209 Matching Annotations
  1. Jan 2025
    1. The Browse tab is now called New, but it’s just a name change.

      What?!

      No!??

    2. the new Control Center is a slimmed-down, monochrome Home Screen. And I love every part of it…minus the rearranging of those controls.

      I'm glad Federico likes the new Control Center. For exactly this reason, I can quite definitively say that its functionality for me as a control center has been drastically reduced. And I can't help but wonder - as I stumble through the multiple, scrolling, asymmetric pages of this new second Home Screen, with all my privilege, experience, and attention with the possible functions therein - how in the actual fuck normal, functional, this-is-my-cellular-telephone users are managing.

      I still need a control center but now I have a second homescreen instead.

  2. Dec 2024
    1. Dekoloniale Berlin Africa Conference

      for - decolonisation conference - Dekoloniale Berlin Africa Conference - source: human rights watch - Africans and People of African Descent Call on Europe to Reckon with Their Colonial Legacies - 2024 , Nov 18

    2. for - decolonisation - colonialism - legacy of - 140 year anniversary of the dark milestone of the Berlin Africa conference which began a new cycle of horror and institutionalised plundering and dehumanisation of Africa - source: human rights watch - Africans and People of African Descent Call on Europe to Reckon with Their Colonial Legacies - 2024 , Nov 18

      // - summary - Reading this story has reminded me of a Stop Reset Go / Deep Humanity / Tipping Point Festival project idea - cosmolocal bottom up movement that creates a community-to-community sister city coupling for development between communities of global / local North and global / local South

    1. With Voice Memos, two tracks can be layered on top of one another. There's also an option to separate layers and edit layer mixes. <img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-972408" src="https://images.macrumors.com/t/9d6p7D4hYjpmjYGLXI5O4gRZj8Q=/400x0/article-new/2024/10/ios-18-2-layered-voice-memos.jpg?lossy" srcset="https://images.macrumors.com/t/9d6p7D4hYjpmjYGLXI5O4gRZj8Q=/400x0/article-new/2024/10/ios-18-2-layered-voice-memos.jpg?lossy 400w,https://images.macrumors.com/t/6cagGW5nVOh_OnvvXFetHzIIMUQ=/800x0/article-new/2024/10/ios-18-2-layered-voice-memos.jpg?lossy 800w,https://images.macrumors.com/t/PgUNVF4TFlzwFD8gHUU7sNFlLao=/1600x0/article-new/2024/10/ios-18-2-layered-voice-memos.jpg 1600w,https://images.macrumors.com/t/hz95aPpxShoXJIV9N0O8ezn3IYg=/2500x0/filters:no_upscale()/article-new/2024/10/ios-18-2-layered-voice-memos.jpg 2500w" sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 697px" alt="ios 18 2 layered voice memos" width="5099" height="2868" /> Two-track projects can be imported directly into Logic Pro on the iPhone 16 Pro and ‌iPhone 16 Pro‌ Max.

      Why/how in God's name of the fuck would it be limited to (effectively) a single device??

      ...Voice Memos does not need to be a DAW.

  3. Nov 2024
  4. Oct 2024
    1. for - polycrisis - organized crime - Daily Maverick article - organized crime - Cape Town - How the state colludes with SA’s underworld in hidden web of organised crime – an expert view - Victoria O’Regan - 2024, Oct 18 - book - Man Alone: Mandela’s Top Cop – Exposing South Africa’s Ceaseless Sabotage - Daily Maverick journalist Caryn Dolley - 2024 - https://viahtml.hypothes.is/proxy/https://shop.dailymaverick.co.za/product/man-alone-mandelas-top-cop-exposing-south-africas-ceaseless-sabotage/?_gl=11mkyl5s_gcl_auODI2MTMxODEuMTcyNjI0MDAwMg.._gaNzQ5NDM3NzE0LjE3MjMxODY0NzY._ga_Y7XD5FHQVG*MTcyOTM1MjgwOS4xLjAuMTcyOTM1MjgxOS41MC4wLjkyNTE5MDk2OA..

      summary - This article revolves around the research of South African crime reporter Caryn Dolley on the organized web of crime in South Africa - She discusses the nexus of - trans-national drug cartels - local Cape Town gangs - South African state collusion with gangs - in her new book: Man Alone: Mandela's Top Cop - Exposing South Africa's Ceaseless Sabotage - It illustrates how on-the-ground efforts to fight crime are failing because they do not effectively address this criminal nexus - The book follows the life of retired top police investigator Andre Lincoln whose expose paints the deep level of criminal activity spanning government, trans-national criminal networks and local gangs - Such organized crime takes a huge toll on society and is an important contributor to the polycrisis. - Non-linear approaches are necessary to tackle this systemic problem - One possibility is a trans-national citizen-led effort

  5. Aug 2024
    1. IPBES (2019) identifies 18 NCPs

      for - definition - Nature's Contribution to People - 18 categories

      definition - Nature's Contribution to People - 18 categories

      • Regulating Contributions -These are the services provided by nature that regulate environmental conditions.

        • Climate regulation
        • Air and water purification
        • Flood and disaster regulation
        • Disease regulation
        • Pollination
        • Pest and disease control
      • Material Contributions - These are the tangible products obtained from nature.

        • Food and fiber
        • Freshwater
        • Genetic resources
        • Wood, fuel, and other materials
        • Medicines
        • Energy
      • Non-material Contributions - These are the intangible benefits derived from nature.

        • Cultural identity and spiritual inspiration
        • Recreation and ecotourism
        • Aesthetic experiences
        • Knowledge and education
        • Sense of place and belonging
        • Mental and physical health
  6. Jul 2024
    1. In 2013, the working class—made up of those with less than a bachelor’s degree—constituted nearly two-thirds (66.1 percent) of the civilian labor force4 between ages 18 and 64.

      for - stats - U.S. working class - 666.1% of civilian workforce between 18 and 64

  7. May 2024
    1. Ausführliche Berichte thematisieren die großen Hindernisse, die in Frankreich für die just transition zu einem nachhaltigen Leben bestehen. Die Klimakrise wird in allen Schichten als Bedrohung wahrgenommen, aber in den ärmeren Gruppen sieht man viel weniger Handlungsmöglichkeiten. https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/fin-du-monde-ou-fin-de-mois-quels-sont-les-freins-a-la-conversion-ecologique-des-classes-populaires-20231118_72LRGBQFONDVFJJY26JU5X2JQY/

      Bericht des Wirtschafts-, Sozial- und Umweltrates: https://www.lecese.fr/sites/default/files/pdf/Avis/2023/2023_24_RAEF.pdf

      Bericht des Wirtschaftsinstituts für das Klima: https://www.i4ce.org/publication/transition-est-elle-accessible-a-tous-les-menages-climat/

    1. Unter spanischer Vermittlung haben sich Frankreich und Deutschland auf Regeln für Energie-Subventionen geeinigt. Sie erlauben Frankreich, eine Mindestmenge an Nuklearstrom mit den bestehenden Kraftwerken zu produzieren, privilegieren aber erneuerbare Energie. Italien setzt bis 2050 auf Stromproduktion mit Erdgas. https://www.repubblica.it/economia/2023/10/18/news/energia_bollette_nucleare_rinnovabili_francia_germania-418138634/

