https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/idle_hands_are_the_devil%27s_workshop

Proverbs 16:27 "Scoundrels concoct evil, and their speech is like a scorching fire." (Oxford, NSRV, 5th Edition) is translated in the King James version as "An ungodly man diggeth up evil: and in his lips there is as a burning fire." The Living Bible (1971) translates this section as "Idle hands are the devil’s workshop; idle lips are his mouthpiece."

The verse may have inspired St. Jerome to write "fac et aliquid operis, ut semper te diabolus inveniat occupatum" (translation: "engage in some occupation, so that the devil may always find you busy.”) This was repeated in The Canterbury Tales which may have increased its popularity.

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Kozlov, M. (2022). Why scientists are racing to develop more COVID antivirals. Nature, 601(7894), 496–496. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00112-8

Agarwal, A. (2021). COVID19 Stress Scale—Assamese Version. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/esnzg

I'd say the author's updated version is canonical: https://hyp.is/2lzvXK4sEeu3s1Piywmzww/www.hteumeuleu.com/2016/using-flexbox-in-an-email/

QUESTION: What exactly does nix-shell execute from the Nix expression (i.e., shell.nix, default.nix, etc.)?

ANSWER: Based on my current understanding, the answer is everything. It calls $stdenv/setup (see annotation below) to set up the most basic environment variables (TODO: expand on this), and "injects" the most common tools (e.g., gcc, sed) into it.

It also defines the phases (TODO: verify this) and builder functions, such as genericBuilder. For example, the default builder is just two lines:

source $stdenv/setup
genericBuild

TODO: pkgs/stdenv/generic/builder.sh is a mystery though.

QUESTION: Once dropping into nix-shell, how do I know what phases to execute by looking at a default.nix? (E.g., [..]freeswitch/default.nix)

ANSWER: As far as I can tell, one can override the phases in their Nix build expression (to build the derivation, see at the bottom), but they won't get executed as only the $stdenv/setup (see above) will get sourced, and no builders are called that, in return, invoke the phases (again, see above).

So if one is using nix-shell

• to create/hack on a package, the person has to manually invoke the builder or phases (TODO: still fuzzy on this subject)

• to set up an environment, then one doesn't even have to worry about builders/phases because we just use nix-shell to clear the environment and to inject tools that we need for a given task

QUESTION: When dropping into nix-shell, is this Nix expression (i.e., freeswitch/default.nix) executed? Or just parts of it?

ANSWER: As stated above, all of the input Nix expression is evaluated, but no builders and build phases are called; although, nothing prevents one to override the phases, in case they are creating/hacking on a package.

QUESTION:

The command nix-shell will build the dependencies of the specified derivation, but not the derivation itself.

What is the "derivation" here exactly? I know that it is a build expression, but does that mean the default.nix (or other Nix expression) nix-shell is invoked with?

^{This statement also seems like a contradiction with how `nix-shell` works (i.e., if one issues `nix-shell -p curl`, then `curl` will be available in that sub-shell), but `-p` acts like a shortcut to as if `curl` had been listed in `buildInputs` so this is not the case.}

ANSWER: I have the feeling my confusion comes from the fact that the term "derivation" is used ambiguously in the manuals, sometimes to mean multiple things (see list below).

TODO: Substantiate this claim, and make sure that it not coming from my misunderstanding certain topics.

• Nix build expression (such as default.nix) whose output is going to become the store derivation itself (see last item at the bottom about the Nix manual's glossary definition)

• store derivation.

Had multiple cracks at unambiguously define what a derivation is, and here's a list of these:

• What is the purpose of nix-instantiate? What is a store-derivation? (probably the best try yet)

• What is a Nix expression in regard to Nix package management? (feels sloppier, but commenter mentions ATerm, adding the possibility of making it very specific)

• Closure vs derivation in the Nix package manager (very short, and will have to be re-written, but adds closures to the mix)

• There is now a glossary definition of a derivation in the Nix manual; see this annotation why I find it problematic

QUESTION: What is the difference between nix-shell -p and nix-shell invoked with a Nix expression of mkShell (or other that achieves the similar effect)?

QUESTION: nix-shell does not create a sub-shell, so what does it do? (clarification: so nix-shell indeed does it; I confused it with nix shell)

is: https://github.com/WayneD/rsync/blob/master/support/rsync-no-vanished

See: https://hyp.is/Pdjz1JyIEeuGQYNxD7Ra4w/git.samba.org/?p=rsync.git

Was trying to figure out where the canonical repo even is. Hard to figure out. Could be made clearer (like a prominent notice on one saying this is an unofficial clone with a link to the canonical source).

