you believe that it can be done, youshould believe that everything can be done. And not only should you never give up, youshould be willing to sacrifice everything, even if it involves risking your life, in order toensure that you succeed.

      you can see this principle over and over again in entrepreneurial narratives. It's embodied in the "Nothing is Impossible" meme I posted to the "Memes" section in this week's lesson (because taking these memes seriously is another way of "traversing the fantasy". Also, linking to Branson's "learning to swim" story, this reminds me of a crucial scene in the 1997 film Gattaca (involving swimming). You can check it out in the forum for this week...

    1. sublime object loses its aura and dissolves into an ordinary thing, because its seductiveappearance can be sustained only through distance.“If we get too near [the sublime object]”,Žižek (2008) explains, then“it loses its sublime features and becomes an ordinary vulgarobject

      yowza! All that glitters is not gold. This reminds me of the edict to never meet your heroes -- they often turn out to be regular people (and the crushing feeling of disappointment when you find out that they might not deserve that pedestal you put them up on).

    2. the heroicentrepreneur reminds us: not only should you have faith in yourself, you should have faiththat you can overcome your limitations. Not only should you believe that it can be done, youshould believe that everything can be done. And not only should you never give up, youshould be willing to sacrifice everything, even if it involves risking your life, in order toensure that you succeed.

      you can see this principle over and over again in entrepreneurial narratives. It's embodied in the "Nothing is Impossible" meme I posted to the "Memes" section in this week's lesson (because taking these memes seriously is another way of "traversing the fantasy". Also, linking to Branson's "learning to swim" story, this reminds me of a crucial scene in the 1997 film Gattaca (involving swimming). You can check it out in the forum for this week...

    1. hould we not welcome the cracks that might appear in the operations of biopolitics at its fullest oper-ation?

      Even with all of the criticisms he's outlined, Szeman ends on a conditional but hopeful note. This reminds me of a song lyric:

      Leonard Cohen sang "Ring the bells that still can ring Forget your perfect offering There is a crack, a crack in everything That's how the light gets in."

      Which leads me to my final note...

    1. "If I fall, what mattereth that? my father hath seventy and eight sons like unto me; but thou art alone, and if thy head shall fall, what other is worthy of the crown?"

      Giwe's unwavering loyalty and honor for Kay-Khosrow is admirable and shows why he is well respected. He sacrifices his own life for Kay and does his best to convince him on why his survival is important for the better of the kingdom. This shows the importance of leadership and why Giwe is willing to sacrifice himself because he knows that the empire will not be successful without a good leader in place. His selflessness is also inspiring for a lot of readers as people tend to forget that being selfless can be admirable. As humans, we want the attention and credit for achievements so to see someone else give up their pride for a larger cause, it is very admirable and encourages other people to do the same in similar situations. Similar to Giwe, there are people on the frontlines and in war who put themselves out there for a similar reason as they want to protect the people in their country and are fighting for something much bigger than themselves. While not everyone is fighting for something bigger than them, Giwe reminds us to work for something bigger than us and to have a positive impact on other people because that is what we should do as people. Not to mention, Kay-Khosrow is successful in enacting revenge over Afrasiyab showing that good will always triumph over evil and continuing the legacy of his father. CC BY Ajey Sasimugunthan (contact)