None of us, students and faculty included, have really figured out how to live, learn, and work in the emerging digital media-cognitive ecology. So it is certainly true that we can struggle to accomplish various purposes with technologies pulling us in different directions
What could educators do to better prepare students to interact with digital media that leverages tech to go far beyond what paper and pen affords (tools, skills, etc.)?
she says of young digital natives
<groan/> Pretty much the right time to debunk this idea as, clearly, being “born in it” didn’t give them much of a clue.
change stereotypes
Here again, the notion isn’t to go beyond stereotypes but to replace one stereotype with another. http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/nov/19/-sp-barbie-can-be-a-computer-engineer-but-only-with-help-of-a-man
«Les professeurs qui publient dans une revue disciplinaire n'ont pas toujours le temps, ni la reconnaissance, pour publier dans d'autres publications sur leurs projets ou leurs innovations pédagogiques, explique Anastassis Kozanitis. S'ils le font, ces publications hors discipline ne sont pas reconnues pour leurs demandes de subvention. C'est un frein majeur à la diffusion des recherches dans le domaine au Canada.»
fail a little less
Much insight in this phrase.
the person whose skates suddenly point in the right direction..
Interesting metaphor. The “right direction” may still be counter to one’s core beliefs and principles while being the direction in which others are going. It’s a bit like the shelters and windmills (via).
see so much of what people were excited by and concerned about. And how they wanted to shape the future of their countries, of the world, and of humankind.
I love the article you picked! I found it to be really interesting! This is a great point that you made and something I reflected on as well while I was reading. Times change so quickly!
alue of a text by ascertaining the holiness of its author. In
prove the value of a text by asserting the holiness of its author.
This is ironically what T&P committees do.
Despite opinions to the contrary, these data suggest that there has been no apparent increase in overall productivity per active author over the last decade. Instead, authors are using their authorship potential more wisely by becoming more collaborative in the way they work, which is driving an apparent inflation in each author’s productivity as well as author bylines. Instead, the underlying driver of the volume increase in articles published is simply the introduction of new entrants/authors into the market. That is not surprising, as the total population of researchers globally continues to rise every year, and they become increasingly subject to the principles of "publish or perish": and so the cycle continues.
No increase in overall productivity of authors.
This rise in ‘fractional authorship’ (the claiming of credit for authorship of a published articles by more than one individual) is most likely driven by research collaboration, and is an efficient mechanism by which each author can increase their apparent productivity from the same underlying research contributions (i.e. articles per unique author) of 0.56 articles per unique author per year.
rise of fractional authorship
Over the past ten years or so, the number of authorships per unique author (2.31 in 2013) has increased while the number of articles per unique author (0.56 in 2013) has declined (see Figure 2),
Number of authorships per unique author has gone up a little; number of articles per unique author has declined (by a tiny amount). Authorships per article has risen much more significantly.
Results of our analysis show that there has been a consistent growth in the number of articles published over the past decade; from 1.3 million in 2003 to 2.4 million in 2013 (see Figure 1). At the same time, the number of authorships has increased at a far greater rate from 4.6 million in 2003 to 10 million in 2013.
authorships are growing at a much faster rate than articles (though interestingly, "unique authors" are also growing at a faster rate than authors... though I think what they mean is the number of unique individuals identified as authors, however many times they are identified (= unique authors) vs. "number of names appearing in bylines (=authorships).
The phenomenon has become a focus of academic research itself, as a search for the phrase in Scopus retrieved 305 documents published on the topic from 1962 to date. On average, more than 20 articles per year were published on the topic over the past 5 years (2009 – 2013), with 37 articles alone published in 2013.
publish or perish is the focus of lots of study.
A 1996 article by Eugene Garfield (3) traces the phrase back to at least 1942,
bibliography on "publish or perish"
Publish or perish? The rise of the fractional author…
Plume, Andrew, and Daphne van Weijen. 2014. “Publish or Perish? The Rise of the Fractional Author….” Research Trends, no. 38(September). https://www.researchtrends.com/issue-38-september-2014/publish-or-perish-the-rise-of-the-fractional-author/.
Some researchers attribute the phrase to Kimball C. Atwood III, who is said to have coined the phrase in 1950 (
origin of the phrase "publish or perish"
Rennie’s and Flanagin’s (1994, p. 469) beguilingly simplequestion: “. . . how many people can wield one pen?” S
How many people can yield one pen? Question about authorship
But schemata actually move such mental grids from a synchronic position
Framing his Quotation.
One was that they were .inspired by fear, the other that they were inextricably confused with defilement and hygiene.
50–70 years for a journal article
depending on the country it will be published
Sit and click. Sit and click.
Both Udacity and Knewton require the human, the learner, to become a technology, to become a component within their well-architected software system. Sit and click. Sit and click.
"God is more dear than all of His cre-ation."
They believe they are sacrificing themselves for a greater purpose. The author is reminding them and helping them to convince themselves of this.
Mistakes are not just opportunities for learning; they are, in an important sense, the only opportunity for learning or making something truly new. Before there can be learning, there must be learners. There are only two non-miraculous ways for learners to come into existence: they must either evolve or be designed and built by learners that evolved. Biological evolution proceeds by a grand, inexorable process of trial and error — and without the errors the trials wouldn’t accomplish anything.
