We scream everywhere: "Look, look, look, look!"

“No you’re not. That’s not how the story goes.”“Well if you already know how the story goes, why do you need me to read it toyou?”

It must be by his death, and, for my part,    I know no personal cause to spurn at him,    But for the general. He would be crown’d:    How that might change his nature, there’s the question.    It is the bright day that brings forth the adder    And that craves wary walking. Crown him that,    And then, I grant, we put a sting in him    That at his will he may do danger with.    The abuse of greatness is when it disjoins    Remorse from power, and, to speak truth of Caesar,    I have not known when his affections sway’d    More than his reason. But ’tis a common proof    That lowliness is young ambition’s ladder,    Whereto the climber-upward turns his face;    But when he once attains the upmost round,    He then unto the ladder turns his back,    Looks in the clouds, scorning the base degrees    By which he did ascend. So Caesar may;    Then, lest he may, prevent. And, since the quarrel    Will bear no color for the thing he is,    Fashion it thus, that what he is, augmented,    Would run to these and these extremities;    And therefore think him as a serpent’s egg    Which hatch’d would as his kind grow mischievous,    And kill him in the shell.

While inter-racial councils have sprung up in the South, drawing on forward elements of both races, in the Northern cities manual laborers may brush elbows in their everyday work, but the community and business leaders have experienced no such interplay or far too little of it

Those who conscientiously attempt to keep abreast of current thought, even in restricted fields, by close and continuous reading might well shy away from an examination calculated to show how much of the previous month's efforts could be produced on call.

There is a growing mountain of research. But there is increased evidence that we are being bogged down today as specialization extends.

Guardian newspaper

Another important aspect – we track mousemove on document, not on ball. From the first sight it may seem that the mouse is always over the ball, and we can put mousemove on it. But as we remember, mousemove triggers often, but not for every pixel. So after swift move the cursor can jump from the ball somewhere in the middle of document (or even outside of the window). So we should listen on document to catch it.

Pedagogy is not ideologically neutral.

But the Taurid swarm, a dense cluster within the Taurid meteoroid stream, and through which the Earth periodically passes, changes the odds significantly and gives a possible reason for the unlikely occurrence that a once per 1000-year event occurred just over a century ago. If the hypothesized might of the Taurid swarm is successfully proven, this also heightens the possibility of a cluster of large impacts over a short period of time.

Increase Font Size Toggle Menu HomeReadBuySign in Search in book: Search Contents Special thanks to...DisclaimerTo the teacher...Dear students...Map of Places in the StoriesPDF Downloads and How to Buy Print Copy Getting Started with Reading Skills Critical ReadingAnnotating While You ReadCreating Discussion QuestionsLearning Vocabulary in ContextBuilding Vocabulary with Suffixes Unit 1: Why Study Greek Mythology? Article: Why Study Greek Mythology?Story: Part 1: The Creation StoryStory: Part 2: The War of the TitansStory: Part 3: The Olympian PantheonArticle: The Olympics: Then and NowArticle: LEGOS in SpaceArticle: Greek Influence in US World’s FairsArticle: American NeoclassicismUnit 1 Writing Task: Putting it All Together Unit 2: Hades and the Underworld Story: Hades and the UnderworldStory: Sisyphus and TantalusStory: Prometheus and PandoraArticle: Opening Pandora’s BoxArticle: Ethos, Pathos, and LogosUnit 2: Writing Task: Putting it All Together Unit 3: Adventure and The Hero’s Journey Story: The Trojan War Part 1: The Apple of DiscordStory: The Trojan War Part 2: Achilles and HectorThe Trojan War Part 3: The Wooden HorseArticle: Cassandra of Climate ChangeArticle: The Hero’s JourneyStory: Theseus and the MinotaurArticle: Procrustean PoliticsStory: The Adventures of HerculesStory: Cadmus and EuropaStory: Jason and the ArgonautsStory: Perseus and MedusaStory: The OdysseyArticle: Resisting the Internet’s GripUnit 3 Writing Task: Putting It All Together Unit 4: Hubris and Nemesis Story: Oedipus the KingArticle: My Son’s Oedipus ComplexStory: Daedalus and IcarusArticle: Businesses and the Icarus ParadoxStory: King Midas and the Golden TouchStory: PhaethonStory: BellerophonArticle: Human Chimeras Already ExistStory: ArachneArticle: Hubristic LeadersArticle: Disasters Due to HubrisUnit 4 Writing Task: Putting it All Together Unit 5: Love and Metamorphosis Story: Echo and NarcissusArticle: Selfies: Narcissism or Not?Story: Cupid and PsycheArticle: When Cupid’s Arrow StrikesStory: Pan and SyrinxStory: Halcyone and CeyxStory: The Story of IoStory: Pyramus and ThisbeStory: Venus and AdonisUnit 5 Writing Task: Putting it All Together Writing and Grammar Skills Appendix Writing Skills: Avoiding PlagiarismWriting Skills: Noun Clauses for Better SentencesGrammar Skills: Active and Passive VoiceGrammar Skills: Gerund and InfinitiveGrammar Skills: Participle Phrases Instructor's Guide Teacher Resources & Cool ToolsInstructor's GuidePresentation TopicsAdditional Journal Topics Additional Materials for Instructors and Students Unit 1 Additional MaterialsUnit 2 Additional MaterialsUnit 3 Additional MaterialsUnit 4 Additional MaterialsUnit 5 Additional MaterialsFun Extras for Students About the authorAbout the BookReferences It’s All Greek to Me! Buy Unit 3: Adventure and The Hero’s Journey Article: The Hero’s Journey Image by alan9187 on PIxabay, Before You Read Discuss the following questions with a classmate. What makes someone a hero? What do heroes do in movies? Why do people love stories about heroes? What are some stories you can think of that have a hero? Skim the next reading. What do you think is the author’s purpose of the text: to inform, entertain, or to persuade? How will that affect the way you take notes on the reading?   Vocabulary in Context This article has a lot of useful vocabulary for reading the rest of the chapter and for use in your next essay. Try to guess the vocabulary in bold. Chances are this kind of story has been told for millennia, and yet people still love them. Many stories that humans have loved throughout time have some interesting patterns, and that there’s a good reason why these kinds of stories strike a chord in us. Superhero movies epitomize the hero’s journey and are becoming bigger and bigger blockbusters each year. Even George Lucas himself, the creator of the groundbreaking Star Wars movie series, noted that Joseph Campbell’s book was very influential to him. This is the point where the person actually crosses into the field of adventure, leaving the known limits of his or her world and venturing into an unknown and dangerous realm where the rules and limits are unknown. The hero may need to fight against foes who are guarding the gate or border of the realm to prevent the hero from coming in. While on their way towards their task, the hero might meet some friends, allies, or people willing to help them. In between facing ordeals, the hero gets to see more of the fantastic land they are in. Not long after she begins her trek on the yellow brick road, Dorothy meets others that will help her on her quest. Numerous times she traverses back and forth from Kansas and the land of Oz and other neighboring fantasy lands filled with interesting characters. The real reason why ordinary humans like ourselves love these kinds of outlandish storylines is that we want to strive to be heroes ourselves. Vocabulary Building Find the word in the paragraph given. Use the synonyms and definition to help. P1: surpass, exceed (v.): ______________________________________________________ P2: a preset pattern (n.): ______________________________________________________ P4: to be a perfect example of (v.): ____________________________________________ P5: clearly, in full detail (adv.): _________________________________________________ P12: a complete and thorough change (n.): ____________________________________ P14: gentle, kind (adj.): _______________________________________________________ P17: although (conj.): _________________________________________________________ P18: equipped (v.): ___________________________________________________________ P19: a magical or medicinal potion (n.): ________________________________________ P20: great happiness (n.): _____________________________________________________ P20: extremely interested (adj.): ______________________________________________ P27: strange, unfamiliar (adj.): _________________________________________________ P28: involve (v.): _____________________________________________________________ The Hero’s Journey Written by Charity Davenport with material from the Wikipedia article “Monomyth“, Illustrations by W.W. Denslow for L. Frank Baum’s book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Think about one of your favorite movies or stories. Chances are the story has a strong hero that you empathize with and aspire to become. And chances are this kind of story has been told for millennia, and yet people still love them. These stories transcend time and culture. In narratology and comparative mythology, the monomyth, or the hero’s journey, is the common template of a broad category of tales that involve a hero who goes on an adventure, and in a critical crisis wins a victory, and then comes home changed or transformed. The study of hero myth narratives started in 1871 with anthropologist Edward Taylor’s observations of common patterns in plots of heroes’ journeys. Later on, hero myth pattern studies were popularized by Joseph Campbell in his 1949 book The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Campbell and other scholars describe narratives of Gautama Buddha, Moses, and Jesus Christ in terms of the monomyth, and notice that many stories that humans have loved throughout time have some interesting patterns, and that there’s a good reason why these kinds of stories strike a chord in us. The stages of the hero’s journey can be found in all kinds of literature and movies, from thousands of years ago to now. Superhero movies epitomize the hero’s journey and are becoming bigger and bigger blockbusters each year. Even George Lucas himself, the creator of the groundbreaking Star Wars movie series, noted that Joseph Campbell’s book was very influential to him. The hero’s journey can be found in books like Harry Potter, Lord of the Rings, The Chronicles of Narnia, and most other fantasy sci-fi books, legends, fairy tales, and comic book series like Spiderman and Batman. Many video games like The Legend of Zelda, Skyrim, the Final Fantasy and even the Pokémon series carry many elements of the hero’s journey. But fantasies aren’t real. Why do we love these stories so much? Because the monsters might not be real, the witches might not be real, and the magical objects and fantastic settings might not be real. But the struggle is. But before we talk about that, we need to dive deeper into the different stages of Campbell’s hero’s journey. The following list of stages also describes stages mentioned by other writers, like David Adams Leeming, who wrote a similar book inspired by Campbell’s book in 1981 called Mythology: The Voyage of the Hero, and Christopher Vogler who published The Writer’s Journey: Mythic Structure for Writers in 2007. As you read, think about examples from stories, movies, or books you have read that might fit these stages. You’ll be surprised. As an example, the story of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, America’s most well-known mythology written in 1900 by L. Frank Baum, will be used to help explain the stages. There are many stages–not all monomyths necessarily contain all stages explicitly; some myths may focus on only one of the stages, while others may deal with the stages in a somewhat different order. The stages are divided into three parts–departure, initiation, and return. Part 1: Departure 1: Unusual Birth

“Sin is behovable—[playeth a needful part]—; but all shall be well” After this the Lord brought to my mind the longing that I had to Him afore. And I saw that nothing letted me but sin. And so I looked, generally, upon us all, and methought: If sin had not been, we should all have been clean and like to our Lord, as He made us.

Washington Examiner

Marc Prensky points out to us that, “today’s students—K through college—represent the first generation of students to grow up with this new technology”, and as such, “have spent their entire lives surrounded by and using…tools of the digital age” (68).

Wherefore both when young and old a man must study philosophy, that as he grows old he may be young in blessings through the grateful recollection of what has been, and that in youth he may be old as well, since he will know no fear of what is to come.

Omega Point

local organisers may be faster

We might all experience some frustration now and then, but we cannot allow that frustration to turn into a personal attack. It’s important to remember that a community where people feel uncomfortable or threatened is not a productive one. Members of the Write the Docs community should be respectful when dealing with other members as well as with people outside the community.

enginethatistheproblembut,rather,theusersofsearchengineswhoare.Itsuggeststhatwhatismostpopularissimplywhatrisestothetopofthesearchpile

92 ImperativesandCreative Culturediscussionof,'technologyandart',we rarely hearanybodytalkingabout'technologyasart'.41Yet it is not only theapparentusefulnessoftechnologythatimpels us to developit.Thereare imperatives thatdrive us beyondusefulness,thoughas we have seen, efforts to explainthemget us into difficult areas. Aesthetic satisfactions may be easy tounderstand,butwhen people talk about the cathedral-building impulseas'aspirationtohigherthings'one may suspect an evasion

We can paraphrase Thurston as saying that mathematicians often don't think about mathematical objects using the conventional representations found in books. Rather, they rely heavily on what we might call hidden representations, such as the mental imagery Thurston describes, of groups breaking into formations of circular groups. Such hidden representations help them reason more easily than the conventional representations, and occasionally provide them with what may seem to others like magical levels of insight

It may also be, as the scholar Anne Mangen has found in her work, that our minds are slightly befuddled by navigating ebooks.

These parents are worried that their kids are influenced by the gender-identity exploration they’re seeing online and perhaps at school or in other social settings, rather than experiencing gender dysphoria.

“Do you know what you’re having?” “A lawyer,” I often answered. Or, “a doctor.” Occasionally, I’d say, “a rock guitarist.”

162The Six Nations Iroquois ConfederacyDo not prosecute the Indians for the methods used to gain your attention, for the fault actually lies with the Government of the United States for ignoring Indians for so long.Put your energies and money now being expended for the suppression of Indian people at Wounded Knee into a real effort to understand why they are there. And begin here in the capitol through an investigation of the BIA, and of the government policies dealing with our most urgent needs.Reaffirm and respect the treaties entered into between our two peoples.Put your house in order with respect to our people, so that we may continue to coexist in peace and friendship as our grandfathers and their grandfathers tried so hard to do

You are quite elated by this freedom to juggle the record of your thoughts

For example, I have never had anything bad happen to me on Friday the 13th. Yet every time it happens, I am just a little more cautious and think about it more than any other date. But then I can go and laugh about how strange of an idea it is to believe that a date can cause bad things to happen. I think that it persists easily because it is a part of  my life and feels wrong to not react to it. I may never truly experience something that I can attribute to Friday the 13th to explain it, but I also may never experience anything to make me stop thinking about it as different.

In actuality, only 40% of American teens have sex by the time they finish high school these days, and research shows that the more teens know about sex, the more likely they are to not only delay sex, but to make healthier choices if they do decide to have it.

For a lot of parents the idea of talking about the pleasure part of sex makes them feel like they are somehow condoning something they are supposed to condemn.

Though talking about pleasure is a good way to steer our kids towards better sex, expanding our understanding of pleasure is also an important component in helping them ensure that the sex they have is consensual.That’s because if some teens just expect sex to be mediocre, bad, uncomfortable, or even painful just something that only certain bodies and people of certain identities have the right to enjoy, then non-consensual situations simply become a lot more socially acceptable.For example, due to socialization, cis/hetero girls may not feel empowered to talk about bad or unwanted sex, and cis/hetero boys may feel less invested in ensuring their partners are fully on-board with everything that is going on

Presently, there are no perfect looking robots that can carry out physical tasks, but we do have clunky cable filled robots that are capable of thinking and learning by themselves. It isn’t available for public usage, but simple forms of AI include google homes and other hubs. They may not be able to do things without human intervention such as suddenly think it would be thoughtful to make you coffee, but it will make you coffee if you tell it to. It may not have a physical manner of getting up and making you coffee, but it can communicate with other devices that can make the coffee. 

I salivate in anticipation of the cinnamon coffee muffin I am about to devour. The walk down the stairs to breakfast reinforces the immediacy of home here. Although I may not have my family to greet me each morning, I delight in sharing my breakfast with other fellow 9-am-takers. Just as the particularly tired mornings at home go by without one word being spoken, so, too do my mornings here consist of an unvoiced coexistence. Though I do not personally know most of the individuals I see every morning, it is their presence and constancy that makes the transition from the top of the stairs to the bottom not only bearable, but something I eagerly await. I leave the thoughts of my family for a short while, only to be graced by my new family.

Yet, in the application of science to the needs and desires of man, it would seem to be a singularly unfortunate stage at which to terminate the process, or to lose hope as to the outcome.

It is a suggestive thought, but it hardly warrants prediction without losing touch with reality and immediateness.

Is it not possible that we may learn to introduce them without the present cumbersomeness of first transforming electrical vibrations to mechanical ones, which the human mechanism promptly transforms back to the electrical form?

Technical difficulties of all sorts have been ignored, certainly, but also ignored are means as yet unknown which may come any day to accelerate technical progress as violently as did the advent of the thermionic tube.

sets a reproducer in action, photographs the whole trail out, and passes it to his friend for insertion in his own memex

When the user is building a trail, he names it, inserts the name in his code book, and taps it out on his keyboard. Before him are the two items to be joined, projected onto adjacent viewing positions.

It affords an immediate step, however, to associative indexing, the basic idea of which is a provision whereby any item may be caused at will to select immediately and automatically another. This is the essential feature of the memex.

A special button transfers him immediately to the first page of the index.

Deflection to the left gives him the same control backwards.

It consists of a desk, and while it can presumably be operated from a distance, it is primarily the piece of furniture at which he works. On the top are slanting translucent screens, on which material can be projected for convenient reading. There is a keyboard, and sets of buttons and levers. Otherwise it looks like an ordinary desk.

It needs a name, and, to coin one at random, "memex" will do. A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility.

The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.

truly significant attainments become lost in the mass of the inconsequential.

Yet specialization becomes increasingly necessary for progress, and the effort to bridge between disciplines is correspondingly superficial.

Now, for many, this appears to be approaching an end. What are the scientists to do next?

Indeed, for art to be considered post-human, there must be a collaboration between technology and biology (machines and humans). And as Kirby (2012) notes, musicians’ reliance on DAWs is a great place to raise the question of machine and human collaboration.

company worth having and think we may safely reckon on securing you two large families, one a rich West Indian from Surrey, the other a most respectable Girls Boarding School, or Academy, from Camberwell

People have witnessed how social media has changed lives. From being able to have business meetings no matter where you are in this world, or to having connections with people thousands of miles away, or being able to discuss issues with privacy, or being able to follow the news around the world. People have seen how social platforms have motivated people and grown businesses and even allowed for online education and learning tools for anything you can possibly think of. At the end of the day many rather sit in a class room and watch a YouTube video or scroll on Facebook than pay attention. Many can’t focus on doing homework or studying for an exam without checking their social media accounts. Many will compare themselves to others and believe that they are not worth anything. Many are looking at posts that make them upset, that make them insecure, and lose their attention spans. Many are addicted to something so fake and just crazy to follow. Many feel fake vibrations in their pockets when there isn’t one. Many are addicted to something that was created to make our lives easier and more entertaining, a way to make talking to someone one hundred times easier. But instead it made life for some awful. No matter what it is very hard to argue the fact the social platforms have made life much more productive and much simpler, and as social media grows it will benefit us even more. But it also has its vast amounts of negatives which cannot be overseen. Studies and statistic have proven that social media is taking a toll on our lives but they have also proven that with moderation we can still use all of our accounts but be more productive, have better attention spans, and have less issues with mental health. To every person their own and some may even say that social media has helped them, but it is clear that for many the correlation between social media usage and mental health issues is a vast issue and needs to fixed.

The restrictions mean New Zealanders could face legal consequences for intentionally looking at the Christchurch killer’s video, which may have been seen millions of times around the world.

In 1866, the U.S. government forced the Cherokees, among others, to enfranchise their emancipated slaves, referred to as “Freedmen.

as a phase in the cultural life of the West, landscape [art as a genre) may already be over

And you’re done. That may sound like a lot of steps, but each one is simple, fast, and fluid. Here are those steps executed in real time (video intentionally silent). I really encourage you to watch the video to see how ridiculously easy this is for someone with some training.

Perceived Discrimination against Black Americans and White Americans Authors

While therewould normally be an overlap between the student’s goals and those of the teacher,the degree of overlap may not be high