  8. Apr 2024
    1. Eine extreme Hitzewelle hat in der Sahelzone Hunderte, wahrscheinlich Tausende Menschenleben gefordert. World Weather Attribution zufolge ist die Höhe der Temperaturen eindeutig auf die globale Erhitzung durch Treibhausgase zurückzuführen. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/apr/18/lethal-heatwave-in-sahel-worsened-by-fossil-fuel-burning-study-finds

      Zur Studie: https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/extreme-sahel-heatwave-that-hit-highly-vulnerable-population-at-the-end-of-ramadan-would-not-have-occurred-without-climate-change/

  9. Mar 2024
    1. Having foughtas an officer under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Austro–Turkish War of1716–18, he understood military discipline. This was how he came to trustin the power of emulation; he believed that people could be conditioned todo the right thing by observing good leaders. He shared food with thosewho were ill or deprived. Visiting a Scottish community north of Savannah,he refused a soft bed and slept outside on the hard ground with the men.More than any other colonial founder, Oglethorpe made himself one of thepeople, promoting collective effort.43

      Description of James Edward Oglethorpe

  10. Feb 2024
  11. Jan 2024
    1. Die BASF will die Firma Wintershall Dea an einen britischen Konzern verkaufen. Es handelt sich um das einzige deutsche Unternehmen, das in der Öl- und Gasförderung aktiv ist. Es hat in der Vergangenheit intensiv mit der Gazprom zusammengearbeitet. Die Bundesregierung und die Ampel-Fraktionen wollen offenbar den Verkauf verhindern . https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/basf-bundesregierung-will-wintershall-verkauf-sehr-intensiv-pruefen/100008004.html

    1. Die OPEC geht davon aus, dass sich die Nachfrage nach Öl in diesem Jahr um 2,25 Millionen Barrel pro Tag erhöhen wird. Für das kommende Jahr erwartet die OPEC eine Steigerung um 1,85 Millionen Barrel am Tag. Die Prognosen der OPEC liegen deutlich höher als die der IEA. Die USA haben in der zweiten Januarwoche mit mit 13,3 Millionen Barrel pro Tag einen neuen Rekord in der Ölproduktion aufgestellt. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/oil-prices-edge-higher-opec-demand-estimate-while-cold-hits-us-output-2024-01-18/

    1. Catiana Krapp fordert in einem Kommentar, Wintershall Dea nicht an eine britische Firma verkaufen zu lassen. In wenigen Sätzen wird zusammengefasst, warum (aus der hier vorausgesetzten) Sicht großer Teile der deutschen Wirtschaft und auch der deutschen Bundesregierung die Klimapolitik deutlich an Ehrgeiz verloren hat. Priorität hat die sofortige Versorgung mit Energie. Außerdem spielt die Aussicht auf CCS eine große (allerdings trügerische) -Rolle. https://www.handelsblatt.com/meinung/kommentare/kommentar-deutschland-braucht-ein-unternehmen-wie-wintershall/100008135.html

  12. Dec 2023
  13. Nov 2023
    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boots_theory

      “The Sam Vimes "Boots" Theory of Economic Injustice runs thus:<br /> At the time of Men at Arms, Samuel Vimes earned thirty-eight dollars a month as a Captain of the Watch, plus allowances. A really good pair of leather boots, the sort that would last years and years, cost fifty dollars. This was beyond his pocket and the most he could hope for was an affordable pair of boots costing ten dollars, which might with luck last a year or so before he would need to resort to makeshift cardboard insoles so as to prolong the moment of shelling out another ten dollars.<br /> Therefore over a period of ten years, he might have paid out a hundred dollars on boots, twice as much as the man who could afford fifty dollars up front ten years before. And he would still have wet feet.<br /> Without any special rancour, Vimes stretched this theory to explain why Sybil Ramkin lived twice as comfortably as he did by spending about half as much every month.”<br /> ― Terry Pratchett, Men at Arms (1993)

    1. early adversity, growing up in difficult circumstances often has an effect on children’s mental representations of the world as well

      Has an impact on how children see themselves and their place in the world.

    2. 18. Mindsets

      Once a mind is "set" - how changeable is it?

  14. Oct 2023
    1. James Hansen, einer der Entdecker der von Menschen verursachten globalen Erhitzung, kommt in seinem neuesten Kommentar zu dem Ergebnis, dass das 1,5 Grad-Ziel des Pariser Abkommens möglicherweise schon früh im nächsten Jahr überschritten werden wird. Ausschlaggebend dafür sei, dass die Atmosphäre weniger kühlende Aerosole enthält als früher und dass inzwischen auch die Antarktis zur globalen Erwärmung beiträgt. Hansens Ergebnisse werden nicht von allen Klimawissenschaftlerinnen geteilt, aber sehr ernst genommen https://www.theguardian.com/environment/commentisfree/2023/oct/19/will-the-earth-breach-its-15c-guardrail-sooner-than-we-thought

      Hansens.Kommentar: https://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/mailings/2023/ElNinoFizzles.13October2023.pdf

    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmita

      During shmita, the land is left to lie fallow and all agricultural activity, including plowing, planting, pruning and harvesting, is forbidden by halakha (Jewish law).

      The sabbath year (shmita; Hebrew: שמיטה, literally "release"), also called the sabbatical year or shǝvi'it (שביעית‎, literally "seventh"), or "Sabbath of The Land", is the seventh year of the seven-year agricultural cycle mandated by the Torah in the Land of Israel and is observed in Judaism.

    1. “It is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends upon his not understanding it!”

      This quote is a feature of toxic capitalism, which should be efficient enough to allow a person to quickly obtain another job to thereby make the issue moot.

      Part of it is tied into identity as well.

    1. Jacob took the stone (ʼben) and “set it up as a pillar (massebah) and poured oil on the top of it” (Genesis 28:18). This standing stone was dedicated to Yahweh, therefore the use of a stone as a massebah was not forbidden.

      Jacob's use of a stone as a massebah wasn't forbidden because it was dedicated to Yahweh.

    2. There are several occasions where the massebah is not associated with pagan worship. When the massebah is associated with the worship of Yahweh, the massebah is accepted as a valid expression of commitment to Yahweh.

      Massebah for pagan worship: - Exodus 23:24 (https://hypothes.is/a/r3m5QmyDEe6SC8eLYcJE1Q) - Hosea 10:1 (https://hypothes.is/a/4PK2GGyDEe6wZg_r2YpVCA ) - 2 Kings 18:4 - 2 Kings 23:14

      Massebah for worship of Yahweh: - Genesis 28:18 Jacob's pillow (https://hypothes.is/a/NF5p8Gx6Ee65Rg_J4tfaMQ)<br /> - Genesis 31:44-45 Jacob and Laban's covenant - Exodus 24:4 - Joshua 24:25-27

    3. in violation of the demands of the covenant, the people of Israel erected sacred stones dedicated to other gods (Hosea 10:1). In their religious reforms, both Hezekiah (2 Kings 18:4) and Josiah (2 Kings 23:14) destroyed the sacred pillars which the people of Israel had dedicated to the worship of Baal.
    4. During the establishment of the covenant between Yahweh and Israel, the people were commanded to destroy the sacred stones of the Canaanites, “You must demolish them and break their sacred stones (masseboth) to pieces” (Exodus 23:24).