Because many of the theories deal with issues of power, students on the margin for particular reasons--ethnicity, class, ability--;ire often more receptive to the basic ideological premises of these theories than are their more privileged peers, who sometimes respond to theories such as gender and class as using the master's tools to dismantle the tnaster's house.
This is a really awesome thought and it makes a lot of sense to me. In general, I really dislike when certain texts or concepts are left out of non-honors/AP curricula because I think it's dismissive of students' abilities. At my current student teaching placement Romeo & Juliet is being significantly "dumbed down", and as an educator and lover of Shakespeare it's making me very sad. :(
in the latter both the wide differential in manuscript rejection rates and the high correlation between refereerecommendations and editorial decisions suggests that reviewers and editors agree more on acceptance than on rejection.
In "specific and focussed" fields, the agreement tends to be more on acceptance than rejection.
In the former there is also much more agreement on rejectionthan acceptance
In "general and diffuse" fields, there is more agreement on paper rejection than in "specific and focussed."
excellencetorecognizeexcellence
Excellence to recognise excellence quotation.
. I consider that my job, as a philosopher, is to activate the possible, and not to describe the probable, that is, to think situations with and through their unknowns when I can feel them
The job of a philosopher is to "activate the possible, not describe the probable."
Levine, T., Asada, K. J., & Carpenter, C. (2009). Sample sizes and effect sizes are negatively correlated inmeta-analyses: Evidence and implications of a publication bias against non-significant findings.Communication Monographs, 76, 286–302
Paris, G., De Leo, G., Menozzi, P., & Gatto, M. (1998). Region-based citation bias in science.Nature, 396,6708
Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.Psychological Bulletin, 86,638–641
p
Song, F. J., Parekh-Bhurke, S., Hooper, L., Loke, Y. K., Ryder, J. J., Sutton, A. J., et al. (2009). Extent ofpublication bias in different categories of research cohorts: A meta-analysis of empirical studies.BMCMedical Research Methodology, 9, 79
Sterling, T. D. (1959). Publication decisions and their possible effects on inferences drawn from tests ofsignificance—Or vice versa.Journal of the American Statistical Association, 54, 30–34
publication bias
Osuna, C., Crux-Castro, L., & Sanz-Menedez, L. (2011). Overturning some assumptions about the effects ofevaluation systems on publication performance.Scientometrics, 86, 575–592
evaluation systems and publication performance
Pautasso, M. (2010). Worsening file-drawer problem in the abstracts of natural, medical and social sciencedatabases.Scientometrics, 85(1), 193–202
Schmidt, S. (2009). Shall we really do it again? The powerful concept of replication is neglected in thesocial sciences.Review of General Psychology, 13(2), 90–100.
Shelton, R. D., Foland, P., & Gorelskyy, R. (2009). Do new SCI journals have a different national bias?Scientometrics, 79(2), 351–363. doi:
Silvertown, J., & McConway, K. J. (1997). Does ‘‘publication bias’’ lead to biased science?Oikos, 79(1),167–168.
Yousefi-Nooraie, R., Shakiba, B., & Mortaz-Hejri, S. (2006). Country development and manuscript selec-tion bias: A review of published studies.BMC Medical Research Methodology, 6, 37
On developing countries and science
Evanschitzky, H., Baumgarth, C., Hubbard, R., & Armstrong, J. S. (2007). Replication research’s disturbingtrend.Journal of Business Research, 60(4), 411–415. doi
replication research
Jeng, M. (2006). A selected history of expectation bias in physics.American Journal of Physics, 74(7),578–583
History of expectation bias in physics
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2008a). Perfect study, poor evidence: Interpretation of biases preceding study design.Seminars in Hematology, 45(3), 160–166
effect of positive bias
Feigenbaum, S., & Levy, D. M. (1996). Research bias: Some preliminary findings.Knowledge and Policy:The International Journal of Knowledge Transfer and Utilization, 9(2 & 3), 135–142.
Positive bias
Song, F., Parekh, S., Hooper, L., Loke, Y. K., Ryder, J., Sutton, A. J., et al. (2010). Dissemination andpublication of research findings: An updated review of related biases.Health Technology Assessment,14(8), 1–193. doi
positive bias
De Rond, M., & Miller, A. N. (2005). Publish or perish—Bane or boon of academic life?Journal ofManagement Inquiry, 14(4), 321–329. doi:
On how increased pressure to publish diminishes creativity.