Ended up here via link from https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/86879/suppress-rsync-warning-some-files-vanished-before-they-could-be-transferred to https://git.samba.org/?p=rsync.git;a=blob_plain;f=support/rsync-no-vanished;hb=HEAD

But then found https://github.com/WayneD/rsync, which I now believe to be canonical based on:

• last change here is Mon, 15 Mar 2021 09:35:39 -0700 (09:35 -0700) but on https://github.com/WayneD/rsync it was April 3.
• https://rsync.samba.org/bug-tracking.html links to: create an issue on GitHub

Interesting to see this actually hosted by GitHub pages.

Some of the future of the book may be taking new technologies and looking back at books.

I wonder if the technology that was employed here could be productized and turned into an app or platform to allow this sort of visual display for more (all?) books?

almost without a doubt, inspired by: chromium vs. chrome

Why not just make this document empty (besides a link) and link/redirect to the canonical version?

That way it is impossible for them to disagree.

Come up with an ultimate definition for what a "derivation" is.

So round up all the places where it is mentioned across Nix* manuals, and check out these:

• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/58243554/what-is-a-nix-expression-in-regard-to-nix-package-management (this also needs to be edited)

• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31490262/what-is-the-purpose-of-nix-instantiate-what-is-a-store-derivation

• https://nixos.org/manual/nix/unstable/expressions/derivations.html

• https://github.com/justinwoo/nix-shorts/blob/master/posts/your-first-derivation.md

• look for more online

From Nix Pills section 6.1. The derivation function (see annotation):

A derivation from a Nix language view point is simply a set, with some attributes. Therefore you can pass the derivation around with variables like anything else.

So there is clearly an ambiguity between what derivations are perceived to be and what is stated in the Eelco Dolstra's PhD thesis. Or maybe I'm having issues with reading comprehension again...

QUESTION: So when I see $out in a builder script, it refers to the default output path because the output attribute in the Nix expression has never been explicitly set, right?

That is, if an input attribute is a reference to a derivation in the Nix store, then

1. that derivation is built first (after a binary substitute is not found, I presume), and
2. the path to the built package (for a better word) is handed to the shell build script.

Organically related to the annotation regarding my nix-shell confusion.

The dissection of this definition to show why I find it lacking:

A description of a build action.

The first (couple) time(s) I read the manuals, this description popped up in many places, and I identified it with Nix expression every time, thinking that a derivation is a synonym for Nix expression.

Maybe it is, because it clearly tries to disambiguate between store derivations and derivation in the last sentence.

The result of a derivation is a store object.

Is this store object the same as a store derivation?

Derivations are typically specified in Nix expressions using the `derivation primitive. These are translated into low-level store derivations (implicitly by nix-env and nix-build, or explicitly by nix-instantiate).

QUESTION: So, the part of the Nix build expression (such as default.nix) where the derivation primitive is called (explicitly or implicitly, as in mkDerivation) is the derivation, that will be ultimately be translated into store derivations?

ANSWER: Start at section 15.4 Derivation.

QUESTION: Also, why is typically used here? Can one define derivations outside of Nix expressions?

ANSWER(?): One could I guess, because store derivations are ATerms (see annotation at the top), and the Nix expression language is just a tool to translate parameterized build actions into concrete terms to build a software package. The store derivations could be achieved using different means; e.g., the way Guix uses Guile scheme to get the same result))

I believe, that originally, derivation was simply a synonym to store derivation. Maybe it still is, and I'm just having difficulties with reading comprehension but I think the following would be less misleading (to me and apart from re-writing the very first sentence):

Derivations are typically the result of Nix expressions calling the derivation primitive explicitly, or implicitly usingmkDerivation`. These are translated into low-level store derivations (implicitly by nix-env and nix-build, or explicitly by nix-instantiate).

QUESTION: Does this refer to pkgs/stdenv/generic/setup.sh? According to 6.5 Phases in the Nixpkgs manual?

ANSWER: I'm pretty sure it does. It sets up the environment (not sure how yet; I see the env vars, but not the basic commands - sed, awk, etc. - that are listed below) and defines a bunch of functions (such as genericBuilder) but it doesn't call these functions!

