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  1. Last 7 days
    1. Topic: Defining Distance Education Date: 1980 Course/Subject: Distance Education Studies

      Notes Main Idea The paper analyzes existing definitions of distance education and identifies six essential components that should be included in a comprehensive definition. The analysis covers different educational philosophies and institutional contexts for distance education.

      Key Definitions and Theorists Holmberg's Definition

      Distance education involves the separation of teacher and learner. Requires planned, structured learning materials and institutional support. French Law (Loi 71.556 du 12 juillet 1971)

      Defines distance education as learning where the teacher is not physically present, except for occasional tasks. Moore's Definition

      Highlights separation of teaching and learning behaviors. Emphasizes the use of technical media and the importance of two-way communication. Peters’ Definition

      Describes distance education as an industrialized form of education. Incorporates principles like division of labor, mass production, and mechanization in the teaching process. Six Essential Components of Distance Education Separation of Teacher and Student

      Physical and temporal separation in the teaching and learning process. Role of Educational Organization

      Planning, preparing, and providing learning materials and support. Use of Technical Media

      Communication between teacher and learner facilitated by print, radio, television, or computers. Provision of Two-Way Communication

      Opportunities for dialogue between teacher and learner. Possibility of Occasional Seminars

      Allowing for some face-to-face interaction for didactic or social purposes. Participation in an Industrialized Form of Education

      Incorporates aspects of industrial processes in the delivery of education, such as standardized materials and automated communication. Analysis and Discussion Educational Contexts and Models

      Different definitions cater to various levels and types of education (e.g., correspondence, open learning, external studies). Theoretical frameworks like Peters' focus on the structural separation and mechanization of distance education. Challenges and Misconceptions

      Confusion over terminology, such as correspondence study vs. distance education. Misunderstanding of the relationship between traditional and distance education models. Proposed Solution

      The term 'distance education' is suggested as the most suitable to encompass various forms and philosophies of education that involve separation of teacher and learner. Implications The need for clarity in defining distance education for consistent policy development and theoretical analysis. Importance of recognizing the distinct nature of distance education as an industrialized form of learning. Questions/Cues What are the key differences between Holmberg’s and Peters’ definitions of distance education? How does Keegan's six-component framework help in distinguishing distance education from other forms of non-traditional education? Why is Peters’ view on industrialization important in understanding distance education? Summary The paper provides a detailed analysis of distance education by examining prominent definitions and proposing a comprehensive framework. Keegan emphasizes the industrialized nature of distance education and the necessity for clear terminology to distinguish it from other educational forms.

      Reference Keegan, D. J. (1980). On defining distance education. Distance Education, 1(1), 13-36.

  2. May 2024
    1. Die amerikanische Behörde zur energieregulation Regulierung hat die Bestimmung für Stromnetze radikal reformiert um die Produktion erneuerbarer Energien zu fördern. Unter anderem müssen Netzbetreiber für den voraussichtlichen Bedarf in 20 Jahren planen. Einer neu einen neuen Bericht zufolge werden 50% der positiven Effekte des Inflation reduction Act für die Senkung der Emissionen verloren gehen wenn die amerikanischen Stromnetze nicht grundsätzlich gründlich überholt werden. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/13/climate/electric-grid-overhaul-ferc.html?region=BELOW_MAIN_CONTENT&block=storyline_flex_guide_recirc&name=styln-climate&variant=show&pgtype=Article

    1. Shell plant nicht mehr, seine Öl-Produktion bis 2030 wenigstens um 1-2% pro Jahr zu reduzieren. Zwischen 2023 und 2035 will die Firma jährlich 40 Milliarden Dollar in die Öl-und Gasproduktion und 10-15 Milliarden in „Low-Carbon“-Produkte investieren. Die Ölproduktion soll bis 2030 stabil bleiben, die Gasproduktion ansteigen. Shell beruft sich auch darauf, dass man 2021 die Anteile an einem Projekt im Permian Basin verkauft und damit die Ölproduktion früher als geplant bereits gedrosselt habe. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jun/14/shell-drops-target-to-cut-oil-production-as-ceo-guns-for-higher-profits

  3. Apr 2024
  4. Mar 2024
    1. recours effectif à l'ensemble du panel des sanctions réglementaires fixé à l'article R. 511-13 du code de l'éducation et reproduit dans le règlement intérieur
  5. betula.mycorrhiza.wiki betula.mycorrhiza.wiki
    1. https://betula.mycorrhiza.wiki/

      Betula is a free federated self-hosted single-user bookmarking software for the independent web. Use it to organize references or maintain a linklog.

