This article was referenced by "Josh Reviews Everything: OBVIOUS tag, where are you?" on Wednesday, February 18 2009.

Revised thesis:The fashion industry disregards workers' safety and jeopardizes the environment in order to make a profit.

The term "organic" in the fashion industry is only a misleading concept that deceives consumers.

Read from here to the end of the chapter. It is packed with insight and wisdom.

I don't want to try to tag every concept mentioned.

awesome tag term

In John Crank’s book "Imagining Justice," there is a section entitled "Ethnicity, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System," which explores the issue of injustices throughout the criminal justice system that emerge on the basis of race. Crank starts off the section by immediately stating the contemporary issues surrounding this topic. On criminality and immigration, he states “When criminality among immigrants are examined, no clear pattern of behavior emerges. Criminal behavior, when identified, appears to be contextualized by the process of immigration and resettlement” (Crank, 2003, 261). Crank goes on to suggest that the reasons for someone’s immigration can play a role in determining whether or not people will commit crimes.

Crank goes on to explain that generalizations are made about immigrant populations and how they have adapted to American culture. Crank attributes the emergence and desistence of crime to three factors: the age structure, the loss of traditional authority, and the degree of social cohesion (Crank, 2003, 262). The age structure refers to the fact that there are a high proportion of immigrant youth to each immigrant adult which can mean that high rates of youth may be predisposed to crime during their socialization. The loss of traditional authority refers to a parent’s inability to maintain control within the adaptation process- which is difficult because it is a challenge to traditional norms for them. And third, the degree of social cohesion, refers to the availability of community resources within immigrant communities that allow youth and immigrant adults to ease into their communities while being able to practice traditional norms (Crank, 2003, 262). All of these factors play an important role in adaptability for immigrant populations according to Crank.

Without proper modes of adaptation, Crank argues, criminal activity emerges. One interesting fact found in this section in relation to sentencing, is when Crank states, “Seemingly neutral case processing practices, especially concerning pretrial confinement decisions and sentence reductions for guilty pleas, operate to the systematic disadvantage of members of minority groups” (Crank, 2003, 265). Crank lists these disadvantages as, “pretrial confinement is typically aimed at those least likely to appear for trial. Those least likely to appear are those who lead unsettled lives, lack permanent residents and stable jobs. This falls disproportionately on disadvantaged minority groups” (Crank, 2003, 265). Lastly and most relevantly, “minority members are less likely to receive favorable sentence reductions for guilty pleas. Tonry suggests that this may stem from the distrust minorities have a country’s justice system and a belief that they are treated unfairly… This means that defendants who plead guilty earlier in justice proceedings receive shorter sentences” (Crank, 2003, 265).

Crank goes on to discuss the false assumptions surrounding immigrants in the US. For example, there is the misconception that all Latin Americans are Mexican. This is of course not true, and there is a very diverse groups of Latino/a immigrants in the US. Crank states, “Mexicans make up 61.2 percent of the Latino population in the United States. However, only about 33 percent of Mexicans are foreign born- most are resident United States citizens” (Crank, 2003, 266). Crank goes on to discuss the political ideologies surrounding assimilation and immigration. There is an ongoing attempt to learn how to adjust and assimilate in a new society. I think this- the difficulty of adaptation- is the main point of this section, and this is Crank’s argument for why and how the justice system affects immigrants. This was an interesting section, although I am not sure it adequately discusses how unfairly immigrants are treated by our criminal justice system- particularly in terms of sentencing measures.

Crank, John P. “Imagining Justice” (2003). Pages 261-276. Anderson Publishing Co. Cincinatti, OH. Print.

“The Rise and Fall of the Indeterminate Sentencing Ideal” from "But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry" by Jeremy Travis. Pages 7-20, 2005.

Chapter 1 of "But They All Come Back" by Jeremy Travis discusses indeterminate and determinate sentencing in great detail. It discusses its origin, its purpose, and its effect on the criminal justice system. Discretion being the main element of indeterminate sentencing- its role and legitimacy is often questioned. When judges determine a sentence for a person who has been convicted of a crime, they are supposed to take several things into account under this lens. “…the crime’s severity, the extent of any prior criminal convictions, the offender’s family circumstances, and his or her prospects for rehabilitation” (Travis, 2005, 15). Parole boards and parole officers are also supposed to take such factors into consideration when determining what the offender requires and needs after incarceration or custody.