"Documented" in the Nixpkgs manual under 6.1 Using stdenv.

Used the double-quotes above because I don't consider it well documted. Will give it a try too; worst case scenario is that I'll fail as well.

See annotations with the build-phases tag.

Why are the build phases not enumerated in the Nix manual? If the instructions on how to create a derivation (and thus, a package) then why not go all in instead of spreading out information in different manuals, making the subject harder to grasp?...

(By the way, it is documented in the Nixpkgs manual under 6.5 Phases; not sure why it is not called build phases when every page refers to them like that.)

This such a stupid move to go through a derivation example before introducing the language.

In addition to this rant, step 3. should be more generic, instead of tying it to Nixpkgs; at least, either show how to build your own Nix expression repo, or don't add this step, but it is not at all necessary to write a derivation. There is a Nixpkgs manual for a reason.

So a substitute is a built binary for a given derivation, and a substituter is a server (or binary cache) that serves pre-built binaries, right?

Update: in the next line it says that "it will fall back to using the binary cache substituter", so I guess that answers it.

this is another key topic. Also:

• substitute vs. substituter => this (I think)

See annotations with the substitute tag

binary caches tie in with substitutes somehow; get to the bottom of it. See annotations with the substitute tag.

Maybe this?

Another gem: who knows what a "closure" is.

[This highlight] (a couple lines below) implicitly explains it though:

The command nix-copy-closure copies a Nix store path along with all its dependencies to or from another machine via the SSH protocol. It doesn’t copy store paths that are already present on the target machine.

or this, also just a couple lines below:

the closure of a store path (that is, the path and all its dependencies)

That is a misleading statement. The latest version is where the master branch points, isn't it?

So a channel points to a Nixpkgs commit (on a branch named after the channel) where all packages inside are deemed stable, and all packages are built to have available binary substitutes by a (hydra) build farm.

Definitely avoid this, when a term is used but only introduced formally way later. (There is also a reference to "garbage collector roots" almost at the beginning as well.)

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Explain the shit out of this one with tons of examples.

• https://hyp.is/ZHWETHDAEeuNGXcYXST5Ig/toraritte.github.io/saves/Nix-Package-Manager-Guide-Version-2.3.10.html

... and it takes AGES to complete

There is a lot of place in this manual (and probably in the others as well) where the prefix is referred to (usually with italics, such as "prefix/store"), so in the book

• this should be linked to this section (or the one in the book), and

• establish a clear and well-communicated notation to convey this

Why?

Answer is below in the manual: https://hyp.is/qRSFdnCJEeueY8NWtMIeHw/toraritte.github.io/saves/Nix-Package-Manager-Guide-Version-2.3.10.html

Would have been nice to link these to the install chapter where single- and multi-user modes were mentioned.

How would this look in a topic-based documentation? I would think that his chapter would be listed in the pre-requisites, and it could be used to buld different reading paths (or assemblies in DocBook, I believe) such as practical, depth-first (if there are people like me who want to understand everything first), etc.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reentrancy_(computing)

Yeah, I there are several tickets and posts about how this is not entirely true.

• https://github.com/NixOS/nix/issues/1623
• https://github.com/NixOS/nix/issues/1402
• https://github.com/NixOS/nix/issues/458
• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51929461/how-to-uninstall-nix
• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/443699/how-do-you-uninstall-in-nix
• https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/170000/how-to-completely-remove-nix-package-manager

Traditionally, when a command should be invoked with sudo, it is either included in the example, or the shell indicator is # instead of $.

It should be noted in this section also that since nix 2.1.0, single user install is the default.

What is happening here exactly?

nix-shell's syntax synopsis always bugged because it looks like this

SYNOPSIS
nix-shell [--arg name value] [--argstr name value] [{--attr | -A} attrPath] [--command cmd] [--run cmd] [--exclude regexp] [--pure] [--keep name] {{--packages | -p} packages...  | [path]}

and the canonical example is nix-shell '<nixpkgs>' -A pan; what tripped me up is that path is usually the first in examples, and I thought that the position of arguments are strict. As it turns out, nix-shell -A pan '<nixpkgs> is just as valid.

Side note<br> Apparently there is no standard for man pages. See 1, 2.

'<nixpkgs>' path is the one specified in the NIX_PATH environment variable, and -A pan looks up the pan attribute in pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix in the Nixpkgs repo.