      In neighboring cultures in which both have oral practices relating to massebah, one is not just destroying "sacred stones" to stamp out their religion, but it's also destroying their culture and cultural memory as well as likely their laws and other valuable memories for the function of their society.

      View this in light also of the people of Israel keeping their own sacred stones (Hosea 10:1) as well as the destruction of pillars dedicated to Baal in 2 Kings 18:4 and 2 Kings 23:14.

      (Link and) Compare this to the British fencing off the land in Australia and thereby destroying Songlines and access to them and the impact this had on Indigenous Australians.

      It's also somewhat similar to the colonialization activity of stamping out of Indigenous Americans and First Nations' language in North America, though the decimation of their language wasn't viewed in as reciprocal way as it might be viewed now. (Did colonizers of the time know about the tremendous damage of language destruction, or was it just a power over function?)

    5. Absalom set up a massebah for himself as a memorial for he said, “‘I have no son to keep my name in remembrance’; he called the massebah by his own name” (2 Samuel 18:18).

      Use of massebah for remembrance of a name...

      Potentially used for other factors? translation? context?

      See also: https://hypothes.is/a/oqgH4mx9Ee68_dMgihgD0A (Rachel's massebah in Genesis 35:19-20)

  15. Sep 2023
    1. Die Meeresoberfläche ist im globalen Durchschnitt 0,5 Grad wärmer als zwischen. 1991 und 2000. Die zusätlich Erhitzung hat im April begonnen und ist unabhängig von jahreszeitlichen Schwankungen. Interview mit der italienischen Ozeanografin Sabrina Speich, in Paris forscht und unterrichtet und gerade beim Festival della Mente einen Vortrag über Ozeanografie und Klimaveränderungen gehalten hat.

      https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2023/09/18/news/sabrina_speich_oceani_riscaldamento_globale_aumento_temperature-414361749/

      Vortrag von Sabrina Speich: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-pHe7v_1v1I

    1. Europa droht in eine Abhängigkeit von China zu geraten, das im Augenblick bei Produkten und Rohstoffen, die für erneuerbare Energien gebraucht werden, mit großem Abstand der wichtigste Lieferant ist. Wie Reuters berichtet, hat die spanische EU-Präsidentschaft dazu ein Dokument vorbereitet, das bei der nächsten Sitzung des europäischen Rates diskutiert werden soll. https://www.repubblica.it/economia/2023/09/18/news/europa_dipendenza_batterie_cinesi-414906186/?ref=RHLF-BG-I414871700-P5-S2-T1

  16. Jun 2023
    1. Melissa Rivers also announced today the launch of a special edition 4-disc CD box set collection titled “Joan Rivers – The Diva Rides Again” that will feature five hours of never-before-released recordings of Joan’s comedy, including six decades worth of hilarious material and a special 16-page collector’s book of liner notes with never-before-seen photos. The box set is currently available for preorder on Amazon, Target.com and Walmart.com and will be released on August 18, 2023 on streaming platforms such as iTunes and Spotify. The set is produced and distributed by Comedy Dynamics in partnership with the Joan Rivers estate.
  17. May 2023
    1. Is there a faithful compliance with the objectives of the Charter if some countries continue to curtail human rights and freedoms instead of to promote the universal respect for an observance of human rights and freedoms for all as called for by the Charter?

      Roosevelt does not seem to have much faith in the words of the charter itself, but seems to call for example and action throughout her defense and explanation of the charter. She believed that only living the character would guide the actions and behavior of others. This hope that Roosevelt have would become real, as the U.N's declaration of human rights has become a point of behavioral guidance for humanity, as can be seen in the 50th anniversary of the U.N's declaration of human rights.

    2. The development of the ideal of freedom and its translation into the everyday life of the people in great areas of the earth is the product of the efforts of many peoples. It is the fruit of a long tradition of vigorous thinking and courageous action.

      Roosevelt here appeals to pathos to encourage motivation about the attempt of creating effort toward freedom and individual rights for everyone, where everyone has individual freedom and rights that are not controlled but belong to the individual, and are respected. The U.N has accomplished Roosevelt's vision of what the U.N's declaration of human rights should be to people and the world as is seen in the below documentation of the U.N's declaration of human rights' 50th anniversary.

    1. Is there a faithful compliance with the objectives of theCharter if some countries continue to curtail human rights and freedoms instead of to promotethe universal respect for an observance of human rights and freedoms for all as called for bythe Charter?

      Roosevelt does not seem to have much faith in the words of the charter itself, but seems to call for example and action throughout her defense and explanation of the charter. She believed that only living the character would guide the actions and behavior of others. This hope that Roosevelt have would become real, as the U.N's declaration of human rights has become a point of behavioral guidance for humanity, as can be seen in the 50th anniversary of the U.N's declaration of human rights.

    2. The development of the ideal of freedom and its translation into the everyday life of thepeople in great areas of the earth is the product of the efforts of many peoples. It is the fruitof a long tradition of vigorous thinking and courageous action.

      Roosevelt here appeals to pathos to encourage motivation about the attempt of creating effort toward freedom and individual rights for everyone, where everyone has individual freedom and rights that are not controlled but belong to the individual, and are respected. The U.N has accomplished Roosevelt's vision of what the U.N's declaration of human rights should be to people and the world as is seen in the below documentation of the U.N's declaration of human rights' 50th anniversary.

  18. Aug 2022
  19. Apr 2022
  20. Mar 2022
    1. Mot, the personification of death, is described in several passages as a deity. In Job 18:13 he is said to have a son, and in Habakkuk 2:5 we are told he opens his mouth wide and swallows souls.

      Mot, one of the other sons of El, is described as a deity who has a son in Job 18:13 and as one who opens his mouth wide and swallows souls in Habakkuk 2:5.

  21. Dec 2021
  22. Sep 2021
  23. Jul 2021
  24. Jun 2021
    1. image

      Caption: "Figure 7.5 Human Capital Deepening in the U.S. Rising levels of education for persons 25 and older show the deepening of human capital in the U.S. economy. Even today, under one-third of U.S. adults have completed a four-year college degree. There is clearly room for additional deepening of human capital to occur. (Source: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics)"

  25. May 2021
    1. ps://www.popsci.com/garbage-island

      Pictures, signposts, slower reading ..highest density of trash than any other island

  26. Mar 2021
    1. Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).

      AssayResult: 5

      AssayResultAssertion: Normal

      StandardErrorMean: 1.21

    2. A total of 84 PALB2 patient-derived missense variants reported in ClinVar, COSMIC, and the PALB2 LOVD database were selected

      HGVS: NM_024675.3:c.1676A>G p.(Gln559Arg)

    1. SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

      AssayResult: 82

      AssayResultAssertion: Normal

      PValue: Not reported

      Approximation: Exact assay result value not reported; value estimated from Figure 6C.