Several possible problems have been hypothesised, including: undue proliferation ofpublications and atomization of results (Gad-el-Hak2004; Statzner and Resh2010);impoverishment of research creativity, favouring ‘‘normal’’ science and predictable out-comes at the expense of pioneering, high-risk studies (De Rond and Miller2005); growingjournal rejection rates and bias against negative and non-significant results (because theyattract fewer readers and citations) (Statzner and Resh2010; Lortie1999); sensationalism,inflation and over-interpretation of results (Lortie1999; Atkin2002; Ioannidis2008b);increased prevalence of research bias and misconduct (Qiu2010). Indirect empiricalevidence supports at least some of these concerns. The per-capita paper output of scientistshas increased, whilst their career duration has decreased over the last 35 years in thephysical sciences (Fronczak et al.2007). Rejection rates of papers have increased in thehigh-tier journals (Larsen and von Ins2010; Lawrence2003). Negative sentences such as‘‘non-significant difference’’ have decreased in frequency in papers’ abstracts, while catchyexpressions such as ‘‘paradigm shift’’ have increased in the titles (Pautasso2010; Atkin2002). No study, however, has yet verified directly whether the scientific literature isenduring actual changes in conten
Good discussion (and bibliography) of problems involved in hyper competition
Formann, A. K. (2008). Estimating the proportion of studies missing for meta-analysis due to publicationbias.Contemporary Clinical Trials, 29(5), 732–739. doi
estimate of positive bias in clinical trials.
Fronczak, P., Fronczak, A., & Holyst, J. A. (2007). Analysis of scientific productivity using maximumentropy principle and fluctuation-dissipation theorem.Physical Review E, 75(2), 026103. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.75.026103.
On rising scientific productivity over shorter careers.
Atkin, P. A. (2002). A paradigm shift in the medical literature.British Medical Journal, 325(7378),1450–1451
On the rise of sexy terms like "paradigm shift" in abstracts.
Bonitz, M., & Scharnhorst, A. (2001). Competition in science and the Matthew core journals.Sciento-metrics, 51(1), 37–54
Matthew effect
To publish. And sometimes publish in the right journals.... In my discipline ...there’s just a few journals, and if you’re not in that journal, then yourpublication doesn’t really count
Importance of "top" journals
In addition to that, the other thing that they focus on is science as celebrity.... Sothe standards are, ‘‘How much did it cost, and is it in the news?’’ And if it didn’tcost much and if it is not in the news, but it got a lot of behind-the-scenes talkwithin your discipline, they don’t know that, nor do they care
Importance of news-worthiness.
You’ve got to have a billionpublications in my field. That is the bottom line. That’s the only thing that counts.You can fail to do everything else as long as you have lots and lots of papers
Importance of publications in science--overrules everything else.
Pfeffer, J. (1992).Managing with power: Politics and influence in organizations. Boston: HarvardBusiness School Press
On competition.
The winner-take-all aspect of the priority rule has its drawbacks, however. It can encourage secrecy, sloppy practices, dishonesty and an excessive emphasis on surrogate measures of scientific quality, such as publication in high-impact journals. The editors of the journal Nature have recently exhorted scientists to take greater care in their work, citing poor reproducibility of published findings, errors in figures, improper controls, incomplete descriptions of methods and unsuitable statistical analyses as evidence of increasing sloppiness. (Scientific American is part of Nature Publishing Group.)As competition over reduced funding has increased markedly, these disadvantages of the priority rule may have begun to outweigh its benefits. Success rates for scientists applying for National Institutes of Health funding have recently reached an all-time low. As a result, we have seen a steep rise in unhealthy competition among scientists, accompanied by a dramatic proliferation in the number of scientific publications retracted because of fraud or error. Recent scandals in science are reminiscent of the doping problems in sports, in which disproportionately rich rewards going to winners has fostered cheating.
How the priority rule is killing science.
The role of external influences on the scientific enterprise must not be ignored. With funding success rates at historically low levels, scientists are under enormous pressure to produce high-impact publications and obtain research grants. The importance of these influences is reflected in the burgeoning literature on research misconduct, including surveys that suggest that approximately 2% of scientists admit to having fabricated, falsified, or inappropriately modified results at least once (24). A substantial proportion of instances of faculty misconduct involve misrepresentation of data in publications (61%) and grant applications (72%); only 3% of faculty misconduct involved neither publications nor grant applications.
Importance of low funding rates as incitement to fraud
The predominant economic system in science is “winner-take-all” (17, 18). Such a reward system has the benefit of promoting competition and the open communication of new discoveries but has many perverse effects on the scientific enterprise (19). The scientific misconduct among both male and female scientists observed in this study may well reflect a darker side of competition in science. That said, the preponderance of males committing research misconduct raises a number of interesting questions. The overrepresentation of males among scientists committing misconduct is evident, even against the backdrop of male overrepresentation among scientists, a disparity more pronounced at the highest academic ranks, a parallel with the so-called “leaky pipeline.” There are multiple factors contributing to the latter, and considerable attention has been paid to factors such as the unique challenges facing young female scientists balancing personal and career interests (20), as well as bias in hiring decisions by senior scientists, who are mostly male (21). It is quite possible that, in at least some cases, misconduct at high levels may contribute to attrition of woman from the senior ranks of academic researchers.
Reason for fraud: winner take all
Editors, Publishers, Impact Factors, and Reprint Income
On the incentives for journal editors to publish papers they think might improve IF... and how citations are gamed.
Altmetrics as a Potential Solution
WASHINGTON — While aspects of the U.S. economy have improved, money continues to be a top cause of stress for Americans, according to the new Stress in America™: Paying With Our Health survey released today by the American Psychological Association. According to the survey, parents, younger generations and those living in lower-income households report higher levels of stress than Americans overall, especially when it comes to stress about money.
