if (dtc->wb_thresh < 2 * wb_stat_error()) { wb_reclaimable = wb_stat_sum(wb, WB_RECLAIMABLE); dtc->wb_dirty = wb_reclaimable + wb_stat_sum(wb, WB_WRITEBACK); } else { wb_reclaimable = wb_stat(wb, WB_RECLAIMABLE); dtc->wb_dirty = wb_reclaimable + wb_stat(wb, WB_WRITEBACK); }

static long wb_min_pause(struct bdi_writeback *wb, long max_pause, unsigned long task_ratelimit, unsigned long dirty_ratelimit, int *nr_dirtied_pause

if (!laptop_mode && nr_reclaimable > gdtc->bg_thresh && !writeback_in_progress(wb)) wb_start_background_writeback(wb);

if (thresh > dirty) return 1UL << (ilog2(thresh - dirty) >> 1);

limit -= (limit - thresh) >> 5;

if (dirty <= dirty_freerun_ceiling(thresh, bg_thresh) && (!mdtc || m_dirty <= dirty_freerun_ceiling(m_thresh, m_bg_thresh))) { unsigned long intv; unsigned long m_intv; free_running: intv = dirty_poll_interval(dirty, thresh); m_intv = ULONG_MAX; current->dirty_paused_when = now; current->nr_dirtied = 0; if (mdtc) m_intv = dirty_poll_interval(m_dirty, m_thresh); current->nr_dirtied_pause = min(intv, m_intv); break; } /* Start writeback even when in laptop mode */ if (unlikely(!writeback_in_progress(wb))) wb_start_background_writeback(wb); mem_cgroup_flush_foreign(wb); /* * Calculate global domain's pos_ratio and select the * global dtc by default. */ if (!strictlimit) { wb_dirty_limits(gdtc); if ((current->flags & PF_LOCAL_THROTTLE) && gdtc->wb_dirty < dirty_freerun_ceiling(gdtc->wb_thresh, gdtc->wb_bg_thresh)) /* * LOCAL_THROTTLE tasks must not be throttled * when below the per-wb freerun ceiling. */ goto free_running; } dirty_exceeded = (gdtc->wb_dirty > gdtc->wb_thresh) && ((gdtc->dirty > gdtc->thresh) || strictlimit); wb_position_ratio(gdtc); sdtc = gdtc; if (mdtc) { /* * If memcg domain is in effect, calculate its * pos_ratio. @wb should satisfy constraints from * both global and memcg domains. Choose the one * w/ lower pos_ratio. */ if (!strictlimit) { wb_dirty_limits(mdtc); if ((current->flags & PF_LOCAL_THROTTLE) && mdtc->wb_dirty < dirty_freerun_ceiling(mdtc->wb_thresh, mdtc->wb_bg_thresh)) /* * LOCAL_THROTTLE tasks must not be * throttled when below the per-wb * freerun ceiling. */ goto free_running; } dirty_exceeded |= (mdtc->wb_dirty > mdtc->wb_thresh) && ((mdtc->dirty > mdtc->thresh) || strictlimit); wb_position_ratio(mdtc); if (mdtc->pos_ratio < gdtc->pos_ratio) sdtc = mdtc; }

shift = dirty_ratelimit / (2 * step + 1); if (shift < BITS_PER_LONG) step = DIV_ROUND_UP(step >> shift, 8); else step = 0; if (dirty_ratelimit < balanced_dirty_ratelimit) dirty_ratelimit += step; else dirty_ratelimit -= step;

ratelimit_pages = dirty_thresh / (num_online_cpus() * 32); if (ratelimit_pages < 16) ratelimit_pages = 16;

t = wb_dirty / (1 + bw / roundup_pow_of_two(1 + HZ / 8));

if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CGROUP_WRITEBACK) && mdtc) {

if (si->cluster_info) { if (!scan_swap_map_try_ssd_cluster(si, &offset, &scan_base)) goto scan; } else if (unlikely(!si->cluster_nr--)) {

scan_base = offset = si->lowest_bit; last_in_cluster = offset + SWAPFILE_CLUSTER - 1; /* Locate the first empty (unaligned) cluster */ for (; last_in_cluster <= si->highest_bit; offset++) { if (si->swap_map[offset]) last_in_cluster = offset + SWAPFILE_CLUSTER; else if (offset == last_in_cluster) { spin_lock(&si->lock); offset -= SWAPFILE_CLUSTER - 1; si->cluster_next = offset; si->cluster_nr = SWAPFILE_CLUSTER - 1; goto checks; } if (unlikely(--latency_ration < 0)) { cond_resched(); latency_ration = LATENCY_LIMIT; } }

