Why must unitary operator only be surjective? Why not bijective?

This doesn't seem to have been updated since 2015. The IPCC report in 2018 (chapter 3) says

It is more likely than not that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) has been weakening in recent decades, given the detection of the cooling of surface waters in the North Atlantic and evidence that the Gulf Stream has slowed since the late 1950s. There is only limited evidence linking the current anomalously weak state of AMOC to anthropogenic warming. It is very likely that the AMOC will weaken over the 21st century. The best estimates and ranges for the reduction based on CMIP5 simulations are 11% (1– 24%) in RCP2.6 and 34% (12– 54%) in RCP8.5 (AR5). There is no evidence indicating significantly different amplitudes of AMOC weakening for 1.5°C versus 2°C of global warming.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jacob, D., Taylor, M., Bindi, M., Brown, S., Camilloni, I., Diedhiou, A., Djalante, R., Ebi, K., Engelbrecht, F. and Guiot, K., 2018. Impacts of 1.5 ºC global warming on natural and human systems. Chapter 3, section 3.3.8

it took a half a century for these disciplines to discern their complementarity!

The field has moved on a lot since then. This gives an idea of the range of values for NEO's

So, for a 200 meter asteroid it’s between 1 and 3, most likely around 1.75 or so, but a small chance of an iron meteorite of 6 to 7. For a 20 meter asteroid it’s a similar range but with two very likely densities of around 2.2 and around 2.8 (just going by eye from that diagram). 100 meter size range similar. It is based on this analysis by the structural type and composition.

Report of the Near-Earth Object Science Defnition Team : Update to Determine the Feasibility of Enhancing the Search and Characterization of NEOs, September 2017

The assertion does not need to be about an actor's identity per se?

Galactica, using old tech, was saved from the Cylon hack.

The researchers are of the view that their work strongly supports the possibility that terrestrial microbes most likely can adapt physiologically to live on Mars

"This work strongly supports the interconnected notions (i) that terrestrial life most likely can adapt physiologically to live on Mars (hence justifying stringent measures to prevent human activities from contaminating / infecting Mars with terrestrial organisms); (ii) that in searching for extant life on Mars we should focus on "protected putative habitats"; and (ii) that early-originating (Noachian period) indigenous Martian life might still survive in such micro-niches despite Mars' cooling and drying during the last 4 billion years"

de Vera, Jean-Pierre; Schulze-Makuch, Dirk; Khan, Afshin; Lorek, Andreas; Koncz, Alexander; Möhlmann, Diedrich; Spohn, Tilman (2014). "Adaptation of an Antarctic lichen to Martian niche conditions can occur within 34 days". Planetary and Space Science. 98: 182–190. Bibcode:2014P&SS...98..182D. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2013.07.014. ISSN 0032-0633.

This is the old view from around 2007. Nowadays the surface is also thought to be of interest for the search for present day life on Mars.

Cites here are from "A new analysis of Mars “special regions”: findings of the second MEPAG Special Regions Science Analysis Group (SR-SAG2)." 2014

(see section 2.1, page 891)

Finding 2-1: Modern martian environments may contain molecular fuels and oxidants that are known to support metabolism and cell division of chemolithoautotrophic microbes on Earth

3.6. Ionizing radiation at the surface page 891 of[1]).

Finding 3-8: From MSL RAD measurements, ionizing radiation from GCRs at Mars is so low as to be negligible. Intermittent SPEs can increase the atmospheric ionization down to ground level and increase the total dose, but these events are sporadic and last at most a few (2–5)days. These facts are not used to distinguish Special Regions on Mars.

Over a 500-year time frame, the martian surface could be estimated to receive a cumulative ionizing radiation dose of less than 50 Gy, much lower than the LD90 (lethal dose where 90% of subjects would die) for even a radiation-sensitive bacterium such as E. coli (LD90 of ~200–400 Gy)

(see 3.7. Polyextremophiles: combined effects of environmental stressors of[1]).

Finding 3-9: The effects on microbial physiology of more than one simultaneous environmental challenge are poorly understood. Communities of organisms may be able totolerate simultaneous multiple challenges more easily than individual challenges presented separately. What little is known about multiple resistance does not affect our current limits of microbial cell division or metabolism in response to extreme single parameters.

All citing:

Rummel, J.D., Beaty, D.W., Jones, M.A., Bakermans, C., Barlow, N.G., Boston, P.J., Chevrier, V.F., Clark, B.C., de Vera, J.P.P., Gough, R.V. and Hallsworth, J.E., 2014. A new analysis of Mars “special regions”: findings of the second MEPAG Special Regions Science Analysis Group (SR-SAG2).

Since the article is about Life on Mars it should surely mention the first of NASA’S four science goals:

Goal I: determine if Mars ever supported life

• Objective A: determine if environments having high potential for prior habitability and preservation of biosignatures contain evidence of past life.
• Objective B: determine if environments with high potential for current habitability and expression of biosignatures contain evidence of extant life."

From: Hamilton, V.E., Rafkin, S., Withers, P., Ruff, S., Yingst, R.A., Whitley, R., Center, J.S., Beaty, D.W., Diniega, S., Hays, L. and Zurek, R., Mars Science Goals, Objectives, Investigations, and Priorities: 2015 Version.

This is an over simplification, it's possible that some of the population of Israelites did come from Egypt, possibly many thousands of them, and that the story has elements from the experiences of those who did.

"While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core, andthat some of the highland settlers came, one wayor another, from Egypt "

In this, I am not referring to the various traditions of Israel’s interaction with Egypt resulting from the era of Egyptian control inCanaan or from some relations with the Hyksos,which found their way into the Bible, but to the possibility that there was a group which fled Egypt, and brought this story of Exodus with it. Though the size of this group is debated, most of the above scholars agree that it was in the range of a few thousands, or even hundreds (some give it more weight, e.g., Hoffmeier 1997). Still, despite the limited size of this group, it appears that during the process of Israel’s ethnogenesis its story became part of the common history of all the Israelites. Most of those who accept some historical core for the story of the Exodus from Egypt, date it to the thirteenth century, at the time of Ramses II, while others dateit to the twelfth century, during the time of Ramses III.

Archaeology does not really contribute to the debate over the historicity or even historical background of the Exo-dus itself, but if there was indeed such a group, it contributed the Exodus story to that of all Israel. While I agree that it is most likely that there was such a group, I must stress that this is based on an overall understanding of the developmentof collective memory and of the authorship of the texts (and their editorial process). Archaeology, unfortunately, cannot directly contribute(yet?) to the study of this specific group of Israel’s ancestors.