    1. Setapp https://setapp.com/

      One subscription which gives access to multiple applications (for iOS/Mac)

      Mentioned by PK who uses it.

  6. Feb 2024
    1. An der mexikanischen Westküste entsteht mit "Costa Azul" für 2 Milliarden Dollar das erste Terminal für den Export von texanischem Gas nach Asien. Es signalisiert eine weitreichende und für die Dekarbonisierung möglicherweise katastrophale Verschiebung im Gasgeschäft. Die USA könnten zunehmend auch zum Lieferanten für Asien werden. Ob weitere Terminals errichtet werden, hängt von der Klimapolitik der US-Regierung ab, die gerade ein Moratorium für LNG-Terminals ausgerufen hat. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/13/climate/mexico-natural-gas-biden.html

    1. Das Verbrennen von Holz-Pellets ist in den USA pro Energieeinheit für 2,8mal soviel gesundheitsschädliche Emssionen verantwortlich als fossile Brennstoffe erzeugen. Die Treibhausgase, die durch die gesamte Produktion der Pellets erzeugt werden, werden of unzureichend bilanziert. Eine neue Studie fordert nachdrücklich dazu auf, die Verwendung von Pellets als Ersatz für fossile Energieträger in Frage zu stellen. https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2024/02/13/news/stufe_a_pellet_inquinamento_vs_petrolio_carbone-422099948/

  7. Jan 2024
    1. Die österreichische Klimaschutzministerin Leonore Gewässer vermeidet im Interview weiterhin Angriffe auf die ÖVP, obwohl sie gerade vom Wirtschaftskammerchef Mahrer für die hohen Energiepreise verantwortlich gemacht wurde. Zu ihren Erfolgen zählt sie die Neuregelung des Strommarktes in der EU. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000202988/gewessler-will-keinen-kulturkampf-im-klimaschutz

  8. Dec 2023
  9. Nov 2023
    1. Given that neurobiological context, it’s hard to argue that an out-of-school suspension will do much to improve that student’s ability to self-regulate.

      Yes, solution does not help to address underlying issues and makes for more problems - academic ones.

    2. Talking back and acting up in class are, at least in part, symptoms of a child’s inability to control impulses, de-escalate confrontations, and manage anger and other strong feelings — the whole stew of self-regulation issues that can usually be traced to impaired executive-function development in early childhood.

      Identifies some of the behaviors that results from an inability to self-regulate

    3. And suspension rates are substantially higher among certain demographic groups

      Learn more about CA new law regarding school Suspensions and expulsions: [SB 274 Skinner via ED100] https://ed100.org/blog/2023-pass-fail-veto

    4. In reality, though, many schools and school systems look at students who are struggling in those areas and instead think: How do we discipline them?

      Based on your SL experiences, do you agree that most schools prioritze discipling rather than helping kids to attach, bond, deal with stress, and self-regulate?

    5. 13. Discipline

      Why do you predict that author Tough is starting our consideration of helping to build necessary skills and mindsets with a chapter on DISCIPLINE?

  10. Oct 2023
    1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmita

      During shmita, the land is left to lie fallow and all agricultural activity, including plowing, planting, pruning and harvesting, is forbidden by halakha (Jewish law).

      The sabbath year (shmita; Hebrew: שמיטה, literally "release"), also called the sabbatical year or shǝvi'it (שביעית‎, literally "seventh"), or "Sabbath of The Land", is the seventh year of the seven-year agricultural cycle mandated by the Torah in the Land of Israel and is observed in Judaism.