/* * Even if there's no free clusters available (fragmented), * try to scan a little more quickly with lock held unless we * have scanned too many slots already. */ if (!scanned_many) { unsigned long scan_limit; if (offset < scan_base) scan_limit = scan_base; else scan_limit = si->highest_bit; for (; offset <= scan_limit && --latency_ration > 0; offset++) { if (!si->swap_map[offset]) goto checks; } }

/* * select a random position to start with to help wear leveling * SSD */ for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) { per_cpu(*p->cluster_next_cpu, cpu) = get_random_u32_inclusive(1, p->highest_bit); }

cluster_list_add_tail(&si->discard_clusters, si->cluster_info, idx);

if (unlikely(--latency_ration < 0)) { cond_resched(); latency_ration = LATENCY_LIMIT; scanned_many = true; } if (swap_offset_available_and_locked(si, offset)) goto checks; } offset = si->lowest_bit; while (offset < scan_base) { if (unlikely(--latency_ration < 0)) { cond_resched(); latency_ration = LATENCY_LIMIT; scanned_many = true; }

while (scan_swap_map_ssd_cluster_conflict(si, offset)) { /* take a break if we already got some slots */ if (n_ret) goto done; if (!scan_swap_map_try_ssd_cluster(si, &offset, &scan_base)) goto scan;

else if (!cluster_list_empty(&si->discard_clusters)) { /* * we don't have free cluster but have some clusters in * discarding, do discard now and reclaim them, then * reread cluster_next_cpu since we dropped si->lock */ swap_do_scheduled_discard(si); *scan_base = this_cpu_read(*si->cluster_next_cpu); *offset = *scan_base; goto new_cluster;

#ifdef CONFIG_THP_SWAP

if (swap_flags & SWAP_FLAG_DISCARD_ONCE) p->flags &= ~SWP_PAGE_DISCARD; else if (swap_flags & SWAP_FLAG_DISCARD_PAGES) p->flags &= ~SWP_AREA_DISCARD

randomize_stack_top

if (prev_class) { if (can_merge(prev_class, pages_per_zspage, objs_per_zspage)) { pool->size_class[i] = prev_class; continue; } }

zspage = find_get_zspage(class); if (likely(zspage)) { obj = obj_malloc(pool, zspage, handle); /* Now move the zspage to another fullness group, if required */ fix_fullness_group(class, zspage); record_obj(handle, obj); class_stat_inc(class, ZS_OBJS_INUSE, 1); goto out; }

1

if (!(flags & VM_ALLOC)) area->addr = kasan_unpoison_vmalloc(area->addr, requested_size, KASAN_VMALLOC_PROT_NORMAL);

100U

if (!order) {

if (likely(count <= VMAP_MAX_ALLOC)) { mem = vb_alloc(size, GFP_KERNEL); if (IS_ERR(mem)) return NULL; addr = (unsigned long)mem; } else { struct vmap_area *va; va = alloc_vmap_area(size, PAGE_SIZE, VMALLOC_START, VMALLOC_END, node, GFP_KERNEL, VMAP_RAM); if (IS_ERR(va)) return NULL; addr = va->va_start; mem = (void *)addr; }

VMAP_PURGE_THRESHOLD

if (!(force_purge

resched_threshold = lazy_max_pages() << 1;

log = fls(num_online_cpus());