So was this Exodus group also Merneptah’s Israel, or at least part of it? Clearly, if there was an Exodus in the thirteenthcentury this group of people could have been part of Merneptah’s Israel. However, despite the assumed significance of this group (the Exodus as a "national" epic, more below), it is likely that this group was incorporated at a later stage, only after Merneptah’s time, or at least that it was distinct from Merneptah’s Israel. After all,although this group clearly brought with it some of what became the history of Israel, it wasn’tMerneptah’s Israel, or any "Israel" for that matter. While many scholars agree that the Exodus group brought with it YHWH as a new deity, the name Israel has the component "El," rather than "Ya" or "Yahu." Thus, Israel could [have] preceded the arrival of the Exodus group, and it is likely that the latter was not Israel’s "core"group.

See also the Wikipedia article

• Sources and parallels of the Exodus

This is an over simplification, it's possible that some of them did, and that the story has elements from the experiences of those who did.

"While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core, andthat some of the highland settlers came, one wayor another, from Egypt "

In this, I am not referring to the various traditions of Israel’s interaction with Egypt resulting from the era of Egyptian control inCanaan or from some relations with the Hyksos,which found their way into the Bible, but to the possibility that there was a group which fled Egypt, and brought this story of Exodus with it. Though the size of this group is debated, most of the above scholars agree that it was in the range of a few thousands, or even hundreds (some give it more weight, e.g., Hoffmeier 1997). Still, despite the limited size of this group, it appears that during the process of Israel’s ethnogenesis its story became part of the common history of all the Israelites. Most of those who accept some historical core for the story of the Exodus from Egypt, date it to the thirteenth century, at the time of Ramses II, while others dateit to the twelfth century, during the time of Ramses III.

Archaeology does not really contribute to the debate over the historicity or even historical background of the Exo-dus itself, but if there was indeed such a group, it contributed the Exodus story to that of all Israel. While I agree that it is most likely that there was such a group, I must stress that this is based on an overall understanding of the developmentof collective memory and of the authorship of the texts (and their editorial process). Archaeology, unfortunately, cannot directly contribute(yet?) to the study of this specific group of Israel’s ancestors.

So was this Exodus group also Merneptah’s Israel, or at least part of it? Clearly, if there was an Exodus in the thirteenthcentury this group of people could have been part of Merneptah’s Israel. However, despite the assumed significance of this group (the Exodus as a "national" epic, more below), it is likely that this group was incorporated at a later stage, only after Merneptah’s time, or at least that it was distinct from Merneptah’s Israel. After all,although this group clearly brought with it some of what became the history of Israel, it wasn’tMerneptah’s Israel, or any "Israel" for that matter. While many scholars agree that the Exodus group brought with it YHWH as a new deity, the name Israel has the component "El," rather than "Ya" or "Yahu." Thus, Israel could [have] preceded the arrival of the Exodus group, and it is likely that the latter was not Israel’s "core"group.

See also the Wikipedia article

• Sources and parallels of the Exodus

The curriculum of "The English High School" was clearly established to funnel a certain population of students into positions that were deemed "suitable" for their socioeconomic class. In Jean Anyon's "Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work" she states that social class is perceived as a complex of social relations that one develops as one grows up and acquires certain bodies of knowledge, skills, abilities, and traits. She states that these define our material ties to the world and states an important concern of whether these relationships are developing in children in schools within particular social class contexts. The establishment of the English High School, compared to schools like Boston Latin, shows that these relationships did develop in children depending on the social class context of their school.

Now this is a Black Mirror episode that is so close to our current reality.

Does that have to be the case?

test annot

In 2019 they committed to aim for 70% CO2 reductions by 2030 and zero emissions by 2040. New Danish government puts climate change centre stage

here is an annotation

The COSIA Carbon XPRIZE Challenge is a competition to convert CO2 into products with highest net value from either a coal or gas power plant. In April 2018, ten finalists were given $5 million each to demonstrate their technologies large scale in the real world. The winner gets a $7.5 million grand prize announced in March 2020.

Five of the ten are focused on carbon minerallization technology. One of them is a team from Aberdeen that hopes to use CO2 capture to make the entire concrete industry carbon negative.

The Carbon Capture Machine precipitates it into calcium and magnesium carbonates (much like stalactites in caves) as a carbon negative replacement for ground calcium carbonate (GCC) which is needed for concrete. If this works on a commercial scale it can decarbonize the concrete industry, or 6% of the world’s annual CO2 emissions. If they can make it commercially viable, GCC has a market value of $20 billion.Carbon Upcycling](http://www.co2upcycling.com/) makes new CO2ncrete from CO2 and chemicals, competing directly with the $400 billion concrete industry - in places like California with a carbon tax and mandate for low carbon building materials.

*CarbonCure Technologies](https://www.carboncure.com/) injects CO2 into wet concrete while it is being mixed. They are aleady in commercial use with 100 installations across the US, retrofitting concrete plants for free then charging a licensing fee. It may take up to 20 years to be used on scale for reinforced concrete, because that’s needed as a durability testing period.

For more on this see Between a Rock and Hard Place: Commercializing CO2 Through Mineralization

Not cited, could cite:

"At 4000 meters, every lungful of air only has 60% of the oxygen molecules that people at sea level have," said co-author Cynthia Beall of Case Western Reserve University.

Ethiopians and Tibetans thrive in thin air using similar physiology, but different genes

But isn't this comparison unfair? I mean, doesn't it actually depend on the number of connectivity and dependency links it has?. In other words, it is true that the node ceases to function if it loses the only node it depends on. But wouldn't it be equally dramatic if it loses the only node it is connected to? It seems to me it is all a matter of how many nodes it is connected to/it depends on.

The extremely short limbs make it impossible for this frog to hop, although it can walk (Boulenger 1907). ...

This frog has extensive webbing on its feet, in contrast to other members of the genus Breviceps. Carruthers and Passmore (1978) conjecture that the foot webbing enables traction on loose sand, as the frog moves about on the surface of its sand dune habitat at night (based on its distinctive tracks).

https://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Breviceps&where-species=macrops

Uncited sentence. Useful cite:

Voucher specimens held in museum collections were examined, and demonstrate the northernmost locality in Lüderitz, Namibia, with all 11 localities in white sandy habitat where coastal fog exceeds 100 days per year. The most southerly record from active searches was just south of Kleinzee in South Africa. A new threat to this species is housing development in prime coastal sand dunes.

Channing, A. and Wahlberg, K., 2011. Distribution and conservation status of the desert rain frog Breviceps macrops. African journal of herpetology, 60(2), pp.101-112.

Most Hindus would say that the Hindu Kalu Yuga ends thousands of years into our future. An earlier version of this page gave the conventional view

The Kali Yuga began approximately five thousand years ago, and it has a duration of 432,000 years, leaving us with 427,000 years until the end of the present age.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kali_Yuga&oldid=889598580#10,000_year_%22Golden_Age%22

This edit is based on an article on the Graham Hancock website - would not normally be regarded as a reliable source in Wikipedia.