    2. SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

      AssayResult: -6

      AssayResultAssertion: Normal

      PValue: Not reported

    3. SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

      AssayResult: 103.5

      AssayResultAssertion: Normal

      PValue: > 0.9999

      Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.

    4. To this end, 44 missense variants found in breast cancer patients were identified in the ClinVar database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar) and/or selected by literature curation based on their frequency of description or amino acid substitution position in the protein (Supplemental Table S1).

      HGVS: NM_024675.3:c.2993G>A p.(Gly998Glu)

    1. Source Data

      AssayResult: 103.53

      AssayResultAssertion: Not reported

      ReplicateCount: 2

      StandardErrorMean: 7.06

      Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.

    2. Source Data

      AssayResult: 83.25

      AssayResultAssertion: Not reported

      ReplicateCount: 2

      StandardDeviation: 5.27

      StandardErrorMean: 3.73

      Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.

    3. We, therefore, analyzed the effect of 48 PALB2 VUS (Fig. 2a, blue) and one synthetic missense variant (p.A1025R) (Fig. 2a, purple)29 on PALB2 function in HR.

      HGVS: NM_024675.3:c.2014G>C p.(E672Q)

    1. Most Suspected Brugada Syndrome Variants Had (Partial) Loss of Function

      AssayResult: 105.3

      AssayResultAssertion: Normal

      ReplicateCount: 41

      StandardErrorMean: 10.8

      Comment: This variant had normal function (75-125% of wildtype peak current, <1% late current, no large perturbations to other parameters). These in vitro features are consistent with non-disease causing variants. (Personal communication: A. Glazer)

    2. we selected 73 previously unstudied variants: 63 suspected Brugada syndrome variants and 10 suspected benign variants

      HGVS: NM_198056.2:c.2314G>A p.(Asp772Asn)

  27. Feb 2021
    1. Supplemental material

      AssayResult: 78

      AssayResultAssertion: Normal

      Comment: See Table S3 for details

    2. Supplemental material

      AssayResult: 3.5

      AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

      Comment: See Table S3 for details

    3. We analysed a total of 82 blood samples derived from 77 individuals (online supplemental table 3). These 77 individuals corresponded either to new index cases suspected to harbour a pathogenic TP53 variant or to relatives of index cases harbouring TP53 variants.

      HGVS: NM_000546.5:c.402T>G p.(Phe134Leu)

  28. Jan 2020
    1. RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-170522-18

      DOI: 10.7554/eLife.42881

      Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-170522-18,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-170522-18)

      Curator: @evieth

      SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-170522-18


      What is this?