Money is one of the tops causes of stress for Americans, especially for adults and younger generations with lower-income. This would be interesting to research more into because I believe adults have more to stress about when it comes to money (taxes, necessities, etc.)
After administering the marijuana, the research team gauged each participant’s ability to complete cognitive tasks that included two types of creative thinking. The first task: "Think of as many uses as you can for a pen"
After reading what these researchers think is a test of the creative thinking that is the subject of this study, I can think of one use for the pen that involves the phrase, "...and put it where the sun don't shine!"
P.S. And as a proud owner of a Mya-Moe ukulele, I am disturbed at the article's theme-image implication that we ukulele players are a bunch of joint-honking, creativity-lacking slackers, the Millennial equivalent of Beat Poets!
P.P.S. Upon further reflection, it has been brought to my attention that the tiny instrument in the article's theme image has, in fact, six strings not four. This then puts into question the appropriateness of my outrage over the article's apparent disparagement of ukulele players. Fair enough, it may be a small bodied guitar. But it may also be a six-string ukulele, depending on its tuning.
I am inclined to go with it being a six-string uke, but am reserving my outrage until we have further evidence to go on.
If you have an opinion about whether said instrument is guitar or ukulele... OR if you'd care to comment on whether creativity can be measured by things like the "pen use test," annotate away in response, please.
Compare and contrast two or more versions of the same story (e.g., Cinderella stories) by different authors or from different cultures.
This would require child to read different versions of the same story in order to understand different cultures. Students can make Venn diagrams or use other graphic organizers to compare and contrast
any of the classic fairy tales, cinderella, little red riding hood and more would help teach this standard.
nd C
The Spanish wanted to take over the natives land because of the wealth and happiness it could bring to them. Central and South America was rumored to have fortunes around the land.
In the biological exchange between Europeans and Native Americans, what diseases, plants, and animals were exchanged? The diseases that Europeans brought over to the Americas were measles, smallpox and influenza. Domesticated animals, squash, beans, corn and tobacco were among the many things traded between the Native Americans and the Europeans.
What are the ways that European powers claim their right to claim land in the Americas?
Huge expeditions, resembling vast moving communities, composed of hundreds of soldiers, settlers, priests, and slaves, with enormous numbers of livestock, moved across the continent.
It is amazing how many people risked their own lives just to come to America because they knew that they could make money off of what was already there.
They ruled their empire through a decentralized network of subject peoples that paid regular tribute–including everything from the most basic items, such as corn, beans, and other foodstuffs, to luxury goods such as jade, cacao, and gold–and provided troops for the empire.
The Spanish was trying to take control over North and Central America. They were taking away valued goods from the Native Americans and made money off of it.
Recently rediscovered photos from The Band's 1976 Last Waltz concert. link
Today, she encourages the women she works with to NEVER say they know nothing about technology.
Gender differences in self-assessments of technological skills are a well-known phenomenon, but it remains tricky. Brenda’s approach works really well, in no small part because of her own skills and personality.
In my experience, email becomes a pit where ideas go off to die.
Well...applies to blogs as well even when in a fishbowl. Readers are not codeswitching carefully and intentionally.
The #WalkMyWorld Project is an open education, open publishing, and open research initiative. In it we develop and facilitate a mentored, open, online learning community in which educators and their students use social media (e.g. Twitter) to connect and share.
A fishbowl discussion is a participatory form of dialogue that allows the entire group to participate in a conversation.
fishbowl defined
In this post I discuss the possibilities for using your personal blogs, and Medium to create a fishbowl discussion for use in project and research planning
Purpose of post
unlawfully assembling themselves together
in other words, if you are black or mixed-race you have to have permission to gather in a group. Did they have permission to gather in churches? Might this be one way they "legally" gathered and help explain the prominence of black churches in the Civil Rights Movement many years later?
David Bowie died 10 January 2016 after an 18-month battle with cancer. On 8 January, his birthday, he released his 25th album, Blackstar.
Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 were recently produced in laboratories. 114 and 116 were created about five years ago. There is a petition to name one of the new elements Lemmium, after rock musician Lemmy Kilmister, who died 28 December 2015. It has 133,465 signatures so far.
the shootings- I just
See other notes that are tagged "en- and em-dashes" for explanation. This actually isn't such a big deal IMO, esp. if it's consistent throughout the entire publication. But if you wanted to know about it, it's there. Let's face it: Most folks reading this probably won't care a bit (or even know about) the distinction or rules. So, you can probably ignore anything that's labeled as such (tag: en- and em-dashes).
invitation- it will not happen without your participation. It is simply an idea - that we should
OK, two things: en-dashes and em-dashes, and spacing with regard to each.
The latter—em-dashes—are usually roughly double or triple the length of the former (an en-dash).
The usage is different for each. (Wikipedia has a great article on them.)
While I'm not entirely certain about the first instance ('invitation- it will not...')... whether there should be a space on both sides of it, or neither side, or okay the way it is (i.e., with no space before, but with a space after)... I am reasonably sure it should be an em-dash (the longer one).