This is about him: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Hancock

This is the article they give as a source. https://grahamhancock.com/dmisrab6/

诡异的问题，Word里em dash根据前面不同可能会打出不同的位置（正中和偏下位置）

But "Claro" offered in December 2018 data plans which only allowed access to Facebook, Instagram, Whatsapp and Snapchat.

I know that Wikipedia can provide a quick overview on a topic; however, as a researcher/librarian, I would never suggest to students to add Wikipedia to a list of additional resources. Perhaps some of the referenced resources at the end of the entry might be a better choice.

In general, I would sort the resources related to the commons by "historical/physical" and "contemporary/philosophical". It was confusing to read an article such as this, as well as some of the others that follow that address the physical environment, cow enclosures, land ownership,etc. mixed in with our discussion of the commons as a philosophical concept, related to a more contemporary information society. Of course, I understood the connection from history to present day and it is an interesting and important one; however, I think a little ordering and some subheadings would lead the reader down the right path more seamlessly.

It is not known how far away it is. If it is in the Outer arm it is around 16,000 light years away (5 kpc) and if in the Perseus arm it is half that distance, 8,000 light years away. There is a supernova remnant that may be associated with it at a distance of around 800 parsecs or 2,600 light years away. The McGill survey estimates 2 kpc or about 6,500 light years. In short, there is considerable uncertainty about its distance.

The line of sight intercepts the Perseus and Outer arms of the Galaxy, atdistances of∼2.5 and∼5 kpc, respectively. In this paper, we assume the distanced= 5 kpc. In addition,there exists a supernova remnant (SNR) G160.9+2.6,∼80′north of SGR 0501+4516 (Gaensler & Chatterjee2008; G ̈oˇg ̈u ̧s et al. 2010). The distance and age of the SNR were estimated as 800±400 pc and 4000–7000 years(Leahy & Tian 2007). G ̈oˇg ̈u ̧s et al. (2010) proposed thatSGR 0501+4516 could be associated with G160.9+2.6 Mong, Y.L. and Ng, C.Y., 2018. X-Ray Observations of Magnetar SGR 0501+ 4516 from Outburst to Quiescence. The Astrophysical Journal, 852(2), p.86.

For the McGill distance see table 7 of:

Olausen, S.A. and Kaspi, V.M., 2014. The McGill magnetar catalog. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 212(1), p.6.

As of June 2019, 29 are known.

McGill Online Magnetar Catalog

There doesn't seem to be any way to get 1550 from the cite. More like 2200 BC, works out at -2183 BC ± 40 years

We report the youngest radiocarbon determination so far for an identified species of Antillean sloth, 4190 ± 40 yr BP

Published in 2007, 2007 -4190 = -2183

Another sloth bone, the youngest mentioned is still not 1550, seems to be -1726 ± 50yr

Although Woods [1989] reported a “whole bone” date of 3715 ± 50yr bp for unspecified sloth remains recovered at Trou Wòch Sa Wo in southern Haiti, five different sloth species have been recovered from this cave [MacPhee et al., 2000] and there is thus no way of relating this date to a single taxon as we have done here. In any case, the accuracy of this age esti-mate should be confirmed, minimally byAMS dating of individual, systematicallyidentified elements.

1989-3715 = -1726 and there is no obvious way to get 1550 from this.

Cite is

MacPhee, R.D., Iturralde-Vinent, M.A. and Vázquez, O.J., 2007. Prehistoric sloth extinctions in Cuba: Implications of a new “last” appearance date. Caribbean Journal of Science, 43(1), pp.94-99.

This seems to have been first implemented by Tim Berners-Lee, when he was trying to popularize his World Wide Web and Web browser (according to himself, in his "Weaving the Web" 1999 book).

The U.S. Energy Infomormation Administration say that it rose by 2.8% in 2018 but project that it will decrease in 2019 and 2020. The increase in 2018 was due to a 10% increase in emissiosn from natural gas and preliminary data makes it 0.4% below teh record set in 2017. The high energy consumption in 2018 is largely due to air conditioning demand in the warm weather, the winter months were also colder. 2019 and 2020 are expected to be milder which is what leads to the reduced forecast for them. The estimates of industrial production growth and GDP growth also factor into their prediciton - a slow down in GDP but faster industrial growth in 2019, slow down in industrial growth in 2020, as industrial production tends to be more energy intensive than the rest of the economy.

U.S. energy-related CO2 emissions increased in 2018 but will likely fall in 2019 and 2020

Seasonal low of 1,076 in 2018. However there was a big snow melt in 2019 feeding lake Powell. As of June 17 it is around 5 feet above its 2017 level. lake level chart

Colorado had 134% of its normal snowfall in winter 2018, Utah 138%, Wyoming 116%.

As a result Lake Powell is expected to rise 50 feet in 2019, a gain of 12 million acre-feet, compared with only 4.6 million last year. It expects to release 9 million acre feet from Powell to Mead for the fifth consecutive year.

Elephant Butte, a reservoir for the Rio Grande in New Mexico will also be replenished from 10% to around 30% of capacity.

It is too early to say if this is the end of the decade long drought phase. However it is enough so that Arizona, the state with the lowest priority rights to the water from lake Mead is no longer expected to have to cut its share in 2020. That shortage may now be put off until after 2021.

Snowmelt fills Colorado River and other waterways in U.S. Southwest, easing drought fears, Denver Post, June 13, 2019

Out of date - doesn't mention the new drought contingency plan. All seven states signed a drought contingency plan on May 20 2019, which lasts through until 2026, involving voluntary reductions in water taken from lake Mead if the levels get low.

One sticking point was the Carlton sea in California, which formed as a result of a failed canal project in the late twentieth century and is now an important stop for migrating birds. The Imperial Irrigation District needed extra funding of $200 million to help preserve this sea before it would agree to a reduction. But the Metropoliton Water District was able to pledge most of California's voluntary water cuts and saved the plan.

They next need to work on a longer term contingency plan for the next 50 years.

Interior and states sign historic drought agreements to protect Colorado River - press release by US government under "Reclamation, Manging water in the West"

Under the drought plan, states voluntarily would give up water to keep Lake Mead on the Arizona-Nevada border and Lake Powell upstream on the Arizona-Utah border from crashing. Mexico also has agreed to cuts

The drought contingency plan takes the states through 2026, when existing guidelines expire. The states already are preparing for negotiations that will begin next year for new guidelines.

The Imperial Irrigation District was written out of California's plan when another powerful water agency, the Metropolitan Water District, pledged to contribute most of the state's voluntary water cuts.

Imperial had said it would not commit to the drought plan unless it secured $200 million in federal funding to help restore a massive, briny lake southeast of Los Angeles known as the Salton Sea.