The author goes on to discuss the purpose of the criminal sanction. Travis argues that the main point of a sanction is in fact rehabilitation rather than the commonly presumed punishment. However, Travis goes on to say that under indeterminate sentencing, rehabilitation is difficult to achieve because indeterminate sentencing requires that judges decide how an offender will be rehabilitated as well as parole boards and officers.

Furthermore, Travis discusses the criticism of indeterminate sentencing. These include racial discrimination, too much reliance on judicial discretion and much more. Specifically, “The practice of assigning significant sentencing responsibilities to the judicial branch was criticized as an inappropriate exercise of unchecked, unguided, and unreviewable power” (Travis, 2005, 17). Alternatively, “…the goal of rehabilitation was roundly characterized as tantamount to coddling criminals” (Travis, 2005, 17). The author goes on to cite the “Nothing Works!” report as a reason for the collapse of the rehabilitative ideal when relating to prisons.

Travis ends the chapter by stating there has been no new framework proposed, and “A number of states have enacted laws imposing mandatory minimum sentences, thereby depriving judges of the community supervision option and generally increasing the size of the prison population” (Travis, 2005, 20). This chapter have an interesting background on indeterminate sentencing, as well as granted insight into the rise of mandatory minimum sentences.

“But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry” by Jeremy Travis. 2005. The Urban Institute Press. Washington D.C. 1st Edition. Pages 7-20. Print.

"Too Severe?: A Defense of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines (and a Critique of Federal Mandatory Minimums)" by Paul G. Cassell

In the article "Too Severe?: A Defense of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines (and a Critique of Federal Mandatory Minimums)," author Paul Cassell attempts to shed light on whether or not an argument of undue severity can be made against mandatory minimums. According to Cassell, this is an argument that has not been made, although I would beg to differ. However, Cassell claims the guidelines associated with federal sentencing guidelines are not too severe because they fit social norms as prescribes by the public, as well as provide deterrence benefits and have “strong potential for being cost-effective crime control measures” (Cassell, 2004, 1018).

Cassell begins his argument by addressing a speech given by Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy, which prompted a nationwide discussion about the severity and the need for a reduction in mandatory minimums across the board. The author does note before going into methods and literature, this his approach will not fully delve into the issue of all discretionary sentencing measures. He posits that it is “fair to say that some calls for more “discretion” are, in truth, calls for lower sentences” (Cassell, 2004, 1019).

Crime control and just deserts have been known to be the purpose of punishment and adjudication in the criminal justice field. Cassell aims to assess these elements of sentencing as a way to measure punishment severity. The author goes on to present a table that shows the federal sentencing guidelines for crimes seen more frequently in court versus what the public feels the penalty should be. Most of them were fairly consistent. However, the public generally has a “tough on crime” approach to all things criminal justice, which implies that the federal government maintains the same way of thinking since their answers were almost identical.

An interesting part of this article however, is when Cassell states how many cases end up with a lesser sentence due to pleading down. “According to a recent General Accounting Office Study of downward departures, 36% of all federal sentenced involved a downward departure, including 44% of all drug sentences. While most of these departures are apparently for “substantial assistance” to government prosecutors or for the “fast tracking” of immigration offenses… the great bulk of federal cases (more than 95%) are resolved by a plea arrangement…” (Cassell, 2004, 1029). Here, the Cassell is positing that discretionary sentencing is making it so those on trial do not have to accept full responsibility- which is determined by the federal government sentencing guidelines.

This article was good in that it presented a point of view that is not seen very often in criminal justice: that mandatory minimums and discretionary sentencing are soft on sentencing. Cassell presented a lot of interesting data, and I think the argument is interesting.