    1. https://udenver.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZcuceuspzkuE9VomnEaGva1HH1ra_iS4Eua?ref=jessestommel.com#/registration

      Some related ideas that are suggesting some sort of thesis for improving the idea of ungrading: - We measure the things we care about. - In Education, we care about learning and understanding, but measuring these outside of testing and evaluation is difficult at best (therefor ungrading). - No one cares about your GPA six months after you graduate. - Somehow we've tied up evaluations and grades into the toxic capitalism and competition within US culture. Some of this is tied into educational movements related to Frederick Winslow Taylor and Harvards Eliot. - Hierarchies instituted by the Great Chain of Being have confounded our educational process.

    1. Durch die Überschreitung von 6 der 9 planetaren Grenzen wurde der „safe operating space for humanity“ verlassen. Die neue Studie analysiert auf Basis von 2000 Studien erstmals die Situation bei allen planetaren Grenzen. Als besonders bedrohlich schätzen die Forschenden ein, dass 4 direkt auf das Leben bezogene Grenzen überschritten wurden. Die dadurch mangelnde Resilienz könnte es auch unabhängig von Emissions-Senkungen unmöglich machen, das 1,5°-Ziel zu erreichen. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/sep/13/earth-well-outside-safe-operating-space-for-humanity-scientists-find

  11. Sep 2023
  12. Mar 2023
    1. dispense,

      to give out something, especially products, services, or amounts of money 分配、發放

    2. lyre

      a stringed instrument of the harp class having an approximately U-shaped frame and used by the ancient Greeks especially to accompany song and recitation (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lyre) 古希臘的七弦豎琴

    3. stratagems,

      an artifice or trick in war for deceiving and outwitting the enemy (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stratagem) 計謀、詭計、策略、戰略

    4. undaunted

      無所畏懼 Courageously resolute especially in the face of danger or difficulty

    5. Transfix’d

      刺穿 To pierce through with or as if with a pointed weapon

    6. spleen

      突然的衝動或心血來潮 A sudden impulse or whim

    7. haughty

      傲慢 Having or showing an attitude of superiority and contempt for people or things perceived to be inferior

    8. disdain’d

      a feeling of contempt for someone or something regarded as unworthy or inferior 蔑視

  13. drive.google.com drive.google.com
    1. persecute

      迫害 (v.) to treat someone unfairly or cruelly over a long period of time because of their race, religion, or political beliefs, or to annoy someone by refusing to leave them alone

    2. '>pat

      吐 to eject (something) from the mouth

    3. mantle

      斗篷 a figurative cloak symbolizing preeminence or authority

    4. batt;.1lion

      營 a military unit composed of a headquarters and two or more companies, batteries, or similar units

    5. flogged

      鞭打 to beat with or as if with a rod or whip

    6. counsel

      協商 guarded thoughts or intentions

    7. gnac,hing

      咬牙切齒 to strike or grind (the teeth) together

    8. leaven

      酵 a substance (such as yeast) used to produce fermentation in dough or a liquid especially

    9. mustard

      芥末 a pungent yellow condiment consisting of the pulverized seeds of various mustard plants (such as Sinapis alba, Brassica juncea, and B. nigra) either dry or made into a paste or sauce (as by mixing with water or vinegar) and sometimes adulterated with other substances (such as turmeric) or mixed with spices

    10. granary

      糧倉 a storehouse for threshed grain

    11. darncl

      幾種通常多雜草的黑麥草(黑麥草屬)中的任何一種 any of several usually weedy ryegrasses (genus Lolium)

    12. parched

      因乾燥而皺縮 to become dry or scorched

    13. thistles

      薊 any of various prickly composite plants (especially genera Carduus, Cirsium, and Onopordum) with often showy heads of mostly tubular flowers