Felicia Fonseca, US official declares drought plan done for Colorado River, Phys.org, March 20, 2019

For more background

Despite signs of interstate cooperation, the decline of Lake Mead isn’t near being solved, Michael Hiltzik Feb 08, 2019, Los Angeles Times.

Doesn't mention the first three rocket failures though they are covered in Falcon 1

"And the reason that I ended up being the chief engineer or chief designer, was not because I want to, it's because I couldn't hire anyone. Nobody good would join. So I ended up being that by default. And I messed up the first three launches. The first three launches failed. Fortunately the fourth launch which was – that was the last money that we had for Falcon 1 – the fourth launch worked, or that would have been it for SpaceX."

Elon Musk (28 September 2017), Making Life Multiplanetary | 2017 International Astronautical Congress

[this section needs cites, I have them when I have time] Should explain there are two ways that a false vacuum can collapse. It can do it through energetically pushing it over the barrier. This was only possible in the early universe and conditions do not exist for this today. Or it can happen through quantum tunneling. An example to explain quantum tunneling - in principle a ping pong ball inside a vault could spontaneously find itself outside of it just because of quantum position undertainty, without having to move through the walls. Given infinite time and enough vaults and ping pong balls eventually this has to happen but it is not a realistic possibility on normal timescales.

On the molecular scale then quantum tunneling events can happen and indeed may help explain how we can smell, and how birds are able to sense the weak Earth's magnetic field enough to navigate.

The quantum tunneling of the false vacuum collapse is more like the ping pong ball analogy, it is extremely unlikely. The latest estimates based on properties of the Higgs and the top quark is that the odds are googols to one against it having happened any time in the past through to the present since the Big Bang.

However in the extreme conditions of the early universe, then it should have happened, back when the entire observable universe was compressed into a space far less than that of a proton, nucleus of hydrogen atom, and at extreme temperatures, through the first method of being pushed over the barrier rather than tunneling through it.

John Ellis has suggested that this likely means that we need new physics to explain why the universe surfvived that early stage. The alternative he mentions is that we are surrounded by true vacuum in all directions and happen to be one of the few exceedingly unlikely patch of false vacuum in an infinite universe. Given infinite space - time then even the most improbable would happen somewhere - but he doesn't think this is a likely hypothesis (see 47:40 into this video).

New physics that could explain this includes

• Super symmetry
• an extra higgs boson
• Dark matter that interacts with the Higgs field.

Another suggestion that's been made is that when a Higgs field collapses this could create a new universe with its own space and time rather than expand into ours.

There is a possibility that the Higgs field was stable in the early universe due to an interaction with gravity which would explain why the universe survived to date cite. That still leaves us with the question, of why it is so close to the boundary between stable and unstable, when it could be completely stable?

This section is way out of date, most of it seems to have been written before the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2013 or shortly after it. Enough is now known for a rigorous calculation (assuming that there is no new physics to be found of course).

The authors of the peer reviewed paper update their abstract in arxiv.org from time to time. The original published value was that there would be a future lifetime of the universe of \(10^{139} \) years with 95% oncfidence of more than \(10^{58} \) years

As of version 4 of their paper revised 2nd May 2018, it is now \(10^{161} \) years with 95% oncfidence of more than \(10^{65} \) years

The odds that we have encountered a vacuum collapse already, or that one is on its way (total over the lifetime of the univesre to date) used to be between odds of \(10^{107} \) to 1 against and \(10^{718 } \) to 1 against

They now say it is between between odds of \(10^{367} \) to 1 against and \(10^{1124 } \) to 1 against

Andreassen, A., Frost, W. and Schwartz, M.D., 2018. Scale-invariant instantons and the complete lifetime of the standard model. Physical Review D, 97(5), p.056006.

This has now been done in a 2018 paper published in Physical Review D cite

The authors of the paper update their abstract in arxiv.org from time to time. The original published value was that there would be a future lifetime of the universe of \(10^{139} \) years with 95% oncfidence of more than \(10^{58} \) years

As of version 4 of their paper revised 2nd May 2018, it is now \(10^{161} \) years with 95% oncfidence of more than \(10^{65} \) years

The odds that we have encountered a vacuum collapse already, or that one is on its way (total over the lifetime of the univesre to date) used to be between odds of \(10^{107} \) to 1 against and \(10^{718 } \) to 1 against

They now say it is between between odds of \(10^{367} \) to 1 against and \(10^{1124 } \) to 1 against

Andreassen, A., Frost, W. and Schwartz, M.D., 2018. Scale-invariant instantons and the complete lifetime of the standard model. Physical Review D, 97(5), p.056006.

Their argument has been completely misunderstood. They are discussing any natural catastrophic events that could destroy Earth. This is a paper from 2005 well before the discovery of the Higgs.

They mention three possibilities, that a cosmic radiation collision event triggers collapse of the Earth into a black hole, into strange matter or the false vacum collapse of the entire universe.

The observer selection effect here is just that we exist and applies to all three scenarios and is not specific to the false vacuum collapse. Indeed it would apply to any other scenario that could destroy Earth or change it in such a way as to make it impossible for huamns to evolve. cite

Given that life on Earth has survived for nearly 4 billion years (4 Gyr), it might be assumed that natural catastrophic events are extremely rare. Unfortunately, this argument is flawed because it fails to take into account an observation-selection effect, whereby observers are precluded from noting anything other than that their own species has survived up to the point when the observation is made.

If it takes at least 4.6 Gyr for intelligent observers to arise, then the mere observation that Earth has survived for this duration can-not even give us grounds for rejecting with 99% confidence the hypothesis that the average cosmic neighbourhood is typically sterilized, say,every 1,000 years. The observation-selection effect guarantees that we would find ourselves in a lucky situation, no matter how frequent thesterilization events

A later 2017 study cast doubt on this result. It used a larger population of microlensing events and found at most one Jupiter-mass rogue planet for every four stars in the Milky Way.

Mróz, P., Udalski, A., Skowron, J., Poleski, R., Kozłowski, S., Szymański, M.K., Soszyński, I., Wyrzykowski, Ł., Pietrukowicz, P., Ulaczyk, K. and Skowron, D., 2017. No large population of unbound or wide-orbit Jupiter-mass planets. Nature, 548(7666), p.183.<

Potentially confusing - may give impression it means extinction of all river dolphins worldwide. There are two other families of river dolphins.