  29. Dec 2019
  30. Jun 2019
    1. The DFD between an atom pair is the normalized frequency distribution of the interatomic distances sampled from equal time snapshots taken from the MD simulations. DFDs of corresponding atoms taken from the different simulations were used to qualitatively compare the effect of mutational perturbations on the HbS fiber. Considering that the fiber simulations were carried out only for a relatively short time scale of 1.2ns, the calculated DFDs might suffer from errors due to limited sampling. Hence a quantitative comparison of the different DFDs were not attempted, however given that the global parameters monitored during the simulation had already become reasonably stable after 0.2ns (Chapter!, Table 5), it is expected that the gross features of the DFDs would remain unaltered even in much longer simulations.
    2. Distance Frequency Distribution (DFD)
  31. May 2019
    1. DAPI 01 ector Labs, USA), and stained parasites were visualized using Zeiss Axioimager fluorescence microscope and the images were processed using Axio Vision software
    2. Thin blood smears of parasite cultures were fixed with chilled methanol for 2 min. After air drying, washing with PBS and permeabilization was done with 0.05 % saponin in 3% BSA/PBS for 15 min, followed by blocking with 3% BSA made in PBS for Ih. Subsequent incubations with primary antibodies were performed for 2h at room temperature or at 4°C overnight. The smears were washed 3x5 times with PBS. The slides were then incubated with appropriate secondary antibodies (labeled either with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) or Texas Red) for 1 hour at I room temperature. The slides were washed again with PBS and air dried in the dark. Smears were mounted in glycerol containing mounting media that contained
    3. mmunofluorescence Assay
    1. resh complete medium was added and the plates were transferred to 37°C for further incubation. The percentage infection was monitored at appropriate time intervals post-infection by staining the cells with Syto Green 11 nucleic acid dye and the parasite nuclei were visualized by fluorescence microscopy
    2. Human THP-1 macrophages were plated at a density of 2X105 cells per well in a 24 well plate and appropriate treatments were given. The stationary phase L.major promastigotes were opsonized with 1% human AB serum in PBS for 5 min at 37°C following which one wash was given with phenol-red free RPMI-1640 medium. The L.major promastigotes were added to the macrophage culture at a macrophage: parasite ratio of 1:10 or 1:50 and incubated for 6 hat 37°C following which the unbound parasites were removed by giving 3 washes with warm RPMI-1640 medium
    3. Leishmania major infection of human macrophages in vitro
    1. The kinetics of intoxication by different restrictocin containing chimeric toxins was investigated by assaying the cytotoxic activity at various time points. HUTI02, K562 and A431 cell lines were seeded at a density of IX104 cells per well in 200 J.ll medium in a similar manner as described in cytotoxicity assay. The various concentrations of chimeric toxins were added and the cells were incubated at 37 °C in the presence of 5% C02 for different time points. At the end of each incubation period cells were pulsed with eH] leucine and the protein synthesis was measured as described above. The results were expressed as percentage of control where no toxin was added to the cells.
    2. Kinetics of Protein Synthesis Inhibition
    1. The RIA for alpha hCG was similar to that used to estimate ~hCG. A monoclonal antibody specific to alpha hCG ( Gupta et al. , 1985 was used for the assay. The standard used was total hCG.
    2. RIA for alpha hCG.
    3. added and the sample vortexed thoroughly. The sample was then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1000 x g. The supernate was carefully decanted, the rims of the tube wiped to absorb all residual supernate, and the precipitate counted on a gamma counter set for the detection of 125I. A standard curve was plotted with each assay by using different concentrations of purified hCG, starting from 0 miU 1 ml. The percent binding of the sample was estimated as a fraction of the zero standard and the hCG activity of the sample calculated from the standard curve of the known concentrations. The other RIA procedure used has been described previously by Salahuddin et al., ( 1976 ) . This procedure employed a monoclonal antibody shown to be specific to phcG (Gupta et al., 1982 ). The use of this antibody made this assay much more sensitive compared to the commercial assay described above.
    4. J3hCG was estimated using either a commercial RIA kit ( Micromedic ~hCG RIA kit, ICN Biomedicals, Inc., USA ) or by the procedure developed at Nil, the basic principle of estimation being the same in both assays, i.e., competitive inhibition. The Micromedic kit was used as detailed by the manufacturer. Briefly, 200 ul of the sample was incubated with 100 ul of the given antiserum solution for 30 minutes at room temperature. 100 ul of the tracer 125r hCG solution was then added and incubation continued for another 3 0 minutes. Subsequently, 1. 0 ml of the precipitating solution containing anti -rabbit serum with PEG was
    5. Quantitative determination of alpha hCG or J3hCG was performed by RIA using subunit specific antisera.
    6. Radioimmunoassays.
    1. ultrapureHNO3andtissuesamplesweredissolvedin70%HNO3;microwavedfor5minat90W,180W,270Wand360W,untiltotaldigestionhadoccurredandthendilutedwithMilli-Qgradewater(Millipore,Acton,Massachusetts,U.S.A)
    2. Totalsodium,potassiumandcalciumconcentrationsweredeterminedwithatomicabsorptionspectrophotometry.Tothispurpose,plasmasamplesweredilutedwith1%
    3. Ionconcentrations
    4. Plasmaosmolalitywasmeasuredin10pisampleswithavaporpressure osmometer(Wescor,5500,Utah,U.S.A)andexpressedasmmol/kg
    5. Plasmaosmolality
    6. Forclinicalanalysis,thecontrolandexperimentalfishesweregentlyandrapidly anaesthetizedusingMS222(ethyl-m-aminobenzoatemethanesulphonate)atthedoseof60mgl'1.Thefisheswereimmobilizedwithin1minofapplication.Bloodwascollected fromthecaudalarteryusing1mlsyringefilledwith24Gneedleandinsomefishesbycaudalpedunclecut.Heparinwasusedastheanticoagulant.Immediatelyaftercollection,bloodwascentrifugedfor5minat3000rpmandtheplasmawasseparatedoutandeither usedforanalysisimmediatelyorstoredat20°Cforanalysislater.Samplingprocedureofnetting,anesthesiaandplasmastoringwascompletedwithin10mintoavoidinfluenceofnettingcombinedwithanesthesiaonthebasalcortisollevels(Tancketal.,2000).
    7. Plasmaseparation
    8. ClinicalAnalyses
    1. Strains were grown overnight in LB containing 0.4% maltose and 10 mM MgSO4,subcultured and grown to early stationary phase in the same medium. 100 μl of the culture was mixed with 2.5 ml of soft agar and overlaid on LB agar plates supplemented with 0.4% maltose and 10 mM MgSO4. Serial dilutions of λcI857 lysate were prepared (in LB) and 10 μl were spotted from each dilution (and the undiluted) on the soft agar lawn and allowed to dry. The plates were incubated at the appropriate temperature overnight, and the plating efficiency determined
    2. Determination of λ-plating efficiency
    1. epoxy resins used for infiltration and embedding are not miscible with water. This was carried out by sequentially incubating the agar blocks in 25% methanol for 5 min, 50% methanol for 7 min, 70% methanol for 10 min, 95% methanol for 20 min and finally 100% methanol for 30 min followed by two more changes of methanol for 30 min each. The blocks were then incubated with transitional solvent propylene oxide for 30 min with one change at 15 min. Epoxy resin used for infiltration penetrates the cell and fills the spaces in between providing a hard medium that can withstand the cutting and electron beams. The blocks were first incubated for 30 min with a mixture of propylene oxide and resin in a ratio of 2:1. This was followed by incubation for 60 min with propylene oxide and resin in a 1:1 ratio. Finally, the blocks were put in pure resin and kept overnight at RT under shaking conditions. The following day, the agar blocks were placed in a bean capsule and overlayed with pure resin and incubated at 55°C to allow it to harden. Sectioning and Viewing: This was carried out at the Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility at Jawaharlal Nehru University
    2. Sample Processing: Leishmania donovani cultures to be viewed under transmission electron microscope were pelleted at 1258 x g for 5min at RT. The pellet obtained were washed with PBS (0.22p. Filtered) and then resuspended in EM Fixative ( 4% Paraformaldehyde, 25% Glutaraldehyde, 0.1M Sodium Cacodylate) which had also been passed through a 0.22 p.m filter to remove any particulate matter that may interfere later with imaging. The cells were incubated in the fixative for 4-5 hours at RT followed by overnight incubation at 4°C. Subsequently the pellets were washed with sodium cacodylate buffer (0.1M sodium cacodylate, pH 7.3). The pellet was then embedded in 3%agar to prevent loss during subsequent washings. For this, agar was added to the pellet while vortexing so that the cells and agar mix well, then the agar was allowed to set. The MCT with the agar block was then cut to extract the block which itself was cut into smaller pieces to allow the solutions that will be added later to percolate well into the agar block. Post fixation was carried out to increase contrast and stability of fine structure, by incubating with 1% osmium tetraoxide for 2hr at RT. The blocks were then washed thoroughly with distilled water. Sample dehydration has to be carried out because the
    3. Materials and Methods Staining withER Tracker™ Blue White DPX: ER Tracker™ is a dapoxyl dye that specifically stains ER in live cells. Since the dye was not found to retain after fixation, live cell staining was performed when fixation was required before staining with antibodies against the CYP proteins. Once washed, the cells were blocked with 3% NGS prepared in 0.001% Digitonin for 30 min at 4°C. This was followed by washing cells with chilled PBS at centrifugation at 805 x g for 10 min at 4°C. Then the cells were incubated with the appropriate primary antibody prepared in 0.001% digitonin for 1h at 4°C. The unbound primary antibody was washed off with chilled PBS three times by centrifugation at 805 x g for 10 min at 4°C. Cells were then incubated with appropriate secondary antibody again prepared in 0.001 % digitonin for 1h on ice. This was followed by three washes with chilled PBS as before. ER Tracker Blue (1p.M) then added to cells which were incubated on ice for 30mins on ice. The excess dye was washed and the cells viewed under the microscope after mounting on slides with anti-fading mounting media. 3.2.C.18 Electron Microscopy
    4. The DNA sequencing was carried out at the DBT sequencing facility, Department of Biochemistry, Delhi University, South Campus, New Delhi using the di-deoxy method (Sanger et al., 1977)