In the second instance: I believe it should be an em-dash (the longer one, again). However, I'm uncertain whether—having replaced it —there should remain spaces on both sides. This may have something to do with whether or not there are two of them surrounding a clause (i.e., to replace a pair of parentheses), or whether it's being used to replace something more akin to a colon.
Side note: Occasionally, when typing on a standard keyboard, two adjacent hyphens or en-dashes (see also footnote*) will be used, like so: --
However, this is not a true substitution for an em-dash, like so: —
Research needed (on proper spacing in various cases of em-dash usage, primarily). Man, syntax is complicated!
( footnote:<br> not even hyphens and en-dashes themselves* are the same... but sometimes, given the limitations of a standard keyboard or plain-er text typing program, the same character will used synonymously for both... however, it's generally frowned upon in more formal publications, I believe.)
folks-
Yet another concern about en-dashes, em-dashes, and the appropriate spacing for either (depending also on the purpose of their use).
The blurring of boundaries between the body and the city raises complexities in relationto our understanding of the human subject and the changing characteristics of humanagency.
Maybe this is to say we shouldn't be blurring the lines of the boundaries so much then? Sounds a bit like playing with fire..
who ate fire in paint hotels or drank turpentine in Paradise Alley, death, or purgatoried their torsos night after night with dreams, with drugs, with waking nightmares, alcohol and cock and endless balls,
Fire and turpentine are destructive elements but are described as something of "paradise" and they fulfill the "dreams" of the subjects. It could also be described through the motif the beautiful and the sublime. The subjects search the vastness of life with the beautiful drugs, alcohol and experiences.
The rise of farmers’ markets — in city centers, college towns, and rural squares — is testament to a dramatic shift in American tastes. Consumers increasingly are seeking out the flavors of fresh, vine-ripened foods grown on local farms rather than those trucked to supermarkets from faraway lands. “This is not a fringe foodie culture,” says [Anthony] Flaccavento. “These are ordinary, middle-income folks who have become really engaged in food and really care about where their food comes from.
middle class citizens are becoming more involved in the Locavore movement. they are starting to take notice of their food.
What is the correlation between levels of student responses to each other and outcomes?
Levels and types of responses. Just read such an analysis, based on Brookfield and Preskill’s “Conversational Moves”.
singing
fiddled whisper music on those strings
What the Thunder Said
The natural world deciding to make its opinion known
frosty silence
shouting and the crying
Instead, the concentration of poverty has been paired with a concentration of melanin.
Poverty is concentrated among those with dark skin.
Him the Almighty Power Hurled headlong flaming from th' ethereal sky, With hideous ruin and combustion, down To bottomless perdition, there to dwell In adamantine chains and penal fire,
Who first seduced them to that foul revolt?
have come to think of themselves as communities of naked, shivering, quaking little selves – too vulnerable to take a joke, too damaged to make one
any kind of representation or association that resembles or even merely represents the theme of the original painful experience
a cultural event, a painting, a play, a speech, a casual use of slang, a characterization, a caricature and so on whether or not the “damaging” speech/characterization occurs within a complex aesthetic work
focused on language, slang and naming.
poorly phrased question, another person’s bad word choice
humor is something that feminists in particular, but radical politics in general, are accused of lacking. Recent controversies within queer communities around language, slang, satirical or ironic representation and perceptions of harm or offensive have created much controversy with very little humor recently, leading to demands for bans, censorship and name changes
Hahn: Welche BND-Selektoren hat NSA geprüft? W.O.: Alle, die in Bad Aibling waren und gesteuert werden sollen. Hahn: Wird ja Geheimnis um Auftragsprofil des BND (APB) gemacht. Aber USA können das ja aus BND-Selektoren ablesen? W.O.: USA wissen, wonach BND in Bad Aibling sucht, ja. Hahn: Aber es wird nicht alles eingespeist in Bad Aibling? W.O.: Nein, gibt Sperrvermerke. Darf ist das sagen? Wolff: Ja, grob. W.O.: Es gibt Sperrvermerke für Selektoren gegenüber bestimmten AND. (!)
historical political boundaries of the native Americans
We view the world in these simplified 2D representations of clearcut political entities. Fredrik Barth and Benedict Anderson have said quite a few important things about these issues of maps and boundaries.
"What really is our role as professors?" he asks. "Is our role to simply give out information and people will use it as they wish? Or is our role to honestly and truly help guide people to be who they are and how they will live their life?"
H. Wang, M. A. Winnik, I. Manners, Synthesis and self-assembly of poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane- b -2-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymers. Macromolecules 40, 3784 (2007).
In this paper, the authors developed a new class of diblock copolymers that have a metal-containing hydrophobic block (PFS) and an organic hydrophilic block (P2VP): PFS = poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane) and P2VP = poly(2-vinylpyridine). The authors of this publication discovered the ability to obtain spherical and cylindrical morphologies simply by using different alcohols. Having established the ability to obtain cylindrical micelles using the PFS-b-P2VP block copolymer system in isopropyl alcohol, the authors modified their approach in the current study to obtain supermicelles.