Clearer as

"It also signified the disappearance of one entire river dolphin mammal family (Lipotidae), leaving only two extant families of river dolphins"

Now on hold. [https://www.windpowermonthly.com/article/1460152/hurdles-kill-off-uss-first-hvdc-line-20-years]

Though popular accounts of meteorology sometimes suggest this, dew point and frost point differ. Dew point is the temperature for 100% humidity of the air in normal conditions. Frost point is the higher temperature for 100% humidity over an ice surface. This distinction normally doesn't matter much, but is important for processes in clouds. Growth of icy particles is favoured over water droplets when both are possible, because the frost point is at a higher temperature than the dew point

I am summarizing what the meteorologist Jeff Haby explains here

"The dew point is the temperature at which the air is saturated with respect to water vapor over a liquid surface. When the temperature is equal to the dewpoint then the relative humidity is 100%. The common ways for the relative humidity to be 100% is to 1) cool the air to the dewpoint, 2) evaporate moisture into the air until the air is saturated, 3) lift the air until it adiabatically cools to the dew point. "The frost point is the temperature at which the air is saturated with respect to water vapor over an ice surface. It is more difficult more water molecules to escape a frozen surface as compared to a liquid surface since an ice has a stronger bonding between neighboring water molecules. Because of this, the frost point is greater in temperature than the dew point. This fact is important to precipitation growth in clouds. Since the vapor pressure is less over an ice surface as compared to a supercooled liquid surface at the same temperature, when the relative humidity is 100% with respect to water vapor the relative humidity over the ice surface will be greater than 100%. Thus, precipitation growth is favored on the ice particles."

Frost point and dew point

This article is very poor. Theillard de Chardin's theory is an attempt by a devout Catholic scientist to reconcile religious ideas of the love of God and of teleology - that our life and world has a purpose, with scientific understanding. To leave that aspect out is to miss the entire point of his work. The theory is very influential in both Christian theology generally and especially Catholic theology, not just in the nineteenth century but is still influential through to the present.

This article attempts to treat it as a purely scientific theory stripping away all religious elements. It cites mainly critics who ridicule the idea that religion is relevant to science and the idea that our universe may have any teleology or purpose. There would be the same problems writing an article about Christian ideas of the Resurrection that ignored the theological context. This approach is not used in other articles on Christian theology in Wikipedia.

Rather than annotate particular points in this article I think it is best to just direct the reader to the entry on him in the French Wikipedia, which is much better, written as theology, as well as some summaries of his work by other authors.

Point Oméga

The Omega point is a dynamic concept created by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin , who gave it the name of the last letter of the Greek alphabet : Omega .

For Teilhard, the Omega Point is the ultimate point of the development of complexity and consciousness towards which the universe (1) . According to his theory, exposed in The Future of Man and The Human Phenomenon , the universe is constantly evolving towards ever higher degrees of complexity and consciousness, (1) the Omega point being the culmination but also the cause of this evolution (1) . In other words, the Omega point exists in a supremely complex and supremely conscious way, transcending the universe in the making.

For Teilhard the Omega point evokes the Christian Logos , that is Christ , in that it attracts all things to him and is, according to the Nicene symbol , "God born of God, Light born of the Light, true God born of the true God ", with the indication: " and by him all things were done ".

Subsequently this concept was taken up by other authors, such as John G. Bennett (1965) or Frank Tipler (1994).

The Omega point has five attributes, which Teilhard details in The Human Phenomenon .

The five attributes In the book The Human Phenomenon (The Human Phenomenon, 1955), Teilhard describes the five attributes of the Omega point:

• It has always existed - only in this way you can explain the evolution of the universe to higher levels of consciousness.

• must be personal - a person and not an abstract idea; the greater complexity of the question has not only led to higher forms of consciousness, but to greater personalization, of which humans are the highest forms of the "personalization" of the universe. They are fully "individualized", free activity centers. It is in this sense that it is said that man was made in the image of God, which is the highest form of personality. Teilhard de Chardin expressly maintains that the Omega point, when the universe by unification will become one, we will not see the elimination of people, but the super-personalizing. The personality will be infinitely richer. Indeed, the Omega point unites the creation, and it unites, the universe becomes more complex and increases its consciousness. Just as God created the universe evolves to forms more complexity, consciousness, and finally with man, personality because God, the universe attracting to itself is a person.

• It must be transcendent - the Omega Point is not the result of complexity and consciousness. It exists before the evolution of the universe, because the Omega Point is the cause of the evolution of the universe towards greater complexity, consciousness and personality. This essentially means that the Omega Point is located outside the context in which the universe is evolving, because it is because of its magnetic attraction that the universe tends to it.

• must be independent - without limits of space and time.

• It must be irreversible - which must provide the ability to reach.

[1] Dominique de Gramont, Le Christianisme est un transhumanisme, Paris, Les éditions du cerf, septembre 2017, 365 p. (ISBN 978-2-204-11217-8)

Oxford Scholarship Online

This is how the idea is described by Linda Sargent Wood as summarized by Oxford Scholarship Online

Merging Catholicism and science, Teilhard asserted that evolution was God's ongoing creative act, that matter and spirit were one, and that all was converging into one complete, harmonious whole. Though controversial, his organismic ideas offered an alternative to reductionistic, dualistic, mechanistic evolutionary views. They satisfied many who were looking for ways to reconnect with nature and one another; who wanted to revitalize and make personal the spiritual part of life; and who hoped to tame, humanize, and spiritualize science. In the 1960s many Americans found his book The Phenomenon of Man and other mystical writings appealing. He attracted Catholics seeking to reconcile religion and evolution, and he proved to be one of the most inspirational voices for the human potential movement and New Age religious worshipers. Outlining the contours of Teilhard's holistic synthesis in this era of high scientific achievement helps explain how some Americans maintained a strong religious allegiance.

Wood, L.S., 2012. A More Perfect Union: Holistic Worldviews and the Transformation of American Culture after World War II. Oxford University Press.

This is what Pope Benedict says about his idea of the omega point

“Only where someone values love more highly than life, that is, only where someone is ready to put life second to love, for the sake of love, can love be stronger and more than death. If it is to be more than death, it must first be more than mere life. But if it could be this, not just in intention but in reality, then that would mean at the same time that the power of love had risen superior to the power of the merely biological and taken it into its service. To use Teilhard de Chardin’s terminology, where that took place, the decisive complexity or “complexification” would have occurred; bios, too, would be encompassed by and incorporated in the power of love. It would cross the boundary—death—and create unity where death divides. If the power of love for another were so strong somewhere that it could keep alive not just his memory, the shadow of his “I”, but that person himself, then a new stage in life would have been reached. This would mean that the realm of biological evolutions and mutations had been left behind and the leap made to a quite different plane, on which love was no longer subject to bios but made use of it. Such a final stage of “mutation” and “evolution” would itself no longer be a biological stage; it would signify the end of the sovereignty of bios, which is at the same time the sovereignty of death; it would open up the realm that the Greek Bible calls zoe, that is, definitive life, which has left behind the rule of death. The last stage of evolution needed by the world to reach its goal would then no longer be achieved within the realm of biology but by the spirit, by freedom, by love. It would no longer be evolution but decision and gift in one.”

