Assault requires (both): Defendant intends to cause the plaintiff to anticipate imminent, harmful contact to their person AND (2) Defendant's conduct caused them to anticipate such contact. (Defendant's ACTIONS caused them to think so.)

**What's intent?

Intent REQUIRES either: * Purpose (Desire) i.e. they wanted to make the defendant think that they were at risk of imminent harm to their physical person OR * Knowledge **(Substantial Certainty) i.e. they knew with substantial certainty that the defendant was going to think that.

So...

• Delaney says she is going to [redacted] and physically moves close to A's person with her arm raised while screaming.
• A ran from her, believing that D intended to harm her & that she was at imminent risk of D physically attacking her.
• A starts crying and tells D not to touch her. D says that she is not going to touch her, then chases her down the hallway with her arm raised.
• D did not touch her. D claims that she was not going to touch her and therefore is not responsible for harm to A.

Is D liable for assault?

Test: * D intended to cause A to believe that she was going to attack her. * D raising her fist, making oral threats, and chasing after A caused A to anticipate this contact.

Is the intent requirement met? * Did D have purpose (desire) to cause A to anticipate imminent harm to her physical person as a result of D's actions? OR * * Did D have knowledge (substantial certainty) that A would genuinely believe such harmful or offensive contact with her person was imminent (Did D knew A would think that D is going to hurt her)?

Application D DID have knowledge (substantial certainty). (A said this aloud.) * D DID intend to cause A to believe she was going to get physically attacked (whether or not D desired to attack her is irrelevant; D desired [intended] A to believe that she would be).

---> Did D's affirmative conduct cause A to anticipate... contact? * D's affirmative conduct DID cause A to anticipate such contact.

SO: (1) Is met. (2) is met. --> D had knowledge. Intent requirement is met. Therefore: Yes, D is liable for assault.*

Note

"The intent to make contact is a requirement for battery, not assault."

(Ref: Third Restatemnt of Torts. Intentional Torts to Person [Squiggley 105].)

Adam Kucharski [@adamjkucharski]. (2021, September 8). Some tips on interpreting models (from an @SMC_London talk I gave a few months ago): Https://t.co/3NlRN6q6gb [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/adamjkucharski/status/1435650792082575360

Trust in Science is Changing. (n.d.). The Science Writer. Retrieved January 21, 2022, from https://www.thesciencewriter.org/uncharted/trust-science-changing

US, G. S., Barbara K. Hofer,The Conversation. (n.d.). Don’t Look Up Illustrates 5 Myths That Fuel Rejection of Science. Scientific American. Retrieved January 14, 2022, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dont-look-up-illustrates-5-myths-that-fuel-rejection-of-science/

Blastland, M., Freeman, A. L. J., Linden, S. van der, Marteau, T. M., & Spiegelhalter, D. (2020). Five rules for evidence communication. Nature, 587(7834), 362–364. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03189-1

The associations of words can obfuscate instead of clarify.

James Evans: The social limits of scientific certainty (Video). (n.d.). Metascience.com. Retrieved September 1, 2020, from https://metascience.com/events/metascience-2019-symposium/james-evans-social-limits-of-scientific-certainty/

Moore, D. A., & Schatz, D. (2020). Overprecision increases subsequent surprise [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wfcbv

pros:

• allows personalized ads to be served from the first page view (where consent hasn’t been collected yet)
• gives you more direct and solid control in regards to ensuring compliance.

Technically impossible for them to get your data if the data doesn't pass through them at all.

Technically impossible for them to sell your data if the data doesn't pass through them at all.

Gay valued what is being referred to as "technical assurance," meaning that all uncertainty and self-doubt in performance was removed through this carefully thought out plan of delivery. https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Gay-British-author

and call it "civilization"