P. A. Rupar, G. Cambridge, M. A. Winnik, I. Manners, Reversible cross-linking of polyisoprene coronas in micelles, block comicelles, and hierarchical micelle architectures using Pt(0)–olefin coordination. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 16947 (2011).
This paper established that Karstedt's catalysts ability to cross-link the double bonds in polyisoprene in the absences of silicon-containing molecules. Besides acquiring a variety of morphologies, the authors also investigated their ability to use Karstedt's catalyst to synthesize reversible polymer gel networks.
X. S. Wanget al., Shell-cross-linked cylindrical polyisoprene- b -polyferrocenylsilane (PI- b -PFS) block copolymer micelles: One-dimensional (1D) organometallic nanocylinders. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 5630 (2007).
This reference investigates the development of 1D nano-structures through the use of cross-linked cylindrical micelles. This paper highlights possible applications for these 1D nanomaterials such as microfluidics.
R. K. O’Reilly, C. J. Hawker, K. L. Wooley, Cross-linked block copolymer micelles: functional nanostructures of great potential and versatility. Chem. Soc. Rev. 35, 1068 (2006).
This review paper describes the uses and progress made in the field of cross-linked micelles. Concepts covered include stabilization as well chemical modification and functionalization.
W. Zhanget al., Supramolecular linear heterojunction composed of graphite-like semiconducting nanotubular segments. Science 334, 340 (2011).
References: This paper describes the synthesis of semiconducting nanotubes through a process similar to CDSA by connecting dissimilar junctions, referred to as heterojuntions, to study the behaviors of photocarriers.
Z.-X. Du, J.-T. Xu, Z.-Q. Fan, Micellar morphologies of poly(ε-caprolactone)- b -poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymers in water with a crystalline core. Macromolecules 40, 7633 (2007).
This paper describes the use of a biodegradable polymer in order to obtain a variety of micelle morphologies. A concept referred to as tethering density is used in this paper to explain unexpected morphologies.
Schmelz, M. Karg, T. Hellweg, H. Schmalz, General pathway toward crystalline-core micelles with tunable morphology and corona segregation. ACS Nano 5, 9523 (2011).
This paper uses triblock copolymers to synthesize cylindrical and spherical micelles. By carefully controlling crystallization, the authors were able to control the micellar morphology in a highly selective fashion.
T. Gädt, N. S. Ieong, G. Cambridge, M. A. Winnik, I. Manners, Complex and hierarchical micelle architectures from diblock copolymers using living, crystallization-driven polymerizations. Nat. Mater. 8, 144 (2009).
This paper utilizes CDSA to synthesize noncylindrical block co-micelles. The authors utilized plateletlike micelle and cylindrical micelles in order to form scarflike architectures using platelet-cylindrical and cylindrical-cylindrical connections.
X. S. Wanget al., Cylindrical block copolymer micelles and co-micelles of controlled length and architecture. Science 317, 644 (2007)
This paper describes the discovery of CDSA. The authors draw a comparison to living polymerization and explain the phenomenon of epitaxial crystallization-induced co-micellization
Y. Xia, B. D. Olsen, J. A. Kornfield, R. H. Grubbs, Efficient synthesis of narrowly dispersed brush copolymers and study of their assemblies: The importance of side chain arrangement. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 18525 (2009).
This reference describes the synthesis of brush block and random copolymers. The polymers are referred to as a "brush" because pendant groups are dangling off the main chain. The brush polymers synthesized were amphiphilic and demonstrated self-assembly.
Walther, M. Drechsler, A. H. E. Müller, Structures of amphiphilic Janus discs in aqueous media. Soft Matter 5, 385 (2009).
This paper describes the synthesis of amphiphilic Janus discs using a block terpolymer (three distinct blocks comprised of three distinct monomers). Two different size discs were made where, depending on size, the manner in which the hydrophobic side is "protected" from water can vary. The smaller discs are stabilized by the long hydrophilic polymer chains, protruding out of one side and shielding the hydrophobic side against water. The larger discs undergo aggregation as well as bending to again shield the hydrophobic side from the water by flipping over one part of the structure.
J. Dupont, G. Liu, ABC triblock copolymer hamburger-like micelles, segmented cylinders, and Janus particles. Soft Matter 6, 3654 (2010).
This reference is an example where triblock copolymers were photo-crosslinked to create Janus particles which were classified as "hamburger-like" micelles.
Walther, A. H. E. Müller, Janus particles. Soft Matter 4, 663 (2008)
This review paper discusses a class of noncentrosymmetric nanoparticles referred to as the Janus particle. These particles are rather challenging to synthesize because two different chemistries are present on the surface of the particle.
H. Cui, Z. Chen, S. Zhong, K. L. Wooley, D. J. Pochan, Block copolymer assembly via kinetic control. Science 317, 647 (2007).
This paper utilized charged polymers as well as metal cations and a variety of solvents to kinetically trap unique micelle morphologies. The self-assembly systems were forced down a specific pathway in order to form morphologies that would not have typically occurred without assistance.
L. Zhang, A. Eisenberg, Multiple morphologies of “crew-cut” aggregates of polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) block copolymers. Science 268, 1728 (1995).