    5. DNA Sequencing
    1. ammonium molybdate, respectively, to the assay buffer.For specific inhibition of vacuolar membrane H+-ATPaseactivity, vacuolar membrane fractions were incubatedwith 1-2.5 μM bafilomycin for 5 minprior to the activity assay.ATPase activity was initiatedby adding ATP to the assay buffer to afinal concentration of 5 mM and incubating the reactionat 30 ̊C for 30-60 min.Reaction was stopped by adding an equal volumeof a stop-developing solution (1% (w/v)SDS, 0.6 M H2SO4, 1.2%(w/v)ammonium molybdate and 1.6%(w/v)ascorbic acid). Amount of inorganic phosphate (Pi) liberated was measured at A750nmafter 10 minincubation at room temperature. Standard curve prepared with 0-50 micromoles of KH2PO4 was used for the determination of total Pi. The ATPase activity of the vacuolarmembrane H+-ATPase was expressed in micromoles of Pireleased per milligram protein per min
    2. Vacuolar membrane H+-ATPase activitywas measured inbothcrude membrane fraction and purifiedvacuolar membrane fraction asdescribed previously(Woolfordet al.,1990).Activity inthe crude membrane fractions was carried out with 2.5-10 μgprotein in 50 μl assay buffer (5 mM MgCl2, 25 mM MES/Tris-HCl(pH 6.9)and 25 mM KCl). For activity inthe purified vacuolar membrane fraction, a totalof300 μl reactionmix was setup with of 2.5-10 μgprotein samples.Residual activities from other ATPases such as mitochondrial ATPases, plasma membrane H+-ATPase and phosphataseswere inhibited by adding 2 mM NaN3, 200 μM NaVO4and 0.2 mM
    3. Vacuolar H+-ATPase activity measurement
    4. Vacuole membraneswere isolatedwith slight modifications of Cabrera’s method(Cabrera et.al.,2008). Log-phase, YPD medium-grown cells wereinoculated in 1 lt YPDmedium to an initialOD600of 0.1. Cells were incubated at 30 ̊C with shaking at 200 rpm till the cell density reached to OD600of 0.8-1.0.Cells were harvested by centrifugation at 5,000 g and washed once with 30 ml 2% ice-cold glucose solution. Cells were incubated in 15 ml solution containingglycine-NaOH(50 mM; pH10)andDTT(2 mM) at 30 ̊C for 10 min. After incubation, cells were normalized to adensity of1000OD600and resuspendedin 15 ml spheroplasting buffer containing 10-15mg of zymolyase20T.Cells were incubated at 30 ̊C for 45-60 minor till the spheroplasting was completed.Spheroplasts werecollected by centrifugation at 4,500 rpmfor 5 minat 4 ̊C, washed gently with15 ml 1.2 M sorbitol solutionandresuspendedin 3.5 ml 15%ficoll solution made in PS buffercontaining 1X protease inhibitor cocktail. This suspension was homogenized on ice with 20-25 strokes in a loose-fitting Dounce homogenizer. Homogenate was transferred to an ice-cold,ultra-clear Beckman ultracentrifuge tube, overlaid witha gradient of3 ml 8%ficoll solution, 2.5 ml 4%ficoll solutionand 2.5 ml PS buffer lacking ficoll and centrifuged at 1,10,000g(30,000 rpm)for 90 minat 4 ̊Cin a pre-cooled Beckman ultracentrifuge with SW41-Ti swinging bucket rotor.Centrifugation was carried out with slow acceleration and deceleration settings.White creamy vacuole membrane layer wascollected from the interfaceof 0and4% ficoll gradientwithout mixing the layers.Total protein concentration in thevacuole fraction was estimated using BCAprotein assay kit as described earlier
    5. Purified vacuole membrane isolation
    6. Crude fractionation of total membraneswas carried outviadifferential centrifugation asdescribed previously (Moranoand Klionsky,1994)with slight modifications. Cells grown tolog-phase in YPDmedium werecollected, washed,normalizedto 10 OD600and resuspendedin 1 ml spheroplast buffer containing 1-2mg of zymolyase20T (MP Biomedicals).Following incubation at 30 ̊Cfor 30-45 min,spherolplastswerecollected by centrifugation at 800 g for 3 minat 4 ̊C and resuspendedin 1 mlice-cold Tris-EDTA (pH 7.5). Spheroplastswere lysed with 100 μl 0.5mm glass beads on a vortex mixer with 10 secpulsegiven thricewith intermittent ice-breaks.Cellsuspension was centrifuged at 800 g for 5 minat 4 ̊C to pellet unbrokenspheroplastsdown andthesupernatant was centrifuged at 15,000 g for 5 minat 4 ̊C to obtainthemembrane fraction pellet.Pellet was washed once with ice-cold Tris-EDTA (pH 7.5), resuspendedin 50 μl of the samebuffer and stored at -20 ̊Ctill further use. Protein concentration of pellet fraction was estimated using BCAprotein assay kit with BSA as thestandard
    7. Crude vacuolar membrane extraction
    8. Vacuolar H+-ATPase activity measurement
    1. Total RNA was isolated from the treated cells usingTRIzol method, essentially described by Donald and his co-worker (Donald et al., 2010).TRIzol is a single-phase solution of guanidinium isothiocyanate and phenolthat can concomitantly denature proteins and other biological material. Addition of chloroform to this leads to phase separation: proteins remains in organic phase whereas, DNA and RNA resolves to interphase and aqueous phase, respectively. Before starting the experiment, area was sanitized with RNAZap toremove any contamination of DNases. After treatment, culture media was gently removed from the dish without disturbing the cell monolayer. TRIzolreagentwas added directly on to the dish andcellswere allowed tosuspend in it by repeated pipetting. The cellular homogenate was then transferred into amicrofuge tubes. For each ml of TRIzolused, 200μl of chloroform was added andvortexedfor about 30 seconds, followed bycentrifugation at maximum speed of 13,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The upper aqueous phase wastransferred into a fresh micro-centrifuge tube and 500μl of ice-cold iso-propanol was addedto precipitate RNA.The RNA was pelleted by centrifugation at 13,000 rpm for 30 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant was decanted and the pelletwas allowed towash with 1ml of ice-cold 70% ethanol followed by centrifugation at maximum speed for 10 minutes. Finally, the supernatant was removed and the pellet was allowed toair-dryfor about 5-10 minutes and solubilized in 50μl RNase free deionized (DEPC-treated Milli-Q) water and quantified by spectrophotometry for further use
    2. Isolationof total RNAfrom cultured cells
    1. Immunoprecipitation of chromatin was performed by incubating the lysate with 3 μg of anti-GST antibody overnight at 4°C followed by50 μL of 1:1 suspension of Protein A beads for 4 h. Beads were washedtwice each in wash buffer I, wash buffer II, and TE buffer(Section 2.1.6.5). Each wash was performed for 15 min at 4oC by rotating on a Lab-net end over mixer. Chromatin was eluted in 100 μL of elution buffer(Section 2.1.6.5) by rigorous mixing on a Thermo mixer (Eppendorf) for 30 min at 65oC. 90 μLof this eluted sample was incubated overnight at 65oCto reverse the cross linking. 10 μLlysate taken as input was diluted to 90 μLwith elution buffer and incubated overnight at 65oC to reverse the crosslinking.DNA was extractedfrom the input and immunoprecipitated samplesintoafinal volumeof40μLusing aPCR purification kit (Qiagen)
    2. Yeast strains carrying p416GPD GST-RPA43were grown in SC-Ura medium overnight and sub cultured at 0.2 OD600.45 mL of mid-log phase yeast cultures were subjected to cross linking with 1% formaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature(Szijgyartoet al., 2011). Cross linking was quenched by adding glycine to a final concentration of 0.1 M. Cells were washed in ice cold Tris-buffered saline and were lysed in 500 μL of ice cold lysis buffer (Section 2.1.6.5) by bead beating. Chromatin was fragmented using a Diagenode bath sonicator, 15 sec on time and 30 sec off time, for 15 min. Cell lysates were centrifuged at high speed and the supernatant was pre-cleared with 3 μg of normal rabbit IgG followed by30 μL of 1:1 suspension ofProtein A beads. Supernatant was collected and 10 μL of this lysate was taken as input
    3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP)
    1. Luciferase assay was performed using luciferase assay systems (Promega #1500). Cells were transfected with shRNA. Following 24 hrs.of shRNA transfection, cells were transfected separately with FOP-Flash and TOP-Flashvectors in the absence and presence of Wnt3a plasmids. After 24 hrs, media was removed, and the cells were rinsed twice with 1X PBS. After removing the final wash, the cells were incubated with lysis buffer (1X lysis reagent: CCLR; 20μl/well for a96-wellplate, or 400 μl/60mm culture dish, or 900μl/100mm culture dish). Cells were collected in a microcentrifuge tube and were centrifuged at 14000 rpm for 10 minutes. The cell lysate (supernatant) was transferred to a new tube. 20μl of cell lysate was mixed with 100μl of Luciferase Assay Reagent(LAR), and the amount of light produced was measuredin luminometer by usinga delay time of 2 sec and a read time of 10 sec.
    2. Luciferase reporter assay
    1. Four week old tomato S-22 cultivar (acts as non-host for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola) were syringe-infiltrated with a suspension of Xocstrains and water control. Plants were incubated in green house for 24 h with minimum and maxium temperature of 26 and 28°C, respectively and relative humidity of 65%. Callose deposition assay was performed as a marker for hypersensitvity response in non host plant as described previously (Hauck et al., 2003). Leaf picture was captured at this stage to observe the HR browning of leaf. For assaying callose deposition by aniline blue staining, infilterated leaves were removed from plant,dipped in lactophenol solution and incubated at 65°C in water bath until the cholorohyll is completely removed. Leaves were rehydrated by washing with 50% ethanol, and finally rinsed with water. For aniline blue staining, leaves were incubated in 0.01% aniline blue solution, prepared in 100 mM K2HPO4(pH 9.5), for 15-20 min in dark. Subsequently, leaves were washed with water and observed for callose deposition in epifluorescence microscope (Stereo, Lumar V7, Zeiss) under UV illumination
    2. In plantahypersensitive response (HR) and callose deposition assay
    1. Scratch wound healing assay was performed as described previously (Raoet al., 2015). Cells were seeded in 6 well plates in triplicates to attain confluence. On the next day, a scratch was made on the confluent monolayer culture using a 200 μL pipette tip. Cells were washed gently twice with PBS to remove floating cells, replaced with complete DMEM and incubated at 37ºC with 5% CO2.Images were acquired using a Zeiss phase contrast inverted microscope (ProgRes CapturePro v2.8 acquisition software, 5x 0.12 N.A. objective). Images were acquired immediately after scratch (0 h) and after a period of 4 h (MEFs) or 24 h (HeLa and HCT116) to monitor wound closure. The area of wound closure was analyzed using ImageJ software, and the data was plotted as total area covered in square μm(μm2)
    2. Scratch wound healing assay
  32. Aug 2018
    1. tossing white hair like a Pentateuchal prophet.