Increase Font Size Toggle Menu HomeReadSign in Search in book: Search Contents I. The Middle Ages (ca. 476-1485) 1. Bede (ca. 672-735) Bede: BiographyCaedmon’s Hymn 2. Dream of the Rood Dream of the Rood 3. Beowulf: Parts I & II Introduction: BeowulfStory SummaryThemesHistorical BackgroundLiterary StyleReading:Part IPart II 4. Beowulf: Part III Part III 5. Judith  Judith6. The Wanderer 7. Wulf and Eadwacer Wulf and Eadwacer 8. The Wife's Lament The Wife’s Lament 9. The Ruin The Ruin 10. Selection of Old English Riddles Selections from Old English Poems 11. The Myth of Arthur's Return Geoffrey of Monmouth: From The History of the Kings of BritainWace: From Roman de BrutLayamon: From Brut  II. Irish Literature 12. Cúchulainn’s Boyish Deeds Cúchulainn: IntroductionCuchulainn’s Boyish Deeds III. Anglo-Norman Literature 13. Tristan and Iseult Introduction: Tristan and IseultThe Story SummaryLiterary ThemesReading: Tristan and Yseult 14. Guide for Anchoresses (Ancrene Wisse) The Sweetness and Pain of Enclosure 15. Romances of Marie de France Marie de France: IntroductionArthurian LegendDiscussion Questions:Helpful ResourcesReading: THE LAY OF SIR LAUNFAL IV. Middle English Literature in the 14th and 15th Century 16. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (ca. 1375-1400) Introduction: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 17. Sir Gawain: Parts I & II Part IPart II 18. Sir Gawain: Parts III & IV Part IIIPart IV19. Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales 20. Canterbury Tales: General Prologue Prologue 21. Canterbury Tales: Miller's Prologue and Tale Introduction: The Miller’s TaleStory SummaryReading: The Miller’s PrologueThe Miller’s Tale 22. Canterbury Tales: The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale Introduction: The Wife of BathStory Summary:Reading: The Wife of Bath’s PrologueWife of Bath’s Tale 23. Canterbury Tales: The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale Introduction: The PardonerStory Summary:Reading: Pardoner’s PrologueThe Pardoner’s Tale 24. Canterbury Tales: The Nun's Priest's Tale Introduction: The Nun’s Priest’s TaleStory Summary:Reading: The Nun’s Priest’s Tale: PrologueThe Nun’s Priest’s Tale25. Chaucer's Retraction to Canterbury Tales26. Julian of Norwich: Revelations of Divine Love (Selections) 27. Margery Kempe: Excerpts from The Book of Margery Kempe Introduction: The Book of Margery Kempe BiographySummaryReading: The Birth of Her First Child and Her First Vision (excerpt)Her Pride and Attempts to Start a Business (excerpt)Margery and Her Husband Reach a Settlement28. The Wakefield Second Shepherd's Play29. Middle English Lyrics30. Robert Henryson: The Cock and the Jasp31. Everyman 32. Thomas Malory: Le Morte d'Arthur Introdution: Le Morte d’ArthurReading: Selection from Morte d’Arthur  V. The Sixteenth Century 33. Sir Thomas More: Utopia UTOPIA34. From: The Book of Common Prayer 35. WOMEN IN POWER: Selected Readings Mary I (Tudor): IntroductionMary Tudor: BiographyLady Jane Grey: IntroductionLady Jane: BiographyMary Queen of Scots: IntroductionElizabeth I: IntroductionBiography36. Edmund Spencer: the Faerie Queene (Book I) 37. Sir Walter Raleigh: Poems and From: The Discovery of the Large, Rich and Beautiful Empire of Guiana Sir Walter Raleigh: IntroductionBiography: Sir Walter RaleighPoems38. Sir Philip Sidney: From Astrophil and Stella 39. THE WIDER WORLD: Selected Readings The Wider World: Selected Readings Richard Hakluyt: BiographyReading: Hakluyt’s Dedicatory Epistle to The Principal Navigations, 1589Leo Africanus: BiographyReading: Leo Africanus on the North Africans, 1526An English Traveller’s Guide to the North Africans, 1547Voyage to the Arctic, 1577, with Reflections on Racial DifferenceAmadas and Barlowe’s Voyage to Virginia, 1584Introduction: Thomas Hariot BiographyHariot’s Report on Virginia, 1585General History of the Turks, 1603Introduction: Thomas Dallam BiographyReading: A Gift for the Sultan 40. Christopher Marlowe: Hero and Leander Hero and Leander 41. Christopher Marlowe: Doctor Faustus The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 42. William Shakespeare: Selected Sonnets Introduction: Shakespeare’s SonnetsNotable Themes and SummariesReading: Selected Sonnets 43. William Shakespeare: Taming of the Shrew Introduction: Taming of the ShrewExtended OverviewReading: THE TAMING OF THE SHREW VI. Early Seventeenth Century 44. John Dunne: Selections Songs and SonnetsA Selection of Holy SonnetsFrom: Devotions upon Emergent Occasions45. Aemilia Lanyar: Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum 46. Ben Jonson: Epigrams and Poetry EpigramsPoemsFrom: Underwood 47. GENDER RELATIONS: Conflict and Counsel From: The Arraignment of Lewd, Idle, Froward, and Unconstant Women: Or the Vanity of Them Choose you WhetherRachel Speght: From A Muzzle for Melastomus William Gouge: From Domestical Duties48. Francis Bacon: Essays49. Margaret Cavendish: The Blazing World 50. George Herbert: The Temple The Temple 51. CRISIS OF AUTHORITY: The Beheading of Charles I From: King Charles, His Trial (1649)From: A Perfect Diurnal of Some Passages in Parliament, no. 288Robert Filmer: From Patriarcha John Milton: From The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates Gerrard Winstanley: From A New Year’s Gift Sent to the Parliament and ArmyThomas Hobbes: From Leviathan 52. CRISIS OF AUTHORITY: Political Writing Robert Filmer: From Patriarcha John Milton: From The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates Gerrard Winstanley: From A New Year’s Gift Sent to the Parliament and ArmyThomas Hobbes: From Leviathan 53. CRISIS OF AUTHORITY: Writing the Self Lucy Hutchinson: From Memoirs of the Life of Colonel John HutchinsonEdward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon: From The History of the RebellionLady Anne Halkett: From The Memoires 54. John Milton: Poems and Sonnets LycidasSonnets 55. John Milton: Paradise Lost (Books 1-3) BOOK 1BOOK 2BOOK 3 56. John Milton: Paradise Lost (Books 4-6) BOOK 4BOOK 5BOOK 6 57. John Milton: Paradise Lost (Books 7-9) BOOK 7BOOK 8BOOK 9 58. John Milton: Paradise Lost (Books 10-12) BOOK 10BOOK 11BOOK 12 Appendix An Open Companion for British Literature I 49 Margaret Cavendish: The Blazing World THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW WORLD, CALLED The Blazing-World. WRITTEN By the Thrice Noble, Illustrious, and Excellent PRINCESSE, THE Duchess of Newcastle. LONDON,  Printed by A. Maxwell, in the Year M.DC.LX.VIII. To The Duchesse of Newcastle, On Her New Blazing-World. Our Elder World, with all their Skill and Arts, Could but divide the World into three Parts: Columbus, then for Navigation fam’d, Found a new World, America ’tis nam’d; Now this new World was found, it was not made, Onely discovered, lying in Time’s shade. Then what are You, having no Chaos found To make a World, or any such least ground? But your Creating Fancy, thought it fit To make your World of Nothing, but pure Wit. Your Blazing-World, beyond the Stars mounts higher, Enlightens all with a Cœlestial Fier. William Newcastle. To all Noble and Worthy Ladies. This present Description of a New World, was made as an Appendix to my Observations upon Experimental Philosophy; and, having some Sympathy and Coherence with each other, were joyned together as Two several Worlds, at their Two Poles. But, by reason most Ladies take no delight in Philosophical Arguments, I separated some from the mentioned Observations, and caused them to go out by themselves, that I might express my Respects, in presenting to Them such Fancies as my Contemplations did afford. The First Part is Romancical; the Second, Philosophical; and the Third is meerly Fancy; or (as I may call it) Fantastical. And if (Noble Ladies)you should chance to take pleasure in reading these Fancies, I shall account my self a Happy Creatoress: If not, I must be content to live a Melancholly Life in my own World; which I cannot call a Poor World, if Poverty be only want of Gold, and Jewels: for, there is more Gold in it, than all the Chymists ever made; or, (as I verily believe) will ever be able to make. As for the Rocks of Diamonds, I wish, with all my Soul, they might be shared amongst my Noble Female Friends; upon which condition, I would willingly quit my Part: And of the Gold, I should desire only so much as might suffice to repair my Noble Lord and Husband’s Losses: for, I am not Covetous, but as Ambitious as ever any of my Sex was, is, or can be; which is the cause, That though I cannot be Henry the Fifth, or Charles the Second; yet, I will endeavour to be, Margaret the First: and, though I have neither Power, Time nor Occasion, to be a great Conqueror, like Alexander, or Cesar; yet, rather than not be Mistress of a World, since Fortune and the Fates would give me none, I have made One of my own. And thus, believing, or, at least, hoping, that no Creature can, or will, Envy me for this World of mine, I remain, Noble Ladies, Your Humble Servant, M. Newcastle. The Description of a New World, Called The Blazing-World. A Merchant travelling into a foreign Country, fell extreamly in Love with a young Lady; but being a stranger in that Nation, and beneath her, both in Birth and Wealth, he could have but little hopes of obtaining his desire; however his Love growing more and more vehement upon him, even to the slighting of all difficulties, he resolved at last to Steal her away; which he had the better opportunity to do, because her Father’s house was not far from the Sea, and she often using to gather shells upon the shore accompanied not with above two to three of her servants it encouraged him the more to execute his design. Thus coming one time with a little leight Vessel, not unlike a Packet-boat, mann’d with some few Sea-men, and well victualled, for fear of some accidents, which might perhaps retard their journey, to the place where she used to repair; he forced her away: But when he fancied himself the happiest man of the World, he proved to be the most unfortunate; for Heaven frowning at his Theft, raised such a Tempest, as they knew not what to do, or whither to steer their course; so that the Vessel, both by its own leightness, and the violent motion of the Wind, was carried as swift as an Arrow out of a Bow, towards the North-pole, and in a short time reached the Icy Sea, where the wind forced it amongst huge pieces of Ice; but being little, and leight, it did by the assistance and favour of the gods to this virtuous Lady, so turn and wind through those precipices, as if it had been guided by some experienced Pilot, and skilful Mariner: But alas! Those few men which were in it, not knowing whither they went, nor what was to be done in so strange an Adventure, and not being provided for so cold a Voyage, were all frozen to death; the young Lady onely, by the light of her Beauty, the heat of her Youth, and Protection of the Gods, remaining alive: Neither was it a wonder that the men did freeze to death; for they were not onely driven to the very end or point of the Pole of that World, but even to another Pole of another World, which joined close to it; so that the cold having a double strength at the conjunction of those two Poles, was insupportable: At last, the Boat still passing on, was forced into another World; for it is impossible to round this Worlds Globe from Pole to Pole, so as we do from East to West; because the Poles of the other World, joining to the Poles of this, do not allow any further passage to surround the World that way; but if any one arrives to either of these Poles, he is either forced to return, or to enter into another World: and lest you should scruple at it, and think, if it were thus, those that live at the Poles would either see two Suns at one time, or else they would never want the Sun’s light for six months together, as it is commonly believed: You must know, that each of these Worlds having its own Sun to enlighten it, they move each one in their peculiar Circles; which motion is so just and exact, that neither can hinder or obstruct the other; for they do not exceed their Tropicks: and although they should meet, yet we in this World cannot so well perceive them, by reason of the brightness of our Sun, which being nearer to us, obstructs the splendor of the Sun of the other World, they being too far off to be discerned by our optick perception, except we use very good Telescopes; by which, skilful Astronomers have often observed two or three Suns at once. But to return to the wandering Boat, and the distresed Lady; she seeing all the Men dead, found small comfort in life; their Bodies which were preserved all that while from putrefaction and stench, by the extremity of cold, began now to thaw, and corrupt; whereupon she having not strength enough to fling them over-board, was forced to remove out of her small Cabine, upon the deck, to avoid the nauseous smell; and finding the Boat swim between two plains of Ice, as a stream that runs betwixt two shores, at last perceived land, but covered all with Snow: from which came, walking upon the Ice, strange Creatures, in shape like Bears, only they went upright as men; those Creatures coming near the Boat, catched hold of it with their Paws, that served them instead of hands; some two or three of them entred first; and when they came out, the rest went in one after another; at last having viewed and observed all that was in the Boat, they spake to each other in a language which the Lady did not understand; and having carried her out of the Boat, sunk it, together with the dead men. The Lady now finding her self in so strange a place, and amongst such wonderful kind of Creatures, was extreamly strucken with fear, and could entertain no other Thoughts, but that every moment her life was to be a sacrifice to their cruelty; but those Bear-like Creatures, how terrible soever they appear’d to her sight, yet were they so far from exercising any cruelty upon her, that rather they shewed her all civility and kindness imaginable; for she being not able to go upon the Ice, by reason of its slipperiness, they took her up in their rough arms, and carried her into their City, where instead of Houses, they had Caves under ground; and as soon as they enter’d the City, both Males and Females, young and old, flockt together to see this Lady, holding up their Paws in admiration; at last having brought her into a certain large and spacious Cave, which they intended for her reception, they left her to the custody of the Females, who entertained her with all kindness and respect, and gave her such victuals as they used to eat; but seeing her Constitution neither agreed with the temper of that Climate, nor their Diet, they were resolved to carry her into another Island of a warmer temper; in which were men like Foxes, onely walking in an upright shape, who received their neighbours the Bear-men with great civility and Courtship, very much admiring this beauteous Lady; and having discoursed some while together, agreed at last to make her a Present to the Emperor of their World; to which end, after she had made some short stay in the same place, they brought her cross that Island to a large River, whose stream run smooth and clear, like Chrystal; in which were numerous Boats, much like our Fox-traps; in one whereof she was carried, some of the Bear- and Fox-men waiting on her; and as soon as they had crossed the River, they came into an Island where there were Men which had heads, beaks and feathers, like wild-Geese, onely they went in an upright shape, like the Bear-men and Fox-men: their rumps they carried between their legs, their wings were of the same length with their Bodies, and their tails of an indifferent size, trailing after them like a Ladie’s Garment; and after the Bear- and Fox-men had declared their intention and design to their Neighbours, the Geese- or Bird-men, some of them joined to the rest, and attended the Lady through that Island, till they came to another great and large River, where there was a preparation made of many Boats, much like Birds nests, onely of a bigger size; and having crost that River, they arrived into another Island, which was of a pleasant and mild temper, full of Woods and the Inhabitants thereof were Satyrs, who received both the Bear- Fox- and Bird men, with all respect and civility; and after some conferences (for they all understood each others language) some chief of the Satyrs joining to them, accompanied the Lady out of that Island to another River, wherein were many handsome and commodious Barges; and having crost that River, they entered into a large and spacious Kingdom, the men whereof were of a Grass-Green Complexion, who entertained them very kindly, and provided all conveniences for their further voyage: hitherto they had onely crost Rivers, but now they could not avoid the open Seas any longer; wherefore they made their Ships and tacklings ready to sail over into the Island, where the Emperor of the Blazing- world (for so it was call’d) kept his residence. Very good Navigators they were; and though they had no knowledg of the Load-stone, or Needle or pendulous Watches, yet (which was as serviceable to them) they had subtile observations, and great practice; in so much that they could not onely tell the depth of the Sea in every place, but where there were shelves of Sand, Rocks, and other obstructions to be avoided by skilful and experienced Sea-men: Besides, they were excellent Augurers, which skill they counted more necessary and beneficial then the use of Compasses, Cards, Watches, and the like; but, above the rest, they had an extraordinary Art, much to be taken notice of by Experimental Philosophers, and that was a certain Engin, which would draw in a great quantity of Air, and shoot forth Wind with a great force; this Engine in a calm, they placed behind their Ships, and in a storm, before; for it served against the raging waves, like Cannons against an hostile Army, or besieged Town; it would batter and beat the waves in pieces, were they as high as Steeples; and as soon as a breach was made, they forced their passage through, in spight even of the most furious wind, using two of those Engins at every Ship, one before, to beat off the waves, and another behind to drive it on; so that the artificial wind had the better of the natural; for, it had a greater advantage of the waves, then the natural of the Ships: the natural being above the face of the Water, could not without a down right motion enter or press into the Ships; whereas the artificial with a sideward-motion, did pierce into the bowels of the Waves: Moreover, it is to be observed, that in a great Tempest they would join their Ships in battel-aray: and when they feared Wind and Waves would be too strong for them, if they divided their Ships; they joined as many together as the compass or advantage of the places of the Liquid Element would give them leave. For, their Ships were so ingeniously contrived, that they could fasten them together as close as a Honey-comb, without waste of place; and being thus united, no Wind nor Waves were able to separate them. The Emperor’s Ships, were all of Gold; but the Merchants and Skippers, of Leather; the Golden Ships were not much heavier then ours of Wood, by reason they were neatly made, and required not such thickness, neither were they troubled with Pitch, Tar, Pumps, Guns, and the like, which make our Woodden-Ships very heavy; for though they were not all of a piece, yet they were so well sodder’d, that there was no fear of Leaks, Chinks, or Clefts; and as for Guns, there was no use of them, because they had no other enemies but the Winds: But the Leather Ships were not altogether so sure, although much leighter; besides, they were pitched to keep out Water. Having thus prepar’d, and order’d their Navy, they went on in despight of Calm or Storm: And though the Lady at first fancied her self in a very sad condition, and her mind was much tormented with doubts and fears, not knowing whether this strange Adventure would tend to her safety or destruction; yet she being withal of a generous spirit, and ready wit, considering what dangers she had past, and finding those sorts of men civil and diligent attendants to her, took courage, and endeavoured to learn their language; which after she had obtained so far, that partly by some words and signs she was able to apprehend their meaning, she was so far from being afraid of them, that she thought her self not onely safe, but very happy in their company: By which we may see, that Novelty discomposes the mind, but acquaintance settles it in peace and tranquillity. At last, having passed by several rich Islands and Kingdoms, they went towards Paradise, which was the seat of the Emperor; and coming in sight of it, rejoiced very much; the Lady at first could perceive nothing but high Rocks, which seemed to touch the Skies; and although they appear’d not of an equal heigth, yet they seemed to be all one piece, without partitions: but at last drawing nearer, she perceived a clift, which was a part of those Rocks, out of which she spied coming forth a great number of Boats, which afar off shewed like a company of Ants, marching one after another; the Boats appeared like the holes or partitions in a Honey-comb, and when joined together, stood as close; the men were of several Complexions, but none like any of our World; and when both the Boats and Ships met, they saluted and spake to each other very courteously; for there was but one language in all that World: nor no more but one Emperor, to whom they all submitted with the greatest duty and obedience, which made them live in a continued Peace and Happiness; not acquainted with Foreign Wars or Home-bred Insurrections. The Lady now being arrived at this place, was carried out of her Ship into one of those Boats, and conveighed through the same passage (for there was no other) into that part of the World where the Emperor did reside; which part was very pleasant, and of a mild temper: Within it self it was divided by a great number of vast and large Rivers, all ebbing and flowing, into several Islands of unequal distance from each other, which in most parts were as pleasant, healthful, rich, and fruitful, as Nature could make them; and, as I mentioned before, secure from all Foreign Invasions, by reason there was but one way to enter, and that like a Labyrinth, so winding and turning among the Rocks, that no other Vessels but small Boats, could pass, carrying not above three passengers at a time: On each side all along the narrow and winding River, there were several Cities, some of Marble, some of Alabaster, some of Agat, some of Amber, some of Coral, and some of other precious materials not known in our world; all which after the Lady had passed, she came to the Imperial City, named Paradise, which appeared in form like several Islands; for, Rivers did run betwixt every street, which together with the Bridges, whereof there was a great number, were all paved. The City it self was built of Gold; and their Architectures were noble, stately, and magnificent, not like our Modern, but like those in the Romans time; for, our Modern Buildings are like those Houses which Children use to make of Cards, one story above another, fitter for Birds, then Men; but theirs were more Large, and Broad, then high; the highest of them did not exceed two stories, besides those rooms that were under-ground, as Cellars, and other Offices. The Emperor’s Palace stood upon an indifferent ascent from the Imperial City; at the top of which ascent was a broad Arch, supported by several Pillars, which went round the Palace, and contained four of our English miles in compass: within the Arch stood the Emperor’s Guard, which consisted of several sorts of Men; at every half mile, was a Gate to enter, and every Gate was of a different fashion; the first, which allowed a passage from the Imperial City into the Palace, had on either hand a Cloyster, the outward part whereof stood upon Arches sustained by Pillars, but the inner part was close: Being entred through the Gate, the Palace it self appear’d in its middle like the Isle of a Church, a mile and a half long, and half a mile broad; the roof of it was all Arched, and rested upon Pillars, so artificially placed that a stranger would lose himself therein without a Guide; at the extream sides, that is, between the outward and inward part of the Cloyster, were Lodgings for Attendants; and in the midst of the Palace, the Emperor’s own Rooms; whose Lights were placed at the top of every one, because of the heat of the Sun: the Emperor’s appartment for State was no more inclosed then the rest; onely an Imperial Throne was in every appartment, of which the several adornments could not be perceived until one entered, because the Pillars were so just opposite to one another, that all the adornments could not be seen at one. The first part of the Palace was, as the Imperial City, all of Gold; and when it came to the Emperors appartment, it was so rich with Diamonds, Pearls, Rubies, and the like precious Stones, that it surpasses my skill to enumerate them all. Amongst the rest, the Imperial Room of State appear’d most magnificent; it was paved with green Diamonds (for there are in that World Diamonds of all Colours) so artificially, as it seemed but of one piece; the Pillars were set with Diamonds so close, and in such a manner, that they appear’d most Glorious to the sight; between every Pillar was a Bow or Arch of a certain sort of Diamonds, the like whereof our World does not afford; which being placed in every one of the Arches in several rows, seemed just like so many Rain-bows of several different colours. The roof of the Arches was of blew Diamonds, and in the midst thereof was a Carbuncle, which represented the Sun; and the Rising and Setting-Sun at the East and West-side of the Room were made of Rubies. Out of this Room there was a passage into the Emperor’s Bed-Chamber, the Walls whereof were of Jet, and the Floor of black Marble; the Roof was of Mother of Pearl, where the Moon and Blazing-Stars were represented by white Diamonds, and his Bed was made of Diamonds and Carbuncles. No sooner was the Lady brought before the Emperor, but he conceived her to be some Goddess, and offered to worship her; which she refused, telling him, (for by that time she had pretty well learned their Language) that although she came out of another world, yet was she but a mortal. At which the Emperor rejoycing, made her his Wife, and gave her an absolute power to rule and govern all that World as she pleased. But her subjects, who could hardly be perswaded to believe her mortal, tender’d her all the Veneration and Worship due to a Deity. Her Accoustrement after she was made Empress, was as followeth: On her head she wore a Cap of Pearl, and a Half-moon of Diamonds just before it; on the top of her Crown came spreading over a broad Carbuncle, cut in the form of the Sun; her Coat was of Pearl, mixt with blew Diamonds, and frindged with red ones; her Buskins and Sandals were of green Diamonds; In her left hand she held a Buckler, to signifie the Defence of her Dominions; which Buckler was made of that sort of Diamond as has several different Colours; and being cut and made in the form of an Arch, shewed like a Rain-bow; In her right hand she carried a Spear made of white Diamond, cut like the tail of a Blazing Star, which signified that she was ready to assault those that proved her Enemies. None was allowed to use or wear Gold but those of the Imperial Race, which were the onely Nobles of the State; nor durst any one wear Jewels but the Emperor, the Empress and their Eldest Son; notwithstanding that they had an infinite quantity both of Gold and precious Stones in that World; for they had larger extents of Gold, then our Arabian Sands; their precious Stones were Rocks, and their Diamonds of several Colours; they used no Coyn, but all their Traffick was by exchange of several Commodities. Their Priests and Governors were Princes of the Imperial Blood, and made Eunuches for that purpose; and as for the ordinary sort of men in that part of the World where the Emperor resided, they were of several Complexions; not white, black, tawny, olive or ash-coloured; but some appear’d of an Azure, some of a deep Purple, some of a Grass-green, some of a Scarlet, some of an Orange-colour, &c. Which Colours and Complexions, whether they were made by the bare reflection of light, without the assistance of small particles; or by the help of well-ranged and order’d Atoms; or by a continual agitation of little Globules; or by some pressing and re-acting motion, I am not able to determine. The rest of the Inhabitants of that World, were men of several different sorts, shapes, figures, dispositions, and humors, as I have already made mention, heretofore; some were Bear-men, some Worm-men, some Fish- or Mear-men, otherwise called Syrens; some Bird-men, some Fly-men, some Ant-men, some Geese-men, some Spider-men, some Lice-men, some Fox-men, some Ape-men, some Jack daw-men, some Magpie-men, some Parrot-men, some Satyrs, some Gyants, and many more, which I cannot all remember; and of these several sorts of men, each followed such a profession as was most proper for the nature of their Species, which the Empress encouraged them in, especially those that had applied themselves to the study of several Arts and Sciences; for they were as ingenious and witty in the invention of profitable and useful Arts, as we are in our world, nay, more; and to that end she erected Schools, and founded several Societies. The Bear-men were to be her Experimental Philosophers, the Bird-men her Astronomers, the Fly- Worm- and Fish-men her Natural Philosophers, the Ape-men her Chymists, the Satyrs her Galenick Physicians, the Fox-men her Politicians, the Spider- and Lice-men her Mathematicians, the Jackdaw- Magpie- and Parrot-men her Orators and Logicians, the Gyants her Architects, &c. But before all things, she having got a Soveraign power from the Emperor over all the World, desired to be informed both of the manner of their Religion and Government; and to that end she called the Priests and States men, to give her an account of either. Of the States men she enquired, first, Why they had so few Laws? To which they answered, That many Laws made many Divisions, which most commonly did breed Factions, and at last brake out into open Wars. Next, she asked, Why they preferred the Monarchical form of Government before any other? They answered, That as it was natural for one Body to have but one Head, so it was also natural for a Politick body to have but one Governor; and that a Common-wealth, which had many Governors was like a Monster with many Heads. Besides, said they, a Monarchy is a divine form of Government, and agrees most with our Religion: For as there is but one God, whom we all unanimously worship and adore with one Faith; so we are resolved to have but one Emperor, to whom we all submit with one obedience. Then the Empress seeing that the several sorts of her Subjects had each their Churches apart, asked the Priests, whether they were of several Religions? They answered her Majesty, That there was no more but one Religion in all that World, nor no diversity of opinions in that same Religion for though there were several sorts of men, yet had they all but one opinion concerning the Worship and Adoration of God. The Empress asked them, Whether they were Jews, Turks, or Christians? We do not know, said they, what Religions those are; but we do all unanimously acknowledg, worship and adore the Onely, Omnipotent, and Eternal God, with all reverence, submission, and duty. Again, the Empress enquired, Whether they had several Forms of Worship? They answered, No: For our Devotion and Worship consists onely in Prayers, which we frame according to our several Necessities, in Petitions, Humiliations, Thanksgiving, &c. Truly, replied the Empress, I thought you had been either Jews, or Turks, because I never perceived any Women in your Congregations: But what is the reason, you bar them from your religious Assemblies? It is not fit, said they, that Men and Women should be promiscuously together in time of Religious Worship; for their company hinders Devotion, and makes many, instead of praying to God, direct their Devotion to their Mistresses. But, asked the Empress, Have they no Congregation of their own, to perform the duties of Divine Worship, as well as Men? No, answered they: but they stay at home, and say their Prayers by themselves in their Closets. Then the Empress desir’d to know the reason why the Priests and Governors of their World were made Eunuchs? They answer’d, To keep them from Marriage: For Women and Children most commonly make disturbance both in Church and State. But, said she, Women and Children have no Employment in Church or State. ‘Tis true, answer’d they; but, although they are not admitted to publick Employments, yet are they so prevalent with their Husbands and Parents, that many times by their importunate perswasions, they cause as much, nay, more mischief secretly, then if they had the management of publick Affairs. The Empress having received an information of what concerned both Church and State, passed some time in viewing the Imperial Palace, where she admired much the skil and ingenuity of the Architects, and enquired of them, first, Why they built their Houses no higher then two stories from the Ground? They answered her Majesty, That the lower their Buildings were, the less were they subject either to the heat of the Sun, or Wind, Tempest, Decay, &c. Then she desired to know the reason, why they made them so thick? They answered, That, the thicker the Walls were, the warmer they were in Winter, the cooler in Summer; for their thickness kept out both the Cold and Heat. Lastly, she asked, Why they Arched their Roofs, and made so many Pillars? They replied, That Arches and Pillars, did not onely grace a Building very much, and caused it to appear Magnificent, but made it also firm and lasting. The Empress was very well satisfied with their answers; and after some time, when she thought that her new founded societies of the Vertuoso’s had made a good progress in the several Employments she had put them upon, she caused a Convocation first of the Bird-men, and commanded them to give her a true relation of the two Cœlestial Bodies, viz. the Sun and Moon, which they did with all the obedience and faithfulness befitting their duty. The Sun, as much as they could observe, they related to be a firm or solid Stone, of a vast bigness; of colour yellowish, and of an extraordinary splendor: But the Moon, they said, was of a whitish colour; and although she looked dim in the presence of the Sun, yet had she her own light, and was a shining body of her self, as might be perceived by her vigorous appearance in Moon-shiny-nights; the difference onely betwixt her own and the Sun’s light was, that the Sun did strike his beams in a direct line; but the Moon never respected the Centre of their World in a right line, but her Centre was always excentrical. The Spots both in the Sun and Moon, as far as they were able to perceive, they affirmed to be nothing else but flaws and stains of their stony Bodies. Concerning the heat of the Sun, they were not of one opinion; some would have the Sun hot in it self, alledging an old Tradition, that it should at some time break asunder, and burn the Heavens, and consume this world into hot Embers, which, said they, could not be done, if the Sun were not fiery of it self. Others again said, This opinion could not stand with reason; for Fire being a destroyer of all things, the Sun-stone after this manner would burn up all the near adjoining Bodies: Besides, said they, Fire cannot subsist without fuel; and the Sunstone having nothing to feed on, would in a short time consume it self; wherefore they thought it more probable that the Sun was not actually hot, but onely by the reflection of its light; so that its heat was an effect of its light, both being immaterial. But this opinion again was laught at by others, and rejected as ridiculous, who thought it impossible that one immaterial should produce another; and believed that both the light and heat of the Sun proceeded from a swift Circular motion of the Æthereal Globules, which by their striking upon the Optick nerve, caused light, and their motion produced heat: But neither would this opinion hold; for, said some, then it would follow, that the sight of Animals is the cause of light; and that, were there no eyes, there would be no light; which was against all sense and reason. Thus they argued concerning the heat and light of the Sun; but, which is remarkable, none did say, that the Sun was a Globous fluid body, and had a swift Circular motion; but all agreed, It was fixt and firm like a Center, and therefore they generally called it the Sun-stone. Then the Empress asked them the reason, Why the Sun and Moon did often appear in different postures or shapes, as sometimes magnified, sometimes diminished; sometimes elevated, otherwhiles depressed;