32UL * 1024 * 1024

if (lruvec->file_cost + lruvec->anon_cost > lrusize / 4) { lruvec->file_cost /= 2; lruvec->anon_cost /= 2; }

if (megs < 16) page_cluster = 2; else page_cluster = 3;

mod_memcg_page_state(area->pages[i], MEMCG_VMALLOC, 1);

schedule_timeout_uninterruptible(1);

if (array_size > PAGE_SIZE) { area->pages = __vmalloc_node(array_size, 1, nested_gfp, node, area->caller); } else { area->pages = kmalloc_node(array_size, nested_gfp, node); }

if (!counters) return; if (v->flags & VM_UNINITIALIZED) return;

if (page) copied = copy_page_to_iter_nofault(page, offset, length, iter); else copied = zero_iter(iter, length);

if (base + last_end < vmalloc_start + last_end) goto overflow; /* * Fitting base has not been found. */ if (va == NULL) goto overflow;

if (base + start < va->va_start) { va = node_to_va(rb_prev(&va->rb_node)); base = pvm_determine_end_from_reverse(&va, align) - end; term_area = area; continue; }

if (base + end > va->va_end) { base = pvm_determine_end_from_reverse(&va, align) - end; term_area = area; continue; }

va = kmem_cache_zalloc(vmap_area_cachep, GFP_NOWAIT); if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!va)) continue;

if (!spin_trylock(&vmap_area_lock)) return false;

This revealed a more fundamental issue: programming to increase contraceptive uptake in the postpartum period likely produces little meaningful reduction in pregnancy risk

The law in many countries allows users certain rights over data whose copyright they do not own (including text, images, and other media), often under headings such as fair use or public interest. Depending on jurisdiction, these may cover issues such as whistleblowing, production of evidence in court, quoting or other small-scale usage, backups of owned media, and making a copy of owned material for personal use on other owned devices or systems. The steps implicit in trusted computing have the practical effect of preventing users exercising these legal rights.

Want to really annoy an open-source maintainer? Then ignore any communication channels they have setup for support.

during these 200 years the main effects of print on Europe was a wave of Wars of religion and witch hunts and things like that because the big best sellers of early modern Europe were not Copernicus and Galileo galile almost nobody read them the big best sellers were religious tracks and were uh witch hunting manuals

In cases where I've been concerned about the migration of data (e.g. copying my entire home directory from one system to another), I've used fingerprint to generate a transcript on the source machine, and then run it on the destination machine, to reassure me that the data was copied correctly and completely.

And if I need for simple service object without validation? You can use Formalism::Action, a parent of Formalism::Form.

When should I use Async? ¶ You should use Async when you desire explicit concurrency in your program. That means you want to run multiple tasks at the same time, and you want to be able to wait for the results of those tasks.

if (hugetlb_cgroup_disabled())

The purpose of distinguishing between safe and unsafe methods is to allow automated retrieval processes (spiders) and cache performance optimization (pre-fetching) to work without fear of causing harm.

It is now possible (but not easy) for anyone who is determined enough to create a xanadoc, and send it to others, who may open and use it.  (Note that the World Wide Web was available for several years before the Mosaic editor made it easy for the public.)

However, with verifiable credentials in a Solid Pod, the university issues some information stating that a student completed a course and cryptography signs that information. This is a verifiable credential. They then pass that credential to the student who stores it in their Solid Personal Online Datastore (Pod). When the student wants to apply for a job, all they need to do is grant access to the credential so the company can read it. The company can confirm that the credential isn’t faked because its cryptographically signed by the university.

Despite – or perhaps because of – all this activity, Samuel only published one sole-authored book in his lifetime, Theatres of Memory (1994), an account of the popular historical imagination in late 20th-century Britain told via case studies, from Laura Ashley fabrics to the touristification of Ironbridge. Since his death from cancer in 1996, however, Samuel has been prolific. A second volume of Theatres of Memory, titled Island Stories: Unravelling Britain, came out in 1998, followed in 2006 by The Lost World of British Communism, a volume of essays combining research and recollections.

Technology, Education and Copyright Harmonization (TEACH) Act. Signed into law by President Bush on November 2, the TEACH Act loosens the restraints created by the DMCA insofar as education is concerned

More importantly, the idea of Fair Use was effectively removed from Web-based education because of the DMCA

Resources for using images in online education

It is not necessary to prevailon each of the four factors for asuccessful fair use claim.

Fair use is a flexible standard andall four statutory factors areconsidered together.