    14. ra\ening

      貪吃 to feed greedily

    15. rend

      撕裂 to perform an act of tearing or splitting

    16. toii

      辛勞 long strenuous fatiguing labor

    17. mammc~n

      財神爺 material wealth or possessions especially as having a debasing influence

    18. sco" I

      皺眉頭 to contract the brow in an expression of displeasure

    19. synagogues

      猶太教堂 the house of worship and communal center of a Jewish congregation

    20. recompense

      補償 to return in kind

    21. porter

      搬運工 a person who carries burdens

    22. harlotry

      淫亂 sexual profligacy

    23. amiss

      通過踩踏來壓碎、傷害或毀壞 to crush, injure, or destroy by or as if by treading

    24. tramp l ed

      通過踩踏來壓碎、傷害或毀壞 to crush, injure, or destroy by or as if by treading

    25. pigeons

      廣泛分佈的鳥類科(鴿科,鴿形目)中的任何一種,具有粗壯的身體、相當短的腿和光滑緊湊的羽毛 any of a widely distributed family (Columbidae, order Columbiformes) of birds with a stout body, rather short legs, and smooth and compact plumage

    26. census

      古羅馬用於人口統計的量詞 a count of the population and a property evaluation in early Rome

    27. decree

      an order usually having the force of law 有法律效力的命令

    28. guile

      詭計 trick

    1. Instructive quotations: Who doesn’t love a great quote? And quotations can work very well in a media environment that privileges brevity and catchiness. On the surface, the words of a past leader might seem explanatory for a topical news story, but dig a little deeper into the quote’s original setting, and the particularities—who said it, when, and for what purpose—might make the saying less apt.

      Often instructive quotations aren't appropriate for the current situation because they have been stripped of their original context which doesn't apply to the new situation in which it is being used.

  14. Feb 2023
    1. Data Policy and related materialsometimes, on the contrary, demonstrate an oversupply of very high level, generalised information atthe expense of a more concise and meaningful delivery of the essential information necessary for thedata subject to understand the processing being undertaken and to exercise his/her rights in ameaningful way. Furthermore, while Facebook has chosen to provide its transparency information byway of pieces of text, there are other options available, such as the possible incorporation of tables,which might enable Facebook to provide the information required in a clear and concise manner,particularly in the case of an information requirement comprising a number of linked elements. Theimportance of concision cannot be overstated nonetheless. Facebook is entitled to provide additionalinformation to its user above and beyond that required by Article 13 and can provide whateveradditional information it wishes. However, it must first comply with more specific obligations under theGDPR, and then secondly ensure that the additional information does not have the effect of creatinginformation fatigue or otherwise diluting the effective delivery of the statutorily required information.That is simply what the GDPR requires.

      DPC again schools facebook in reality.

  15. Jan 2023
    1. Weread, for example, of Philistine incursions into the hill country, toMichmash in Benjamin (1 Samuel 13:23), and the Rephaim Valley nearJerusalem (2 Samuel 5:17–22). It was in one of these border disputes thatthe city at Khirbet Qeiyafa was conquered and destroyed.
    2. Samson, last of the Judges, who kills thelion and obtains honey from its corpse, attaches burning torches to the tailsof foxes, and carries the heavy gates of Gaza upon his shoulders
  16. Nov 2022
    1. Atendimento excepcional é a nossa prioridade.

      Aqui vale mudarmos para a seção "O que dizem sobre nós" da homepage

    1. « Le règlement intérieur comporte un chapitre consacré à la discipline des élèves. Il reproduit l'échelle des sanctions prévues à l'article R. 511-13 et prévoit les modalités de mise en œuvre des mesures de prévention, de responsabilisation et d'accompagnement, notamment lorsqu'elles font suite à la réintégration d'un élève exclu temporairement pour des faits de violence.»
  17. Oct 2022
    1. L'échelle des sanctions fixée à l'article R. 511-13 du code de l'Éducation est reproduite dans le règlement intérieur. Toutefois, le juge administratif (CE, 16 janvier 2008, MEN c/Mlle Ayse A, n° 295023) considère que, même en l'absence de toute mention dans le règlement intérieur, l'échelle des sanctions réglementaires est applicable de plein droit.
  18. Sep 2022
    1. Krótka historia nie tylko samej metody commonplace-book, co także informacje na temat książki Johna Locka (zob. Locke et al. 1706; Locke 1812) oraz dodatkowe informacje, zaczerpnięte z Roberta Darntona (Darnton 2000; zob. też: Darnton 2009). Na końcu są też informacje na temat porównania tej metody i prowadzenia notatek oraz strony przez samego autora, czyli Jeremy'ego Normana.