Increase Font Size Toggle Menu HomeReadSign in Search in book: Search Contents I. The Middle Ages (ca. 476-1485) 1. Bede (ca. 672-735) Bede: BiographyCaedmon’s Hymn 2. Dream of the Rood Dream of the Rood 3. Beowulf: Parts I & II Introduction: BeowulfStory SummaryThemesHistorical BackgroundLiterary StyleReading:Part IPart II 4. Beowulf: Part III Part III 5. Judith  Judith6. The Wanderer 7. Wulf and Eadwacer Wulf and Eadwacer 8. The Wife's Lament The Wife’s Lament 9. The Ruin The Ruin 10. Selection of Old English Riddles Selections from Old English Poems 11. The Myth of Arthur's Return Geoffrey of Monmouth: From The History of the Kings of BritainWace: From Roman de BrutLayamon: From Brut  II. Irish Literature 12. Cúchulainn’s Boyish Deeds Cúchulainn: IntroductionCuchulainn’s Boyish Deeds III. Anglo-Norman Literature 13. Tristan and Iseult Introduction: Tristan and IseultThe Story SummaryLiterary ThemesReading: Tristan and Yseult 14. Guide for Anchoresses (Ancrene Wisse) The Sweetness and Pain of Enclosure 15. Romances of Marie de France Marie de France: IntroductionArthurian LegendDiscussion Questions:Helpful ResourcesReading: THE LAY OF SIR LAUNFAL IV. Middle English Literature in the 14th and 15th Century 16. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (ca. 1375-1400) Introduction: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 17. Sir Gawain: Parts I & II Part IPart II 18. Sir Gawain: Parts III & IV Part IIIPart IV19. Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales 20. Canterbury Tales: General Prologue Prologue 21. Canterbury Tales: Miller's Prologue and Tale Introduction: The Miller’s TaleStory SummaryReading: The Miller’s PrologueThe Miller’s Tale 22. Canterbury Tales: The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale Introduction: The Wife of BathStory Summary:Reading: The Wife of Bath’s PrologueWife of Bath’s Tale 23. Canterbury Tales: The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale Introduction: The PardonerStory Summary:Reading: Pardoner’s PrologueThe Pardoner’s Tale 24. Canterbury Tales: The Nun's Priest's Tale Introduction: The Nun’s Priest’s TaleStory Summary:Reading: The Nun’s Priest’s Tale: PrologueThe Nun’s Priest’s Tale25. Chaucer's Retraction to Canterbury Tales26. Julian of Norwich: Revelations of Divine Love (Selections) 27. Margery Kempe: Excerpts from The Book of Margery Kempe Introduction: The Book of Margery Kempe BiographySummaryReading: The Birth of Her First Child and Her First Vision (excerpt)Her Pride and Attempts to Start a Business (excerpt)Margery and Her Husband Reach a Settlement28. The Wakefield Second Shepherd's Play29. Middle English Lyrics30. Robert Henryson: The Cock and the Jasp31. Everyman 32. Thomas Malory: Le Morte d'Arthur Introdution: Le Morte d’ArthurReading: Selection from Morte d’Arthur  V. The Sixteenth Century 33. Sir Thomas More: Utopia UTOPIA34. From: The Book of Common Prayer 35. WOMEN IN POWER: Selected Readings Mary I (Tudor): IntroductionMary Tudor: BiographyLady Jane Grey: IntroductionLady Jane: BiographyMary Queen of Scots: IntroductionElizabeth I: IntroductionBiography36. Edmund Spencer: the Faerie Queene (Book I) 37. Sir Walter Raleigh: Poems and From: The Discovery of the Large, Rich and Beautiful Empire of Guiana Sir Walter Raleigh: IntroductionBiography: Sir Walter RaleighPoems38. Sir Philip Sidney: From Astrophil and Stella 39. THE WIDER WORLD: Selected Readings The Wider World: Selected Readings Richard Hakluyt: BiographyReading: Hakluyt’s Dedicatory Epistle to The Principal Navigations, 1589Leo Africanus: BiographyReading: Leo Africanus on the North Africans, 1526An English Traveller’s Guide to the North Africans, 1547Voyage to the Arctic, 1577, with Reflections on Racial DifferenceAmadas and Barlowe’s Voyage to Virginia, 1584Introduction: Thomas Hariot BiographyHariot’s Report on Virginia, 1585General History of the Turks, 1603Introduction: Thomas Dallam BiographyReading: A Gift for the Sultan 40. Christopher Marlowe: Hero and Leander Hero and Leander 41. Christopher Marlowe: Doctor Faustus The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 42. William Shakespeare: Selected Sonnets Introduction: Shakespeare’s SonnetsNotable Themes and SummariesReading: Selected Sonnets 43. William Shakespeare: Taming of the Shrew Introduction: Taming of the ShrewExtended OverviewReading: THE TAMING OF THE SHREW VI. Early Seventeenth Century 44. John Dunne: Selections Songs and SonnetsA Selection of Holy SonnetsFrom: Devotions upon Emergent Occasions45. Aemilia Lanyar: Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum 46. Ben Jonson: Epigrams and Poetry EpigramsPoemsFrom: Underwood 47. GENDER RELATIONS: Conflict and Counsel From: The Arraignment of Lewd, Idle, Froward, and Unconstant Women: Or the Vanity of Them Choose you WhetherRachel Speght: From A Muzzle for Melastomus William Gouge: From Domestical Duties48. Francis Bacon: Essays49. Margaret Cavendish: The Blazing World 50. George Herbert: The Temple The Temple 51. CRISIS OF AUTHORITY: The Beheading of Charles I From: King Charles, His Trial (1649)From: A Perfect Diurnal of Some Passages in Parliament, no. 288Robert Filmer: From Patriarcha John Milton: From The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates Gerrard Winstanley: From A New Year’s Gift Sent to the Parliament and ArmyThomas Hobbes: From Leviathan 52. CRISIS OF AUTHORITY: Political Writing Robert Filmer: From Patriarcha John Milton: From The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates Gerrard Winstanley: From A New Year’s Gift Sent to the Parliament and ArmyThomas Hobbes: From Leviathan 53. CRISIS OF AUTHORITY: Writing the Self Lucy Hutchinson: From Memoirs of the Life of Colonel John HutchinsonEdward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon: From The History of the RebellionLady Anne Halkett: From The Memoires 54. John Milton: Poems and Sonnets LycidasSonnets 55. John Milton: Paradise Lost (Books 1-3) BOOK 1BOOK 2BOOK 3 56. John Milton: Paradise Lost (Books 4-6) BOOK 4BOOK 5BOOK 6 57. John Milton: Paradise Lost (Books 7-9) BOOK 7BOOK 8BOOK 9 58. John Milton: Paradise Lost (Books 10-12) BOOK 10BOOK 11BOOK 12 Appendix An Open Companion for British Literature I 49 Margaret Cavendish: The Blazing World THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW WORLD, CALLED The Blazing-World. WRITTEN By the Thrice Noble, Illustrious, and Excellent PRINCESSE, THE Duchess of Newcastle. LONDON,  Printed by A. Maxwell, in the Year M.DC.LX.VIII. To The Duchesse of Newcastle, On Her New Blazing-World. Our Elder World, with all their Skill and Arts, Could but divide the World into three Parts: Columbus, then for Navigation fam’d, Found a new World, America ’tis nam’d; Now this new World was found, it was not made, Onely discovered, lying in Time’s shade. Then what are You, having no Chaos found To make a World, or any such least ground? But your Creating Fancy, thought it fit To make your World of Nothing, but pure Wit. Your Blazing-World, beyond the Stars mounts higher, Enlightens all with a Cœlestial Fier. William Newcastle. To all Noble and Worthy Ladies. This present Description of a New World, was made as an Appendix to my Observations upon Experimental Philosophy; and, having some Sympathy and Coherence with each other, were joyned together as Two several Worlds, at their Two Poles. But, by reason most Ladies take no delight in Philosophical Arguments, I separated some from the mentioned Observations, and caused them to go out by themselves, that I might express my Respects, in presenting to Them such Fancies as my Contemplations did afford. The First Part is Romancical; the Second, Philosophical; and the Third is meerly Fancy; or (as I may call it) Fantastical. And if (Noble Ladies)you should chance to take pleasure in reading these Fancies, I shall account my self a Happy Creatoress: If not, I must be content to live a Melancholly Life in my own World; which I cannot call a Poor World, if Poverty be only want of Gold, and Jewels: for, there is more Gold in it, than all the Chymists ever made; or, (as I verily believe) will ever be able to make. As for the Rocks of Diamonds, I wish, with all my Soul, they might be shared amongst my Noble Female Friends; upon which condition, I would willingly quit my Part: And of the Gold, I should desire only so much as might suffice to repair my Noble Lord and Husband’s Losses: for, I am not Covetous, but as Ambitious as ever any of my Sex was, is, or can be; which is the cause, That though I cannot be Henry the Fifth, or Charles the Second; yet, I will endeavour to be, Margaret the First: and, though I have neither Power, Time nor Occasion, to be a great Conqueror, like Alexander, or Cesar; yet, rather than not be Mistress of a World, since Fortune and the Fates would give me none, I have made One of my own. And thus, believing, or, at least, hoping, that no Creature can, or will, Envy me for this World of mine, I remain, Noble Ladies, Your Humble Servant, M. Newcastle. The Description of a New World, Called The Blazing-World. A Merchant travelling into a foreign Country, fell extreamly in Love with a young Lady; but being a stranger in that Nation, and beneath her, both in Birth and Wealth, he could have but little hopes of obtaining his desire; however his Love growing more and more vehement upon him, even to the slighting of all difficulties, he resolved at last to Steal her away; which he had the better opportunity to do, because her Father’s house was not far from the Sea, and she often using to gather shells upon the shore accompanied not with above two to three of her servants it encouraged him the more to execute his design. Thus coming one time with a little leight Vessel, not unlike a Packet-boat, mann’d with some few Sea-men, and well victualled, for fear of some accidents, which might perhaps retard their journey, to the place where she used to repair; he forced her away: But when he fancied himself the happiest man of the World, he proved to be the most unfortunate; for Heaven frowning at his Theft, raised such a Tempest, as they knew not what to do, or whither to steer their course; so that the Vessel, both by its own leightness, and the violent motion of the Wind, was carried as swift as an Arrow out of a Bow, towards the North-pole, and in a short time reached the Icy Sea, where the wind forced it amongst huge pieces of Ice; but being little, and leight, it did by the assistance and favour of the gods to this virtuous Lady, so turn and wind through those precipices, as if it had been guided by some experienced Pilot, and skilful Mariner: But alas! Those few men which were in it, not knowing whither they went, nor what was to be done in so strange an Adventure, and not being provided for so cold a Voyage, were all frozen to death; the young Lady onely, by the light of her Beauty, the heat of her Youth, and Protection of the Gods, remaining alive: Neither was it a wonder that the men did freeze to death; for they were not onely driven to the very end or point of the Pole of that World, but even to another Pole of another World, which joined close to it; so that the cold having a double strength at the conjunction of those two Poles, was insupportable: At last, the Boat still passing on, was forced into another World; for it is impossible to round this Worlds Globe from Pole to Pole, so as we do from East to West; because the Poles of the other World, joining to the Poles of this, do not allow any further passage to surround the World that way; but if any one arrives to either of these Poles, he is either forced to return, or to enter into another World: and lest you should scruple at it, and think, if it were thus, those that live at the Poles would either see two Suns at one time, or else they would never want the Sun’s light for six months together, as it is commonly believed: You must know, that each of these Worlds having its own Sun to enlighten it, they move each one in their peculiar Circles; which motion is so just and exact, that neither can hinder or obstruct the other; for they do not exceed their Tropicks: and although they should meet, yet we in this World cannot so well perceive them, by reason of the brightness of our Sun, which being nearer to us, obstructs the splendor of the Sun of the other World, they being too far off to be discerned by our optick perception, except we use very good Telescopes; by which, skilful Astronomers have often observed two or three Suns at once. But to return to the wandering Boat, and the distresed Lady; she seeing all the Men dead, found small comfort in life; their Bodies which were preserved all that while from putrefaction and stench, by the extremity of cold, began now to thaw, and corrupt; whereupon she having not strength enough to fling them over-board, was forced to remove out of her small Cabine, upon the deck, to avoid the nauseous smell; and finding the Boat swim between two plains of Ice, as a stream that runs betwixt two shores, at last perceived land, but covered all with Snow: from which came, walking upon the Ice, strange Creatures, in shape like Bears, only they went upright as men; those Creatures coming near the Boat, catched hold of it with their Paws, that served them instead of hands; some two or three of them entred first; and when they came out, the rest went in one after another; at last having viewed and observed all that was in the Boat, they spake to each other in a language which the Lady did not understand; and having carried her out of the Boat, sunk it, together with the dead men. The Lady now finding her self in so strange a place, and amongst such wonderful kind of Creatures, was extreamly strucken with fear, and could entertain no other Thoughts, but that every moment her life was to be a sacrifice to their cruelty; but those Bear-like Creatures, how terrible soever they appear’d to her sight, yet were they so far from exercising any cruelty upon her, that rather they shewed her all civility and kindness imaginable; for she being not able to go upon the Ice, by reason of its slipperiness, they took her up in their rough arms, and carried her into their City, where instead of Houses, they had Caves under ground; and as soon as they enter’d the City, both Males and Females, young and old, flockt together to see this Lady, holding up their Paws in admiration; at last having brought her into a certain large and spacious Cave, which they intended for her reception, they left her to the custody of the Females, who entertained her with all kindness and respect, and gave her such victuals as they used to eat; but seeing her Constitution neither agreed with the temper of that Climate, nor their Diet, they were resolved to carry her into another Island of a warmer temper; in which were men like Foxes, onely walking in an upright shape, who received their neighbours the Bear-men with great civility and Courtship, very much admiring this beauteous Lady; and having discoursed some while together, agreed at last to make her a Present to the Emperor of their World; to which end, after she had made some short stay in the same place, they brought her cross that Island to a large River, whose stream run smooth and clear, like Chrystal; in which were numerous Boats, much like our Fox-traps; in one whereof she was carried, some of the Bear- and Fox-men waiting on her; and as soon as they had crossed the River, they came into an Island where there were Men which had heads, beaks and feathers, like wild-Geese, onely they went in an upright shape, like the Bear-men and Fox-men: their rumps they carried between their legs, their wings were of the same length with their Bodies, and their tails of an indifferent size, trailing after them like a Ladie’s Garment; and after the Bear- and Fox-men had declared their intention and design to their Neighbours, the Geese- or Bird-men, some of them joined to the rest, and attended the Lady through that Island, till they came to another great and large River, where there was a preparation made of many Boats, much like Birds nests, onely of a bigger size; and having crost that River, they arrived into another Island, which was of a pleasant and mild temper, full of Woods and the Inhabitants thereof were Satyrs, who received both the Bear- Fox- and Bird men, with all respect and civility; and after some conferences (for they all understood each others language) some chief of the Satyrs joining to them, accompanied the Lady out of that Island to another River, wherein were many handsome and commodious Barges; and having crost that River, they entered into a large and spacious Kingdom, the men whereof were of a Grass-Green Complexion, who entertained them very kindly, and provided all conveniences for their further voyage: hitherto they had onely crost Rivers, but now they could not avoid the open Seas any longer; wherefore they made their Ships and tacklings ready to sail over into the Island, where the Emperor of the Blazing- world (for so it was call’d) kept his residence. Very good Navigators they were; and though they had no knowledg of the Load-stone, or Needle or pendulous Watches, yet (which was as serviceable to them) they had subtile observations, and great practice; in so much that they could not onely tell the depth of the Sea in every place, but where there were shelves of Sand, Rocks, and other obstructions to be avoided by skilful and experienced Sea-men: Besides, they were excellent Augurers, which skill they counted more necessary and beneficial then the use of Compasses, Cards, Watches, and the like; but, above the rest, they had an extraordinary Art, much to be taken notice of by Experimental Philosophers, and that was a certain Engin, which would draw in a great quantity of Air, and shoot forth Wind with a great force; this Engine in a calm, they placed behind their Ships, and in a storm, before; for it served against the raging waves, like Cannons against an hostile Army, or besieged Town; it would batter and beat the waves in pieces, were they as high as Steeples; and as soon as a breach was made, they forced their passage through, in spight even of the most furious wind, using two of those Engins at every Ship, one before, to beat off the waves, and another behind to drive it on; so that the artificial wind had the better of the natural; for, it had a greater advantage of the waves, then the natural of the Ships: the natural being above the face of the Water, could not without a down right motion enter or press into the Ships; whereas the artificial with a sideward-motion, did pierce into the bowels of the Waves: Moreover, it is to be observed, that in a great Tempest they would join their Ships in battel-aray: and when they feared Wind and Waves would be too strong for them, if they divided their Ships; they joined as many together as the compass or advantage of the places of the Liquid Element would give them leave. For, their Ships were so ingeniously contrived, that they could fasten them together as close as a Honey-comb, without waste of place; and being thus united, no Wind nor Waves were able to separate them. The Emperor’s Ships, were all of Gold; but the Merchants and Skippers, of Leather; the Golden Ships were not much heavier then ours of Wood, by reason they were neatly made, and required not such thickness, neither were they troubled with Pitch, Tar, Pumps, Guns, and the like, which make our Woodden-Ships very heavy; for though they were not all of a piece, yet they were so well sodder’d, that there was no fear of Leaks, Chinks, or Clefts; and as for Guns, there was no use of them, because they had no other enemies but the Winds: But the Leather Ships were not altogether so sure, although much leighter; besides, they were pitched to keep out Water. Having thus prepar’d, and order’d their Navy, they went on in despight of Calm or Storm: And though the Lady at first fancied her self in a very sad condition, and her mind was much tormented with doubts and fears, not knowing whether this strange Adventure would tend to her safety or destruction; yet she being withal of a generous spirit, and ready wit, considering what dangers she had past, and finding those sorts of men civil and diligent attendants to her, took courage, and endeavoured to learn their language; which after she had obtained so far, that partly by some words and signs she was able to apprehend their meaning, she was so far from being afraid of them, that she thought her self not onely safe, but very happy in their company: By which we may see, that Novelty discomposes the mind, but acquaintance settles it in peace and tranquillity. At last, having passed by several rich Islands and Kingdoms, they went towards Paradise, which was the seat of the Emperor; and coming in sight of it, rejoiced very much; the Lady at first could perceive nothing but high Rocks, which seemed to touch the Skies; and although they appear’d not of an equal heigth, yet they seemed to be all one piece, without partitions: but at last drawing nearer, she perceived a clift, which was a part of those Rocks, out of which she spied coming forth a great number of Boats, which afar off shewed like a company of Ants, marching one after another; the Boats appeared like the holes or partitions in a Honey-comb, and when joined together, stood as close; the men were of several Complexions, but none like any of our World; and when both the Boats and Ships met, they saluted and spake to each other very courteously; for there was but one language in all that World: nor no more but one Emperor, to whom they all submitted with the greatest duty and obedience, which made them live in a continued Peace and Happiness; not acquainted with Foreign Wars or Home-bred Insurrections. The Lady now being arrived at this place, was carried out of her Ship into one of those Boats, and conveighed through the same passage (for there was no other) into that part of the World where the Emperor did reside; which part was very pleasant, and of a mild temper: Within it self it was divided by a great number of vast and large Rivers, all ebbing and flowing, into several Islands of unequal distance from each other, which in most parts were as pleasant, healthful, rich, and fruitful, as Nature could make them; and, as I mentioned before, secure from all Foreign Invasions, by reason there was but one way to enter, and that like a Labyrinth, so winding and turning among the Rocks, that no other Vessels but small Boats, could pass, carrying not above three passengers at a time: On each side all along the narrow and winding River, there were several Cities, some of Marble, some of Alabaster, some of Agat, some of Amber, some of Coral, and some of other precious materials not known in our world; all which after the Lady had passed, she came to the Imperial City, named Paradise, which appeared in form like several Islands; for, Rivers did run betwixt every street, which together with the Bridges, whereof there was a great number, were all paved. The City it self was built of Gold; and their Architectures were noble, stately, and magnificent, not like our Modern, but like those in the Romans time; for, our Modern Buildings are like those Houses which Children use to make of Cards, one story above another, fitter for Birds, then Men; but theirs were more Large, and Broad, then high; the highest of them did not exceed two stories, besides those rooms that were under-ground, as Cellars, and other Offices. The Emperor’s Palace stood upon an indifferent ascent from the Imperial City; at the top of which ascent was a broad Arch, supported by several Pillars, which went round the Palace, and contained four of our English miles in compass: within the Arch stood the Emperor’s Guard, which consisted of several sorts of Men; at every half mile, was a Gate to enter, and every Gate was of a different fashion; the first, which allowed a passage from the Imperial City into the Palace, had on either hand a Cloyster, the outward part whereof stood upon Arches sustained by Pillars, but the inner part was close: Being entred through the Gate, the Palace it self appear’d in its middle like the Isle of a Church, a mile and a half long, and half a mile broad; the roof of it was all Arched, and rested upon Pillars, so artificially placed that a stranger would lose himself therein without a Guide; at the extream sides, that is, between the outward and inward part of the Cloyster, were Lodgings for Attendants; and in the midst of the Palace, the Emperor’s own Rooms; whose Lights were placed at the top of every one, because of the heat of the Sun: the Emperor’s appartment for State was no more inclosed then the rest; onely an Imperial Throne was in every appartment, of which the several adornments could not be perceived until one entered, because the Pillars were so just opposite to one another, that all the adornments could not be seen at one. The first part of the Palace was, as the Imperial City, all of Gold; and when it came to the Emperors appartment, it was so rich with Diamonds, Pearls, Rubies, and the like precious Stones, that it surpasses my skill to enumerate them all. Amongst the rest, the Imperial Room of State appear’d most magnificent; it was paved with green Diamonds (for there are in that World Diamonds of all Colours) so artificially, as it seemed but of one piece; the Pillars were set with Diamonds so close, and in such a manner, that they appear’d most Glorious to the sight; between every Pillar was a Bow or Arch of a certain sort of Diamonds, the like whereof our World does not afford; which being placed in every one of the Arches in several rows, seemed just like so many Rain-bows of several different colours. The roof of the Arches was of blew Diamonds, and in the midst thereof was a Carbuncle, which represented the Sun; and the Rising and Setting-Sun at the East and West-side of the Room were made of Rubies. Out of this Room there was a passage into the Emperor’s Bed-Chamber, the Walls whereof were of Jet, and the Floor of black Marble; the Roof was of Mother of Pearl, where the Moon and Blazing-Stars were represented by white Diamonds, and his Bed was made of Diamonds and Carbuncles. No sooner was the Lady brought before the Emperor, but he conceived her to be some Goddess, and offered to worship her; which she refused, telling him, (for by that time she had pretty well learned their Language) that although she came out of another world, yet was she but a mortal. At which the Emperor rejoycing, made her his Wife, and gave her an absolute power to rule and govern all that World as she pleased. But her subjects, who could hardly be perswaded to believe her mortal, tender’d her all the Veneration and Worship due to a Deity. Her Accoustrement after she was made Empress, was as followeth: On her head she wore a Cap of Pearl, and a Half-moon of Diamonds just before it; on the top of her Crown came spreading over a broad Carbuncle, cut in the form of the Sun; her Coat was of Pearl, mixt with blew Diamonds, and frindged with red ones; her Buskins and Sandals were of green Diamonds; In her left hand she held a Buckler, to signifie the Defence of her Dominions; which Buckler was made of that sort of Diamond as has several different Colours; and being cut and made in the form of an Arch, shewed like a Rain-bow; In her right hand she carried a Spear made of white Diamond, cut like the tail of a Blazing Star, which signified that she was ready to assault those that proved her Enemies. None was allowed to use or wear Gold but those of the Imperial Race, which were the onely Nobles of the State; nor durst any one wear Jewels but the Emperor, the Empress and their Eldest Son; notwithstanding that they had an infinite quantity both of Gold and precious Stones in that World; for they had larger extents of Gold, then our Arabian Sands; their precious Stones were Rocks, and their Diamonds of several Colours; they used no Coyn, but all their Traffick was by exchange of several Commodities. Their Priests and Governors were Princes of the Imperial Blood, and made Eunuches for that purpose; and as for the ordinary sort of men in that part of the World where the Emperor resided, they were of several Complexions; not white, black, tawny, olive or ash-coloured; but some appear’d of an Azure, some of a deep Purple, some of a Grass-green, some of a Scarlet, some of an Orange-colour, &c. Which Colours and Complexions, whether they were made by the bare reflection of light, without the assistance of small particles; or by the help of well-ranged and order’d Atoms; or by a continual agitation of little Globules; or by some pressing and re-acting motion, I am not able to determine. The rest of the Inhabitants of that World, were men of several different sorts, shapes, figures, dispositions, and humors, as I have already made mention, heretofore; some were Bear-men, some Worm-men, some Fish- or Mear-men, otherwise called Syrens; some Bird-men, some Fly-men, some Ant-men, some Geese-men, some Spider-men, some Lice-men, some Fox-men, some Ape-men, some Jack daw-men, some Magpie-men, some Parrot-men, some Satyrs, some Gyants, and many more, which I cannot all remember; and of these several sorts of men, each followed such a profession as was most proper for the nature of their Species, which the Empress encouraged them in, especially those that had applied themselves to the study of several Arts and Sciences; for they were as ingenious and witty in the invention of profitable and useful Arts, as we are in our world, nay, more; and to that end she erected Schools, and founded several Societies. The Bear-men were to be her Experimental Philosophers, the Bird-men her Astronomers, the Fly- Worm- and Fish-men her Natural Philosophers, the Ape-men her Chymists, the Satyrs her Galenick Physicians, the Fox-men her Politicians, the Spider- and Lice-men her Mathematicians, the Jackdaw- Magpie- and Parrot-men her Orators and Logicians, the Gyants her Architects, &c. But before all things, she having got a Soveraign power from the Emperor over all the World, desired to be informed both of the manner of their Religion and Government; and to that end she called the Priests and States men, to give her an account of either. Of the States men she enquired, first, Why they had so few Laws? To which they answered, That many Laws made many Divisions, which most commonly did breed Factions, and at last brake out into open Wars. Next, she asked, Why they preferred the Monarchical form of Government before any other? They answered, That as it was natural for one Body to have but one Head, so it was also natural for a Politick body to have but one Governor; and that a Common-wealth, which had many Governors was like a Monster with many Heads. Besides, said they, a Monarchy is a divine form of Government, and agrees most with our Religion: For as there is but one God, whom we all unanimously worship and adore with one Faith; so we are resolved to have but one Emperor, to whom we all submit with one obedience. Then the Empress seeing that the several sorts of her Subjects had each their Churches apart, asked the Priests, whether they were of several Religions? They answered her Majesty, That there was no more but one Religion in all that World, nor no diversity of opinions in that same Religion for though there were several sorts of men, yet had they all but one opinion concerning the Worship and Adoration of God. The Empress asked them, Whether they were Jews, Turks, or Christians? We do not know, said they, what Religions those are; but we do all unanimously acknowledg, worship and adore the Onely, Omnipotent, and Eternal God, with all reverence, submission, and duty. Again, the Empress enquired, Whether they had several Forms of Worship? They answered, No: For our Devotion and Worship consists onely in Prayers, which we frame according to our several Necessities, in Petitions, Humiliations, Thanksgiving, &c. Truly, replied the Empress, I thought you had been either Jews, or Turks, because I never perceived any Women in your Congregations: But what is the reason, you bar them from your religious Assemblies? It is not fit, said they, that Men and Women should be promiscuously together in time of Religious Worship; for their company hinders Devotion, and makes many, instead of praying to God, direct their Devotion to their Mistresses. But, asked the Empress, Have they no Congregation of their own, to perform the duties of Divine Worship, as well as Men? No, answered they: but they stay at home, and say their Prayers by themselves in their Closets. Then the Empress desir’d to know the reason why the Priests and Governors of their World were made Eunuchs? They answer’d, To keep them from Marriage: For Women and Children most commonly make disturbance both in Church and State. But, said she, Women and Children have no Employment in Church or State. ‘Tis true, answer’d they; but, although they are not admitted to publick Employments, yet are they so prevalent with their Husbands and Parents, that many times by their importunate perswasions, they cause as much, nay, more mischief secretly, then if they had the management of publick Affairs. The Empress having received an information of what concerned both Church and State, passed some time in viewing the Imperial Palace, where she admired much the skil and ingenuity of the Architects, and enquired of them, first, Why they built their Houses no higher then two stories from the Ground? They answered her Majesty, That the lower their Buildings were, the less were they subject either to the heat of the Sun, or Wind, Tempest, Decay, &c. Then she desired to know the reason, why they made them so thick? They answered, That, the thicker the Walls were, the warmer they were in Winter, the cooler in Summer; for their thickness kept out both the Cold and Heat. Lastly, she asked, Why they Arched their Roofs, and made so many Pillars? They replied, That Arches and Pillars, did not onely grace a Building very much, and caused it to appear Magnificent, but made it also firm and lasting. The Empress was very well satisfied with their answers; and after some time, when she thought that her new founded societies of the Vertuoso’s had made a good progress in the several Employments she had put them upon, she caused a Convocation first of the Bird-men, and commanded them to give her a true relation of the two Cœlestial Bodies, viz. the Sun and Moon, which they did with all the obedience and faithfulness befitting their duty. The Sun, as much as they could observe, they related to be a firm or solid Stone, of a vast bigness; of colour yellowish, and of an extraordinary splendor: But the Moon, they said, was of a whitish colour; and although she looked dim in the presence of the Sun, yet had she her own light, and was a shining body of her self, as might be perceived by her vigorous appearance in Moon-shiny-nights;

The odds of coming to a conclusion favorable to the industry are 3.6 times greater in research sponsored by the industry than in research sponsored by government and nonprofit groups,

Rivalinterpretationsandcompetingnormsmayemergeorrecede

ies. They need to rely on their own internalized sense of good writing and to see their writing with their "own" eye

Vannevar Bush’s hypothetical “memex,” described in “As We May Think”

“But beyond the pleasure of Dreyer’s prose and authorial tone, I think there is something else at play with the popularity of his book,” he explained. “To put it as simply as possible, the man cares, and we need people who care right now.”