      Not only does the hairstyle imply age but his use of Pentateuchal provides a biblical reference to prophets that lived over 100 years.

    2. vaulting mode.

      Imagery of acceleration along with elevation and excitement.

    3. feeling squeezed in the form

      shows how he was forced to write in a certain way at The New Yorker Imagery of discomfort

    4. eliminating apocrypha

      Biblical reference here. Pretty clever

    5. That is no way to start a writing project, let me tell you. You begin with a subject, gather material, and work your way to structure from there. You pile up volumes of notes and then figure out what you are going to do with them, not the other way around

      He uses a personal anecdote about his writing experience to provide personal insight

    6. the busty Swede they expected turned into a short and bearded man.

      The verbiage in this portion also adds to the humor as the use of 'turned into' is unconventional

    7. the busty Swede

      Colloquial and keeps with the humorous writing already prevalent in the intro

    8. they didn’t give sex.

      Spontaneousness adds to the humor and is a creative way to begin to talk about such a subject.

    9. They massaged everything from college football players to arthritic ancients

      The use of everything instead of everyone dehumanizes their patients, both football players and arthritic ancients. Also, it adds humor to the statement in being so unconventional.

  33. Jul 2018
    1. 13

      Step 18: It is time to assemble the legs of the desk. Attach the bar as shown. Please note, the cutout should face upwards.

      Step 19:

      Secure the legs by firmly pushing down the insertions.

    Tags

    Annotators

  34. Jun 2018
    1. a teacher constructs an instructional program

      I think it is important that teachers retain the role of constructing an instructional program and utilize the strengths and interests of the children when doing so. As was pointed out above, children learn best when they are able to use their preconceptions and misconceptions to test out new information. It is up to the teacher to know what her students know and harness this knowledge as a foundation for new concepts.

    2. Teachers must come to teaching with the experience of in-depth study of the subject area themselves.

      YES! There is a lack of truly knowledgeable teachers, especially in the early years and elementary. I work directly with 2-6 year olds who ask tons of questions. The main science focus in this age group is focused on plants and life cycles. I have observed so many wasted moments in the classroom because a teacher didn't know the answer to "how does the water go up the roots?" or "why are leaves green?" Teachers with rich background knowledge are able to apply that to the question and development of the child and continue to build layers of knowledge that will be added to in years ahead.

    3. For the scientific understanding to replace the naïve understanding, students must reveal the latter and have the opportunity to see where it falls short.

      To do this, a school must value student-driven learning. Not many are willing to devote time to taking a child's idea, putting it to the test, and seeking additional information on the topic unless it is one that relates directly and specifically to the prescribed curriculum.

    4. A logical extension of the view that new knowledge must be constructed from existing knowledge is that teachers need to pay attention to the incomplete understandings, the false beliefs, and the naive renditions of concepts that learners bring with them to a given subject.

      This comes about through dialogue with the child one-on-one or in a small group setting which is hard to find in modern class settings and teacher/student ratios. Young children who are given the opportunity to explore a rich environment and ask spontaneous questions are developing habits which will encourage them to keep learning through the rest of life.

    5. rather, the goal of education is better conceived as helping students develop the intellectual tools and learning strategies needed to acquire the knowledge that allows people to think productively about history, science and technology, social phenomena, mathematics, and the arts.

      I agree with this, but I am interested to see if this is seen as a negative or positive as the book continues. Personally, I think that this shift was viewed as a negative, isolating people from each other and building a dependency on AI up until a few years ago. At the moment, I see this view shifting to one of collaboration. I recently watched our elementary students preparing for a reading competition. They had 8 books for the team of 4. Amongst themselves, they decided to each read all the books, but then each took 2 books to read multiple times and be the "expert" on. I think dividing knowledge among people is becoming more important and it is becoming more acceptable to have depth of knowledge rather than breadth.

    6. Developmental researchers have shown that young children understand a great deal about basic principles of biology and physical causality, about number, narrative, and personal intent, and that these capabilities make it possible to create innovative curricula that introduce important concepts for advanced reasoning at early ages.