This paper was one of the first papers to establish the ability to form micelles of different morphologies (beyond just spherical) for systems using amphiphilic block copolymers
semiconducting nanotubes
To read how semiconducting nanotubes can be used to potentially improve eyesight click here:
nanotechnology
To read general information on nanotechnology click on the following link:
http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition
The following article is an interestng example of using nanotechnology to create jewelery:
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/18/style/international/jewelry-nanotechnology.html
J. F. Soderholm, S. L. Bird, P. Kalab, Y. Sampathkumar, K. Hasegawa, M. Uehara-Bingen, K. Weis, R. Heald, Importazole, a small molecule inhibitor of the transport receptor importin-β. ACS Chem. Biol. 6, 700–708 (2011).
Importazole is a small molecule inhibitor of the transport receptor importin-β. This inhibitor was identified by a screening assay developed by the authors of this paper.
A. J. Firestone, J. S. Weinger, M. Maldonado, K. Barlan, L. D. Langston, M. O’Donnell, V. I. Gelfand, T. M. Kapoor, J. K. Chen, Small-molecule inhibitors of the AAA+ ATPase motor cytoplasmic dynein. Nature 484, 125–129 (2012). doi:10.1038/nature10936 pmid:22425997
This work reported the discovery of ciliobrevins, the first specific small-molecule antagonists of cytoplasmic dynein.
K. V. Butler, J. Kalin, C. Brochier, G. Vistoli, B. Langley, A. P. Kozikowski, Rational design and simple chemistry yield a superior, neuroprotective HDAC6 inhibitor, tubastatin A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 10842–10846 (2010). doi:10.1021/ja102758v pmid:20614936
This paper reported the development of Tubastatin A, a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor.
H. Ouyang, Y. O. Ali, M. Ravichandran, A. Dong, W. Qiu, F. MacKenzie, S. Dhe-Paganon, C. H. Arrowsmith, R. G. Zhai, Protein aggregates are recruited to aggresome by histone deacetylase 6 via unanchored ubiquitin C termini. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 2317–2327 (2012).
This work suggested a novel ubiquitin-mediated signaling pathway, where the exposure of ubiquitin C termini within protein aggregates enables HDAC6 recognition and transport to the aggresome. The authors found that the ubiquitin-binding domain (ZnF-UBP) of HDAC6, instead of recognizing protein aggregates by binding directly to polyubiquitinated proteins, binds exclusively to the unanchored C-terminal diglycine motif of ubiquitin.
Y. Zhang, B. Gilquin, S. Khochbin, P. Matthias, Two catalytic domains are required for protein deacetylation. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 2401–2404 (2006).
In this report, the authors showed that both HDAC domains are required for the intact deacetylase activity of HDAC-6.
Y. Zhang, S. Kwon, T. Yamaguchi, F. Cubizolles, S. Rousseaux, M. Kneissel, C. Cao, N. Li, H. L. Cheng, K. Chua, D. Lombard, A. Mizeracki, G. Matthias, F. W. Alt, S. Khochbin, P. Matthias, Mice lacking histone deacetylase 6 have hyperacetylated tubulin but are viable and develop normally. Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 1688–1701 (2008). doi:10.1128/MCB.01154-06 pmid:18180281
In this study, the author generated HDAC6 knock out mice and investigated the in vivo functions of HDAC6 and the relevance of tubulin acetylation/deacetylation. they observed that HDAC6-deficient mice are viable and fertile and show hyperacetylated tubulin in most tissues.They concluded that mice survive well without HDAC6 and that tubulin hyperacetylation is not detrimental to normal mammalian development.
I. Kemler, G. Whittaker, A. Helenius, Nuclear import of microinjected influenza virus ribonucleoproteins. Virology 202, 1028–1033 (1994).
This work showed that when influenza virus ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs), devoid of M1, were introduced into the cytoplasm of cells by microinjection, they were found to be imported into the nucleus, and the RNA was transcribed. Their uptake into the nucleus was ATP-dependent, inhibited by antibodies to the nuclear pore complex, unaffected by the prior acidification of the vRNPs, and not inhibited by an anti-virurs, called amantadine. These experiments demonstrated that for productive infection, all the early stages of the viral entry pathway can be bypassed.
anerjee, Y. Yamauchi, A. Helenius, P. Horvath, High-content analysis of sequential events during the early phase of influenza A virus infection. PLOS ONE 8, e68450 (2013).
This study provides a powerful high-throughput platform to understand the host cell processes. The authors developed quantitative, imaging-based assays to dissect seven consecutive steps in the early phases of IAV infection in tissue culture cells.
K. S. Matlin, H. Reggio, A. Helenius, K. Simons, Infectious entry pathway of influenza virus in a canine kidney cell line. J. Cell Biol. 91, 601–613 (1981).
This work investigated the cell fusion process of representatives of 3 families of enveloped viruses. it was discovered that hemagglutinin plays a role for the influenza in the low-pH-dependent membrane fusion activity. Low-pH-induced fusion is a widespread property of enveloped animal viruses and that it may play a role in the infective process.