This week I have also enjoyed making connections from previous readings, specifically the one about the grading system, with this weeks readings. I feel as though information privilege and how students strive for certain grades are very much correlated. I wonder if eliminating grades would help with the issue of information privilege in the fact that students may actually continue to explore their research topics after the completion of a class.

Hedgehog & Fox You have emphasized ethical action, but a worry I always have about traditions which emphasize renunciation and detachment is what that means for politics and political engagement and the ability to effect any change. Now, both traditions would say the world is so far from perfect and everything is so impermanent that we’re never going to achieve a perfect political state of being. But is there a danger that if we’re attending too much to this kind of advice that we may just think all sorts of wrongs will go unrighted. Can you say something about how you see going beyond the ethical into a more political arena? Antonia Macaro Again, it’s a difficult one. Definitely there’s a tension in both traditions between detachment and action. The Stoics did have an ‘action streak’, as it were, which was about fulfilling your duties and doing what you could, given the circumstances you were in. But yes, it is definitely a tension and maybe this is the sense in which maybe I’m a bit more of an Aristotelian. I think in the end it’s the Serenity Prayer, which is about having the courage to change things that you can change and the serenity to accept the ones that you can’t change and the wisdom to know the difference, which is actually very hard to do. But I think it’s certainly worth trying to change things in the world that you think is possible to change, maybe sometimes even if you don’t think it’s possible to change. Some things may be worth fighting for anyway. It’s a question of finding a balance between that and not getting too attached to things. I suspect that that balance may be a personal, individual choice.

"if you understand this story then you will be liberated of all worries and fears".

https://www.lionsroar.com/what-is-your-body-july-2013/ I can't help but feel like the guy says that there is no physical reality and that it's all just in your mind and that science proves it.

failure to produce theory as we know it

To reduce music history to a pageant of masters is, at bottom, lazy. We stick with the known in order to avoid the hard work of exploring the unknown.

Although all humans may feel guilty from time to time, a person ought to avoid fully embracing him- or herself as inherently corrupt, as this attitude only invites further misbehavior.

"Polman's corporate social responsibility agenda certainly did gripe with a number of investors and so we shall watch with interest to see if continuity persists in this arena; we would expect evolution rather than revolution though," Clive Black, the head of research at UK stockbrokers Shore Capital, says. Jefferies' Deboo agrees there will be some changes – and argues Jope should look to do so. "My logic would be it would be hard not to be less sustainability-focused than Polman. Polman was the absolute high priest. My sense of Jope is that he comes across as this sort of, straight-up, affable guy, who looks to me to be more of a commercial pragmatist. My sense is you'll probably see it dialled down. That's my instinct," Deboo says. "It may be my personal prejudice but I think it had gone too far anyway. Not only was it alienating shareholders but I also think the marketing execution at Unilever had become far too leaden and earnest and purpose-driven. The Sustainable Living Plan was squeezing the joy out of the marketing, in my view. I would hope that Jope would dial that back a bit."

After a full day of teaching at Boston College, Karen Arnold had to find time to read her students’ contributions to an online discussion board. Each was required to write at least one post, and, as usual, they seemed to have waited to do it until the night before the deadline. “They would just blather something,” said Arnold, who teaches higher education and educational administration. “They didn’t have a conversation. It was more like a hoop-jumping exercise.” That was around 2008, and Arnold has avoided assigning online discussions ever since. Student and instructor at Bronx Community College (Photo by Ryan Brenizer) Like other faculty with memories of failed experiments such as these, she’s pushing back against the widespread notion that technology can necessarily improve teaching and cut costs. “We are fooling ourselves that we’re getting more efficient,” she said. Related: MOOC bandwagon shows signs of slowing down It’s been a high-stakes bet. Universities and colleges are marketing themselves to tech-savvy teenagers while promising higher productivity and financial savings. They will pour $10.4 billion into education technology this year, according to the Center for Digital Education, from computers to in-class gadgets such as digital projectors and wireless “clickers” that let students answer questions electronically. “We are fooling ourselves that we’re getting more efficient.” Karen Arnold, Boston College But professors say they don’t have enough help to use this technology effectively, haven’t seen results from it, and fear that the cost savings administrators keep insisting that technology will bring could mean their own careers are on the line. That’s left many in the university ranks rolling their eyes when the next “innovation” pops up. “We’ve been hearing over the last four or five years that technology is going to reduce costs, increase quality and increase access,” said Diane Harley, director of the Higher Education in the Digital Age project at University of California, Berkeley. She doesn’t think it can do all three of those things. “I always say, pick two.” Not that professors have completely resisted the trend. Nearly 75 percent have tried a new technology in their classes in the past year, according to a survey of 1,600 of them by Faculty Focus, a newsletter that shares effective teaching practices. Yet 34 percent said keeping up with technology was either “moderately” or “very” problematic. Related: As online courses expand, so do questions about ownership One of the most common complaints from faculty is that much of this technology creates more work, not less, a survey of 42 professors by David R. Johnson, a sociology researcher at Rice University, found. One of the reasons for this inefficiency is that professors adopt educational technology from companies that market it to them directly, even when their universities aren’t equipped to troubleshoot or upgrade it, said Gary W. Matkin, dean of continuing education, distance learning, and summer session at the University of California, Irvine. Then, when something even better comes along, faculty and universities chase after that. “It produces this technology war,” said Matkin. He thinks more universities will eventually switch to the model used by many corporations in which only certain technology is allowed. That way they’ll be better able to manage it — and track the results. Related: Want higher-ed reform? You may be surprised where you’ll find it Many schools have used this model to adopt the wireless clickers — or “student response systems” — in large classrooms. Allowing students to use the TV remote-style clickers to collectively answer questions can keep them engaged in lecture classes, according to a study at Canisius College, which found that student grades increased by 4.7 percent in classes that used clickers. But the technology’s impact goes only so far. In another study released this year, by Butler University professor Juan Pablo Rodriquez Prieto, language students who took clicker-based quizzes performed about 4.5 percent worse than classmates who used pencil and paper. Clare O’Connor, a Boston College biology professor who teaches several large classes and uses clickers regularly, agrees that they have limitations. She doesn’t use them for quizzes or tests, she said. “I like students to have the opportunities to change their answers,” she said. “If students have to answer when a question appears on the screen, you eliminate the possibility of more reflective answers.” One way schools have tried to lower the cost of education is by using another kind of technology: online courses. Yet even after teaching English online for 15 years, Wright State University-Lake Campus’ Martin Kich believes in-person courses offer students far more. Related: Colleges take cues from private business to improve their customer service He said he has to assign what he calls “busy work” to online classes simply to check that students are completing assignments, since there’s no opportunity to gather and discuss. “Academically, they are very suspect,” Kich said of online courses. Instead of lectures, online courses often use PowerPoint to present material. But studies have found that students, when given the ability to see lectures via PowerPoint — both online and in person — slack on doing their own assigned reading. “Students perceive the teachers will highlight all of the material worth considering in the textbook,” University of Central Missouri professor Thomas M. Mitchell wrote in a study of the use of PowerPoint in classes. “Unfortunately, students accept this efficient and time-saving system as a normal way of learning and disregard reading as an effective method of acquiring information.” As for Arnold, she abandoned discussion boards until her university upgraded to Canvas — an online learning management system — and encouraged professors to use it starting this year. After getting student feedback, she assigned two students to moderate the discussion board each week, filling it with questions that would drive conversation. At the start of class, the two students recap the results, saving Arnold the need to keep daily tabs on the board. “The good and bad thing about technology is it will do anything,” she said. But “you have to have time at the expense of other things you could be doing to figure it out.”   This story was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news website focused on inequality and innovation in education. This article was originally published on The Heching Report and authored by Ryan Derousseau. Read the original article. Spread the love

I am creating and envisioning a possibility that others may not see or may not have the confidence to direct. That possibility is going to open so many doors for me.

There is a lot of complexity in where one’s free speech ends and another’s begins. What if activismmeans banning speech you do not want to hear? What would be the short term and lasting implications ifall our demands for silencing voices and removing symbols we find offensive were totally met? How canwe help students understand the complexity of issues surrounding free speech?

The presence of dry midtropospheric air may thus serve to help permit the buildup of buoyant energy for subsequent episodes of deep convection, such as associated with the onset of the Madden–Julian oscillation.

What is surprising about The Birthday Party is that, even if it leaves much unexplained, it still boasts familiar landmarks. It has a traditional three-act structure. It is also full of mystery and suspense.

n essence, it is a collectiveunderstanding of the way the world works, shared by members of a group and passed downfrom one generation to the next.

Individualists are more likely to define themselves interms of an independent self. This means that people see themselves as A) being a uniqueindividual with a stable collection of personal traits, and B) that these traits drive behavior.

The change of clothes had, some philosophers will say, muchto do with it. Vain trifles as they seem, clothes have, they say, moreimportant offices than merely to keep us warm. They change our view ofthe world and the world's view of us. For example, when Captain Bartolussaw Orlando's skirt, he had an awning stretched for her immediately,pressed her to take another slice of beef, and invited her to go ashorewith him in the long-boat. These compliments would certainly not havebeen paid her had her skirts, instead of flowing, been cut tight to herlegs in the fashion of breeches. And when we are paid compliments, itbehoves us to make some return. Orlando curtseyed; she complied; sheflattered the good man's humours as she would not have done had his neatbreeches been a woman's skirts, and his braided coat a woman's satinbodice. Thus, there is much to support the view that it is clothes thatwear us and not we them; we may make them take the mould of arm orbreast, but they mould our hearts, our brains, our tongues to theirliking.

Vannevar Bush’s Memex.

Chemical bonds form when electrons can be simultaneously close to two or more nuclei, but beyond this, there is no simple, easily understood theory that would not only explain why atoms bind together to form molecules, but would also predict the three-dimensional structures of the resulting compounds as well as the energies and other properties of the bonds themselves. Unfortunately, no one theory exists that accomplishes these goals in a satisfactory way for all of the many categories of compounds that are known. Moreover, it seems likely that if such a theory does ever come into being, it will be far from simple. When we are faced with a scientific problem of this complexity, experience has shown that it is often more useful to concentrate instead on developing models. A scientific model is something like a theory in that it should be able to explain observed phenomena and to make useful predictions. But whereas a theory can be discredited by a single contradictory case, a model can be useful even if it does not encompass all instances of the phenomena it attempts to explain. We do not even require that a model be a credible representation of reality; all we ask is that be able to explain the behavior of those cases to which it is applicable in terms that are consistent with the model itself. An example of a model that you may already know about is the kinetic molecular theory of gases. Despite its name, this is really a model (at least at the level that beginning students use it) because it does not even try to explain the observed behavior of real gases. Nevertheless, it serves as a tool for developing our understanding of gases, and as a starting point for more elaborate treatments. Given the extraordinary variety of ways in which atoms combine into aggregates, it should come as no surprise that a number of useful bonding models have been developed. Most of them apply only to certain classes of compounds, or attempt to explain only a restricted range of phenomena. In this section we will provide brief descriptions of some of the bonding models; the more important of these will be treated in much more detail in later parts of this chapter. Ionic Bonding Ever since the discovery early in the 19th century that solutions of salts and other electrolytes conduct electric current, there has been general agreement that the forces that hold atoms together must be electrical in nature. Electrolytic solutions contain ions having opposite electrical charges, opposite charges attract, so perhaps the substances from which these ions come consist of positive and negatively charged atoms held together by electrostatic attraction. It turns out that this is not true generally, but a model built on this assumption does a fairly good job of explaining a rather small but important class of compounds that are called ionic solids. The most well known example of such a compound is sodium chloride, which consists of two interpenetrating lattices of Na+ and Cl– ions arranged in such as way that every ion of one type is surrounded (in three dimensional space) by six ions of opposite charge. The main limitation of this model is that it applies really well only to the small class of solids composed of Group 1 and 2 elements with highly electronegative elements such as the halogens. Although compounds such as CuCl2 dissociate into ions when they dissolve in water, the fundamental units making up the solid are more like polymeric chains of covalently-bound CuCl2 molecules that have little ionic character. According to the ionic electrostatic model, solids such as NaCl consist of positive and negative ions arranged in a crystal lattice. Each ion is attracted to neighboring ions of opposite charge, and is repelled by ions of like charge; this combination of attractions and repulsions, acting in all directions, causes the ion to be tightly fixed in its own location in the crystal lattice. Since electrostatic forces are nondirectional, the structure of an ionic solid is determined purely by geometry: two kinds of ions, each with its own radius, will fall into whatever repeating pattern will achieve the lowest possible potential energy. Surprisingly, there are only a small number of possible structures Covalent Bonding This model originated with the theory developed by G.N. Lewis in 1916, and it remains the most widely-used model of chemical bonding. The essential element s of this model can best be understood by examining the simplest possible molecule. This is the hydrogen molecule ion H2+, which consists of two nuclei and one electron. First, however, think what would happen if we tried to make the even simpler molecule H22+. Since this would consist only of two protons whose electrostatic charges would repel each other at all distances, it is clear that such a molecule cannot exist; something more than two nuclei are required for bonding to occur. In the hydrogen molecule ion H2+ we have a third particle, an electron. The effect of this electron will depend on its location with respect to the two nuclei. If the electron is in the space between the two nuclei, it will attract both protons toward itself, and thus toward each other. If the total attraction energy exceeds the internuclear repulsion, there will be a net bonding effect and the molecule will be stable. If, on the other hand, the electron is off to one side, it will attract both nuclei, but it will attract the closer one much more strongly, owing to the inverse-square nature of Coulomb's law. As a consequence, the electron will now help the electrostatic repulsion to push the two nuclei apart. We see, then, that the electron is an essential component of a chemical bond, but that it must be in the right place: between the two nuclei. Coulomb's law can be used to calculate the forces experienced by the two nuclei for various positions of the electron. This allows us to define two regions of space about the nuclei, as shown in the figure. One region, the binding region, depicts locations at which the electron exerts a net binding effect on the new nuclei. Outside of this, in the antibinding region, the electron will actually work against binding. This simple picture illustrates the number one rule of chemical bonding: chemical bonds form when electrons can be simultaneously close to two or more nuclei. It should be pointed out that this principle applies also to the ionic model; as will be explained later in this chapter, the electron that is "lost" by a positive ion ends up being closer to more nuclei (including the one from whose electron cloud it came) in the compound. The polar covalent model: A purely covalent bond can only be guaranteed when the electronegativities (electron-attracting powers) of the two atoms are identical. When atoms having different electronegativities are joined, the electrons shared between them will be displaced toward the more electronegative atom, conferring a polarity on the bond which can be described in terms of percent ionic character. The polar covalent model is thus an generalization of covalent bonding to include a very wide range of behavior. The Coulombic model: This is an extension of the ionic model to compounds that are ordinarily considered to be non-ionic. Combined hydrogen is always considered to exist as the hydride ion H–, so that methane can be treated as if it were C4+ H–4. This is not as bizarre as it might seem at first if you recall that the proton has almost no significant size, so that it is essentially embedded in an electron pair when it is joined to another atom in a covalent bond. This model, which is not as well known as it deserves to be, has considerable predictive power, both as to bond energies and structures. The VSEPR model: The "valence shell electron repulsion" model is not so much a model of chemical bonding as a scheme for explaining the shapes of molecules. It is based on the quantum mechanical view that bonds represent electron clouds- physical regions of negative electric charge that repel each other and thus try to stay as far apart as possible. Summary The covalent bond is formed when two atoms are able to share electrons: whereas the ionic bond is formed when the "sharing" is so unequal that an electron from atom A is completely lost to atom B, resulting in a pair of ions: The two extremes of electron sharing represented by the covalent and ionic models appear to be generally consistent with the observed properties of molecular and ionic solids and liquids. But does this mean that there are really two kinds of chemical bonds, ionic and covalent? Contributors Stephen Lower, Professor Emeritus (Simon Fraser U.) Chem1 Virtual Textbook   /*<![CDATA[*/ $(function() { if(!window['autoDefinitionList']){ window['autoDefinitionList'] = true; $('dl').find('dt').on('click', function() { $(this).next().toggle('350'); }); } });/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/ var front = "auto"; if(front=="auto"){ front = "3.2: Chemical Bonds"; if(front.includes(":")){ front = front.split(":")[0]; if(front.includes(".")){ front = front.split("."); front = front.map((int)=>int.includes("0")?parseInt(int,10):int).join("."); } front+="."; } else { front = ""; } } front = front.replace(/_/g," "); MathJaxConfig = { TeX: { equationNumbers: { autoNumber: "all", formatNumber: function (n) { if(false){ return front + (Number(n)+false); } else{return front + n; } } }, Macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } } } }; MathJax.Hub.Config(MathJaxConfig); /*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/window.addEventListener('load', function(){$('iframe').iFrameResize({warningTimeout:0});})/*]]>*/ Back to top 3.1: Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Water 3.3: Representing Compounds: Chemical Formulas and Molecular Models Recommended articles There are no recommended articles. 3.1: Hydrogen, Oxygen, and WaterUnder construction3.3: Representing Compounds: Chemical Formulas and Molecular ModelsA chemical formula is a format used to express the structure of atoms. The formula tells which elements and how many of each element are present in a...3.4: An Atomic-Level Perspective of Elements and CompoundsMetals (particularly those in groups 1 and 2) tend to lose the number of electrons that would leave them with the same number of electrons as in the p...3.5: Ionic Compounds: Formulas and NamesChemists use nomenclature rules to clearly name compounds. Ionic and molecular compounds are named using somewhat-different methods. Binary ionic comp...3.6: Molecular Compounds: Formulas and NamesMolecular compounds can form compounds with different ratios of their elements, so prefixes are used to specify the numbers of atoms of each element i... Article type Topic Show TOC no Tags This page has no tags. © Copyright 2019 Chemistry LibreTexts Powered by MindTouch ® The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Have questions or comments? For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. /*<![CDATA[*/ MathJax.Hub.Config({ jax: ["input/TeX","input/MathML","output/SVG"], extensions: ["tex2jax.js","mml2jax.js","MathMenu.js","MathZoom.js"], TeX: { extensions: ["autobold.js","mhchem.js","color.js","cancel.js", "AMSmath.js","AMSsymbols.js","noErrors.js","noUndefined.js"] }, "HTML-CSS": { linebreaks: { automatic: true , width: "90%"}, scale: 90, mtextFontInherit: false}, menuSettings: { zscale: "150%", zoom: "Double-Click" }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }}); /*]]>*/ 000000

about how we as educators think about inequality, and how our framings impact our choices.

The camera hound of the future wears on his forehead a lump a little larger than a walnut. It takes pictures 3 millimeters square, later to be projected or enlarged, which after all involves only a factor of 10 beyond present practice. The lens is of universal focus, down to any distance accommodated by the unaided eye, simply because it is of short focal length. There is a built-in photocell on the walnut such as we now have on at least one camera, which automatically adjusts exposure for a wide range of illumination. There is film in the walnut for a hundred exposures, and the spring for operating its shutter and shifting its film is wound once for all when the film clip is inserted. It produces its result in full color.

A record if it is to be useful to science, must be continuously extended, it must be stored, and above all it must be consulted. Today we make the record conventionally by writing and photography, followed by printing; but we also record on film, on wax disks, and on magnetic wires.

the standards are framed around what educators see as critical skills and behaviors for students now and in the future

t is not to be expected that this process should be strictlypursued before every moral judgment or every legislative orjudicial operation. But it can be always kept in view; andthe nearer the process actually pursued on these occasionscome to it, the nearer they will come to exactness

Repeat the above process with respect to each personwhose interests appear to be concerned; and then sum theresults. If this balance is on the side of pleasure, that is theover-all good tendency of the act with respect to the interestsof the community; if on the side of pain, its over-all badtendency.

gorgeous

By their first birthday, children can distinguish faces by gender. By their second birthday,they can label others’ gender and even sort objects into gender-typed categories. By the thirdbirthday, children can consistently identify their own gender

video

For example, in developed countries children begin school around 5 or 6 years old, but in developing countries, like Nigeria, children often enter school at an advanced age, if at all (Huebler, 2005; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization [UNESCO], 2013).

Engelbart insisted that effective intellectual augmentation was always realized within a system, and that any intervention intended to accelerate intellectual augmentation must be understood as an intervention in a system. And while at many points the 1962 report emphasizes the individual knowledge worker, there is also the idea of sharing the context of one’s work (an idea Vannevar Bush had also described in “As We May Think”), the foundation of Engelbart’s lifelong view that a crucial way to accelerate intellectual augmentation was to think together more comprehensively and effectively. One might even rewrite Engelbart’s words above to say, “We do not speak of isolated clever individuals with knowledge of particular domains. We refer to a way of life in an integrated society where poets, musicians, dreamers, and visionaries usefully co-exist with engineers, scientists, executives, and governmental leaders.” Make your own list.

all may not be as it seems and so I ask you think as you read this.

did notice that from a young age that she was different. Dionna always preferred to play with animals than talk to people, but I figured it was because she just loved them. All her life, I have seen Dionna as a vibrant and happy little girl with a love for learning. I even stayed home from work for her first four years of life so I could teach her. Her thirst for knowledge was often greater than what school could give her. She liked to sit at the table and do work, but adored when we would go outside for hands-on learning. Maybe that was my mistake, letting her choose her own path. It may have hurt her in the long run. I knew about her being ostracized by her classmates in kindergarten and the bullying in elementary school. I honestly thought that the situation would mend itself or that eventually the kids would grow up and see the Dionna I knew. She got teased and tormented often while being called a nerd or a geek, but I saw her as a girl who just had so many questions about the world that she often blurted animal facts or created random math problems. To this day, she almost always has her nose covered in a book. However, I never noticed that as she got older, she got quieter.  In school, she often knew a lot of information about her classmates and spoke a lot about them, yet she never mentioned being invited to outings and parties. She had never created a close friendship. I often got along with the other mothers in school and when they happily invited her to their children’s events she would tense up. Going to parties, she would cling by my side and only drift away to play with the family pet or get food. To me, Dionna was always fun and outgoing, but now looking back I am not so sure anymore. When she entered her teenage years, she became homeschooled and I thought it was because she wanted to excel in school. It turns out that she just never connected to others. She saw staying at home and doing her work as a relief instead of being with her peers. They had bullied and excluded her from so many activities and never bothered to understand her that she decided to leave. I had been pushing those thoughts to the back of my head and it’s heartrending to discover that my worst nightmares are true. I would have never thought that this would have happened to her. Luckily, once she went to college things changed immensely for the better. I still didn’t know about her problems with socializing until recently, but I do remember she would talk more enthusiastically about school and her smiles seemed to be genuine. She would talk about having lunch with friends, talking about their majors, helping each other with assignments, and their inside jokes. Dionna really came out of her shell and blossomed with these new friends.  She even started to spend time with friends outside of school. All her life, I had seen her only develop close relationships with animals and enjoy time with her pets. Now she has really come into her own person. She has a sense of balance. Yes, animals will always be her favorite because she feels as if they never judge and looked through her instead of at her, but she no longer uses them as a crutch to avoid people.  She now has friends that really appreciate her and understand her unique style. Dionna no longer has to hide her true personality and feels completely comfortable in her skin. I recently discovered that she used to not participate in class due to feeling too shy to talk, but that is no longer the case.  I recently read her autoethnography because I usually read her schoolwork, especially her interesting assignments. That is how I discovered her socialization problems. It is unfortunate in this world that children often judge too quickly. Even though she is my daughter, as her mother I hope that she continues to find wonderful people in the world that make her feel as special as I think she is. She deserves to meet kind, loving, and respectful people and I wish her all the best.