Orthodoxy of Teilhard de Chardin: (Part V) (Resurrection, Evolution and the Omega Point)

Summary by Kahn Academy

His views have also been seen as relevant to modern tanshumanists who want to apply technology to overcome our human limitations. Some of them think that his ideas foreshadowed this.

A movement known as tranhumanism wants to apply technology to overcome human limitations. Followers believe that computers and humans may combine to form a “super brain,” or that computers may eventually exceed human brain capacity. Some transhumanists refer to that future time as the “Singularity.” In his 2008 article “Teilhard de Chardin and Transhumanism,” Eric Steinhart wrote that:

Teilhard de Chardin was among the first to give serious consideration to the future of human evolution.... [He] is almost certainly the first to describe the acceleration of technological progress to a singularity in which human intelligence will become super intelligence.

Teilhard challenged theologians to view their ideas in the perspective of evolution and challenged scientists to examine the ethical and spiritual implications of their knowledge. He fully affirmed cosmic and biological evolution and saw them as part of an even more encompassing spiritual evolution toward the goal of ultrahumans and complete divinity. This hypothesis still resonates for some as a way to place scientific fact within an overarching spiritual view of the cosmos, though most scientists today reject the notion that the Universe is moving toward some clear goal.

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin Paleontologist, Mystic and Jesuit Priest - Kahn Academy

Book review: The Phenomenon of Man by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

By Tom Butler-Bowdon

In a nutshell: By appreciating and expressing your uniqueness, you literally enable the evolution of the world.

For Teilhard humankind was not the centre of the world but the ‘axis and leading shoot of evolution’. It is not that we will lift ourselves above nature but, in our intellectual and spiritual quests, dramatically raise its complexity and intelligence. The more complex and intelligent we become, the less of a hold the physical universe has on us, he believed.

Just as space, the stars and galaxies expand ever outwards, the universe is just as naturally undergoing ‘involution’ from the simple to the increasingly complex; the human psyche also develops according to this law. ‘Hominisation’ is what Teilhard called the process of humanity becoming more human, or the fulfilment of its potential. ... Teilhard said as humanity became more self-reflective, able to appreciate its place in space and time, its evolution would start to move by great leaps instead of a slow climb. In place of the glacial pace of physical natural selection, there would be a supercharged refinement of ideas that would eventually free us of physicality altogether. We would move irresistibly toward a new type of existence, at which all potential would be reached. Teilhard called this the ‘omega point’.

Book review: The Phenomenon of Man by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

Needs a Criticism section.

The main crticism is that it is not helping to understand how the human brain itself works. From the article by Frégnac et al in Nature in 2014:

Contrary to public assumptions that the HBP would generate knowledge about how the brain works, the project is turning into an expensive database-management project with a hunt for new computing architectures. (1) The problem is that it is not founded on knowledge of how neurons are connected in the real brain or experimental data. Most importantly, there are no formulated biological hypotheses for these simulations to test Instead it is an attempt at simulation using many hardware neurons of something the researchers hope will resemble the way a human brain works without any experimental data to guide the experimentation.(1)

The revised plan advances a concept in which in silico experimentation becomes a “foundational methodology for understanding the brain” (1)

Shortly after the project started, many European neuroscientists signed an open letter raising the following issues (3)

a) That the project could not provide understanding of the brain without corrective loops between hypotheses and experimental facts and the project is not guided by any precies hypotheses to be tested and checked.

b) That the model is overoptimisic and wrong. It should either abandon neurologial researches and only focus on technological advances or be split into two projects for the two areas

c) Too expensive, syphoning away important funds from other fundamental research d) excessively big and coordination mechanisms unclear

This collective wrote “Open message to the European Commission concerning the Human Brain Project” to the European Commission on July 7, 2014.

A mediation report was published in 2015. This upheld most of the criticisms.

The mediation committee summarized the disagreement as (2):

The goal of reconstructing the mouse and human brain in silico and the associated comprehensive bottom-up approach is viewed by one part of the scientific community as being impossible in principle or at least infeasible within the next ten years, whileanother part sees value not only in making such simulation tools available but also in their development,in organizing data, tools and experts

They recommended that the goals should be less ambitious saying:

Issue: Public announcements by the HBP leadership and by the EC overstated objectives and the possible achievements of the HBP. Unrealistic expectations were raised, such as tools for predictive sim-ulation of the human brain to enable understanding of brain function or to support diagnosis and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases within the course of the project. This resulted in a loss of scientific credibility of the HBP.

Recomendation: The HBP andthe EC should clearly andopenly communicate the project’s sharp-ened mission and objectives. Furthermore,theHBP should systematically create and use opportuni-ties to enteraconstructive scientific discourse with the science community, with science policy mak-ers and with the interested public. Ultimately the reputation of the HBP in the science community will rest on the publication of convincing scientific results and the generation of widely used IT platforms. ...

They recommend that it be split into three or four sub projects with PI's with a strong neuroscience background:

Issue:The absenceof systems and cognitive neuroscience subverts the multi-scale and multi-perspective ambitions of the HBP to integrate and validate various approaches to a unifying model-ling and simulation platform.It also impairs the validation of other IT platforms developed in the HBP regarding the value added to future neuroscience research and clinical practice

Recommendation:The SPs (and the constituent WPs) suggested in the FPA should be consolidated and integrated with a set of new cross-cutting horizontal tasks to form a matrix-type project structure. These cross-cutting activities should be organized in at least 3 -4 WPsto address challenging problems of systems and cognitive neuroscience which are led by PIs with a strongscientific background in the respective areas. These WPsshould be aggregated to a new cross-cutting subproject “Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience: CSN”.

[1]Frégnac, Y. and Laurent, G., 2014. Neuroscience: Where is the brain in the Human Brain Project?. Nature News, 513(7516), p.27.

[2] Human Brain Project Mediation Report, Mediator Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Marquardt, March 2015

[3] This is a paraphrase of the relevant section of: Why do we foster and grant wrong innovative scientific methods? The neuroscientific challenge Jordi Vallverdu Autonomous University of Barcelona

Page is five years out of date and doesn't include criticism section. French Wikipedia summarizes the criticisms like this

This project, along with the resulting Human Brain Project , is heavily criticized for a variety of reasons, including the scientific strategy adopted and the high cost involved. Launched in 2013, HBP faced a number of criticisms, including the lack of evidence from Blue Brain [5 ]. However, in October 2015, the team of the Blue Brain Project (in) published in Cell an article describing a simulation of a rat brain, covering 30,000 neurons and 40 million synapses - which did not stop criticizing the overall unrealism of BPH[5] Blue Brain (French Wikipedia)

[5] Kai Kupferschmidt, "Virtual rat brain fails to impress its critics", Science , October 16, 2015, Vol. 350 no. 6258 pp. 263-264; DOI: 10.1126 / science.350.6258.263

See also Theil, S., 2015. Why the Human Brain Project Went Wrong—and How to Fix It. Scientific American, 313(4), pp.36-42.