Stanford Law Review Vol. 56, No. 5, 2004 Stanford Law Review Symposium: Punishment and Its Purposes (Apr., 2004), pp. 1017-1048

URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40040172

Barry 2000

Context: It seems to be possible to switch scopes before the annotation is ready to post, but isn't possible.

I'm not sure this is a glitch so much as designed behaviour (although whether it is the correct behaviour is a different question -- IMO quite clearly not).

This page already has Hypothesis on it -- via the WP plugin. That plugin includes https://hypothes.is/embed.js on the page, which in turn adds a <link rel="sidebar" ...> tag to the page which the sidebar uses when it starts up.

The chrome extension also looks for this tag and is finding the production one first.

Relaying a report from Conor from a private group:

"When I created this highlight, it was associated with the group (as I was scoped by the group) but was "Only Me" - I wanted to make this viewable to the group so I hit edit, added a tag, changed the scope to the group. Success. When I then changed the scope back to public, this group highlight I had made was in the public stream. It then disappeared from Public on page reload."

This is our first stop on our tour of electronic literature definitions. Highlight passages here that you find provocative, unclear, or simply interesting! Be sure to add a #d004x tag to your comments.

After you've finished marking up this page, you can go to the next stop on our tour: http://dtc-wsuv.org/mla2012/scholarship.html

Be sure to open the hypothes.is sidebar again on that page!

Exploring a possible workflow here: tag these with group_test_needs_card or group_test_has_card and then use

https://hypothes.is/stream?q=tag:group_test_needs_card

https://hypothes.is/stream?q=tag:group_test_has_card

to review.

Niu, S.X. (2014). Leaving home state for college: Differences by race/ethnicity and parental education. Research in Higher Education. 56 (4) pg. 325-359.

Attending college out-of-state is usually more expensive because of transportation and housing costs, but Niu (2014) makes the normative claim that “leaving home states for college provides additional benefits compared with attending college in home states” (pg. 347). This is mainly due to the finding that students who are attending out-of-state institutions are likely attending “a private, a 4-year, and a selective institution” (pg. 347), but Niu seems to believe that inequitable out-of-state college attendance should be noticed.

Niu cites other researchers who found that high-income students were more likely to apply to many schools as well as more selective schools. Previous research found that a student’s “likelihood of leaving home for college was found to be positively affected by the father’s education and the parental income” (pg. 327).

Niu conducted a study to examine where graduating seniors from 2010 actually attended, rather than focusing on college choices of students that were not confirmed with actual attendance in previous research. The study used secondary data from the SAT exam and then tracked where the students actually attended using data from the National Student Clearinghouse (pg. 329). In order to rank the selectivity of specific colleges, Niu used the Barron’s college selectivity index.

Based on the college(s) a specific student chose to have their SAT scores sent to (in-state vs. out-of-state), Niu looked at whether a student was more or less likely to request out-of-state colleges in comparison to the student’s race/ethnicity and parental education.

After descriptive and multivariate analyses were completed, Niu determined that White students had the highest rate of sending test scores to out-of-state colleges, while Hispanic students had the least likelihood of sending scores out-of-state (pg. 332). The increased likelihood of a student sending their test scores out-of-state was also correlated with higher levels of parental education. When this pattern was compared to where students actually attended, the correlation remained that White students with parents of high education levels were the most likely to attend out-of-state college, compared to Black, Hispanic and Asian students. This study notes that Black and Hispanic students who attended out-of-state colleges were likely attending colleges with ‘need-based’ financial aid practices, which provided additional need to students with low income.

These factors are in support of Brody’s two articles posted in the “PolEdu” tag, which analyzes a student’s ability to relocate to attend college as well as have access to transportation in order to attend. Public policy makers should be aware of possible barriers to students and seek ways to assist the public with overcoming these additional barriers.

-N Brusseau (9-28-15)

Testing to see where this comments goes if I do not tag it for the F11redesign.