claimed that “a better, cheaper and more effective service for the commuter” beckoned. Rail fares: unions and Labour condemn 'staggering' increase Read more Fast forward 25 years, and commuters are facing average fare hikes of 3.4% – with season tickets jumping by 3.6%: the biggest increase since 2013. And this, in a county where workers have suffered the longest squeeze in wages in generations. While the cheapest single ticket to the capital will cost a British commuter 50p per mile, German passengers are paying just 19p a mile. According to TUC research, British passengers commuting from Chelmsford to London are shelling out 13% of their salary on travel; a French worker travelling from Étampes to Paris will see only 2% of their wage packet eaten up by the cost. And for so many Britons, their miserable lot is paying extortionate sums for an overcrowded commute, pressed against the bodies of other understandably grumpy passengers. Government plans to consider linking future price hikes to a lower level of inflation is a woefully inadequate response. Other wealthy nations manage to provide decent quality rail travel at an affordable price: but then, rather than flog this critical national service to profiteers, they’ve maintained them under public ownership. The government does allow state ownership of some rail and energy services – but only if they are foreign governments who are not accountable to British citizens. 'Weight is a lifelong struggle': your best comments today Read more The answer is to bring the rail franchises back under public control – as was successfully done with East Coast before it was idiotically sold off – as part of an integrated, modernised system. No more dividends for shareholders: all the money to be reinvested back into this critical service. This disastrous experiment sums up so many of the Tories’ woes. Their fundamentalist pro-market dogma keeps colliding with the lived experience of millions of people: from the terrible cuts to living standards which followed the financial crash, to the failed privatisation of the utilities. The miserable state of our railways is another reminder that the economic system has failed – and must be replaced. • Owen Jones is a Guardian columnist Topics Rail fares First thoughts Transport policy Transport comment Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via Email Share on LinkedIn Share on Pinterest Share on WhatsApp Share on Messenger Reuse this content Advertisement First thoughts Quick takes on big stories from Comment is free columnists Children are dying on our streets – May’s response is not good enough Gaby Hinsliff Conservative governments fail because they cut and cut, and for a long time we don’t notice. Then we feel the impact, writes Guardian columnist Gaby Hinsliff 3h 3h Children are dying on our streets – May’s response is not good enough May’s Brexit bung to the north is pathetic. It changes nothing Simon Jenkins The £1.6bn the PM has promised to secure Labour support for her deal is no match for years of systematic neglect, says Guardian columnist Simon Jenkins 1d 1d May’s Brexit bung to the north is pathetic. It changes nothing There is no magic ‘stop Brexit’ button for Labour. There never has been Owen Jones There are simply not enough Labour MPs in leave areas who are willing pass the Kyle-Wilson amendment and trigger another referendum, says Guardian columnist Owen Jones 4d 4d There is no magic ‘stop Brexit’ button for Labour. There never has been The fight for EU citizens’ rights could become another Windrush Polly Toynbee The Tory MP Alberto Costa wants to secure post-Brexit rights. But nothing is certain in the face of a hostile Home Office, says Guardian columnist Polly Toynbee 5d 5d The fight for EU citizens’ rights could become another Windrush View all comments > comments (752)Sign in or create your Guardian account to join the discussion. Guardian Pick The taxpayer is already subsidising the rail system to a large degree. Privatisation hasn't got rid of that, which is one reason it's failed. Jump to comment SnowyJohn 2 Jan 2018 196 197 Guardian Pick East Coast wasn't "sold off" and would generate money under any ownership. Ending dividends for shareholders would not necessarily release any of the 3 percent margin as it would also remove incentives to maximize revenue (eg by encouraging off peak usage). This "disastrous experiment" is a victim of its own success, doubling passenger numbers after years of stagnation. British Rail used to solve overcrowding by increasing fares. Just because a p… Jump to comment Mick James 2 Jan 2018 46 47 Guardian Pick In Northern Ireland, the NI Railways network is still publicly owned by Translink. To get A day return from Belfast to Derry at the station it costs £18.50. This is a 2 hour journey and the longest journey possible on the NI rail network. (It’s as little as £12.50 if prebooked online with a railcard) On the other hand An equivalent length 2 hour journey in England going from London to Liverpool today would cost you £85 for just a single ticket. Jump to comment Ernekid 2 Jan 2018 91 92 Guardian Pick For the tories, the free market has become such an ideological nirvana that they keep throwing money at it to make it work. Whatever your politics, that's both amazing and stupid (and, in fairness, many grassroots tories afaict are just as appalled). Jump to comment tomandlu 2 Jan 2018 162 163 Order by oldest newest oldest recommendations Show 25 25 50 100 All Threads collapsed collapsed expanded unthreaded 1 2 3 4 … next Loading comments… Trouble loading? Plataea 2 Jan 2018 12:13 187 188 The Tories buy their cognitive dissonace by the truck load - you can wheel out the evidence till the cows come home - won't make a blind bit of difference - they don't giove a stuff.Tories: shafting british peasants & serfs since the 18th century. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report fishplate Plataea 2 Jan 2018 13:27 32 33 Serfdom was long gone (in England and Wales at least) by the 18th century. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Watered fishplate 2 Jan 2018 13:31 78 79 I disagree.Serfing is still very popular on the south coast. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report RDUK123 Plataea 2 Jan 2018 13:37 25 26 What evidence has been wheeled out in this article? That its possible for a country to reduce its rail fares by throwing money at the system to subsidise it, like Germany? I travel by rail a lot, my biggest annoyance is the poor mobile signal whilst travelling. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Show 6 more replies tomandlu 2 Jan 2018 12:14 Guardian Pick 162 163 For the tories, the free market has become such an ideological nirvana that they keep throwing money at it to make it work. Whatever your politics, that's both amazing and stupid (and, in fairness, many grassroots tories afaict are just as appalled). Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Unpick Report TragicomedyBeholder tomandlu 2 Jan 2018 13:40 32 33 Whatever your politics, that's both amazing and stupid That may be the natural reaction, but it’s the wrong reaction. In actual fact, everything is going exactly according to plan – for the plutonomy that is. For the rest of us, the commuting precariat, it is another case of like it or lump it. Just as worker insecurity helps the economy to grow and satisfies the needs of the 1 percent, so too inefficient and expensive railways. Why should they change a systems that is working perfectly……. for them? Of course, we can expect some lip service, the usual pledges, and perhaps the odd patch-up job or gimmick here and there, but that will be about it. It wouldn’t surprise me if they were now to argue a case for total privatisation of the railways in order to encourage competition and produce competitive prices. That would be the logical conclusion within fundamentalist free-market dogma. Then, whatever the outcome, there would be no one to blame since the free market sets its own rules and prices. End of story. Government absolved of all future responsibility. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Simon Cohen tomandlu 2 Jan 2018 13:42 76 77 'and, in fairness, many grassroots tories afaict are just as appalled' Yes but they still keep voting for them which is why we have a rigid 40% support for these incompetents. The problem is, the public have been conned for the last 40 years that 'there's no money' and Britain will go bankrupt and we'll be like Weimar Germany/Zimbabwe/Venezuela (take your pick of the unfounded cliches). When will the British wake up to the fact that we're in the fifth decade of a dreadful experiment involving the financial industry catheterising whole populations levaing people staggering around with massive debt, poor quality jobs and atrocious infrastructure and lack of public services? There is NO shortage of money because the Goverment issues the currency just as it did when we had QE. There is also no chance of inflation from this spending because we are operating well under capacity and have massive levels of uderemployment and ropey jobs combined with private debt of nearly 2 trillion. Get the financialised industry off our backs-they do nothing but 'shuffle wealth' around a limited circuit. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Mauvegrail tomandlu 2 Jan 2018 14:04 20 21 The ideological nirvana that you talk about is (excepting the content) identical to the reverence shown by Americans for their constitution and Muslims for the Koran. Nothing is allowed to change because it is the received wisdom from an earlier age. The franchises given to these groups or individuals are virtually the same as the monopolies bestowed by royalty in the past. They are a licence to print money. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Show 2 more replies Mongost 2 Jan 2018 12:14 112 113 Fast forward 25 years, and commuters are facing average fare hikes of 3.4% – with season tickets jumping by 3.6% It's the government that sets the annual increase in regulated fares. German passengers are paying just 19p a mile German taxpayers pay EUR 17b a year for Germany's railways. Our taxpayers pay GBP 5b a year. The answer is to bring the rail franchises back under public control How would that make the government change their policy on annual regulated fare increases? It isn't at all clear. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Wally Mooney Mongost 2 Jan 2018 13:34 62 63 Our taxpayers pay GBP 5b a year. That’s not really the case though. The government is the origin of it’s own currency and neither taxation nor borrowing are required to finance government spending in sterling. The act of government spending creates the money which is then later partially removed via taxation. So the UK government does not ever have to worry about how to ‘pay for’ things in terms of pounds and pennies. The actual limitation is whether or not the UK has enough real resources (human skills and non-human materials, energy, steel, concrete, water, land, machines etc.) to achieve its policy objectives.http://www.huffingtonpost.com/warren-mosler/taxes-for-revenue-are-obs_b_542134.html Any shortages of funding for public transport, the NHS, social housing etc is purely an ideological choice of those that govern us. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report matt h Wally Mooney 2 Jan 2018 14:29 52 53 Wally by name - wally by nature. The government can print all the money it wants - as it does so it loses its value. The government can issue bonds this is technically a loan from people who buy the bonds. But alas these need paying back with interest.Then there is good old spending within your means.... Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Gcorbs Wally Mooney 2 Jan 2018 14:29 This comment was removed by a moderator because it didn't abide by our community standards. Replies may also be deleted. For more detail see our FAQs. Show 8 more replies Roger ERRINGTON 2 Jan 2018 12:15 132 133 Spot on! Rail privatisation was one step too far even for Thatcher. It was an early example of a weak PM (Major) caving in to the Tory far right. An unmitigated disaster - like the vast majority of private sell-offs. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report TheGribbler Roger ERRINGTON 2 Jan 2018 13:42 38 39 An unmitigated disaster which a study by Imperial College London estimates has saved 150 lives in improved safety. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report towel TheGribbler 2 Jan 2018 13:49 64 65 How did privatisation in itself improve safety? Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report TheGribbler towel 2 Jan 2018 13:52 45 46 Investment. It's increased ninefold since privatisation. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Show 4 more replies feeling 2 Jan 2018 12:16 70 71 The answer is to bring the rail franchises back under public control No, sack the greedy drivers on their £80,000 salaries and track staff on £800 a day and let the market decide how much staff get paid - Pay them the same as bus drivers - £25,000 a year max. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Redblair feeling 2 Jan 2018 13:28 159 160 Yes mate, it's the workers' fault... Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Norsked feeling 2 Jan 2018 13:29 90 91 Why don't you think anyone should earn more than £25k a year? I assume you believe no-one should earn more than that and aren't just singling out train drivers, because the latter would be ridiculous... Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report excathedra feeling 2 Jan 2018 13:31 89 90 Another example of when you haven't a clue just lie and hope dome of it sticks. Here's a truth for you. Brian Souter, who used a variety of unpleasant tactics to establish his business in the first place, took out £400 million as dividends ensuring that he paid very little tax on a business that he shouldn't own, hasn't built up and makes money on the backs of very poorly paid workers. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Show 13 more replies shangani 2 Jan 2018 12:16 38 39 No it doesn't...why should people who never use a train subsidise people who do...I don't expect people who use a train to subsidise me driving a car. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Nepthsolem shangani 2 Jan 2018 13:29 136 137 why should people who never use a train subsidise people who do Because that's how infrastructure works in society. I don't expect people who use a train to subsidise me driving a car. Yet that is exactly what happens. The roads you drive on, the lights that light them and the people who repair them are paid for out of general taxation. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report fishworld shangani 2 Jan 2018 13:29 83 84 But you do expect there to be a non-toll-based road network, right? Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report WelshPaul shangani 2 Jan 2018 13:30 104 105 Why should people who don't have children subsidise those who do? Why do I have to pay council tax to the fire brigade when my home has never burned down? Taxation doesn't work that way. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Show 31 more replies Mick James 2 Jan 2018 12:20 Guardian Pick 46 47 East Coast wasn't "sold off" and would generate money under any ownership. Ending dividends for shareholders would not necessarily release any of the 3 percent margin as it would also remove incentives to maximize revenue (eg by encouraging off peak usage). This "disastrous experiment" is a victim of its own success, doubling passenger numbers after years of stagnation. British Rail used to solve overcrowding by increasing fares. Just because a privatised rail system has problems Durant mean they will go away if it is nationalised. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Unpick Report LeftOrRightSameShite Mick James 2 Jan 2018 14:46 38 39 Ending dividends for shareholders would not necessarily release any of the 3 percent margin as it would also remove incentives to maximize revenue Interesting you write "would not necessarily" release the 3% margin yet are much more certain when you write "it would" remove revenue incentives. Pull your trousers up chap...your ideology is showing. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Paul1977 2 Jan 2018 12:25 21 22 The way to properly deal with this is to end the current franchise system that replaces a public monopoly with several private ones. OK is wrong to claim this as an example of the free market gone wrong as there is no free market here. In fact the best way to solve this problem is to create some genuine competition between the TOCs - it is competition that drives down prices and drives up standards, not mere private ownership. The current franchise system should be ripped up and something that creates genuine competition to replace it. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Paul1977 Paul1977 2 Jan 2018 12:26 0 1 OK should read OJ (Owen Jones!) Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report SnowyJohn Paul1977 2 Jan 2018 13:29 31 32 I think this was always the fundamental problem with rail privatisation: privatisation only leads to improvements if there is genuine competition, and the franchise system for rail doesn't really produce that. Rather than "privatisation", we should really call it what it is: a modern day form of selling monopolies. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report treebranches Paul1977 2 Jan 2018 13:33 9 10 The current franchise system should be ripped up and something that creates genuine competition to replace it. How could such a system work? Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Show 11 more replies andrew ward 2 Jan 2018 12:26 202 203 Owen, you might not fully grasp this, but it's the taxpayer (not that magic money tree again) who ends up paying for those wonderful cheaper rail fares in Germany, France etc etc. So do you actually support cross subsidisation of the commuter rail network by people who may never use it - or perhaps due to geographical location, can never use it? If so I think you should set that case out here rather than come out with meaningless propagandist nonsense about rail fares being a failure of 'pro market dogma'. (I appreciate that such an approach involves some real mental effort rather than a simple 'cut and paste' - not great with a New Year's hangover.. ) You end with that ringing phrase - 'the economic system has failed - and must be replaced'. With what exactly??? If you could offer one example - yes, just one - of a centrally planned socialist economy anywhere in the world that has worked better than our own 'failed' free market system you might be taken a little more seriously. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Redblair andrew ward 2 Jan 2018 13:29 68 69 Any of the Scandinavian countries? Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report DiBosco andrew ward 2 Jan 2018 13:32 151 152 That's right, ignore how the shareholders get paid and the rail companies still get subsidies. Tory and rail shareholder are we? Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report SnowyJohn andrew ward 2 Jan 2018 13:33 Guardian Pick 196 197 The taxpayer is already subsidising the rail system to a large degree. Privatisation hasn't got rid of that, which is one reason it's failed. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Unpick Report Show 18 more replies dunn31 2 Jan 2018 12:27 19 20 According to a comprehensive survey carried out in 2012 our rail services are above the European average for cost efficiency.The cost for train drivers was 40% higher in the UK then the European average.This suggests that the existing system is extremely efficient given that its cost per mile good and it salaries high.If the article by Mr Jones is accurate all that needs to happen is for everyone to pay more tax so that rail fares can have a greater subsidy. I think he forgot to mention that was the case in the examples he was quoting. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report DiBosco dunn31 2 Jan 2018 13:30 5 6 Source please. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report RDUK123 dunn31 2 Jan 2018 13:31 21 22 Correct. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_subsidies#Europe According to this, Germany subsidises its rail by 17 Billion Euro, the UK by 4.4 Billion Euro. German passengers are being massively subsided at the expense of people who never use the system. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Kingkerouac dunn31 2 Jan 2018 13:31 14 15 How much more was the cost of executives?And how many more of them?Train drivers should be paid decently - they do the work.Executives. Well what do they do to deserve their huge wages? Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Show 3 more replies PrakashShah 2 Jan 2018 13:25 5 6 Outsource it to Uber. We can all limousine to work like Grayling. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report fishplate 2 Jan 2018 13:25 5 6 Other wealthy nations manage to provide decent quality rail travel at an affordable price: but then, rather than flog this critical national service to profiteers, they’ve maintained them under public ownership. Are Germany, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand and Canada - to take some examples of places where commuter services are operated by contractors - not "wealthy nations"? Anyway, if the trains get any busier, no-one will use them. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Giuseppa_Acciaio fishplate 2 Jan 2018 13:43 8 9 "operated by contractors" doesn't equate to "privatised": in Germany for example the railways are owned by Deutsche Bahn (which has the State as its only shareholder) and operated by Deutsche Bahn and other companies. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report fishplate Giuseppa_Acciaio 2 Jan 2018 14:03 7 8 You mean like in Great Britain, where the railways are owned by Network Rail (which has the state as its only shareholder) and services are operated various companies? Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report greenwichite 2 Jan 2018 13:25 19 20 Brilliantly written piece from OJ. Not a word wasted. Re-nationalise the railways. It's a winning policy for Labour. They can privatise the motorways to keep the Blairites happy, with French-style tolls. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report zippymosquito 2 Jan 2018 13:26 4 5 I don't think people would mind quite so much if the trains regularly appeared on time (or ran at all, for that matter) - and you had some chance of getting a seat. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Dufftime75 zippymosquito 2 Jan 2018 13:36 3 4 Well this is it isn't it? They've lowered our expectations so much we're grateful for scraps. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Ernekid 2 Jan 2018 13:26 Guardian Pick 91 92 In Northern Ireland, the NI Railways network is still publicly owned by Translink. To get A day return from Belfast to Derry at the station it costs £18.50. This is a 2 hour journey and the longest journey possible on the NI rail network. (It’s as little as £12.50 if prebooked online with a railcard) On the other hand An equivalent length 2 hour journey in England going from London to Liverpool today would cost you £85 for just a single ticket. Nationalised railways exist in the UK and they work. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Unpick Report fishplate Ernekid 2 Jan 2018 13:41 27 28 Belfast Central - Londonderry Waterside 151 km, 2 h 02 min on little diesel trains.London Euston - Liverpool Lime Street 312 km 2 h 12 min on intercity electric trains. If you are willing to travel this evening rather than now, you can do it for £33. The NI network was in such a state a few years ago, and ridership was so low, that there was serious talk of just giving up and abandoning it (although the Republic might have been willing to take over Dublin - Belfast at least). Instead the government agreed to throw buckets full of money at it. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report FTRH Ernekid 2 Jan 2018 15:12 4 5 Belfast to Londonderry 71 miles if you care to deal in facts! Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report SteveYates Ernekid 2 Jan 2018 15:18 18 19 Strangely, the value of a train journey is in the distance, not the time. If the Belfast - Derry journey took four hours, your analysis would suggest you'd happily pay twice as much for it, despite it being obviously worse. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Nepthsolem 2 Jan 2018 13:27 85 86 While the cheapest single ticket to the capital will cost a British commuter 50p per mile, German passengers are paying just 19p a mile The solution is simple then. Pretend to be German when you buy your ticket. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Frenske Nepthsolem 2 Jan 2018 14:55 24 25 Gutday, Ich want a ticket von Cambridge to London mit Deutsche discount. Klop. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report rustyowl 2 Jan 2018 13:27 7 8 No misery related to all the strikes? Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report marziPANIC 2 Jan 2018 13:28 89 90 Those of us old enough to recall British Rail respectfully disagree Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Trumbledon marziPANIC 2 Jan 2018 13:32 36 37 The thing is that Owen isn't, really. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report odstjackson marziPANIC 2 Jan 2018 13:32 5 6 As a 30 something, I only know the privatized version, My parents hate both. Some new paradigm altogether is apparently needed. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Nepthsolem marziPANIC 2 Jan 2018 13:33 57 58 British Rail meant vast amounts of public money pumped into a system of late, dirty trains. Post-BR, we now have vast amounts of public money pumped into a system of late, dirty trains only with private companies managing to profit from it. Progress! Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Show 15 more replies jjsalmo 2 Jan 2018 13:28 46 47 Owen appears to have only one solution to all problems, namely 'Nationalisation'.Rather than those that use the service being responsible, he suggests that the general taxpayer, many who do not use the train would subsidise those that do.The other issue he fails to mention, is that the least efficient element and cause of much of the delays etc is already nationalised. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report ID4469239 jjsalmo 2 Jan 2018 13:44 25 26 Why do we pay the nationalised French companies to run our transport and subsidise French passengers from our fares ? Why should I have to subsidise those people deluded enough to think that Trident provides some sort of defence to me and my family. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report jjsalmo ID4469239 2 Jan 2018 13:59 8 9 You shouldn't, no argument there, but going back to the days of BR will achieve nothing. There needs to be greater genuine competition coupled with real sanctions for non-delivery. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Kingkerouac 2 Jan 2018 13:30 13 14 Everything Thatcher dogmatised, electric, gas, rail travel, football, poll-tax/rates has shot up in price when 'choice' was supposed to reduce prices. What happened? Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report YEverKnot Kingkerouac 2 Jan 2018 13:40 7 8 Thatcher was responsible for football tickets? Well, I never. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report StephenHawking Kingkerouac 2 Jan 2018 13:44 3 4 Football? Don't disagree its become very expensive, but I am not sure Thatcher can be blamed for that. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report ChipKennedy Kingkerouac 2 Jan 2018 13:47 4 5 Bait and Switch . Heads you lose Tails they win . Socialism for the 1% Austerity and Rail price increases for the 99% . Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Show 2 more replies TheSpecialNeedsOne 2 Jan 2018 13:31 4 5 Good to hear you agree with Lord Adonis, Owen. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report odstjackson 2 Jan 2018 13:31 3 4 Our entire Produce/Consume society we are enslaved to is a problem. Any way of life that puts greed, selfishness and power at the forefront should not exist. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report rodmclaughlin 2 Jan 2018 13:32 1 2 The railway disaster doesn't prove that privatisation is a bad thing. It only shows that privatisation of the railways - in which companies have an inbuilt monopoly, because you can't have rival companies competing at the same times on the same lines - is a bad thing. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Trumbledon 2 Jan 2018 13:32 5 6 John Major claimed that “a better, cheaper and more effective service for the commuter” beckoned. He got two of those right, he was only wrong on cost. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report YEverKnot Trumbledon 2 Jan 2018 13:40 6 7 You really think fares would go down under nationalisation? Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report Trumbledon YEverKnot 2 Jan 2018 13:46 5 6 No, not necessarily. All I'm saying is that services are now better and more effective than they were under BR. If you want a reminder of what BR was like, take a ride on one of the Class 156's which still operate in Scotland. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report DiBosco Trumbledon 2 Jan 2018 13:58 18 19 I'm willing to bet in the 70s the rail system, were it privatised, would have been absolutely no better. The world is a very different place now and renationalised railways would be nothing like 70s BR. There is no inherent reason nationalised industry can't be good. Noticed any improvement in gas, electricity and water since they started lining the pockets of the insanely rich? Do other countries' nationalised railways work a treat? Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report HonestJo 2 Jan 2018 13:32 21 22 Whatever our thoughts on privatisation please don't expect hard pressed tax payers outside London to subsidise jobs in London at the expense of their local poor services. If people can't afford to commute to these London jobs then frankly these jobs should move to places where people can afford to live and don't need to commute. Simple really. Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report ID4469239 HonestJo 2 Jan 2018 13:41 5 6 The companies should pay taxes which subsidise public transport. It's not rocket science (which is why this happens in other countries such as France) Reply Share Share on Facebook Facebook Share on Twitter Twitter | Pick Report 1 2 3 4 … next Sorry there was an error. Please try again later. If the problem persists, please contact Userhelp Close report comment form Please select Personal abuse Off topic Legal issue Trolling Hate speech Offensive/Threatening language Copyright Spam Other Reason (optional) Email (optional) Report Sign in or create your Guardian account to recommend a comment View more comments <form class="component js-comment-box d-comment-box"> <div class="d-comment-box__meta"> <span class="d-comment-box__avatar-wrapper"></span> <div class="d-comment-box__meta-text"> <span class="d-comment-box__author-label">Signed in as</span> <span class="d-comment-box__author"></span> <span class="inline-reply inline-icon grey" > <svg width="18" height="18" class="grey__svg inline-reply__svg inline-icon__svg"> <path d="M10.1 5l.9-1 4 4.5v1L11 14l-.9-1 2.5-3H4L3 9V6.5h2V8h7.6l-2.5-3z" /> </svg> </span> <span class="d-comment-box__reply-to-author"></span> <span class="u-fauxlink d-comment-box__show-parent" role="button">Show comment</span> <span class="u-fauxlink d-comment-box__hide-parent" role="button">Hide comment</span> </div> </div> <div class="d-comment-box__parent-comment-wrapper"> <div class="d-comment-box__parent-comment-spout"></div> <div class="d-comment-box__parent-comment"> <span class="d-comment-box__parent-comment-author"></span> <div class="d-comment-box__parent-comment-body"></div> <span class="u-fauxlink d-comment-box__hide-parent" role="button">Hide comment</span> </div> </div> <div class="d-comment-box__onboarding"> <h3>Welcome <span class="d-comment-box__onboarding-author"></span>, you’re about to make your first comment!