The US Constitution clearlystates that the purpose of theintellectual property system is to“promote the progress of science andthe useful arts

ir use is a right explicitly recognizedby the Copyright Act.1 The SupremeCourt has recognized this right as a“First Amendment safeguard” becausecopyright law might otherwiseconstrict freedom of speech

Using the Four Factors

are a small subset of the uses of online resources educators may wish to make. It only covers in class performances and displays, not, for example, supplemental online reading, viewing, or listening materials. For those activities, as well as many others, we'll need to continue to rely on fair use. Remember, however, when relying on fair use, the fair use test is sensitive to harm to markets. This means that in general, where there is an established market for permissions, there will often be a narrower scope for fair use, and our reliance on fair use should be limited.

we leave it up to each image maintainer to make the appropriate judgement on what's going to be the best representation / most supported solution for the upstream project they're representing

Docker-in-Docker via dind has historically been widely used in CI environments. It means the "inner" containers have a layer of isolation from the host. A single CI runner container supports every pipeline container without polluting the host's Docker daemon.

While it often works, this is fraught with side effects and not the intended use case for dind. It was added to ease the development of Docker itself, not provide end user support for nested Docker installations.

Please note that '+' characters are frequently used as part of an email address to indicate a subaddress, as for example in <bill+ietf@example.org>.

It is not helpful to use the term "terrorism" in a war when the White House only ever applies it to one side. Better to remind both Hamas and the Israeli government that humanitarian law makes it a war crime to target or indiscriminately fire on civilians.

Use case 1: Delete a ref, useful for soft resetting the first commit

In summary, public and private rangeland resources provide a wide variety of EGS. Additionally,spiritual values are vital to the well-being of ranching operations, surrounding communities, and the nation as a whole. Society is placing multiple demands on the nation’s natural resources,and it is extremely important that NRCS be able to provide resource data and technical assistance at local and national levels. (4) Rangelands are in constant jeopardy, either from misuse or conversion to other uses. Holechek et al. (2004) andHolechek (2013) states that in the next 100 years, up to 40percentof U.S. rangelands could be converted and lost to other uses. Land-use shifts from grazing use to urbanization will be much greater in areas of more rapid population increases and associated appreciating land values. Projections supporting forage demand suggestthat changes in land use will decrease the amount of land available for grazing to a greater extent in the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountains,compared to the North or South Assessment Regions (Mitchell 2000).(5) As society attempts to satisfy multiple demands with limited resources, many ranching and farming operations seek to expand operations for multiple goods and services beyond traditional cattle production. Some diversifiedenterprises may include the following: (i) Management to enhance wildlife abundance and diversityfor fishing, hunting and non-hunting activities(ii) Maintaining habitat for rare plants(iii) Accommodatingnature enthusiasts, bird watchers, and amateur botanists. (6) Planning, evaluation, and communication are necessary steps (consult conservation planning steps) prior to initiating any new rangeland EGS-based enterprises.

if a mail system automatically unsubscribes recipient mailboxes that have been closed or abandoned, there can be no interaction with a user who is not present

For larger collections of books it may be thought preferable to use a libraryclassification, such as Mr. Dewey's Decimal Classification, but I doubt very muchif the gain will be in proportion to the additional labour involved.

When you need to publish multiple packages and want to avoid your contributors having to open PRs on many separate repositories whenever they want to make a change.

when projects want to keep strict boundaries within their code and avoid becoming an entangled monolith. This is for example the case for Yarn itself, or many enterprise codebases.

if [ "$#" -eq 0 ]; then cat else printf '%s\n' "$@" fi |

The lonesome cat isn’t useless.  UUOCs are typically characterized by having exactly one filename argument; this one has none.  It connects the input to the function (which is the input of the if statement) to the output of the if statement (which is the input to the base64 –decode statement)

T-Test: What It Is With Multiple Formulas and When To Use Them

he very degree of wornness ofcertain cards that you once ipped to daily but now perhaps do not—since that author is drunk and forgotten or that magazine editorhas been red and now makes high-end apple chutneys inBinghamton—constitutes signicant information about what partsof the Rolodex were of importance to you over the years.