      I have seen this first-hand with my preschoolers. It all starts when an adult takes the time to question a child about his/her thinking and understand what the child has observed or experienced that has influenced this thinking. I work in a bilingual Mandarin/English school and recently had quite a scientific conversation with a child who was telling me that the word for muscle and chicken are nearly the same in Chinese and that the chicken's muscles were the part we were eating for lunch.

  35. Apr 2018
    1. stocks and stones,

      stocks and stones: idols made of wood or rock; cf. Jeremiah 2:26-27: "As the thief is ashamed when he is found, so is the house of Israel ashamed; they, their kings, their princes, and their priests, and their prophets, | Saying to a stock, Thou art my father; and to a stone, Thou hast brought me forth: for they have turned their back unto me, and not their face: but in time of their trouble they will say, Arise, and save us." See also Wisdom of Solomon 14:21: "And this was an occasion to deceive the world: for men, serving either calamity or tyranny, did ascribe unto stones and stocks the incommunicable name"; and Milton, Sonnet 18, "On the Late Massacre in Piedmont": "When all our fathers worshipped stocks and stones" (4).

  36. Mar 2018
    1. And we do desire to make known to our subjects who have settled there and who will in the future set up residence there that although they live in climates infinitely far away, we are always present to them by the reach of our power and our diligence in suc-coring them.

      Saying although they are far away they will still control them

    2. rules to maintain the teaching of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Church

      France wants to develop rules coming from the Roman Catholic Apostolic Church

    3. The Directors of the Company of the Indies having informed us that the Province and Colony of Louisiana has been firmly established by a great num-ber of our subjects who make use of Black slaves to cultivate their lands

      France is aware of how many Black slaves that were being used in Louisianna

    4. The original Code Nair was issued by French king Louis XIV in 1685 to govern slavery in these islands.

      The code came out way later then when they actually started slave trading

    1. greater fear to the English reporting they saw 200.

      Their plan to control the perception of others

    2. a group of proprietors received a royal grant to establish the colony of South Carolina.

      Even though not British land at the time they had a royal grant to establish a colony

    3. There is a small party of English out after them, and the most potent Kingdome of the Indians armed by us and continually in pursuit of them. . . . and if they can make good wine hear, which they have great hopes of, and this year will be the time of tryall which if it hits no doubt but the place will flourish exceedingly, but if the vines do not prosper I question whither it will ever be any great place of trade. . . .

      Sounds like the relationship between British colonists and neighboring Native nations was not good at least from the British side.

    1. wanted to entice English

      Will be a persuasive letter

    2. so that no man is to be molested or called in question for matters of Religious Concern; but every one to be obedient to the Civil Government, worshipping God after their own way.

      This new found land hasn't decided what religion will rule yet.

    1. Thou art not as bold nor as stout as we, because when thou goest on a voyage thou canst not carry upon thy shoulders thy buildings and thy edifices.

      Saying that no one is as bold or as stout as his people, with the Indian way of life, one can pick up and move home when they please.

    2. I am greatly astonished that the French have so little cleverness, as they seem to exhibit in the matter of which thou hast just told me on their behalf, in the effort to persuade us to convert our poles, our barks, and our wigwams into those houses of stone and of wood which are tall and lofty, according to their account, as these trees.

      Just by the beginning of the way that the Native American responds to the French, makes him seem very prideful of his own people.

    3. Thou reproachest us, very inappropriately, that our country is a little hell in contrast with France, which thou comparest to a terrestrial paradise, inasmuch as it yields thee, so thou safest, every kind of provision in abundance. Thou sayest of us also that we are the most miserable and most unhappy of all men, living without religion, without manners, without honour, without social order, and, in a word, without any rules, like the beasts in our woods and our forests, lacking bread, wine, and a thousand other comforts which thou hast in superfluity in Europe.

      Recognizing the way that the French and Europeans view Native American people and is disagreeing with it.

    1. We know that the seasons in the underworld are different from ours, because the water in the springs is always warmer in winter and cooler in summer than the outer air.

      Could be talking about the Underworld representing the other side of the world from were the cherokee were, when it stated that the underworld had opposite seasons then what the cherokee people had.

    2. When the animals above saw this, they were afraid that the whole world would be mountains, so they called him back, but the Cherokee country remains full of mountains to this day.

      Saying that the Great Buzzard flew through the cherokee country creating valleys and mountains just by the way he flew around early earth.

    3. The earth is a great island floating in a sea of water, and suspended at each of the four cardinal points by a cord hanging down from the sky vault, which is of solid rock. When the world grows old and worn out, the people will die and the cords will break and let the earth sink down into the ocean, and all will be water again. The Indians are afraid of this.

      The Cherokee Indians are afraid and believe that the world is going to get sunken under water because of the amount of people who die over time as the earth gets older. This is an interesting creation theory as it is obvious that their are so many tribes with so many different creation belief stories.

    4. Bald Eagle called to Coyote who happened to be going by and said to him, “Do you see that woman?” Try her first!”

      I think that the Bald Eagle god told the cayote to have intercoarse with a women before the first man of the world did, eventually letting the man and women live together.

    5. the Bald Eagle was the chief of the animals. He saw the world was incomplete and decided to make some human beings. So he took some clay and modeled the figure of a man and laid him on the ground.

      The Salinan Indians believed that the Bald Eagle was the creator of man and women as if it is a sort of animal god of humans on earth.

    1. Native peoples in the Southwest began constructing these highly defensible cliff dwellings

      These highly defensible cliff dwellings could be considered highly defensible due to the tall outside walls of the dwellings. Also the placement, being underneath a cliff, gives enemies no way of penetrating from the back.

    2. Cliff Palace had 23 kivas and 150 rooms housing a population of approximately 100 people; the number of rooms and large population has led scholars to believe that this complex may have been the center of a larger polity that included surrounding communities.

      There was 150 rooms built inside of a castle type of structure underneath a cliff in the Mesa Verde National Cliff Palace. The structure makes a different and clustered way of life for those living in 1190-1300 CE.

    1. I myself have heard the Spaniards themselves (who dare not assume the Confidence to deny the good Nature in them) declare, that there was nothing wanting in them for the acquisition of eternal grace,

      Another quick and subtle dig at the Native American people coming from the Spanish once again. When one doesn't understand something they usually criticize them.

    2. nd behave themselves very patiently, submissively and quietly towards the Spaniards, to whom they are subservient and subject; so that finally they live without the least thirst after revenge, laying aside all litigiousness, Commotion and hatred…

      Funny to see the Spaniards point of view on how the Native Americans reacted to being taken over and controlled by newcomers. The spaniards did not give the Native American people enough humanity as they conquered their lands.

  37. Feb 2018
    1. 133,000 people behind bars in U.S. prisons and jails for drug possession – and 63,000 of these people are held pre-trial, which means they’re locked up simply because they’re too poor to post bail.

      Why are we doing this to our citizens, we are supposed to be helping them while all we are doing is mentally and physically hurting them more then the drugs do.