L. H. Pinto, L. J. Holsinger, R. A. Lamb, Influenza virus M2 protein has ion channel activity. Cell 69, 517–528 (1992).
The authors of this paper identified the ion channel activity of M2.
J. White, K. Matlin, A. Helenius, Cell fusion by Semliki Forest, influenza, and vesicular stomatitis viruses. J. Cell Biol. 89, 674–679 (1981).
This work investigated the cell fusion process of representatives of 3 families of enveloped viruses. it was discovered that hemagglutinin plays a role for the influenza in the low-pH-dependent membrane fusion activity. Low-pH-induced fusion is a widespread property of enveloped animal viruses and that it may play a role in the infective process.
K. Martin, A. Helenius, Nuclear transport of influenza virus ribonucleoproteins: The viral matrix protein (M1) promotes export and inhibits import. Cell 67, 117–130 (1991). doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90576-K pmid:1913813
This work described the nuclear transport of influenza virus ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs). Viral matrix protein (M1) associates with newly assembled vRNPs in the nucleus and escorts them to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores. In contrast, during entry of the virus into a new host cell, M1 protein dissociates from the RNPs, allowing them to enter the nucleus.
new antiviral strategies
Possible Therapy? Find out what the author Dr. Yamauchi says in this regard.
G. Larson, J. Burger,Trends Genet.29, 197–205 (2013).
This study is about animal domestication. It explains that the dog is the only animal domesticated before the advent of agriculture. It also discuss the limits of mtDNA analysis.
Nonetheless, ourmtDNA genome tree shows that three of four
Read more about this research in these two news articles: DNA Analysis Indicates Domesticated Dogs Originated In Europe
DNA hint of European origin for dogs
Dogs are one of the best known examplesof domestication, the process of speciesmodification over time by human-inducedselection
Check out a Science special issue on Dogs: http://www.sciencemag.org/site/extra/dogs/
onset of domesticationthere 18,800 to 32,100 years ago.
Wolves were domesticated much earlier than thought. Researchers discovered that wolves were domesticated by European hunter-gatherers between 19,000 and 32,000 years ago. The analysis cannot, however, be used to determine the origin of the dog, argues a Danish DNA scientist.
http://sciencenordic.com/wolves-became-domesticated-dogs-much-earlier-thought
The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is a highlydynamic composite polymer material.
most gorgeous dream
I'm wondering if "the dream" -- at least as Coates sketches it out in the remainder of this paragraph -- has become a "war with the known world" for people without education and money. Is it about race or class. Robert Putnam makes a good case for the problem being about rising economic inequality in America, even as racial and sexual divisions have been lessening.
stopping and frisking you
Stop and frisk has ended, right? Not so fast: "The NYPD hasn’t ended its practice of stop-and-frisk...." It just stopped reporting the number of stops.
lose my body
I'm just trying to imagine how it might make Coates son squirm to have his dad talk to him about his body. I guess I'm squirming a bit too. I'm expecting to hear about racism, but here I'm being asked to think about a body.
Apple’s superior position on privacy needs to be the icing on the cake, not their primary selling point.
Yeah... 'cause apparently no one actually cares...
frequently attracted people who felt frustrated, suffocated by their family, and lacking other means of self-expression than private writing. This explains the over representation of women and homosexuals within the ranks of the diarists
I lol'd.
Lethe (Leith)
The River Lethe was one of the rivers of Hades in Greek mythology. Exposure to its waters was held to lead to loss of memory, or, more intriguingly, a state of "unmindfulness" and oblivion. From this origin, it has re-appeared throughout western culture, from Dante to Tony Banks's first solo album (River Lethe in popular culture, Wikipedia).
By providing the alternative spelling of Leith, Alasdair Roberts 'doubles' this meaning with the Water of Leith, a river that runs through Edinburgh, and co-locates ancient Greek and contemporary Scots mythology.
The idea of eternal return is bound up with memory, with cultures being compelled to repeat and confront the missteps of the past. So the oblivion of forgetfulness provided by the endless Lethe provides a form of antidote or escape.
my sermons seven
In interview with Tyler Wilcox in 2009, Alasdair Roberts referred to the
specifically Jungian references to the "sermons seven" and mandalas... it's like a quest song against conflict and towards individuation. I know a lot of people with strong political or religious convictions whose musical and artistic practice is guided by that – in some ways I envy that kind of certitude, but I suppose my thing is always about flexibility, multiplicity, confusion wanting to reflect the turmoil of reality... always trying to remember that the oar in the ocean is a winnowing fan on dry land.'
That is, the human annotators are likely to assign different relevance labels to a document, depending on the quality of the last document they had judged for the same query. In addi- tion to manually assigned labels, we further show that the implicit relevance labels inferred from click logs can also be affected by an- choring bias. Our experiments over the query logs of a commercial search engine suggested that searchers’ interaction with a document can be highly affected by the documents visited immediately be- forehand.
After all, don’t we tend to examine our motivations for doing something only when we have reason to doubt that we are doing the right thing?
change:
'only'
to:
'primarily'
It migh
http://dev-stem-ethics.gotpantheon.com/node/53
Replace
"It might provide..."
With:
"This fatalistic attitude..."
The Philosophy of Intellectual Property