</h3> <p>Before you post, we’d like to thank you for joining the debate - we’re glad you’ve chosen to participate and we value your opinions and experiences.</p> <div class="d-comment-box__onboarding-username"> <p>Please choose your username under which you would like all your comments to show up. You can only set your username once.</p> <label class="d-comment-box__onboarding-username-label" for="usernameInput">Username: </label> <span>Must be 6-20 characters, letters and/or numbers only, no spaces.</span> <input type="text" id="usernameInput" class="d-comment-box__onboarding-username-input" placeholder="" value=""/> <p class="d-comment-box__onboarding-username-error-message is-hidden"></p> </div> <p>Please keep your posts respectful and abide by the <a target="_blank" href="/community-standards">community guidelines</a> - and if you spot a comment you think doesn’t adhere to the guidelines, please use the ‘Report’ link next to it to let us know.</p> <p>Please preview your comment below and click ‘post’ when you’re happy with it.</p> <div class="d-comment-box__onboarding-preview-body"></div> <button type="submit" class="u-button-reset button button--large button--primary submit-input--behaviour d-comment-box__onboarding-submit">Post your comment</button> <button type="button" class="u-button-reset button button--large button--primary submit-input--behaviour d-comment-box__onboarding-cancel">Cancel</button> </div> <div class="d-comment-box__content"> <div class="d-comment-box__messages"></div> <div class="d-discussion__error d-comment-box__premod"> <span class="inline-status-alert inline-icon " > <svg width="18" height="18" viewbox="0 0 18 18" class="inline-status-alert__svg inline-icon__svg"> <circle fill="#d61d00" cx="9" cy="9" r="9" /> <path fill="#fff" d="M9.7 11.3H8.3L6.9 3.6l.7-.7h2.8l.7.8-1.4 7.6zM9 15.4c-.8 0-1.4-.6-1.4-1.4 0-.8.6-1.4 1.4-1.4s1.4.6 1.4 1.4c0 .8-.6 1.4-1.4 1.4z" /> </svg> </span> <span class="d-discussion__error-text">Your comments are currently being pre-moderated (<a href="/community-faqs#311" target="_blank">why?</a>)</span> </div> <div class="d-comment-box__community-standards">Please keep comments respectful and abide by the <a href="/community-standards">community guidelines</a>.</div> <label for="d-comment-box" class="u-h">Enter comment</label> <textarea name="body" class="textarea d-comment-box__body" placeholder="Join the discussion…" id="d-comment-box"></textarea> <button type="submit" data-link-name="post comment" class="u-button-reset button button--large button--primary submit-input--behaviour d-comment-box__submit">Post your comment</button> <span class="u-fauxlink d-comment-box__preview" role="button">Preview</span> <span class="u-fauxlink d-comment-box__hide-preview" role="button">Hide preview</span> <span class="u-fauxlink d-comment-box__cancel" role="button">Cancel</span> <ul class="d-comment-box__formatting-controls"> <li class="d-comment-box__formatting-bold" title="Bold">B</li> <li class="d-comment-box__formatting-italic" title="Italic">i</li> <li class="d-comment-box__formatting-quote" title="Quote">&#8221;</li> <li class="d-comment-box__formatting-link" title="Link">Link</li> </ul> <div class="d-comment-box__preview-wrapper"> <div class="d-comment-box__preview-spout"></div> <div class="d-comment-box__preview-block"> <div class="d-comment-box__preview-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> </form> Most popular Most viewed Across The Guardian Most viewed in Opinion Senate set to reject Trump's national emergency declaration Senate set to reject Trump's national emergency declaration Clintons accused of nepotism in book on US-Ireland relations Clintons accused of nepotism in book on US-Ireland relations Age of the autosexual: the people sexually attracted to themselves Age of the autosexual: the people sexually attracted to themselves Hillary Clinton rules out running for president in 2020 Hillary Clinton rules out running for president in 2020 'Ridiculous' micro handbag that can fit only a few mints becomes fashion sensation 'Ridiculous' micro handbag that can fit only a few mints becomes fashion sensation Hotels at centre of rape allegations promoted on TripAdvisor Hotels at centre of rape allegations promoted on TripAdvisor Live Michael Cohen's lawyer reportedly sought pardon from Trump – live Michael Cohen's lawyer reportedly sought pardon from Trump – live Revealed: AmazonSmile helps fund anti-vaccine groups Revealed: AmazonSmile helps fund anti-vaccine groups The last great tree: a majestic relic of Canada's vanishing rainforest The last great tree: a majestic relic of Canada's vanishing rainforest ‘Starbucks on steroids’: can America’s new weed cafes make smoking social? ‘Starbucks on steroids’: can America’s new weed cafes make smoking social? If Democrats lure Amazon back to NYC, they won't be forgiven If Democrats lure Amazon back to NYC, they won't be forgiven Donald Trump tells a fake American story. We must tell the real one Donald Trump tells a fake American story. We must tell the real one Instagram is stripping its devotees of their basic humanity Instagram is stripping its devotees of their basic humanity As foreign secretary I argued against an EU referendum. Now I back one As foreign secretary I argued against an EU referendum. Now I back one Science never quite clicked for me at school. Then I discovered science YouTube Science never quite clicked for me at school. Then I discovered science YouTube Dear Europe, Brexit is a lesson for all of us: it’s time for renewal Dear Europe, Brexit is a lesson for all of us: it’s time for renewal Victoria's Secret, your airbrushed grip on the lingerie world is loosening Victoria's Secret, your airbrushed grip on the lingerie world is loosening Virgin Atlantic’s sexism goes deeper than telling women what to wear Virgin Atlantic’s sexism goes deeper than telling women what to wear Enough is enough: Michael Jackson's music is dead to me now Enough is enough: Michael Jackson's music is dead to me now If Trump loses, we know what to expect: anger, fear and disruption If Trump loses, we know what to expect: anger, fear and disruption As foreign secretary I argued against an EU referendum. Now I back one David Miliband Tests on London patient offer hope of HIV ‘cure’ The Guardian view Columnists Letters Opinion videos Cartoons About us Contact us Complaints & corrections Secure Drop Work for us Privacy policy Cookie policy Terms & conditions Help All topics All writers Digital newspaper archive Facebook Twitter Advertise with us Guardian Labs Search jobs Dating Discount Codes Support The Guardian Available for everyone, funded by readers Contribute Subscribe Back to top © 2019 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies. All rights reserved. Close As we begin 2019, please make a contribution to The Guardian to help us protect independent journalism at a time when factual, trustworthy reporting is under threat. Our editorial independence means we can pursue difficult investigations, challenging the powerful and holding them to account. And our journalism is open to everyone, regardless of what they can afford. But we depend on voluntary contributions from readers. We’re in this together – please make a contribution today to help us deliver the independent journalism the world needs for 2019 and beyond. Support The Guardian from as little as $1. Support The Guardian Close try{(function(isVeryModern,document,window){if(isVeryModern){var decodeBase64=function(str){return decodeURIComponent(atob(str.replace(/-/g,"+").replace(/_/g,"/").replace(/,/g,"\x3d")))};var cookieData=function(a){var d=[],e=document.cookie.split(";");a=RegExp("^\\s*"+a+"\x3d\\s*(.*?)\\s*$");for(var b=0;b<e.length;b++){var f=e[b].match(a);f&&d.push(f[1])}if(d.length>0)return d[0];return null}("GU_U");var userData=cookieData?JSON.parse(decodeBase64(cookieData.split(".")[0])):null;if(userData){var displayName=decodeURIComponent(userData[2]);window.guardian.config.user={id:userData[0],displayName:displayName,accountCreatedDate:userData[6],emailVerified:userData[7],rawResponse:cookieData}}}})(guardian.isEnhanced&&"atob"in window,document,window)}catch(e){};try{(function(document,window){if(typeof window.getComputedStyle!=="function")return;var ad=document.createElement("div");ad.style.position="absolute";ad.style.left="0";ad.style.WB_wombat_top="0";ad.style.height="10px";ad.style.zIndex="-1";ad.innerHTML="\x26nbsp;";ad.setAttribute("class","ad_unit");window.requestAnimationFrame(function(){document.body.appendChild(ad);window.requestAnimationFrame(function(){var adBlockers=window.guardian.adBlockers;var adStyles=window.getComputedStyle(ad);var displayProp=adStyles&&adStyles.getPropertyValue("display");var mozBindingProp=adStyles&&adStyles.getPropertyValue("-moz-binding");adBlockers.active=displayProp==="none"||mozBindingProp&&mozBindingProp.indexOf("about:")!==-1;runEachListener(adBlockers.onDetect);adBlockers.onDetect={push:function(){var toRun=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0);runEachListener(toRun)}};function runEachListener(listeners){for(var i=0;i<listeners.length;i++)try{listeners[i](adBlockers.active)}catch(e){}}})})})(document,window)}catch(e){};try{(function(isVeryModern,document,window){var user=window.guardian.config.user;if(isVeryModern&&user)window.requestAnimationFrame(function(){var $profileInfoElem=document.getElementsByClassName("js-profile-info")[0];var $profileNavElem=document.getElementsByClassName("js-profile-nav")[0];if(!$profileInfoElem&&!$profileNavElem)return;$profileInfoElem.innerHTML=user.displayName;$profileNavElem.classList.add("is-signed-in");var $signInLinkElem=$profileNavElem.getElementsByTagName("a")[0];if($signInLinkElem)if(user.id)$signInLinkElem.addEventListener("click",function(e){e.preventDefault()});else $signInLinkElem.setAttribute("href",$signInLinkElem.getAttribute("href").replace("signin","public/edit/"));var $register=document.getElementsByClassName("js-profile-register");if($register.length){$register=$register[0];$register.parentElement.removeChild($register)}})})("classList"in document.documentElement,document,window)}catch(e){};try{(function(document,window){if(!window.__cmp)window.__cmp=function(){var listen=window.attachEvent||window.addEventListener;listen("message",function(event){window.__cmp.receiveMessage(event)},false);function addLocatorFrame(){if(!window.frames["__cmpLocator"])if(document.body){var frame=document.createElement("iframe");frame.style.display="none";frame.name="__cmpLocator";frame.setAttribute("aria-hidden",true);document.body.appendChild(frame)}else setTimeout(addLocatorFrame,5)}addLocatorFrame();var commandQueue=[];var cmp=function(command,parameter,callback){if(command==="ping"){if(callback)callback({gdprAppliesGlobally:!!(window.__cmp&&window.__cmp.config&&window.__cmp.config.storeConsentGlobally),cmpLoaded:false})}else commandQueue.push({command:command,parameter:parameter,callback:callback})};cmp.commandQueue=commandQueue;cmp.receiveMessage=function(event){var data=event&&event.data&&event.data.__cmpCall;if(data)commandQueue.push({callId:data.callId,command:data.command,parameter:data.parameter,event:event})};cmp.config={storeConsentGlobally:false,storePublisherData:false,logging:false,gdprApplies:false};return cmp}()})(document,window)}catch(e){};try{(function(document,window){function shouldServeLotame(){try{var geo=JSON.parse(window.localStorage.getItem("gu.geolocation")).value;if(geo==="US"||geo==="CA"||geo==="AU"||geo==="NZ")return false;return true}catch(e){}return false}if(shouldServeLotame()){var script=document.createElement("script");script.src="https://tags.crwdcntrl.net/c/12666/cc.js";document.body.appendChild(script)}})(document,window)}catch(e){};(function(window,document){function getCookieValue(name){var nameEq=name+"\x3d",cookies=document.cookie.split(";"),value=null;cookies.forEach(function(cookie){while(cookie.charAt(0)===" ")cookie=cookie.substring(1,cookie.length);if(cookie.indexOf(nameEq)===0)value=cookie.substring(nameEq.length,cookie.length)});return value}window.guardian.config.ophan.browserId=getCookieValue("bwid")})(window,document);window.curlConfig={baseUrl:'https://assets.guim.co.uk/javascripts',apiName:'require',paths:{'ophan/ng':'//j.ophan.co.uk/ophan.ng'}};window.curl=window.curlConfig;(function(){(function(l){function p(){}function v(a,b){return 0==T.call(a).indexOf("[object "+b)}function x(a){return a&&"/"==a.charAt(a.length-1)?a.substr(0,a.length-1):a}function D(a,b){var d,c,f,g;d=1;c=a;"."==c.charAt(0)&&(f=!0,c=c.replace(U,function(a,b,c,f){c&&d++;return f||""}));if(f){f=b.split("/");g=f.length-d;if(0>g)return a;f.splice(g,d);return f.concat(c||[]).join("/")}return c}function C(a){var b=a.indexOf("!");return{g:a.substr(b+1),d:0<=b&&a.substr(0,b)}}function A(){}function y(a,b){A.prototype=a||N;var d=new A;A.prototype=N;for(var c in b)d[c]=b[c];return d}function E(){function a(a,b,d){c.push([a,b,d])}function b(a,b){for(var d,f=0;d=c[f++];)(d=d[a])&&d(b)}var d,c,f;d=this;c=[];f=function(d,n){a=d?function(a){a&&a(n)}:function(a,b){b&&b(n)};f=p;b(d?0:1,n);b=p;c=s};this.m=function(b,c,f){a(b,c,f);return d};this.h=function(a){d.C=a;f(!0,a)};this.f=function(a){d.qa=a;f(!1,a)};this.w=function(a){b(2,a)}}function z(a){return a instanceof E||a instanceof h}function t(a,b,d,c){z(a)?a.m(b,d,c):b(a)}function B(a,b,d){var c;return function(){0<=--a&&b&&(c=b.apply(s,arguments));0==a&&d&&d(c);return c}}function e(){var a,b;r="";a=[].slice.call(arguments);v(a[0],"Object")&&(b=a.shift(),b=w(b));return new h(a[0],a[1],a[2],b)}function w(a,b,d){var c;r="";if(a&&(k.R(a),q=k.b(a),"preloads"in a&&(c=new h(a.preloads,s,d,I,!0),k.l(function(){I=c})),a=a.main))return new h(a,b,d)}function h(a,b,d,c,f){var g;g=k.k(q,s,[].concat(a),f);this.then=this.m=a=function(a,b){t(g,function(b){a&&a.apply(s,b)},function(a){if(b)b(a);else throw a;});return this};this.next=function(a,b,c){return new h(a,b,c,g)};this.config=w;(b||d)&&a(b,d);k.l(function(){t(f||I,function(){t(c,function(){k.r(g)},d)})})}function K(a){var b,d;b=a.id;b==s&&(J!==s?J={I:"Multiple anonymous defines encountered"}:(b=k.da())||(J=a));if(b!=s){d=u[b];b in u||(d=k.j(b,q),d=k.F(d.b,b),u[b]=d);if(!z(d))throw Error("duplicate define: "+b);d.ha=!1;k.G(d,a)}}function F(){var a=k.aa(arguments);K(a)}var r,q,G,H,m=l.document,O=m&&(m.head||m.getElementsByTagName("head")[0]),V=O&&O.getElementsByTagName("base")[0]||null,Q={},R={},L={},W="addEventListener"in l?{}:{loaded:1,complete:1},N={},T=N.toString,s,u={},M={},I=!1,J,S=/^\/|^[^:]+:\/\//,U=/(\.)(\.?)(?:$|\/([^\.\/]+.*)?)/g,X=/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\/|\/\/.*?[\n\r]/g,Y=/require\s*\(\s*(["'])(.*?[^\\])\1\s*\)|[^\\]?(["'])/g,Z=/\s*,\s*/,P,k;k={n:function(a,b,d){var c;a=D(a,b);if("."==a.charAt(0))return a;c=C(a);a=(b=c.d)||c.g;a in d.c&&(a=d.c[a].M||a);b&&(0>b.indexOf("/")&&!(b in d.c)&&(a=x(d.P)+"/"+b),a=a+"!"+c.g);return a},k:function(a,b,d,c){function f(b,c){var d,g;d=k.n(b,n.id,a);if(!c)return d;g=C(d);if(!g.d)return d;d=u[g.d];g.g="normalize"in d?d.normalize(g.g,f,n.b)||"":f(g.g);return g.d+"!"+g.g}function g(b,d,g){var e;e=d&&function(a){d.apply(s,a)};if(v(b,"String")){if(e)throw Error("require(id, callback) not allowed");g=f(b,!0);b=u[g];if(!(g in u))throw Error("Module not resolved: "+g);return(g=z(b)&&b.a)||b}t(k.r(k.k(a,n.id,b,c)),e,g)}var n;n=new E;n.id=b||"";n.ea=c;n.H=d;n.b=a;n.A=g;g.toUrl=function(b){return k.j(f(b,!0),a).url};n.n=f;return n},F:function(a,b,d){var c,f,g;c=k.k(a,b,s,d);f=c.h;g=B(1,function(a){c.q=a;try{return k.V(c)}catch(b){c.f(b)}});c.h=function(a){t(d||I,function(){f(u[c.id]=M[c.url]=g(a))})};c.J=function(a){t(d||I,function(){c.a&&(g(a),c.w(R))})};return c},U:function(a,b,d,c){return k.k(a,d,s,c)},ca:function(a){return a.A},K:function(a){return a.a||(a.a={})},ba:function(a){var b=a.t;b||(b=a.t={id:a.id,uri:k.L(a),exports:k.K(a),config:function(){return a.b}},b.a=b.exports);return b},L:function(a){return a.url||(a.url=k.D(a.A.toUrl(a.id),a.b))},R:function(a){var b,d,c,f,g;b="curl";d="define";c=f=l;if(a&&(g=a.overwriteApi||a.oa,b=a.apiName||a.ja||b,c=a.apiContext||a.ia||c,d=a.defineName||a.la||d,f=a.defineContext||a.ka||f,G&&v(G,"Function")&&(l.curl=G),G=null,H&&v(H,"Function")&&(l.define=H),H=null,!g)){if(c[b]&&c[b]!=e)throw Error(b+" already exists");if(f[d]&&f[d]!=F)throw Error(d+" already exists");}c[b]=e;f[d]=F},b:function(a){function b(a,b){var d,c,n,e,q;for(q in a){n=a[q];v(n,"String")&&(n={path:a[q]});n.name=n.name||q;e=f;c=C(x(n.name));d=c.g;if(c=c.d)e=g[c],e||(e=g[c]=y(f),e.c=y(f.c),e.e=[]),delete a[q];c=n;var r=b,h=void 0;c.path=x(c.path||c.WB_wombat_location||"");r&&(h=c.main||"."+"/"+"main","."==h.charAt(0)||(h="."+"/"+""+h),c.M=D(h,c.name+"/"));c.b=c.config;c.b&&(c.b=y(f,c.b));c.S=d.split("/").length;d?(e.c[d]=c,e.e.push(d)):e.o=k.Q(n.path,f)}}function d(a){var b=a.c;a.O=RegExp("^("+a.e.sort(function(a,c){return b[c].S-b[a].S}).join("|").replace(/\/|\./g,"\\$&")+")(?=\\/|$)");delete a.e}var c,f,g,n;"baseUrl"in a&&(a.o=a.baseUrl);"main"in a&&(a.M=a.main);"preloads"in a&&(a.pa=a.preloads);"pluginPath"in a&&(a.P=a.pluginPath);if("dontAddFileExt"in a||a.i)a.i=RegExp(a.dontAddFileExt||a.i);c=q;f=y(c,a);f.c=y(c.c);g=a.plugins||{};f.plugins=y(c.plugins);f.v=y(c.v,a.v);f.u=y(c.u,a.u);f.e=[];b(a.packages,!0);b(a.paths,!1);for(n in g)a=k.n(n+"!","",f),f.plugins[a.substr(0,a.length-1)]=g[n];g=f.plugins;for(n in g)if(g[n]=y(f,g[n]),a=g[n].e)g[n].e=a.concat(f.e),d(g[n]);for(n in c.c)f.c.hasOwnProperty(n)||f.e.push(n);d(f);return f},j:function(a,b){var d,c,f,g;d=b.c;f=S.test(a)?a:a.replace(b.O,function(a){c=d[a]||{};g=c.b;return c.path||""});return{b:g||q,url:k.Q(f,b)}},Q:function(a,b){var d=b.o;return d&&!S.test(a)?x(d)+"/"+a:a},D:function(a,b){return a+((b||q).i.test(a)?"":".js")},s:function(a,b,d){var c=m.createElement("script");c.onload=c.onreadystatechange=function(d){d=d||l.event;if("load"==d.type||W[c.readyState])delete L[a.id],c.onload=c.onreadystatechange=c.onerror="",b()};c.onerror=function(){d(Error("Syntax or http error: "+a.url))};c.type=a.N||"text/javascript";c.charset="utf-8";c.async=!a.fa;c.src=a.url;L[a.id]=c;O.insertBefore(c,V);return c},W:function(a){var b=[],d;("string"==typeof a?a:a.toSource?a.toSource():a.toString()).replace(X,"").replace(Y,function(a,f,g,e){e?d=d==e?s:d:d||b.push(g);return""});return b},aa:function(a){var b,d,c,f,g,e;g=a.length;c=a[g-1];f=v(c,"Function")?c.length:-1;2==g?v(a[0],"Array")?d=a[0]:b=a[0]:3==g&&(b=a[0],d=a[1]);!d&&0<f&&(e=!0,d=["require","exports","module"].slice(0,f).concat(k.W(c)));return{id:b,q:d||[],B:0<=f?c:function(){return c},p:e}},V:function(a){var b;b=a.B.apply(a.p?a.a:s,a.q);b===s&&a.a&&(b=a.t?a.a=a.t.exports:a.a);return b},G:function(a,b){a.B=b.B;a.p=b.p;a.H=b.q;k.r(a)},r:function(a){function b(a,b,c){e[b]=a;c&&r(a,b)}function d(b,c){var d,f,g,e;d=B(1,function(a){f(a);m(a,c)});f=B(1,function(a){r(a,c)});g=k.Y(b,a);(e=z(g)&&g.a)&&f(e);t(g,d,a.f,a.a&&function(a){g.a&&(a==Q?f(g.a):a==R&&d(g.a))})}function c(){a.h(e)}var f,g,e,q,h,r,m;e=[];g=a.H;q=g.length;0==g.length&&c();r=B(q,b,function(){a.J&&a.J(e)});m=B(q,b,c);for(f=0;f<q;f++)h=g[f],h in P?(m(P[h](a),f,!0),a.a&&a.w(Q)):h?d(h,f):m(s,f,!0);return a},Z:function(a){k.L(a);k.s(a,function(){var b=J;J=s;!1!==a.ha&&(!b||b.I?a.f(Error(b&&b.I||"define() missing or duplicated: "+a.url)):k.G(a,b))},a.f);return a},Y:function(a,b){var d,c,f,g,e,h,r,m,w,l,p,s;d=b.n;c=b.ea;f=b.b||q;e=d(a);e in u?h=e:(g=C(e),m=g.g,h=g.d||m,w=k.j(h,f));if(!(e in u))if(s=k.j(m,f).b,g.d)r=h;else if(r=s.moduleLoader||s.na||s.loader||s.ma)m=h,h=r,w=k.j(r,f);h in u?l=u[h]:w.url in M?l=u[h]=M[w.url]:(l=k.F(s,h,c),l.url=k.D(w.url,w.b),u[h]=M[w.url]=l,k.Z(l));h==r&&(g.d&&f.plugins[g.d]&&(s=f.plugins[g.d]),p=new E,t(l,function(a){var b,f,g;g=a.dynamic;m="normalize"in a?a.normalize(m,d,l.b)||"":d(m);f=r+"!"+m;b=u[f];if(!(f in u)){b=k.U(s,f,m,c);g||(u[f]=b);var e=function(a){g||(u[f]=a);b.h(a)};e.resolve=e;e.reject=e.error=b.f;a.load(m,b.A,e,s)}p!=b&&t(b,p.h,p.f,p.w)},p.f));return p||l},da:function(){var a;if(!v(l.opera,"Opera"))for(var b in L)if("interactive"==L[b].readyState){a=b;break}return a},$:function(a){var b=0,d,c;for(d=m&&(m.scripts||m.getElementsByTagName("script"));d&&(c=d[b++]);)if(a(c))return c},X:function(){var a,b="";(a=k.$(function(a){(a=a.getAttribute("data-curl-run"))&&(b=a);return a}))&&a.setAttribute("data-curl-run","");return b},T:function(){function a(){k.s({url:c.shift()},b,b)}function b(){r&&(c.length?(k.l(d),a()):d("run.js script did not run."))}function d(a){throw Error(a||"Primary run.js failed. Trying fallback.");}var c=r.split(Z);c.length&&a()},l:function(a){setTimeout(a,0)}};P={require:k.ca,exports:k.K,module:k.ba};e.version="0.8.9";e.config=w;F.amd={plugins:!0,jQuery:!0,curl:"0.8.9"};q={o:"",P:"curl/plugin",i:/\?|\.js\b/,v:{},u:{},plugins:{},c:{},O:/$^/};G=l.curl;H=l.define;G&&v(G,"Object")?(l.curl=s,w(G)):k.R();(r=k.X())&&k.l(k.T);u.curl=e;u["curl/_privileged"]={core:k,cache:u,config:function(){return q},_define:K,_curl:e,Promise:E}})(this.window||"undefined"!=typeof global&&global||this);(function(l,p){function v(){if(!p.body)return!1;F||(F=p.createTextNode(""));try{return p.body.removeChild(p.body.appendChild(F)),F=K,!0}catch(e){return!1}}function x(){var r;r=A[p[C]]&&v();if(!z&&r){z=!0;for(clearTimeout(h);e=w.pop();)e();E&&(p[C]="complete");for(var q;q=y.shift();)q()}return r}function D(){x();z||(h=setTimeout(D,t))}var C="readyState",A={loaded:1,interactive:1,complete:1},y=[],E=p&&"string"!=typeof p[C],z=!1,t=10,B,e,w=[],h,K,F;B="addEventListener"in l?function(e,h){e.addEventListener(h,x,!1);return function(){e.removeEventListener(h,x,!1)}}:function(e,h){e.attachEvent("on"+h,x);return function(){e.detachEvent(h,x)}};p&&!x()&&(w=[B(l,"load"),B(p,"readystatechange"),B(l,"DOMContentLoaded")],h=setTimeout(D,t));define("curl/domReady",function(){function e(h){z?h():y.push(h)}e.then=e;e.amd=!0;return e})})(this,this.document);(function(l,p,v){define("curl/plugin/js",["curl/_privileged"],function(l){function D(e,w,h){function p(){r||(t<new Date?h():setTimeout(p,10))}var t,r,q;t=(new Date).valueOf()+(e.ga||3E5);h&&e.a&&setTimeout(p,10);q=l.core.s(e,function(){r=!0;e.a&&(e.C=v(e.a));!e.a||e.C?w(q):h()},function(e){r=!0;h(e)})}function C(e,l){D(e,function(){var h=y.shift();t=0<y.length;h&&C.apply(null,h);l.h(e.C||!0)},function(e){l.f(e)})}var A={},y=[],E=p&&!0==p.createElement("script").async,z,t,B=/\?|\.js\b/;z=l.Promise;return{dynamic:!0,normalize:function(e,l){var h=e.indexOf("!");return 0<=h?l(e.substr(0,h))+e.substr(h):l(e)},load:function(e,l,h,p){function v(e){(h.error||function(e){throw e;})(e)}var r,q,x,H,m;r=0<e.indexOf("!order");q=e.indexOf("!exports=");x=0<q?e.substr(q+9):p.a;H="prefetch"in p?p.prefetch:!0;e=r||0<q?e.substr(0,e.indexOf("!")):e;q=(q=p.dontAddFileExt||p.i)?RegExp(q):B;m=l.toUrl(e);q.test(m)||(m=m.lastIndexOf(".")<=m.lastIndexOf("/")?m+".js":m);m in A?A[m]instanceof z?A[m].m(h,v):h(A[m]):(e={name:e,url:m,fa:r,a:x,ga:p.timeout},A[m]=l=new z,l.m(function(e){A[m]=e;h(e)},v),r&&!E&&t?(y.push([e,l]),H&&(e.N="text/cache",D(e,function(e){e&&e.parentNode.removeChild(e)},function(){}),e.N="")):(t=t||r,C(e,l)))},cramPlugin:".."+"/"+"cram/js"}})})(this,this.document,function(l){try{return eval(l)}catch(p){}});define("curl/plugin/domReady",[".."+"/"+"domReady"],function(l){return{load:function(p,v,x){l(x)}}});}).call(this);[].slice.apply(document.querySelectorAll('figure.interactive[data-interactive]')).forEach(function(el){require([el.getAttribute('data-interactive')],function(interactive){interactive.boot(el,document,window.guardian.config);},function(err){console.log('Interactive failed',mainJS);console.log('Error:',err);});require(['ophan/ng'],function(ophan){var a=el.querySelector('a');var href=a&&a.href;if(href){ophan.trackComponentAttention(href,el);}});[].slice.apply(document.querySelectorAll('iframe.interactive-atom-fence')).forEach(function(el){var srcdoc;if(!el.srcdoc){srcdoc=el.getAttribute('srcdoc');el.contentWindow.contents=srcdoc;el.src='javascript:window["contents"]';}});}); const pillar='Opinion';(function(){function convertContentType(contentType){var result=contentType;if(typeof contentType==='string'){result=contentType.toLowerCase().split(' ').join('');}return result;}function getQueryParam(key){var query=window.WB_wombat_location.search.substring(1);var vars=query.split("&");var pairs=vars.map(function(x){return x.split('=')});return pairs.filter(function(xs){return xs.length==2&&xs[0]==key}).map(function(xs){return xs[1]})[0];}function getAnalyticsEdition(){var edition=(guardian.config.page.edition||'').toLowerCase() return edition==='int'?'international':edition;}function getAnalyticsTitle(){var analyticsTitle=(guardian.config.page.webTitle||'');return(analyticsTitle==='Network Front')?getAnalyticsEdition()+' network front':analyticsTitle;}function getExperienceValue(){return'none';}var identityId=null;if(guardian.config.user){identityId=guardian.config.user.id;}var isLoggedIn=(!!identityId).toString();(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');ga('create','UA-78705427-1','auto','allEditorialPropertyTracker',{'sampleRate':100,'siteSpeedSampleRate':0.1,'userId':identityId});ga('create','UA-33592456-1','auto','guardianTestPropertyTracker',{'sampleRate':5,'siteSpeedSampleRate':0.1,'userId':identityId});ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','forceSSL',true);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','title',getAnalyticsTitle());ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','anonymizeIp',true);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension1',guardian.config.ophan.pageViewId);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension2',guardian.config.ophan.browserId);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension3','theguardian.com');ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension4',guardian.config.page.section);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension5',convertContentType(guardian.config.page.contentType));ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension6',guardian.config.page.commissioningDesks);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension7',guardian.config.page.contentId);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension8',guardian.config.page.authorIds);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension9',guardian.config.page.keywordIds);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension10',guardian.config.page.toneIds);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension11',guardian.config.page.seriesId);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension15',identityId);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension16',isLoggedIn);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension21',getQueryParam('INTCMP'));ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension22',getQueryParam('CMP_BUNIT'));ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension23',getQueryParam('CMP_TU'));ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension26',(!!guardian.config.page.isHosted).toString());ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension27',navigator.userAgent);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension29',window.WB_wombat_location.href);ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension30',getAnalyticsEdition());ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension43',getExperienceValue());ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','dimension50',pillar);if(document.WB_wombat_location.hash==='#fbLogin'){ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.set','referrer',null);document.WB_wombat_location.hash='';}ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','forceSSL',true);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','title',getAnalyticsTitle());ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','anonymizeIp',true);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension1',guardian.config.ophan.pageViewId);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension2',guardian.config.ophan.browserId);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension3','theguardian.com');ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension4',guardian.config.page.section);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension5',convertContentType(guardian.config.page.contentType));ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension6',guardian.config.page.commissioningDesks);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension7',guardian.config.page.contentId);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension8',guardian.config.page.authorIds);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension9',guardian.config.page.keywordIds);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension10',guardian.config.page.toneIds);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension11',guardian.config.page.seriesId);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension15',identityId);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension16',isLoggedIn);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension21',getQueryParam('INTCMP'));ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension22',getQueryParam('CMP_BUNIT'));ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension23',getQueryParam('CMP_TU'));ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension26',(!!guardian.config.page.isHosted).toString());ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension27',navigator.userAgent);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension29',window.WB_wombat_location.href);ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension30',getAnalyticsEdition());ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension43',getExperienceValue());ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','dimension50',pillar);if(document.WB_wombat_location.hash==='#fbLogin'){ga('guardianTestPropertyTracker.set','referrer',null);document.WB_wombat_location.hash='';}ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.send','pageview',{hitCallback:function(){var image=new Image();image.src="//phar.gu-web.net/count/pvg.gif";}});try{var NG_STORAGE_KEY='gu.analytics.referrerVars';var referrerVarsData=window.sessionStorage.getItem(NG_STORAGE_KEY);var referrerVars=JSON.parse(referrerVarsData);if(referrerVars&&referrerVars.value){var d=new Date().getTime();if(d-referrerVars.value.time<60*1000){ga('allEditorialPropertyTracker.send','event','Click','Internal',referrerVars.value.tag,{nonInteraction:true,dimension12:referrerVars.value.path});}window.sessionStorage.removeItem(NG_STORAGE_KEY);}}catch(e){}guardian.app&&guardian.app.mediator&&guardian.app.mediator.emit('modules:ga:ready');})(); <img id="googleConfidenceNoScriptImage" alt="" src="//via.hypothes.is/im_///phar.gu-web.net/count/pvg.gif" width="1" height="1" class="u-h"/> var _comscore=_comscore||[];_comscore.push({c1:"2",c2:"6035250",comscorekw:guardian.config.page.keywords});(function(){var s=document.createElement("script"),el=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];s.async=true;s.src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js";el.parentNode.insertBefore(s,el);})(); <img src="https://via.hypothes.is/im_/https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035250&cv=2.0&cj=1&comscorekw=Rail+fares%2CTransport+policy%2CTransport%2CPolitics"/> <div style="display:inline;"> <img height="1" width="1" style="border-style:none;" alt="" src="//via.hypothes.is/im_///googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/viewthroughconversion/971225648/?value=0&amp;guid=ON&amp;script=0"/> </div> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments);},s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js',a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script');twq('init','nyl43');twq('track','PageView');  