Instance methods Instances of Models are documents. Documents have many of their own built-in instance methods. We may also define our own custom document instance methods. // define a schema const animalSchema = new Schema({ name: String, type: String }, { // Assign a function to the "methods" object of our animalSchema through schema options. // By following this approach, there is no need to create a separate TS type to define the type of the instance functions. methods: { findSimilarTypes(cb) { return mongoose.model('Animal').find({ type: this.type }, cb); } } }); // Or, assign a function to the "methods" object of our animalSchema animalSchema.methods.findSimilarTypes = function(cb) { return mongoose.model('Animal').find({ type: this.type }, cb); }; Now all of our animal instances have a findSimilarTypes method available to them. const Animal = mongoose.model('Animal', animalSchema); const dog = new Animal({ type: 'dog' }); dog.findSimilarTypes((err, dogs) => { console.log(dogs); // woof }); Overwriting a default mongoose document method may lead to unpredictable results. See this for more details. The example above uses the Schema.methods object directly to save an instance method. You can also use the Schema.method() helper as described here. Do not declare methods using ES6 arrow functions (=>). Arrow functions explicitly prevent binding this, so your method will not have access to the document and the above examples will not work.

It's also common to want to compute the transitive closure of these relations, for instance, in listing all the issues that are, transitively, duped to the current one to hunt for information about how to reproduce them.

Purpose of the relations should be to allow advanced analysis, visualization and planning by third-party tools or extensions/plugins, while keeping Gitlab's issues simple and easy to use.

Use cases

Compared with simple clients, modern clients are generally much easier to use and more Ruby-like

When digitized, each resulting ‘Digital Specimen’ must be persistently and unambiguously identified. Subsequent events or transactions associated with the Digital Specimen, such as annotation and/or modification by a scientist must be recorded, stored and also unambiguously identified.

Persistent identifiers (PID) to identify digital representations of physical specimens in natural science collections (i.e., digital specimens) unambiguously and uniquely on the Internet are one of the mechanisms for digitally transforming collections-based science.

Appropriate identifiers Requirement: PIDs appropriate to the digital object type being persistently identified.

Ultimately the knowledge graph will permit a much clearer understanding of global research networks, research impact, and the ways in which knowledge is created in a highly interconnected world.

PIDs infrastructure promises much more accurate and timely reporting for key metrics including the number of publications produced at an institution in a given year, the total number of grants, and the amount of grant funding received.

They can also much more easily see whether researchers have met mandated obligations for open access publishing and open data sharing.

The global knowledge graph created by the interlinking of PIDs can help funders to much more easily identify the publications, patents, collaborations, and open knowledge resources that are generated through their various granting programs.

I think there are real-world use cases! Would you consider converting a history of transactions into a history of account balances a valid use-case? That can be done easily with a scan. For example, if you have transactions = [100, -200, 200] then you can find the history of account balances with transactions.scan_left(0, &:+) # => [0, 100, -100, 100].

PIDs for research dataPIDs for instrumentsPIDs for academic eventsPIDs for cultural objects and their contextsPIDs for organizations and projectsPIDs for researchers and contributorsPIDs for physical objectsPIDs for open-access publishing services and current research information systems (CRIS)PIDs for softwarePIDs for text publications

Persistent identifiers for acknowledgment and citation

To reuse and/or reproduce research it is desirable that researchoutput be available with sufficient context and details for bothhumans and machines to be able to interpret the data as described inthe FAIR principles

Registration of research output is necessary to report tofunders like NWO, ZonMW, SIA, etc. for monitoring andevaluation of research (e.g. according to SEP or BKOprotocols). Persistent identifiers can be applied to ease theadministrative burden. This results in better reporting,better information management and in the end betterresearch information.

1. Registration and reporting research2. Reusability and reproducibility of research3. Evaluation and recognition of research4. Grant application5. Researcher profiling6. Journal rankings

STAGE Description PIDs Benefits

This allows the system designer to permit trusted programs to be run which a user would otherwise not be allowed to execute.

Deduplication of researchersLinkage with awardsAuthoritative attribution of affiliationand worksORCID iD RecommendedIdentification of datasets, software andother types of research outputsDataCite DOI RecommendedIdentification of organisations GRID/ROR RecommendedIdentification of organisations inNZRISNZBN Required for data providers

Function PID type (Examples:) Recommended or required?