Wouldn't hurt to tell folks that this is a convenience layer, and one could also just use the old package from the /nix/store, even though that path would be long and obscure; one could use symlinks of course.

Or, onc could just use nix-shell -p that specifies a specific version (that's already in the store), but, of course, it's not that simple...

https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/9682

Didn't they mean what mkDerivation requires?

I have been jumping around in this manual, so not sure about what arguments does derivation require.

The error messages are not helpful when one messes up the input attribute set ofmkDerivation (i.e., either name, or pname and version attributes have to be present); see Nixpkgs issue #113520.

... and from Chapter 11:

fetchpatch works very similarly to fetchurl with the same arguments expected. It expects patch files as a source and and performs normalization on them before computing the checksum. For example it will remove comments or other unstable parts that are sometimes added by version control systems and can change over time.

... and also adding highlight of 19.3. Submitting security fixes

because these are the only places I've seen fetchpatch mentioned.

From the wild in freeswitch/default.nix in Nixpkgs:

stdenv.mkDerivation rec {
  pname = "freeswitch";
  version = "1.10.5";
  src = fetchFromGitHub {
    owner = "signalwire";
    repo = pname;
    rev = "v${version}";
    sha256 = "18dhyb19k28dcm1i8mhqvvgm2phsrmrwyjmfn79glk8pdlalvcha";
  };

  patches = [
    # https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/pull/812 fix mod_spandsp, mod_gsmopen build, drop when updating from 1.10.5
    (fetchpatch {
      url = "https://github.com/signalwire/freeswitch/commit/51fba83ed3ed2d9753d8e6b13e13001aca50b493.patch";
      sha256 = "0h2bmifsyyasxjka3pczbmqym1chvz91fmb589njrdbwpkjyvqh3";
    })
  ];
  postPatch = ''
    patchShebangs     libs/libvpx/build/make/rtcd.pl
    substituteInPlace libs/libvpx/build/make/configure.sh \
      --replace AS=\''${AS} AS=yasm

    # Disable advertisement banners
    for f in src/include/cc.h libs/esl/src/include/cc.h; do
      {
        echo 'const char *cc = "";'
        echo 'const char *cc_s = "";'
      } > $f
    done
  '';

Not sure why this isn't called build phases... See also.

This misrepresents the situation. Authors accepted manuscripts (AAM) have been shared on institutional and subject repositories for around two decades, with greater prevalence in the last decade. Despite this the version of record (VoR) is still valued and preserves the integrity of the scholarly record. The integrity of the VoR continues to be maintained by the publisher and where well-run repository management are made aware, corrections can be reflected in a repository. The solution to this problem is the publisher taking their responsibility to preserving the integrity of the scholarly record seriously and notifying repositories, not asserting that authors should not exercise their right to apply a prior license to their AAM.

So far as I know this is not tested or based on any evidence. If the publishers think an open accepted manuscript would undermine the version of record, it doesn't demonstrate much confidence in their added value to me.

This is where bits like version control of academic documents can be incredibly valuable!

See: https://boffosocko.com/2014/09/17/revision-control/

Python-igraph 0.8.3. (2020, October 8). Igraph Support Forum. https://igraph.discourse.group/t/python-igraph-0-8-3/473

Peikert, A., & Brandmaier, A. M. (2019). A Reproducible Data Analysis Workflow with R Markdown, Git, Make, and Docker. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8xzqy

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But Jonah rose up to flee to Tarshish from the presence of the Lord. So he went down to Joppa, found a ship which was going to Tarshish, paid the fare and went down into it to go with them to Tarshish from the presence of the Lord.

This is more than just a travel log. Here Jonah is saying no to God. He is refusing God’s plan for him. He is actually rejecting a direct request from the creator because of his own interests. Maybe he is afraid to prophesy repentance because his life could be at risk. There may be smooth sailing at first, but the wrath of God eventually catches up with him.

Here's a case where we ought to consider creating our bills and laws via version control, so we can see exactly who, what, and when things changed along the way. It might mean much less gets done, but there'd be a lot more transparency and accountability.

This seems weirdly overstated. How do paper notes maintain versions and traces? Electronic documents contain rich sources of meta data for trace analysis, as well as various options to explicitly demonstrate temporal order and change through formatting.

If you're drafting in WordPress you can set the number of revisions of your posts to infinite so that you can keep (archive) all of your prior drafts. see: https://codex.wordpress.org/Revisions

This is also key.