    2. (Darnton, “Extraordinary Commonplaces,” New York Review of Books 47 (20)[December 21, 2000] 82, 86)

      https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2000/12/21/extraordinary-commonplaces/

      Zob. też: Darnton 2009. (rozdział 10: The Mysteries of Reading)

    1. Artykuł na temat mediów społecznościowych wykorzystywanych przez instytucje kultury i organizacje pozarządowe; o ich roli, charakterze i sposobie podejścia do pracy z treściami tam publikowanych.

      Dwoma podstawowymi rolami mediów społecznościowych są: - przekazywanie treści, - budowanie społeczności.

      Dlatego istotnym elementem jest komunikacja z publicznością, do tego tak, często, jak często wymaga tego dane zagadnienie, a także bez zbędnego dystansu (zwracamy się "na ty"), czyli z naciskiem na społecznościowy charakter.

      Zatem rozmawiamy z ludźmi, jesteśmy blisko nich, tworzymy z nimi przyjazną przestrzeń do wspólnej dyskusji.

  19. Jul 2022
    1. ROMANS 13 The Most Disastrously Misinterpreted Scripturein the History of the Human Race

      Interesting read. I'm amazed I hadn't found it sooner considering how common this position is among archist Christians.

    1. Prof. Meiri: "Our study tracked changes at a much higher resolution over a considerably longer period of time compared to previous research. The results were illuminating: we found a continual, and very significant, decline in the size of animals hunted by humans over 1.5 million years. For example, a third of the bones left behind by Homo erectus at sites dated to about a million years ago, belonged to elephants that weighed up to 13 tons (more than twice the weight of the modern African elephant) and provided humans with 90% of their food. The mean weight of all animals hunted by humans at that time was 3 tons, and elephant bones were found at nearly all sites up to 500,000 years ago. "Starting about 400,000 years ago, the humans who lived in our region -- early ancestors of the Neandertals and Homo sapiens, appear to have hunted mainly deer, along with some larger animals weighing almost a ton, such as wild cattle and horses. Finally, in sites inhabited by modern humans, from about 50,000 to 10,000 years ago, approximately 70% of the bones belong to gazelles -- an animal that weighs no more than 20-30kg. Other remains found at these later sites came mostly from fallow deer (about 20%), as well as smaller animals such as hares and turtles."

      Progression of body mass over the last 1.5 million years in the Southern Levant: 1) Up to 500,000 years ago 1/3 of bones left behind at Homo Erectus sites belonged to 13 ton elephants that provided 90% of the food. Mean weight of all hunted animals at the time was 3 tons 2) Up to 400,000 years ago, early Neandertals and Homo Sapiens only hunted mainly deer and animals like wild cattle and horse that weighed no more than 1 ton. 3) From 50,000 to 10,000 years ago, 70^ of bones at modern human sites belonged to gazelles weighing between 20 and 30 kg, as well as fallow deer and hares and turtles.

  20. May 2022
    1. É importante estudar a fundo as relações da dinâmica social do período da Escravatura no Brasil para não cometer enganos e propagar mentiras...

    2. Os diferentes tipos de escravo no Brasil

      A Escravidão no Brasil possuía uma dinâmica muito mais complexa do que se faz acreditar nas Escolas de hoje.

  21. Mar 2022
  22. Dec 2021
    1. RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-100504-13

      DOI: 10.7554/eLife.72345

      Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-GENO-100504-13,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-100504-13)

      Curator: @scibot

      SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-100504-13


      What is this?

  23. Nov 2021
    1. is part of an attempt to channel funds to wealthy citizens

      incorrect- the program was to channel funds to lower class / (poor) citizens

  24. Jul 2021
  25. Mar 2021
    1. Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).

      AssayResult: 5

      AssayResultAssertion: Normal

      StandardErrorMean: 0.08

    2. A total of 84 PALB2 patient-derived missense variants reported in ClinVar, COSMIC, and the PALB2 LOVD database were selected

      HGVS: NM_024675.3:c.1238C>A p.(Thr413Lys)

    1. SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

      AssayResult: 96.97

      AssayResultAssertion: Not reported

      PValue: > 0.9999

      Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.