Frégnac, Y. and Laurent, G., 2014. Neuroscience: Where is the brain in the Human Brain Project?. Nature News, 513(7516), p.27.

One of the main criticisms of this project is that neroscientists do not have a detailed "map of connections between neurons within and across brain areas that could guide simulations"

From the beginning, neuroscientists pointed out that large-scale simulations make little sense unless constrained by data, and used to test precise hypotheses. In fact, we lack, among other resources, a detailed 'connectome', a map of connections between neurons within and across brain areas that could guide simulations. There is no unified format for building functional databases or for annotating data sets that encompass data collected under varying conditions. Most importantly, there are no formulated biological hypotheses for these simulations to test

Frégnac, Y. and Laurent, G., 2014. Neuroscience: Where is the brain in the Human Brain Project?. Nature News, 513(7516), p.27.

Note for comparison, Lede for French Wikipedia: Morgellons

"Morgellons" or "Morgellon's disease" is a controversial medical condition reported in the United States in 2002. It is characterized by dermatological lesions where the patient perceives inert or organic fibers, included or protruding from the skin.

It is most often considered as a form of parasitic delirium or Ekbom syndrome , a factitious disorder , or a collective syndrome of psychogenic origin. Some authors, however, indicate that Morgellon's disease is a true somatic disease of infectious origin, including Lyme disease .

The Mayo clinic also refers to this research saying cite:

The research on Morgellons by multiple groups over decades has yielded conflicting results. Multiple studies report a possible link between Morgellons and infection with Borrelia spirochetes. These results contradict [the CDC study] One of the main proponents of this hypothesis is Marianne J. Middelveen, MDes, a Veterinary Microbiologist from Alberta, Canada. She made a connection with a disease of cattle, called Bovine Digital dermatitis which has similar symptoms - and in that case, it is well established that there are microfilaments of keratin and collagen which form beneath the skin.

She analysed filaments that form beneath the skin of sufferers, and found out that these also are made of keratin and collagen. She also found spirochetes, which are usually associated with Lyme disease in humans.

The main paper is Middelveen, M.J., Bandoski, C., Burke, J., Sapi, E., Filush, K.R., Wang, Y., Franco, A., Mayne, P.J. and Stricker, R.B., 2015. Exploring the association between Morgellons disease and Lyme disease: identification of Borrelia burgdorferi in Morgellons disease patients. BMC dermatology, 15(1), p.1.

She, along with a dozen or so other researchers, publish one or two papers a year on this topic.

For more background and cites, see also Mystery Of Morgellons - Disease Or Delusion - Scientific Hypothesis Of Connection With Lyme Disease (originated as Wikipedia article but on rejection from Wikipedia, rewritten in less encyclopedic tone as a blog post)

Here is Marianne Middelveen talking about her research https://youtu.be/IaxdRvesVfM

French Wikipedia summarizes her reseach as

A new emerging infection?

As of 2011, some scientists are trying to demonstrate the reality of the disease by defining it as filamentous dermatitis linked to Lyme disease, by publishing one to two articles per year.

The main author of publications is Marianne J. Middelveen, veterinarian, which reconciles the bovine digital dermatitis or Mortellaro disease in animals and humans Morgellons 13 . Bovine disease is a skin infection associated with various pathogens, including spirochaetes and treponemes . In the animal, the disease is shown as contagious, being able to present papules filiform.

Middelveen assumes that morgellons are a human equivalent of bovine digit dermatitis. She regularly publishes works showing an association between Morgellons and Lyme disease 14. 15

FOOTNOTES

1. Marianne J. Middelveen and Raphael B. Stricker , " Filament formation associated with spirochetal infection: a comparative approach to Morgellons disease ," Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology , Vol. 42011, p. 167-177 ( ISSN 1178-7015 , PMID 22253541 , PMCID PMC3257881 , DOI 10.2147 / CCID.S26183 , read online [ archive ] , accessed March 4, 2019 )

2. Marianne J. Middelveen Cheryl Bandoski Jennie Burke and Eva Sapi , " Exploring the Association entre Morgellons disease and Lyme disease: identification of Borrelia burgdorferi in Morgellons disease patients ," BMC Dermatology , Vol. 15, n o 1,February 12, 2015, p. 1 ( ISSN 1471-5945 , PMID 25879673 , PMCID PMC4328066 , DOI 10.1186 / s12895-015-0023-0 , read online [ archive ] , accessed March 4, 2019 ) summary in English " morgellons and lyme " [ archive ] , on imedecin.com .

3. (in) Jyotsna S. Shah and Raphael B. Stricker , " Detection of tick-borne infection in Morgellons disease patients by serological and molecular technologies " [ archive ] on Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology ,November 9, 2018 (accessed March 4, 2019 )

The Washington Post article predates the CDC study. This is a summary by a journalist of an internet search of Moregellons discussion blogs.

Other points in the Washington Post article not mentioned here:

Robert Bransfield is a New Jersey psychiatrist who studies the connection between infection and mental illness. ... "This isn't delusional," Bransfield says. "Delusions are quite variable. So, one person might have a delusion that the FBI is sending out messages to his dentures. Someone else has a delusion that their next-door neighbor is stealing their mail. But the people who have Morgellons all describe it in the same way. It doesn't have the variability you would see in delusions." ... And what of mass hysteria? Could Morgellons be, in a very real sense, nothing more than an Internet virus that has taken hold in susceptible minds? "I do see suggestion with the Internet, but it's hard to explain it on that alone," Bransfield says. "You can see the fibers. The fibers can't be mass hysteria. You see people describe this who don't have a computer," he says. "It's puzzling. It's hard to make sense out of it. But it's there. "

It also covers the very early stages of the research into a possible connection with Borrelia burgdorfer

At about the same time, Leitao, who was trained as a biologist and worked as an electron microscopist; along with Ginger Savely, a nurse practitioner; and Raphael Stricker, a hematologist, published a paper in the American Journal of Clinical Dermatology reporting that 79 out of 80 Morgellons patients they studied also were infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, the tick-borne bacteria that cause Lyme disease.

As the article says, the Morgellons Research Foundation which was the primary patient advocacy group in the 2000s.

However it does not mention its successor, the Charles Holman Morgellons Disease Foundation, . a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization committed to "advocacy and philanthropy in the battle against Morgellons Disease"

This orgnaization holds an annual three day conference on Morgellons for researchers to discuss their findings. Its main subject of study is a possible connection with chronic lyme disease.

There are many peer reviewed papers on the topic. It is minority view science but not fringe.