In the article "Prosecutorial Discretion and the Imposition of Mandatory Minimum Sentences" by Jeffrey Ulmer, Megan Kurlychek, and John Kramer, the prosecutorial discretion in the courtroom and its effects on sentencing outcomes is discussed. This article emerged out of the "Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency" in 2007. The article begins by discussing the popular and abrupt trend of distrust in judges which caused the emergence of mandatory minimums. This then led to the ultimate trust in prosecutors (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 427). Overall, this article is a summary and analysis of what it means for a prosecutor to not only act as a judge, but to apply mandatory minimum sentencing eligibility to different kinds of offenders.

The findings of the article were not entirely surprising. Based on the author’s multivariate analysis, prosecutors granted more mandatory minimums far less often to those who “negotiated guilty pleas in the full sample and drug subsample and substantially less often to those with non-negotiated guilty pleas in the three-strikes subsample” (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 448). Furthermore, the findings suggest that prosecutors may use the “threat of applying longer mandatory sentence as a key piece of leverage to obtain guilty pleas… and thus more certain convictions (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 448). It is also interesting to note that those who enter into a non-negotiated plea are far less likely to receive mandatory imposition (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 448). According to the authors, this is due to the fact that it may look remorseful and can look like the start of rehabilitation if the offender automatically accepts a “guilty” plea because it shows they are taking responsibility.

In terms of the offender’s race playing a role in the type of sentencing they received, there was little data found that suggested being Black increased the chances of receiving a mandatory minimum. However, Hispanic people were more likely to receive mandatory minimums. Males are also more likely than women to receive mandatory minimums because they are seen as less blameworthy and dangerous (Ulmer, Kurlychek and Kramer, 2007, 451).

The article ends with a general discussion about how mandatory minimums are not necessarily mandatory at all considering how prosecutors pick and choose who receives them. When other factors than the actual offense are considered, like race and gender, it becomes increasingly clear that prosecutors are given substantial unilateral authority in determining sentences for people who have in some cases committed the same crimes. Overall, I feel the theme of this article was that the need for expediency and quick justice is getting in the way of judicial discretion and fairer outcomes.

Ulmer, J. T., M. C. Kurlychek, and J. H. Kramer. 2007. "Prosecutorial Discretion and the Imposition of Mandatory Minimum Sentences." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 44.4: 427-58. Web.

http://ntserver1.wsulibs.wsu.edu:2656/content/44/4/427.full.pdf+html

Wasn't expecting this.

Unrelated to https://github.com/hypothesis/h/issues/2540, this query used to AND the tags, now it ORs them?

(For the compound-tag-filtering I'm demonstrating in the alt stream I was relying on AND)

This can also be seen not only on blogs, but pictures. Tags and shares on Facebook, instagram, snapchat. I have found that every social media platform has found out how important communication between an online community is. A lot of social media applications and websites did not even have the option to share or tag a friend in a link. But i have noticed that within the year that sharing has become even more popular, every platform has updated themselves in order to simply the ways to share, source and link information to one another.

There is no "green field" in standards work?

In the case of TBL and the development of the Web I am reminded of how HTML used the existing existing standards: SGML, the Domain Name System and TCP/IP. Also, I wonder when the browser started to allow for invalid SGML: so called Tag Soup?

git-annex provides file tagging, and tag-based views materialized as filesystem checkouts a git-based data store.

yes annotate.

This is a sample annotation.

Highlight, annotate and tag specific words or phrases.

What is Gladwell proposing here?

Test annotation

Test tag

This is where I begin to think of Ocean's Eleven. Which is what our Reclaim LA Hackathon mostly felt like.

Text to the tag

The NIF Registry (now SciCrunch Registry) data set would have been really helpful here, as it contains synonyms, variants and a list of URL's that point to the resource.

Again, it is disgraceful that even NIH does not have access to the full text of all articles for text mining purposes. I do believe that this is one of the central issues facing biomedicine moving forward and one that needs to be solved.

Taking into consideration experiential differences. I wanted to tag the whole sentence but it wouldn't let me.

• Simply use BFG Repo-Cleaner
  • Otherwise use: git filter-branch --force --index-filter \ 'git rm --cached --ignore-unmatch PATH_FILENAME' \ --prune-empty --tag-name-filter cat -- --all
• Tell collaborators to rebase not merge

You should encourage everyone to tag their annotations ob101 so we can sort the annotation stream.