    2. To this end, 44 missense variants found in breast cancer patients were identified in the ClinVar database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar) and/or selected by literature curation based on their frequency of description or amino acid substitution position in the protein (Supplemental Table S1).

      HGVS: NM_024675.3:c.2816T>G p.(Leu939Trp)

    1. Source Data

      AssayResult: 20.08

      AssayResultAssertion: Not reported

      ReplicateCount: 2

      StandardErrorMean: 6.84

      Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.

    2. Source Data

      AssayResult: 10.68

      AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

      ReplicateCount: 2

      StandardErrorMean: 0.32

      Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.

    3. Source Data

      AssayResult: 10.4

      AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

      ReplicateCount: 2

      StandardDeviation: 3.22

      StandardErrorMean: 2.28

      Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.

    4. We, therefore, analyzed the effect of 48 PALB2 VUS (Fig. 2a, blue) and one synthetic missense variant (p.A1025R) (Fig. 2a, purple)29 on PALB2 function in HR.

      HGVS: NM_024675.3:c.1653T>A p.(Y551X)

    1. Most Suspected Brugada Syndrome Variants Had (Partial) Loss of Function

      AssayResult: 63.8

      AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate

      ReplicateCount: 25

      StandardErrorMean: 10.1

      Comment: This variant had mild loss of function (peak current >50% and <75% of wildtype), therefore it was considered inconclusive and neither abnormal nor normal in vitro function. (Personal communication: A. Glazer)

    2. we selected 73 previously unstudied variants: 63 suspected Brugada syndrome variants and 10 suspected benign variants

      HGVS: NM_198056.2:c.2203G>A p.(Ala735Thr)

    1. Effacement des sanctions et amnistieLes sanctions, même assorties du sursis à leur exécution, sont inscrites au dossier administratif de l'élève. L'avertissementest effacé du dossier administratif de l'élève à l'issue de l'année scolaire, le blâme et la mesure de responsabilisationsont effacés du dossier administratif de l’élève à l’issue de l’année suivant celle qui a suivi le prononcé de la sanction. Les autres sanctions, hormis l'exclusion définitive, sont effacées du dossier administratif de l'élève à l’issue de la deuxième année suivant celle du prononcé de la sanction.Toutefois, un élève peut demander(même s’il est mineur)l'effacement des sanctions inscrites, y compris l’exclusion définitive, dans son dossier administratif lorsqu'il change d'établissement(art R511-13).Les sanctions, y compris l’exclusion définitive, sont effacées du dossier administratif de l'élève au terme de sa scolarité dans le second degré (art R511-13).
  26. Feb 2021
    1. Supplemental material

      AssayResult: 66

      AssayResultAssertion: Normal

      Comment: See Table S2 for details

    2. Supplemental material

      AssayResult: 6

      AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

      Comment: See Table S2 for details

    3. We analysed a total of 82 blood samples derived from 77 individuals (online supplemental table 3). These 77 individuals corresponded either to new index cases suspected to harbour a pathogenic TP53 variant or to relatives of index cases harbouring TP53 variants.

      HGVS: NM_000546.5:c.323_329dup p.(Leu111Phefs*40)

  27. Oct 2020
    1. The variation of bandgap energy (Eg) and Urbach energy(EU) of ZnS thinfilms with deposition times is shown inFigure 13. TheEgvalues of ZnSfilms decrease with increas-ing deposition time which is due to the agglomeration ofthe ZnS-NPs. The minimum value ofEUobtained at 20 minindicates a very weak absorption tail due to minimizeddefects and impurities which improves the transparencyand optical conductivity of thefilm coated at that time.

      La variación de la energía del band gap y de Urbach de las películas delgadas de ZnS con tiempos de deposición es mostrado en la figura 13. La valores del energía band gap de las películas ZnS decrecían con el incremento del tiempo de deposición lo cual es debido a la aglomeración de las ZnS-NPS. El valor mínimo de la energía de Urbach obtenido a 20 min indica una muy débil cola de absorción debido los defectos minimizados e impurezas que mejoran la transparencia y la conductividad óptica en el revestimiento de la pelicula en ese momento.

  28. Jul 2019
  29. Jun 2019