Key features● KISTI’s mission is to curate collect, consolidate, and provide scientific information toKorean researchers and institutions. It includes but is not limited to.■ Curating Korean R&D outputs. Curate them higher state of identification for bettercuration, tracking research impact, analysing research outcomes.■ DOI RA management. Issuing DOIs to Korean research outputs, Intellectualproperties, research data■ Support Korean societies to stimulate better visibilities of their journal articlesaround the world.■ Collaborate for better curation (identification and interlinking) with domestic andglobal scientific information management institutions, publishers and identifiermanaging agencies

Name of infrastructure Key purpose List ofintegratedPIDse-infra This large infrastructure will build the NationalRepository Platform in the upcoming years. Thatshould greatly facilitate adoption of PIDs.TBDNational CRIS - IS VaVaI(R&D Information System)National research information system. We planon working with Research, Development andInnovation Council (in charge of IS VaVaI) onintegrating global PIDs into their submissionprocesses as required. Nowadays it uses mostlylocal identifiers.TBDInstitutional CRIS systems Various institutional CRIS systems at CzechRPOs. OBD (Personal Bibliographic Database)application is an outstanding case of aninstitutional CRIS system in the Czech Republicdeveloped locally by a Czech company DERS.An ORCID integration for OBD is currently indevelopment.TBD, OBDORCID inprocessInstitutional or subjectrepositoriesThere are several repositories in the Czechrepublic collecting different objects, some arealready using PIDs but there is still enough roomto improve and really integrate those PIDs, notonly allow their evidence.Handle,DOI,maybeotherMajor research funders Grant application processes TBDLocal publishers Content submission processes TBD

Function PID type Recommended or required?

ResearchVocabularies Australia

1. Registration and reporting research2. Reusability and reproducibility of research3. Evaluation and recognition of research4. Grant application5. Researcher profiling6. Journal rankings

PIDs comparison tableCase study Function PID typeFinland Researchers, persons ORCID; ISNIOrganisations VAT-number (not resolvableyet)RoRISNI___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Pathways to National PID Strategies: Guide and Checklist to facilitate uptake and alignment Page 13 of 20

Recent work has revealed several new and significant aspects of the dynamics of theory change. First, statistical information, information about the probabilistic contingencies between events, plays a particularly important role in theory-formation both in science and in childhood. In the last fifteen years we’ve discovered the power of early statistical learning.

ly a few decades before had almost destroyed them.The beauty of these plots is that they present the harshness of the regional envi-ronment in such a way as to make the human struggle against it appear even morepositive and heroic than the continuous ascent portrayed in earlier frontier narra-tives.

async vs. sync depends exactly on what you are doing in what context. If this is in a network service, you need async. For a command line utility, sync is the appropriate paradigm in most simple cases, but just knee-jerk saying "async is better" is not correct. My snippet is based on the OP snippet for context.

Recently we recommended that OCLC declare OCLC Control Numbers (OCN) as dedicated to the public domain. We wanted to make it clear to the community of users that they could share and use the number for any purpose and without any restrictions. Making that declaration would be consistent with our application of an open license for our own releases of data for re-use and would end the needless elimination of the number from bibliographic datasets that are at the foundation of the library and community interactions. I’m pleased to say that this recommendation got unanimous support and my colleague Richard Wallis spoke about this declaration during his linked data session during the recent IFLA conference. The declaration now appears on the WCRR web page and from the page describing OCNs and their use.

Information sharing in a hybrid workplace: understanding the role of ease-of-use perceptions of communication technologies in advice-seeking relationship maintenance

Background knowledge refresh

Lesson plan generation / feedback

Have you ever: Been disappointed, surprised or hurt by a library etc. that had a bug that could have been fixed with inheritance and few lines of code, but due to private / final methods and classes were forced to wait for an official patch that might never come? I have. Wanted to use a library for a slightly different use case than was imagined by the authors but were unable to do so because of private / final methods and classes? I have.

It often eliminates the only practical solution to unforseen problems or use cases.

human values and ethics, rather than solely pursuing technological progress.

Unique Passwords and U2F are not perfect, but they are good. Unique Passwords reduce the impact of phishing, but can’t eliminate it. U2F doesn’t prevent malware, but does prevent phishing.