This article was referenced by "Tag cloud - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" on Tuesday, February 19 2008.

another, with tag

I think this is fairly general, although metadata is data.

The theme of many Disney movies, but not often seen in life!

another tag

another test of tag

Bold hahha

test tag

The format of the <link> tag should be as follows:

<link href="uri-to-an-alternate" rel="alternate" type="application/xml" title="title">

Note that the attribute name for the MIME type is "type", not "media".

Test... to show how you can highlight any text (in a map/pdf/html) annotate it, comment on it, tag it, and share it so all visitors can see your notes

I am a qoute

I am a link

While this is certainly cool tech, it would be much better if google’s camera app let me tag (yes, annotate!) and organize my photos with my own meaning at the point of capture, or shortly thereafter. Trying to infer the content of photos and how they’re important to me later is a kludge. Probably still useful I suppose, but lets do some simple things first.

hello hypothes.is

I find this point weak. We tax married couples differently. There's government subsidy in both.

Gab es denn solche Fälle in der Vergangenheit? Dann wäre eine klare Benennung hilfreich. So klingt das erst einmal nach einer puren Mutmaßung und Unterstellung von Boshaftigkeit. Wissenschaftler*innen sind jeden Tag der Kritik ausgesetzt. Zu vermuten, dass all dies eintreffen würde zeugt vor allem von einem sehr negativen Menschenbild. Nach einem öffentlichen Austausch würde sich niemand so etwas erlauben, weil es sofort in eben diese Ecke gestellt würde. Für die Personen hinter dieser Seite geht es scheinbar sehr emotional zu, das ist zu respektieren - aber es wäre doch auch gut, wenn umgekehrt akzeptiert würde, dass es nicht für alle Menschen so ist und dass das Interesse der Dozierenden an den Studierenden abseits der Veranstaltung nicht ansatzweise so groß ist, wie sie glauben.

Making this annotation in Readability which evidently does not provide a meta tag indicating the canonical URL?

hello hypothes.is

it is annoying you have to add text or tag each time you make something public.

it is annoying you have to add text or tag each time you make something public.

it is annoying you have to add text or tag each time you make something public.

it is annoying you have to add text or tag each time you make something public.

it is annoying you have to add text or tag each time you make something public.

embed.js is responsible for "embedding" the different components of the Hypothesis frontend application into the page.

First, either bookmarklet.js or one of the browser plugins injects a <script> tag to embed.js into the page, then embed.js runs.

This way the code in embed.js is shared across all bookmarklets and browser plugins, and the bookmarklets and plugins themselves have very little code.

Yes, I believe that this is the best compromise.

why is the "<?php.." awkwardly breaking up the html tag? is this standard practice? does it have a special purpose?

comment

zszdsadasdad

The City of Ann Arbor's approach to providing these kinds of updates has vasty improved over the last two years. For example, the links don't click through to .pdf files but rather to standalone pages.

I'd suggest that the City take this "News and Announcements" page as a great starting point and (1) add content to which the City has easy access. E.g. outcome-based reporting on City Council votes; new candidate filings; crime graphs on a quarterly basis; etc. (2) tag the articles so readers can filter in and out the kind of thing they want to see. E.g., roadclosing, publicinputmeeting, or what-have-you.; (3) provide a page design that has look and feel of a "news outlet" with appropriate logo and brand it as "Official City News" every so there's no mistaking it for third-party reporting about the city.

This could potentially become the most reliable and well-read "news source" in the city.

A embedded H tag stream.

rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr

tertwetwetwert

eeeee

xxxxxxx

again, not clear how this is a problem of FXL. Is hyphenation not supported natively so people implement it by inserting the line break tag in between each word? This should be explained more clearly.

Für die Entwicklung von Geschichts-Apps wird ein Blick auf die Eigenschaften von Mobile Learning sicher hilfreich sein. Die Visualisierung lotet das Potenzial und die Eigenschaften von mobile gut aus, und mehr dazu bringt auch die Webseite der Autorin.