For that reason, “overuse” of the internet and social media today may not be such a bad thing. It is our primary way of exploring all of the potential of that cultural mode, and that mode will at some point be tamed and neutered, just as Baroque music composition is now dormant.

“He has only two thousand pounds of his own; it would be madness to marry upon that, though for my own part I could give up every prospect of more without a sigh. I have been always used to a very small income, and could struggle with any poverty for him; but I love him too well to be the selfish means of robbing him, perhaps, of all that his mother might give him if he married to please her. We must wait, it may be for many years. With almost every other man in the world, it would be an alarming prospect; but Edward’s affection and constancy nothing can deprive me of, I know.”

Virtual-reality sickness (also known as cybersickness) is a side-effect experienced by some when using VR. Symptoms are similar to those of motion sickness, including nausea, disorientation, pallor, headaches, sweating and even vomiting. It’s widely thought that this is caused by a conflict taking place within the brain. Despite technological improvements, cybersickness is still experienced by some when viewing virtual reality © Getty Your visual and auditory sensory inputs tell you that you’re moving through space, whereas your inner ear doesn’t detect the corresponding motion. Similarly to motion sickness, the ‘area postrema’ in the brain senses this conflict, assumes you’re hallucinating after accidentally ingesting a neurotoxin and tells your body to eject the offending substance post-haste. This phenomenon is more likely to affect children between two and 12 years, which is why some VR unit manufacturers advise caution or even for their units to be used only by children of 13 and over. Thankfully, many of these short-term side effects have been reduced by technological developments over the last few years and will continue to do so as time rolls by. Increased resolution and screen refresh rates have had a positive impact, as has game design itself, with developers gaining a deeper understanding of what makes a truly immersive and stable VR experience. Rat reality Research is, however, being carried out to uncover whether the impact VR has on the brain is more significant than the superficial symptoms of cybersickness. Professor Mayank Mehta and his colleagues at UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) have been conducting experiments to explore the effects of VR on the brains of rats. Experiments on rodents show VR activates less neurons than true reality. But, say the researchers, it’s too early to draw any concrete conclusions © UCLA By building an environment in which the animals can explore a virtual space on treadmills, the team have been able to monitor activity in the hippocampus – an area of the brain important for spatial awareness, learning and memory. They found that around half the neurons that fire in a real-world environment simply shut down when in VR. Research is ongoing to what impact this may have on the brain, but it at least intimates that the industry and researchers are taking the issue of VR and physical and mental healthy seriously. Social immobility Truly understanding the long-term neurological impact of VR in humans will take time, but what of the social ramifications? We’ve already seen the dangers that immersive gaming can pose in the MMO world, with isolation and reclusive behaviour, depression, suicide and even virtual-world conflicts spilling over into real-world violence. One of the key concerns of VR use is how the user manages the return to reality from these exciting VR worlds © Getty There was even the 2008 case of a Russian man dying after becoming embroiled in conflict resulting from the (virtual) death of one of the members of his game. A physical violent brawl ensued and the man died. Although such extremes tend to be rare, they do happen, and the introduction of VR into mainstream culture means that unexpected social problems will inevitably come to light. Having spent a lot of time in VR ourselves, one of the most peculiar sensations isn’t being in the virtual world itself, but the act of removing the headset at the end of the session, which is followed by the dull thud as you return to a comparatively beige reality, devoid of the wonder and boundlessness of the synthetic. It’s all too easy to see how, as the technology advances with ever greater velocity, users young and old will become ever-more reluctant to return to reality. Imagine trying to get a teenager to do their homework when they’re busy in the cockpit of an X-Wing, taking down the Death Star single-handedly. You’ll need more than Jedi mind tricks for that one. This escapism isn’t just limited to gaming. As with so many technological developments, much will be driven by the porn and sex industry. Teledildonic sex (remote sexual activity) is already bedding in, as products that allow partners many miles apart to control mechanical sex toys in real time are flying off the shelves. Combined with VR and social media, this opens up a whole new frontier of sexual exploration. That’s fair game for liberal, single individuals but what ethical rules apply if you have a partner and are having a virtual sexual encounter with a digital avatar? Perhaps it will simply be up to each and every individual, but it’ll only be a matter of time before such cases are raised in court. Try 3 issues from just $9.95 Promoted by Science Focus .str-adunit-article .thumbnail-wrapper{height:95px !important;}.str-advertiser{color:#c4218c !important;font-size:14px !important;line-height:1rem !important;margin-bottom:5px !important;}@media only screen and (max-width:500px){.str-adunit-article{width:100% !important;max-width:none !important;}.str-adunit-article .thumbnail-wrapper,.str-adunit-article .str-thumbnail{width:70px !important;height:70px !important;}.str-adunit-article .str-text{padding:0 0 0 10px !important;vertical-align:top !important;}} Into the unknown As is so often the case with new technology, there are many unknowns. Further studies into how VR impacts brain function are required to understand the potential pros and cons, while discourse on the social implications of the technology is equally important. Like most things in life there are potential risks but, used wisely, virtual reality will bring positive experiences to millions. Clinicians continue to research the potential side-effects of time spent in VR © specialeffect.org.uk Even now, organisations like the charity Special Effect, who develop and supply video-game control systems for people with disabilities, are taking advantage of the latest technology. As founder Dr Mick Donegan suggests, these systems “could allow people with severe mobility challenges, even those who are completely paralysed, the opportunity to ‘move freely’ in both the real and virtual worlds”. And it’s through applications like this that VR will truly unlock its full potential, regardless of the possible downsides. Follow Science Focus on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and Flipboard Facebook White twitter White Page 1 Page 1 Email White Tags Future tech Virtual reality Latest Photo overlay Nature Underwater photography | 39 stunning photos from the UPY 2019 competition Magazine Focus Magazine Collection | The Ultimate Guide to the Solar System Space What would happen if there were no Moon? The Human Body Aphantasia | Life with no mind's eye Want to be updated when there is Science Focus news? Thanks! Our best wishes for a productive day. Email Address Sign up By clicking “sign up” you are agreeing to our terms and conditions. You can unsubscribe at any time. For more information about how to do this, and how Immediate Media Company Limited (publisher of Science Focus) holds your personal information, please see our privacy policy.

"As We May Think,"

We might think about digital redlining as the process by which different schools get differential journal access.

Often overly studious or perfectionistic youth believe it is reasonable to study for hours on end, to keep their bedroom as neat as a pin, or to wash their hands excessively after every activity. Other youth think there is something “wrong” with them. Children may focus on the physical symptoms of anxiety (e.g. stomachaches). Teens may think they’re weird, weak, out of control, or even going crazy! These thoughts might make them feel even more anxious and self-conscious

the majority reported feeling anxious during school. Most also reported that their anxiety usually or always interfered with their daily school functioning.

This supplemented the individual's memory and ability to visualize. (We are not concerned here with the value derived from human cooperation made possible by speech and writing, both forms of external symbol manipulation. We speak of the manual means of making graphical representations of symbols—

That means that — taken on their own — combustion vehicle sales fell from 17.03 million in 2017 to 16.91 million in 2018.Since USA total light vehicle sales have been essentially flat or slightly declining over the past four years, and EVs are now coming online in ever-increasing volumes, it’s hard to see gas vehicle sales going in any direction but south from now on. The total light vehicle market’s marginal growth in 2018 was only made possible by the arrival of the Tesla Model 3 in high volumes.Again, there’s an outside chance we may see a small up-blip, depending on the economic outlook, but that’s unlikely and the general trend for combustion vehicle sales is inexorably downwards. The reveal of the Tesla Model Y in the coming month or two also ensures that a significant number of folks will entirely avoid a gas vehicle purchase in the next year or so whilst they are waiting for their dream SUV/crossover. Again, this means that EV % market share will grow at a higher rate than the increase in absolute EV sales volume, as the competition withers away.The Global PictureSince the three largest auto markets are already seeing falling combustion vehicle sales, is there any hope left for the internal combustion engine?No. It’s firmly headed for the dustbin of history, and it is going to happen quickly. Most serious auto analysts (see here, and here, and here) postulated that 2018 would be the peak sales year for combustion vehicle sales globally. The figures we’ve discussed above support the idea of 2017 being the peak year.Japan is still indecisive about EVs, though big on hybrids, but will inevitably soon have to give up on its fuel-cell dreams (at least for LDVs) and rush to catch up with EV powertrains.India will grow to be a significant auto market in the middle of the next decade, but this will be too late to save the combustion engine. India’s LDV sales were some 3.2 million in 2017, growing around 9% from 2016. Both combustion sales and EV sales will continue to grow in India, but any short-term growth in combustion vehicles will be far outpaced by their decline in the 3 largest markets above (almost 20× the volume of India). India’s LDV buying middle class is really starting to buy vehicles at just the time when EVs are taking over from gassers. With many larger Indian cities having serious air quality problems to deal with, regulations will also be pushing in the direction of EVs, and away from polluting gassers. And before the middle of the next decade, EVs will be the less expensive option, even just on sticker price (they already are in many cases on total cost of ownership).New Delhi in smogWhat do you think about the prospects for combustion engine vehicles? Do you agree that we will look back on 2017 as the peak in these three largest markets, or will 2019 reverse the past year’s declines and see them clinging onto sales volume for another year or so? Please share you thoughts and reasoning in the comments.Related: Nissan, Toyota, Mercedes, VW, Honda, BMW, Lexus, Infiniti, & Audi Sales Drop In USA, While Ford & GM Hide    (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});   How much money can a solar roof save you in California? Profit from your roof space: find local deals on solar in your area, eliminate your power bill. Calculate My Savings! .px400 #wapp_signup_widget_wrapper_picture_copy_zip, .px300 #wapp_signup_widget_wrapper_picture_copy_zip { padding-left: 110px !important; overflow: hidden; font-size: 10px !important; } .px400 #wapp_signup_widget_wrapper_picture_img, .px300 #wapp_signup_widget_wrapper_picture_img { display: block !important; width: 100px !important; } .px300 #wapp_signup_widget_wrapper_picture_copy_zip { height: 83px !important; } .px400 #wapp_signup_widget_zip_button { top: 143px !important; } .px400 #wapp_signup_widget_wrapper_picture_input { top: 87px !important; } .px300 #wapp_signup_widget_wrapper_picture_input, .px300 #wapp_signup_widget_zip_button { width: 267px !important; } Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window)1K+Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)1K+Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window)MoreClick to share on Telegram (Opens in new window)1Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)1Click to share on Flipboard (Opens in new window)Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window)Tags: China EV sales, Death of the combustion engine, End of oil, Europe EV sales, EV sales, Rise of the EV, Tesla, US EV sales About the AuthorDr. Maximilian Holland Max is an anthropologist, social theorist and international political economist, trying to ask questions and encourage critical thinking about social and environmental justice, sustainability and the human condition. He has lived and worked in Europe and Asia, and is currently based in Barcelona. Related Posts Hyundai Kona EV Review … Tesla Model 3 #1 Electric Car In World … Elon, Like A Boss — #CleanTechnica Top 20 → Top 10 Best Selling Fully Electric Vehicle Brands In 2019 → Top 10 Best Selling Plug-In Vehicle Brands In 2019 → Beta Technologies Pops Out Of Stealth, Is Gearing Up To Be More Than An eVTOL Startup → Back to Top ↑AdvertisementAdvertise with CleanTechnica to get your company in front of our readers.CleanTechnica Clothing & Cups Top News On CleanTechnica The Tesla Model 3 Is Taking Over The World Boom! Fossil Vehicle Sales Are Officially Now Decreasing In China, Europe, & USA — #CleanTechnica Report 12 Ways of Looking at a Rivian vs Tesla Matchup Volkswagen Raises EV Sales Target 50%, Says ID Production Will Be Carbon Neutral The Dream Is Over — Europe Is Waking Up To A World Of Electric Cars Hyundai Kona EV Review ... Tesla Model 3 #1 Electric Car In World ... Elon, Like A Boss — #CleanTechnica Top 20 Yes, Electric Vehicles Work In Winter — Better Than Gas Cars! Join CleanTechnica Today!AdvertisementAdvertisementFollow CleanTechnica !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs");Our Electric Car Driver Report  Read & share our new report on "electric car drivers, what they desire, and what the demand."The EV Safety AdvantageRead & share our free report on EV safety, “The EV Safety Advantage.”EV Charging Guidelines for CitiesShare our free report on EV charging guidelines for cities, “Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: Guidelines For Cities.”30 Electric Car Benefits Our Electric Vehicle ReviewsTesla NewsCleantech Press Releases New Research Shows That Only Two Large Petroleum Companies Have Meaningful Emission Reduction Targets Koben Announces EVOLVE EVSF —Grid-Friendly Modular EV Store & Forward System The New Danish Climate Plan — Together For A Greener Future38 Anti-Cleantech Myths Wind & Solar Prices Beat Fossils Cost of Solar Panels Collapses

He came down the road with cigarette in his hand. I waved at him; he smiled at me and threw away the almost finished cigarette inhaling the last puff. As we sat down to talk, he lit up another cigarette; with its smoke surrounding us he began his story. “I was 12 when I took a puff of my first cigarette. My brothers used to smoke a lot and asked me if I wanted to try, so I tried to just cool among them. I didn’t know that smoking was injurious to health back then, I know it’s bad for my health now but I don’t want to quit , I don’t think it’s doing me any harm like alcohol. I used to go far from my home to buy cigarettes and smoke. I got habituated after a year, first I wanted to look cool and now it’s like daily ritual of my life. I light up a cigarette as soon as I wake up and may be finish a packet per day,” said Luke* , who is now a 23 year -old man.