At this point I am starting to get curious where you are going with the essay. This is all an account of the what happened—background—but your ideas haven't started flowing.

'tag' does not appear in the line just below the block

ustawienie tag manager aby google analytics zliczal lepiej landing page

I concur. I think the organizing and curating information on the web is a competency missing from the map.

Comment

Here is the #walkmyworld stream of annotations (if I am doing this right) WalkMyWorld Eh, what is link to all Hypothesis annotations? Is that handy?

How to install a previous release/version via github

This to me reads that the ETag in this response should refer to the resource at the end of the Location URI.

This doesn't read very well. How about "use the search bar to find all annotations with a specific tag"

dddddddddd

Global context of tags to inherit for this document

I need a way to add tags to a document that will apply to all annotations in a particular document (except where explicitly canceled).

The problem is that I often want to query all annotations related to a specific document, collection of documents, or type of activity.

Type of activity requires further explanation: Given a document or collection of documents I may annotate the document for different reasons at different times.

For example, while annotating the reading materials, video transcripts, and related documents for the CopyrightX course there are certain types of annotations that may be "bundled together" so that when I search for those things later I can easily narrow my searches to just that subset of annotations; but at the same time I need a way to globally group things together.

While reading judicial opinions the first activity/mode of interaction with a particular document may be to identify the structure of the judicial opinion (the document attached to this annotation describes the parts of the judicial opinion I might want to identify: *caption, case citation, author, facts of the case, law of the case, disposition, concurring and/or dissenting opinions, etc).

The above-described mode I may use for multiple documents in one session related to the course syllabus for the week.

To connect each of these documents together I might add the tags: copyx (my shorthand for the name of the course, CopyrightX), week 1 (how far into the course syllabus), foundations (the subject matter in the syllabus which may span week 1, week 2, etc), judicial opinions (the specific topic I am focused on learning at the moment (may or may not be related to the syllabus).

Later on another day I might update my existing annotations or add new ones when I am preparing to study for an exam. I might add tags like to study, on midterm, on final to mark areas I need to review.

After the exam I might add more tags based on my test score, especially focusing on areas that received a poor score so I can study that section more or, if I missed some sections so didn't study and it resulted in a poor score in that area, add tags to study for later if necessary.

I have many more examples and modes of interaction in mind that I can explain more later, but it all hinges on a rich and flexible tagging system that:

• allows tagging a document once in a way that applies to all annotations in a document
• allows tagging a session once in a way that applies to all annotations in all documents connected to a particular session
• allows tagging a session and/or a document that bundles together new tags added to an annotation (e.g. tags for grammar/spelling, tags for rhetological fallacy classification, etc)
• fast keyboard-based selection of content
• batch selection of annotation areas with incremental filling-- I may want to simply select all the parts of a document to annotate first and then increment through each of those placeholders to fill in tags and commentary
• Mark multiple sections of the document at once to combine into a single annotation
• Excerpting only parts of a text selection, but still carry the surrounding textual context with the excerpt to easily expose the surrounding context when necessary
• A summary view of a document that is the result of remixing parts of the original document with both clarifications or self-containing summary re-writes and/or commentary from the reader
• structural tagging vs content tagging

This feels like phase 2 or 3, but could be phase 1 if it's based on existing tag infrastructure

I cannot tag the head of Nessy, right? :-)

Annotation!

askljdflkj

Why does he continually tag on references to poets?

No small art is it to sleep: it is necessary for that purpose (Noth) to keep awake all day. Ten times a day must thou overcome thyself: that causeth wholesome weariness, and is poppy to the soul. Ten times must thou reconcile again with thyself; for overcoming is bitterness, and badly sleep the unreconciled. Ten truths must thou find during the day; otherwise wilt thou seek truth during the night, and thy soul will have been hungry. Ten times must thou laugh during the day, and be cheerful; otherwise thy stomach, the father of affliction, will disturb thee in the night. Few people know it, but one must have all the virtues in order to sleep well. Shall I bear false witness? Shall I commit adultery? Shall I covet my neighbour’s maidservant? All that would ill accord with good sleep.

Annotation.

Annotation.