Increase Font Size Toggle Menu HomeReadSign in Search in book: Search Contents I. The Middle Ages (ca. 476-1485) 1. Bede (ca. 672-735) Bede: BiographyCaedmon’s Hymn 2. Dream of the Rood Dream of the Rood 3. Beowulf: Parts I & II Introduction: BeowulfStory SummaryThemesHistorical BackgroundLiterary StyleReading:Part IPart II 4. Beowulf: Part III Part III 5. Judith  Judith6. The Wanderer 7. Wulf and Eadwacer Wulf and Eadwacer 8. The Wife's Lament The Wife’s Lament 9. The Ruin The Ruin 10. Selection of Old English Riddles Selections from Old English Poems 11. The Myth of Arthur's Return Geoffrey of Monmouth: From The History of the Kings of BritainWace: From Roman de BrutLayamon: From Brut  II. Irish Literature 12. Cúchulainn’s Boyish Deeds Cúchulainn: IntroductionCuchulainn’s Boyish Deeds III. Anglo-Norman Literature 13. Tristan and Iseult Introduction: Tristan and IseultThe Story SummaryLiterary ThemesReading: Tristan and Yseult 14. Guide for Anchoresses (Ancrene Wisse) The Sweetness and Pain of Enclosure15. Romances of Marie de France IV. Middle English Literature in the 14th and 15th Century 16. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (ca. 1375-1400) 17. Sir Gawain: Parts I & II Part IPart II 18. Sir Gawain: Parts III & IV Part IIIPart IV19. Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales 20. Canterbury Tales: General Prologue Prologue 21. Canterbury Tales: Miller's Prologue and Tale The Miller’s PrologueThe Miller’s Tale22. Canterbury Tales: The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale23. Canterbury Tales: The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale24. Canterbury Tales: The Nun's Priest's Tale25. Canterbury Tales: Close of Canterbury Tales26. Julian of Norwich: Revelations of Divine Love (Selections) 27. Margery Kempe: Excerpts from The Book of Margery Kempe The Birth of Her First Child and Her First VisionHer Pride and Attempts to Start a Business28. The Wakefield Second Shepherd's Play29. Middle English Lyrics30. Robert Henryson: The Cock and the Jasp31. Everyman32. Thomas Malory: Le Morte d'Arthur V. The Sixteenth Century 33. Sir Thomas More: Utopia UTOPIA34. From: The Book of Common Prayer 35. WOMEN IN POWER: Selected Readings Mary I (Tudor)Lady Jane GreyMary Queen of ScotsElizabeth I36. Edmund Spencer: the Faerie Queene (Book I) 37. Sir Walter Raleigh: Poems and From: The Discovery of the Large, Rich and Beautiful Empire of Guiana Poems38. Sir Philip Sidney: From Astrophil and Stella 39. THE WIDER WORLD: Selected Readings The Wider World: Selected Readings Hakluyt’s Dedicatory Epistle to The Principal Navigations, 1589Leo Africanus on the North Africans, 1526An English Traveller’s Guide to the North Africans, 1547Voyage to the Arctic, 1577, with Reflections on Racial DifferenceAmadas and Barlowe’s Voyage to Virginia, 1584Hariot’s Report on Virginia, 1585General History of the Turks, 1603 40. Christopher Marlowe: Hero and Leander Hero and Leander 41. Christopher Marlowe: Doctor Faustus The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 42. William Shakespeare: Selected Sonnets Selected Sonnets 43. William Shakespeare: Taming of the Shrew THE TAMING OF THE SHREW VI. Early Seventeenth Century 44. John Dunne: Selections Songs and SonnetsA Selection of Holy SonnetsFrom: Devotions upon Emergent Occasions45. Aemilia Lanyar: Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum 46. Ben Jonson: Epigrams and Poetry EpigramsPoemsFrom: Underwood 47. GENDER RELATIONS: Conflict and Counsel From: The Arraignment of Lewd, Idle, Froward, and Unconstant Women: Or the Vanity of Them Choose you WhetherRachel Speght: From A Muzzle for Melastomus William Gouge: From Domestical Duties48. Francis Bacon: Essays49. Margaret Cavendish: The Blazing World 50. George Herbert: The Temple The Temple 51. CRISIS OF AUTHORITY: The Beheading of Charles I From: King Charles, His Trial (1649)From: A Perfect Diurnal of Some Passages in Parliament, no. 288Robert Filmer: From Patriarcha John Milton: From The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates Gerrard Winstanley: From A New Year’s Gift Sent to the Parliament and ArmyThomas Hobbes: From Leviathan 52. CRISIS OF AUTHORITY: Political Writing Robert Filmer: From Patriarcha John Milton: From The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates Gerrard Winstanley: From A New Year’s Gift Sent to the Parliament and ArmyThomas Hobbes: From Leviathan 53. CRISIS OF AUTHORITY: Writing the Self Lucy Hutchinson: From Memoirs of the Life of Colonel John HutchinsonEdward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon: From The History of the RebellionLady Anne Halkett: From The Memoires 54. John Milton: Poems and Sonnets LycidasSonnets 55. John Milton: Paradise Lost (Books 1-3) BOOK 1BOOK 2BOOK 3 56. John Milton: Paradise Lost (Books 4-6) BOOK 4BOOK 5BOOK 6 57. John Milton: Paradise Lost (Books 7-9) BOOK 7BOOK 8BOOK 9 58. John Milton: Paradise Lost (Books 10-12) BOOK 10BOOK 11BOOK 12 Appendix An Open Companion for British Literature I 13 Tristan and Iseult Introduction: Tristan and Iseult by Noel Wallace Tristan and Isolde by Herbert James Draper (1863-1920). Wikimedia Commons. The story of Tristan and Iseult is an Anglo-Norman story of a love between two tragic lovers fated to be set apart.  The origins of the original text are unknown adding to the mystery of the story. There are also many different versions of the story. Each version just a little different. For clarity purposes of this paper, I will refer to the French version by Joseph Bedier. How daring the legend. How legendary. How incredibly naive. However, are not all young lovers naive? For it takes time to develop skepticism. Cynicism does not belong in the beginning of a story. It only belongs in the end. The lovers begin as two innocent and hopeful characters. Tristan represents the embodiment of all that is chivalrous. The desire to do only what is right by the laws his society. As the novel progresses, the audience will begin to question things as the characters change. At the very end both characters will die tragically apart. Both will have become cynical and heartbroken. Perhaps, you have heard of the two young lovers yourself? Perhaps you have heard how the tragedy of the poisonous wine brought about death and destruction? Was the wine an element of foreshadow? Maybe you are just looking for a great read. Either way the story of the two lovers will indeed be of interest. The Story Summary Set in the medieval era, this is the story of Tristan and Iseult and their tragic love affair. The story begins in Tristan’s childhood and covers a series of youthful adventures which shape him into a Knight. Then Tristan embarks on his biggest quest yet. He journeys to Ireland to obtain Princess Iseult. The plan was to bring the princess back to Ireland to marry King Mark of Cornwall. However, the Queen of Ireland was concerned for her daughter’s wellbeing and concocted an eternal love potion to be consumed by King Mark and Princess Iseult. Accidently Tristan and Iseult consume the potion and fall in love. King Mark and Iseult marry despite the potion. However, Tristan and Iseult are still in love. Though keeping pure, the two often meet in secret. King Mark eventually find out and banishes Tristan. Tristan goes off to another land and finds favor in a new king, marrying his daughter. Despite this Tristan still desperately loves Iseult and she him. In the final chapter Tristan falls ill after an ambus. He sends a messenger to retrieve Iseult the fair. However, he dies before she reaches him. Upon discovering Tristan’s death Iseult dies too. Literary Themes The story of Tristan and Iseult is filled with many themes. Morality was a common element in medieval literature. Thus, one can interpret many moral themes throughout the content. A few examples of these themes include: loyalty, love, fate, courage, and judgement. The theme of love is shown so many times. One could argue that if you took the theme of love out, there would be no story. How can you have a tragic love story without love? There is motherly love, fatherly love, romantic love, and love of a duty. Queen Blanchefleur demonstrates motherly love in that of her new born baby. King Mark, Rohalt, and Squire Gorvenal demonstrate fatherly love. Tristan and Iseult’s relationship demonstrate romantic love. Lastly, one can see love of duty in the actions of Tristan when he gives up his romantic love for a love of duty to King Mark. Another theme is loyalty. Tristan is constantly loyal to Mark even when Mark is not loyal in return. Mark betrays Tristan by allowing his advisors to manipulate his mind. Loyalty is even seen as soon in the story as the second paragraph when King Rivalen of Lyonesse comes to the aid of his ally, Mark of Cornwall. “When Mark was King over Cornwall, Rivalen, King of Lyonesse, heard that Mark’s enemies waged war on him; so, he crossed the sea to bring him aid (page 1).” The themes of Fate and judgement go together. This leads to the idea if something is truly fated, then how can one be judged? Works Cited: “Author ProfileJoseph Bedier.” PublicBookshelf, www.publicbookshelf.com/author/Joseph-Bedier. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Tristan and Isolde.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 8 Feb. 2012, www.britannica.com/topic/Tristan-and-Isolde. “Joseph Bédier.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 14 Nov. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bédier. “Tristan and Iseult.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Jan. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan and Iseult. “Tristan and Isolde.” Myths Encyclopedia, www.mythencyclopedia.com/Tr-Wa/Tristan-and-Isolde.html. Draper, Herbert James. Tristan and Isolde. 1901, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert James Draper. Discussion Questions: Fate vs. accident: If Tristan and Iseult were fated to be together was it really the wine causing them to fall in love? If fate were in play and there was no wine, would they not have fallen in love anyway? A titanic question: Why do you think that Tristan and Iseult choose to stay in the woods rather than return to Ireland or Lyonesse? A perspective switch: Was King Mark a villain? Judgement Question: The hermit of Ogrin begged Tristan and Iseult to give penance under the laws of Rome for what he saw as a sin. However later Iseult is declared innocent by the hot-iron test. Give an example today that society may see as one thing as a sin, but may not be. Was Tristan wrong to return Iseult to Mark after he sent her to the lepers? At what point, would you consider a relationship over? Further Resources for Students: Fab Audio Books. “Tristan and Isolde: complete unabridged audiobook.” Youtube.com 17 Sept. 2013 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OelPOx-Xg5c&t=4s   WLMi5514. “Tristan and Isolde (2006) Trailer.” Youtube.com 24 Feb 2010 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAJJay0Uv4M   WagneroperaNET. “Leonard Bernstein: Tristan und Isolde, Vorspiel Act 1.” Youtube.com 12 Jan. 2012 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xa7Wo8PkpBs   Carls, Alice-Catherine. “Love in the Last Days: After Tristan and Iseult.” World Literature Today, vol. 92, no. 2, Mar. 2018, pp. 86–87. EBSCOhost, lsproxy.austincc.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lsproxy.austincc.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=128273558&site=eds-live&scope=site. http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.lsproxy.austincc.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=29ca0eca-ebb3-4339-88f3-a9326f4cf7c2%40sessionmgr4008&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=lfh&AN=128273558&anchor=TextToSpeech Reading: Tristan and Yseult PART THE FIRST THE CHILDHOOD OF TRISTAN My lords, if you would hear a high tale of love and of death, here is that of Tristan and Queen Iseult; how to their full joy, but to their sorrow also, they loved each other, and how at last they died of that love together upon one day; she by him and he by her. Long ago, when Mark was King over Cornwall, Rivalen, King of Lyonesse, heard that Mark’s enemies waged war on him; so he crossed the sea to bring him aid; and so faithfully did he serve him with counsel and sword that Mark gave him his sister Blanchefleur, whom King Rivalen loved most marvellously. He wedded her in Tintagel Minster, but hardly was she wed when the news came to him that his old enemy Duke Morgan had fallen on Lyonesse and was wasting town and field. Then Rivalen manned his ships in haste, and took Blanchefleur with him to his far land; but she was with child. He landed below his castle of Kanoël and gave the Queen in ward to his Marshal Rohalt, and after that set off to wage his war. Blanchefleur waited for him continually, but he did not come home, till she learnt upon a day that Duke Morgan had killed him in foul ambush. She did not weep: she made no cry or lamentation, but her limbs failed her and grew weak, and her soul was filled with a strong desire to be rid of the flesh, and though Rohalt tried to soothe her she would not hear. Three days she awaited re-union with her lord, and on the fourth she brought forth a son; and taking him in her arms she said: “Little son, I have longed a while to see you, and now I see you the fairest thing ever a woman bore. In sadness came I hither, in sadness did I bring forth, and in sadness has your first feast day gone. And as by sadness you came into the world, your name shall be called Tristan; that is the child of sadness.” After she had said these words she kissed him, and immediately when she had kissed him she died. Rohalt, the keeper of faith, took the child, but already Duke Morgan’s men besieged the Castle of Kanoël all round about. There is a wise saying: “Fool-hardy was never hardy,” and he was compelled to yield to Duke Morgan at his mercy: but for fear that Morgan might slay Rivalen’s heir the Marshal hid him among his own sons. When seven years were passed and the time had come to take the child from the women, Rohalt put Tristan under a good master, the Squire Gorvenal, and Gorvenal taught him in a few years the arts that go with barony. He taught him the use of lance and sword and ’scutcheon and bow, and how to cast stone quoits and to leap wide dykes also: and he taught him to hate every lie and felony and to keep his given word; and he taught him the various kinds of song and harp-playing, and the hunter’s craft; and when the child rode among the young squires you would have said that he and his horse and his armour were all one thing. To see him so noble and so proud, broad in the shoulders, loyal, strong and right, all men glorified Rohalt in such a son. But Rohalt remembering Rivalen and Blanchefleur (of whose youth and grace all this was a resurrection) loved him indeed as a son, but in his heart revered him as his lord. Now all his joy was snatched from him on a day when certain merchants of Norway, having lured Tristan to their ship, bore him off as a rich prize, though Tristan fought hard, as a young wolf struggles, caught in a gin. But it is a truth well proved, and every sailor knows it, that the sea will hardly bear a felon ship, and gives no aid to rapine. The sea rose and cast a dark storm round the ship and drove it eight days and eight nights at random, till the mariners caught through the mist a coast of awful cliffs and sea-ward rocks whereon the sea would have ground their hull to pieces: then they did penance, knowing that the anger of the sea came of the lad, whom they had stolen in an evil hour, and they vowed his deliverance and got ready a boat to put him, if it might be, ashore: then the wind, and sea fell and the sky shone, and as the Norway ship grew small in the offing, a quiet tide cast Tristan and the boat upon a beach of sand. Painfully he climbed the cliff and saw, beyond, a lonely rolling heath and a forest stretching out and endless. And he wept, remembering Gorvenal, his father, and the land of Lyonesse. Then the distant cry of a hunt, with horse and hound, came suddenly and lifted his heart, and a tall stag broke cover at the forest edge. The pack and the hunt streamed after it with a tumult of cries and winding horns, but just as the hounds were racing clustered at the haunch, the quarry turned to bay at a stones throw from Tristan; a huntsman gave him the thrust, while all around the hunt had gathered and was winding the kill. But Tristan, seeing by the gesture of the huntsman that he made to cut the neck of the stag, cried out: “My lord, what would you do? Is it fitting to cut up so noble a beast like any farm-yard hog? Is that the custom of this country?” And the huntsman answered: “Fair friend, what startles you? Why yes, first I take off the head of a stag, and then I cut it into four quarters and we carry it on our saddle bows to King Mark, our lord: So do we, and so since the days of the first huntsmen have done the Cornish men. If, however, you know of some nobler custom, teach it us: take this knife and we will learn it willingly.” Then Tristan kneeled and skinned the stag before he cut it up, and quartered it all in order leaving the crow-bone all whole, as is meet, and putting aside at the end the head, the haunch, the tongue and the great heart’s vein; and the huntsmen and the kennel hinds stood over him with delight, and the Master Huntsman said: “Friend, these are good ways. In what land learnt you them? Tell us your country and your name.” “Good lord, my name is Tristan, and I learnt these ways in my country of Lyonesse.” “Tristan,” said the Master Huntsman, “God reward the father that brought you up so nobly; doubtless he is a baron, rich and strong.” Now Tristan knew both speech and silence, and he answered: “No, lord; my father is a burgess. I left his home unbeknownst upon a ship that trafficked to a far place, for I wished to learn how men lived in foreign lands. But if you will accept me of the hunt I will follow you gladly and teach you other crafts of venery.” “Fair Tristan, I marvel there should be a land where a burgess’s son can know what a knight’s son knows not elsewhere, but come with us since you will it; and welcome: we will bring you to King Mark, our lord.” Tristan completed his task; to the dogs he gave the heart, the head, offal and ears; and he taught the hunt how the skinning and the ordering should be done. Then he thrust the pieces upon pikes and gave them to this huntsman and to that to carry, to one the snout to another the haunch to another the flank to another the chine; and he taught them how to ride by twos in rank, according to the dignity of the pieces each might bear. So they took the road and spoke together, till they came on a great castle and round it fields and orchards, and living waters and fish ponds and plough lands, and many ships were in its haven, for that castle stood above the sea. It was well fenced against all assault or engines of war, and its keep, which the giants had built long ago, was compact of great stones, like a chess board of vert and azure. And when Tristan asked its name: “Good liege,” they said, “we call it Tintagel.” And Tristan cried: “Tintagel! Blessed be thou of God, and blessed be they that dwell within thee.” (Therein, my lords, therein had Rivalen taken Blanchefleur to wife, though their son knew it not.) When they came before the keep the horns brought the barons to the gates and King Mark himself. And when the Master Huntsman had told him all the story, and King Mark had marvelled at the good order of the cavalcade, and the cutting of the stag, and the high art of venery in all, yet most he wondered at the stranger boy, and still gazed at him, troubled and wondering whence came his tenderness, and his heart would answer him nothing; but, my lords, it was blood that spoke, and the love he had long since borne his sister Blanchefleur. That evening, when the boards were cleared, a singer out of Wales, a master, came forward among the barons in Hall and sang a harper’s song, and as this harper touched the strings of his harp, Tristan who sat at the King’s feet, spoke thus to him: “Oh master, that is the first of songs! The Bretons of old wove it once to chant the loves of Graëlent. And the melody is rare and rare are the words: master, your voice is subtle: harp us that well.” But when the Welshman had sung, he answered: “Boy, what do you know of the craft of music? If the burgesses of Lyonesse teach their sons harp—play also, and rotes and viols too, rise, and take this harp and show your skill.” Then Tristan took the harp and sang so well that the barons softened as they heard, and King Mark marvelled at the harper from Lyonesse whither so long ago Rivalen had taken Blanchefleur away. When the song ended, the King was silent a long space, but he said at last: “Son, blessed be the master that taught thee, and blessed be thou of God: for God loves good singers. Their voices and the voice of the harp enter the souls of men and wake dear memories and cause them to forget many a mourning and many a sin. For our joy did you come to this roof, stay near us a long time, friend.” And Tristan answered: “Very willingly will I serve you, sire, as your harper, your huntsman and your liege.” So did he, and for three years a mutual love grew up in their hearts. By day Tristan followed King Mark at pleas and in saddle; by night he slept in the royal room with the councillors and the peers, and if the King was sad he would harp to him to soothe his care. The barons also cherished him, and (as you shall learn) Dinas of Lidan, the seneschal, beyond all others. And more tenderly than the barons and than Dinas the King loved him. But Tristan could not forget, or Rohalt his father, or his master Gorvenal, or the land of Lyonesse. My lords, a teller that would please, should not stretch his tale too long, and truly this tale is so various and so high that it needs no straining. Then let me shortly tell how Rohalt himself, after long wandering by sea and land, came into Cornwall, and found Tristan, and showing the King the carbuncle that once was Blanchefleur’s, said: “King Mark, here is your nephew Tristan, son of your sister Blanchefleur and of King Rivalen. Duke Morgan holds his land most wrongfully; it is time such land came back to its lord.” And Tristan (in a word) when his uncle had armed him knight, crossed the sea, and was hailed of his father’s vassals, and killed Rivalen’s slayer and was re-seized of his land. Then remembering how King Mark could no longer live in joy without him, he summoned his council and his barons and said this: “Lords of the Lyonesse, I have retaken this place and I have avenged King Rivalen by the help of God and of you. But two men Rohalt and King Mark of Cornwall nourished me, an orphan, and a wandering boy. So should I call them also fathers. Now a free man has two things thoroughly his own, his body and his land. To Rohalt then, here, I will release my land. Do you hold it, father, and your son shall hold it after you. But my body I give up to King Mark. I will leave this country, dear though it be, and in Cornwall I will serve King Mark as my lord. Such is my judgment, but you, my lords of Lyonesse, are my lieges, and owe me counsel; if then, some one of you will counsel me another thing let him rise and speak.” But all the barons praised him, though they wept; and taking with him Gorvenal only, Tristan set sail for King Mark’s land. THE MORHOLT OUT OF IRELAND When Tristan came back to that land, King Mark and all his Barony were mourning; for the King of Ireland had manned a fleet to ravage Cornwall, should King Mark refuse, as he had refused these fifteen years, to pay a tribute his fathers had paid. Now that year this King had sent to Tintagel, to carry his summons, a giant knight; the Morholt, whose sister he had wed, and whom no man had yet been able to overcome: so King Mark had summoned all the barons of his land to Council, by letters sealed. On the day assigned, when the barons were gathered in hall, and when the King had taken his throne, the Morholt said these things: “King Mark, hear for the last time the summons of the King of Ireland, my lord. He arraigns you to pay at last that which you have owed so long, and because you have refused it too long already he bids you give over to me this day three hundred youths and three hundred maidens drawn by lot from among the Cornish folk. But if so be that any would prove by trial of combat that the King of Ireland receives this tribute without right, I will take up his wager. Which among you, my Cornish lords, will fight to redeem this land?” The barons glanced at each other but all were silent. Then Tristan knelt at the feet of King Mark and said: “Lord King, by your leave I will do battle.” And in vain would King Mark have turned him from his purpose, thinking, how could even valour save so young a knight? But he threw down his gage to the Morholt, and the Morholt took up the gage. On the appointed day he had himself clad for a great feat of arms in a hauberk and in a steel helm, and he entered a boat and drew to the islet of St. Samson’s, where the knights were to fight each to each alone. Now the Morholt had hoisted to his mast a sail of rich purple, and coming fast to land, he moored his boat on the shore. But Tristan pushed off his own boat adrift with his feet, and said: “One of us only will go hence alive. One boat will serve.” And each rousing the other to the fray they passed into the isle. No man saw the sharp combat; but thrice the salt sea-breeze had wafted or seemed to waft a cry of fury to the land, when at last towards the hour of noon the purple sail showed far off; the Irish boat appeared from the island shore, and there rose a clamour of “the Morholt!” When suddenly, as the boat grew larger on the sight and topped a wave, they saw that Tristan stood on the prow holding a sword in his hand. He leapt ashore, and as the mothers kissed the steel upon his feet he cried to the Morholt’s men: “My lords of Ireland, the Morholt fought well. See here, my sword is broken and a splinter of it stands fast in his head. Take you that steel, my lords; it is the tribute of Cornwall.” Then he went up to Tintagel and as he went the people he had freed waved green boughs, and rich cloths were hung at the windows. But when Tristan reached the castle with joy, songs and joy-bells sounding about him, he drooped in the arms of King Mark, for the blood ran from his wounds. The Morholt’s men, they landed in Ireland quite cast down. For when ever he came back into Whitehaven the Morholt had been wont to take joy in the sight of his clan upon the shore, of the Queen his sister, and of his niece Iseult the Fair. Tenderly had they cherished him of old, and had he taken some wound, they healed him, for they were skilled in balms and potions. But now their magic was vain, for he lay dead and the splinter of the foreign brand yet stood in his skull till Iseult plucked it out and shut it in a chest. From that day Iseult the Fair knew and hated the name of Tristan of Lyonesse. But over in Tintagel Tristan languished, for there trickled a poisonous blood from his wound. The doctors found that the Morholt had thrust into him a poisoned barb, and as their potions and their theriac could never heal him they left him in God’s hands. So hateful a stench came from his wound that all his dearest friends fled him, all save King Mark, Gorvenal and Dinas of Lidan. They always could stay near his couch because their love overcame their abhorrence. At last Tristan had himself carried into a boat apart on the shore; and lying facing the sea he awaited death, for he thought: “I must die; but it is good to see the sun and my heart is still high. I would like to try the sea that brings all chances. … I would have the sea bear me far off alone, to what land no matter, so that it heal me of my wound.” He begged so long that King Mark accepted his desire. He bore him into a boat with neither sail nor oar, and Tristan wished that his harp only should be placed beside him: for sails he could not lift, nor oar ply, nor sword wield; and as a seaman on some long voyage casts to the sea a beloved companion dead, so Gorvenal pushed out to sea that boat where his dear son lay; and the sea drew him away. For seven days and seven nights the sea so drew him; at times to charm his grief, he harped; and when at last the sea brought him near a shore where fishermen had left their port that night to fish far out, they heard as they rowed a sweet and strong and living tune that ran above the sea, and feathering their oars they listened immovable. In the first whiteness of the dawn they saw the boat at large: she went at random and nothing seemed to live in her except the voice of the harp. But as they neared, the air grew weaker and died; and when they hailed her Tristan’s hands had fallen lifeless on the strings though they still trembled. The fishermen took him in and bore him back to port, to their lady who was merciful and perhaps would heal him. It was that same port of Whitehaven where the Morholt lay, and their lady was Iseult the Fair. She alone, being skilled in philtres, could save Tristan, but she alone wished him dead. When Tristan knew himself again (for her art restored him) he knew himself to be in the land of peril. But he was yet strong to hold his own and found good crafty words. He told a tale of how he was a seer that had taken passage on a merchant ship and sailed to Spain to learn the art of reading all the stars,—of how pirates had boarded the ship and of how, though wounded, he had fled into that boat. He was believed, nor did any of the Morholt’s men know his face again, so hardly had the poison used it. But when, after forty days, Iseult of the Golden Hair had all but healed him, when already his limbs had recovered and the grace of youth returned, he knew that he must escape, and he fled and after many dangers he came again before Mark the King. THE QUEST OF THE LADY WITH THE HAIR OF GOLD My lords, there were in the court of King Mark four barons the basest of men, who hated Tristan with a hard hate, for his greatness and for the tender love the King bore him. And well I know their names: Andret, Guenelon, Gondoïne and Denoalen. They knew that the King had intent to grow old childless and to leave his land to Tristan; and their envy swelled and by lies they angered the chief men of Cornwall against Tristan. They said: “There have been too many marvels in this man’s life. It was marvel enough that he beat the Morholt, but by what sorcery did he try the sea alone at the point of death, or which of us, my lords, could voyage without mast or sail? They say that warlocks can. It was sure a warlock feat, and that is a warlock harp of his pours poison daily into the King’s heart. See how he has bent that heart by power and chain of sorcery! He will be king yet, my lords, and you will hold your lands of a wizard.” They brought over the greater part of the barons and these pressed King Mark to take to wife some king’s daughter who should give him an heir, or else they threatened to return each man into his keep and wage him war.

The name “One” means that God is uniquely all things through the transcendence of one unity and that he is the Cause of all without ever departing from that oneness. Nothing in the world lacks its share of the One. Just as every number participates in unity — for we refer to one couple, one dozen, one-half, one-third, one-tenth-so everything, and every part of everything, participates in the One. By being the One, it is all things. The One cause of all things is not one of the many things in the world but actually precedes oneness and multiplicity and indeed defines oneness and multiplicity. For multiplicity cannot exist without some participation in the One. That which is many in its parts is one in its entirety. T

You may, however, notice that the Spearman similarities for individual years on this graph are about .1 lower than they were when we graphed fiction as a 39-year moving window. In principle Spearman similarity is independent of corpus size, but it can be affected by the diversity of a corpus. The similarity between two individual texts is generally going to be lower than the similarity between two large and diverse corpora. So could the changes we’ve seen be produced by changes in corpus size? There could be some effect, but I don’t think it’s large enough to explain the phenomenon. [See update at the bottom of this post. The results are in fact even clearer when you keep corpus size constant. -Ed.] The sizes of the corpora for different genres don’t change in a way that would produce the observed decreases in similarity; the fiction corpus, in particular, gets larger as it gets less like nonfiction. Meanwhile, it is at the same time becoming more like poetry. We’re dealing with some factor beyond corpus size.

As we enter the 21st century, the barriers are crumbling.

“I think of suicide as a health issue but also as a societal issue. There’s something going on to where people are not feeling hopeful in increasing numbers and don’t see opportunity or goodness out there," Meyers said. "And we really need to change that as a community and in our health care systems. We want to empower them to say, ‘Yeah, I can think about this, and I don’t have to act on it, and here are the ways I’m going to counter those thoughts or change what’s happening.'”

His fortune may, perhaps, afford him the means of acquiring both, but the mere possession of that fortune does not necessarily convey to him either.

one-on-one interviews

a collaborative endeavor

If we’re doomed to toil away until we die, we may as well pretend to like it. Even on Mondays.

Comprehensive knowledge of the reference wouldrequireustobeabletosayimmediatelywhetheranygivensensebelongsto it. To such knowledge we never attain.

And the essence of that history is, basically, we don't want to, as a country -- well, the vast majority of States, to fund houses of worship.

which predicts the tides.

Faster material and lenses, more automatic cameras, finer-grained sensitive compounds to allow an extension of the minicamera idea, are all imminent

advanced photography which can record what is seen or even what is not

A spider web of metal, sealed in a thin glass container, a wire heated to brilliant glow, in short, the thermionic tube of radio sets, is made by the hundred million, tossed about in packages, plugged into sockets—and it works!

For the biologists, and particularly for the medical scientists, there can be little indecision, for their war has hardly required them to leave the old paths. Many indeed have been able to carry on their war research in their familiar peacetime laboratories. Their objectives remain much the same.

Today, with microfilm, reductions by a linear factor of 20 can be employed and still produce full clarity when the material is re-enlarged for examination

“Consider a future device …  in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.”

his publication did not reach the few who were capable of grasping and extending it

First, they have increased his control of his material environment. They have improved his food, his clothing, his shelter; they have increased his security and released him partly from the bondage of bare existence.

They have done their part on the devices that made it possible to turn back the enemy

The perfection of these pacific instruments should be the first objective of our scientists as they emerge from their war work

For years inventions have extended man's physical powers rather than the powers of his mind

To make the record, we now push a pencil or tap a typewriter.

educing the size of the record,

The treated film

conclusions which he cannot find time to grasp, much less to remember, as they appear

aterial environment.

turn back the enemy

The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.

specialization becomes increasingly necessary for progress, and the effort to bridge between disciplines is correspondingly superficial.

giving the promise of an improved mental health

It is the physicists who have been thrown most violently off stride

There will always be plenty of things to compute in the detailed affairs of millions of people doing complicated things.

The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.

vironme

Science has provided the swiftest communication between individuals; it has provided a record of ideas and has enabled man to manipulate and to make extracts from that record so that knowledge evolves and endures throughout the life of a race rather than that of an individual.

They have improved his food, his clothing, his shelter; they have increased his security and released him partly from the bondage of bare existence

it would be advantageous to be able to snap the camera and to look at the picture immediately.

Science has provided the swiftest communication between individuals; it has provided a record of ideas and has enabled man to manipulate and to make extracts from that record so that knowledge evolves and endures throughout the life of a race rather than that of an individual.

Is it not possible that some day the path may be established more directly?

which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility

In the Bell Laboratories there is the converse of this machine, called a Vocoder. The loudspeaker is replaced by a microphone, which picks up sound. Speak to it, and the corresponding keys move.

the whole affair, assembled and compressed, could be lugged off in a moving van. Mere compression, of course, is not enough; one needs not only to make and store a record but also be able to consult it,

The investigator is staggered by the findings and conclusions of thousands of other workers—conclusions which he cannot find time to grasp, much less to remember, as they appear.

Rapid electrical counting appeared soon after the physicists found it desirable to count cosmic rays. For their own purposes the physicists promptly constructed thermionic-tube equipment capable of counting electrical impulses at the rate of 100,000 a second. The advanced arithmetical machines of the future will be electrical in nature, and they will perform at 100 times present speeds, or more.Moreover, they will be far more versatile than present commercial machines, so that they may readily be adapted for a wide variety of operations. They will be controlled by a control card or film, they will select their own data and manipulate it in accordance with the instructions thus inserted, they will perform complex arithmetical computations at exceedingly high speeds, and they will record results in such form as to be readily available for distribution or for later further manipulation. Such machines will have enormous appetites. One of them will take instructions and data from a whole roomful of girls armed with simple key board punches, and will deliver sheets of computed results every few minutes. There will always be plenty of things to compute in the detailed affairs of millions of people doing complicated things.4The repetitive processes of thought are not confined however, to matters of arithmetic and statistics. In fact, every time one combines and records facts in accordance with established logical processes, the creative aspect of thinking is concerned only with the selection of the data and the process to be employed and the manipulation thereafter is repetitive in nature and hence a fit matter to be relegated to the machine. Not so much has been done along these lines, beyond the bounds of arithmetic, as might be done, primarily because of the economics of the situation. The needs of business and the extensive market obviously waiting, assured the advent of mass-produced arithmetical machines just as soon as production methods were sufficiently advanced.With machines for advanced analysis no such situation existed; for there was and is no extensive market; the users of advanced methods of manipulating data are a very small part of the population. There are, however, machines for solving differential equations—and functional and integral equations, for that matter. There are many special machines, such as the harmonic synthesizer which predicts the tides. There will be many more, appearing certainly first in the hands of the scientist and in small numbers.If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world. One might as well attempt to grasp the game of poker entirely by the use of the mathematics of probability. The abacus, with its beads strung on parallel wires, led the Arabs to positional numeration and the concept of zero many centuries before the rest of the world; and it was a useful tool—so useful that it still exists.

Compression is important, however, when it comes to costs. The material for the microfilm Britannica would cost a nickel, and it could be mailed anywhere for a cent. What would it cost to print a million copies? To print a sheet of newspaper, in a large edition, costs a small fraction of a cent. The entire material of the Britannica in reduced microfilm form would go on a sheet eight and one-half by eleven inches. Once it is available, with the photographic reproduction methods of the future, duplicates in large quantities could probably be turned out for a cent apiece beyond the cost of materials. The preparation of the original copy? That introduces the next aspect of the subject.

They have improved his food, his clothing, his shelter; they have increased his security and released him partly from the bondage of bare existence. They have given him increased knowledge of his own biological processes so that he has had a progressive freedom from disease and an increased span of life. They are illuminating the interactions of his physiological and psychological functions, giving the promise of an improved mental health.

“Consider a future device …  in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.”

The summation of human experience is being expanded at a prodigious rate, and the means we use for threading through the consequent maze to the momentarily important item is the same as was used in the days of square-rigged ships.

To make the record, we now push a pencil or tap a typewriter. Then comes the process of digestion and correction, followed by an intricate process of typesetting, printing, and distribution.

If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world. One might as well attempt to grasp the game of poker entirely by the use of the mathematics of probability.

manipulate

Leibnitz invented a calculating machine which embodied most of the essential features of recent keyboard devices,

“Consider a future device …  in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.”

With one item in its grasp, it snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the cells of the brain. It has other characteristics, of course; trails that are not frequently followed are prone to fade, items are not fully permanent, memory is transitory. Yet the speed of action, the intricacy of trails, the detail of mental pictures, is awe-inspiring beyond all else in nature.

Adding is only one operation

Today we make the record conventionally by writing and photography, followed by printing; but we also record on film, on wax disks, and on magnetic wires

The economics of the situation were against it

will the author of the future cease writing by hand or typewriter and talk directly to the record?

Yet specialization becomes increasingly necessary for progress, and the effort to bridge between disciplines is correspondingly superficial.

fighting has ceased

truly significant attainments become lost in the mass of the inconsequential

It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.”

security

The camera hound of the future wears on his forehead a lump a little larger than a walnut. It takes pictures 3 millimeters square, later to be projected or enlarged, which after all involves only a factor of 10 beyond present practice. The lens is of universal focus, down to any distance accommodated by the unaided eye, simply because it is of short focal length. There is a built-in photocell on the walnut such as we now have on at least one camera, which automatically adjusts exposure for a wide range of illumination. There is film in the walnut for a hundred exposures, and the spring for operating its shutter and shifting its film is wound once for all when the film clip is inserted. It produces its result in full color.

The personnel officer of a factory drops a stack of a few thousand employee cards into a selecting machine, sets a code in accordance with an established convention, and produces in a short time a list of all employees who live in Trenton and know Spanish. Even such devices are much too slow when it comes, for example, to matching a set of fingerprints with one of five million on file. Selection devices of this sort will soon be speeded up from their present rate of reviewing data at a few hundred a minute. By the use of photocells and microfilm they will survey items at the rate of a thousand a second, and will print out duplicates of those selected.

Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified. The lawyer has at his touch the associated opinions and decisions of his whole experience, and of the experience of friends and authorities. The patent attorney has on call the millions of issued patents, with familiar trails to every point of his client's interest. The physician, puzzled by a patient's reactions, strikes the trail established in studying an earlier similar case, and runs rapidly through analogous case histories, with side references to the classics for the pertinent anatomy and histology. The chemist, struggling with the synthesis of an organic compound, has all the chemical literature before him in his laboratory, with trails following the analogies of compounds, and side trails to their physical and chemical behavior.

Consider a future device for individual use, which is a sort of mechanized private file and library. It needs a name, and, to coin one at random, "memex" will do. A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.

Now rapid selection can slide just the proper card into position in an instant or two, and return it afterward. Another difficulty occurs, however. Someone must read a total on the card, so that the machine can add its computed item to it. Conceivably the cards might be of the dry photography type I have described. Existing totals could then be read by photocell, and the new total entered by an electron beam.

If necessary, it could be made extremely fast by substituting thermionic-tube switching for mechanical switching, so that the full selection could be made in one one-hundredth of a second. No one would wish to spend the money necessary to make this change in the telephone system, but the general idea is applicable elsewhere.

Selection devices of this sort will soon be speeded up from their present rate of reviewing data at a few hundred a minute. By the use of photocells and microfilm they will survey items at the rate of a thousand a second, and will print out duplicates of those selected.

For this reason there still come more machines to handle advanced mathematics for the scientist. Som

As he ponders over his notes in the evening, he again talks his comments into the record. His typed record, as well as his photographs, may both be in miniature, so that he projects them for examination.

The Encyclopædia Britannica could be reduced to the volume of a matchbox. A library of a million volumes could be compressed into one end of a desk.