All attempts to add a mention of this research to Wikipedia eiterh on this article or as a separate article, evne notlinked to by it, are removed. Here are some of the cites.

Middelveen, Marianne J; Burugu, Divya; Poruri, Akhila; Burke, Jennie; Mayne, Peter J; Sapi, Eva; Kahn, Douglas G; Stricker, Raphael B (2013). "Association of spirochetal infection with Morgellons disease". F1000Research. doi:10.12688/f1000research.2-25.v1. ISSN 2046-1402.

Middelveen, Marianne J; Bandoski, Cheryl; Burke, Jennie; Sapi, Eva; Filush, Katherine R; Wang, Yean; Franco, Agustin; Mayne, Peter J; Stricker, Raphael B (2015). "Exploring the association between Morgellons disease and Lyme disease: identification of Borrelia burgdorferi in Morgellons disease patients". BMC Dermatology 15 (1). doi:10.1186/s12895-015-0023-0. ISSN 1471-5945.

Marianne J Middelveen, Raphael B Stricker, Filament formation associated with spirochetal infection: a comparative approach to Morgellons disease, in Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 2011

Marianne J. Middelveen1, Jennie Burke2, Eva Sapi3, Cheryl Bandoski3, Katherine R. Filush3, Yean Wang2, Agustin Franco2, Arun Timmaraju3, Hilary A. Schlinger1, Peter J. Mayne1 Culture and identification of Borrelia spirochetes in human vaginal and seminal secretions, F100 research

Marianne J. Middelveen1, Elizabeth H. Rasmussen2, Douglas G. Kahn3 and Raphael B. Stricker1*, Morgellons Disease: A Chemical and Light Microscopic Study, Journal of Clinical&Experimental Dermatology Research

Shah, PhD, Jyotsna S. "Morgellons Disease – Chronic Form Of Borrelia Infection?”

Middelveen MJ, Stricker RB Morgellons disease: a filamentous borrelial dermatitis, International Journal of General Medicine » Volume 9, DovePress

The cites for this sentence all preced the big 2012 CDC study. Although most say it is a form of Delusional Parasitosis one of them says: The cause, transmission, and treatment are unknown."

Whether Morgellons disease is a delusional disorder or even a disease has been a mystery for more than 300 years. Symptoms of Morgellons include crawling and stinging sensations, feeling of “bugs” and/or fiber-like material beneath the skin, disabling fatigue, and memory loss. The cause, transmission, and treatment are unknown.

Simpson, L; Baier, M (August 2009). "Disorder or delusion? Living with Morgellons disease". Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 47 (8): 36–41. doi:10.3928/02793695-20090706-03. PMID 19681520.

The CDC just said they were not able to conclude whether it represents a new condition, or a wider recogntion of delusioanl parasitosis, and called it an "unexplained dermopathy".

We were not able to conclude based on this study whether this unexplained dermopathy represents a new condition, as has been proposed by those who use the term Morgellons, or wider recognition of an existing condition such as delusional infestation, with which it shares a number of clinical and epidemiologic features.

Pearson, M.L., Selby, J.V., Katz, K.A., Cantrell, V., Braden, C.R., Parise, M.E., Paddock, C.D., Lewin-Smith, M.R., Kalasinsky, V.F., Goldstein, F.C. and Hightower, A.W., 2012. Clinical, epidemiologic, histopathologic and molecular features of an unexplained dermopathy. PLoS One, 7(1), p.e29908. The Mayo Clinic describes it like this:

Morgellons disease: Managing an unexplained skin condition

Morgellons disease is an uncommon, poorly understood condition characterized by small fibers or other particles emerging from skin sores. People with this condition often report feeling as if something were crawling on or stinging their skin.

Some doctors recognize the condition as a delusional infestation and treat it with cognitive behavioral therapy, antidepressants, antipsychotic drugs and counseling. Others think the symptoms are related to an infectious process in skin cells. Further study is needed.

This does not amount to a medical consensus that it is delusional parasitosis. Other cites given later in this article predate the CDC study.

This section doesn't mention criticisms of the CDC study.

The main problem they faced is the low prevalence of the disease, only 3.65 cases per 100,000. Their 4 year study found only 41 patients with the condition at more than ten thousand dollars per patient. They also didn't select patients who self diagnosed as having Morgellons so it is possible the patients they studied did not think they had the condition..

Harry Schone summarizes these criticisms in one of the sections of his University College London thesis

"It is indeed true that the CDC were being cautious, that they found no positive evidence for the claims made by Morgellons sufferers, but it does not mean that the study can go without critical appraisal. Although expensive and lengthy, the research only clinically evaluated 41 people. Furthermore, since the population was selected by criteria other than self-identification it has been argued by critics of the study that some of those included did not have or even consider themselves to have Morgellons. The validity of these criticisms may rest on somewhat pedantic points, but what is certainly true is that an awful lot of reading between the lines has been passed off as something more substantial."

See Learning from Morgellons, Harry Quinn Schone, Masters thesis for UCL (University College London) - see Harry Schone.

This is a masters thesis rather than a PhD, however UCL is one of the most prestigious universities in Europe and this thesis summarizes concerns of other researchers.

In their 2015 paper, Middelveen and her co researchers describe techniological limitations of the CDC study had limitations which could explain why they didn't find the spirochetes that they are able to identify in Morgellons patients:

"The search for spirochetal pathogens in that study was limited to Warthin-Starry staining on a small number of tissue samples and commercial two-tiered serological Lyme disease testing as interpreted by the CDC Lyme surveillance criteria. It should be noted that only two of the patients in our study group were positive for Lyme disease based on the CDC Lyme surveillance criteria and yet Borrelia spirochetes were readily detectable in this group of 25 MD patients."

They attribute their success in detecting Borrelia burgdorferi and closely related spirochetes to several factors

• Clear diagnostic criteria for patient selection: fibers visible underneath unbroken skin or embedded in or projecting from skin, documented by a healthcare provider
• Ability to culture spirochetes in vitro to increase opportunity of detection
• High spirochetal load for the lesions, similar to lesions in cattle with BDD
  • Use of molecular hybridization and PCR methods, able to detect spirochetal DNA in picogram range.

Sign of dG determines if a thing will happen spontaneously

This article doesn't seem to have had much editing since 2015. The hypothesis of a multifactorial issue is now the scientific consensus.

For more cites see the annotation on the last sentence of the lede

A 2019 review concludes that the collapse develops through a sequence of seteps.

First, climate change, agrochemicalization or inadequate food decreasesteh strength

Then there are faults in bee management, including depriving them of too much honey replacing it with sugary food, inadequate treatment against Varoa, wintering on honey contaminated with insecticides etc.

They then become more easily infected oftenwith nosemosis, Lotmaria infection and American foulborood infection. Then finally the varoa spreads due to lack of adequate measures to prevent it.

STANIMIROVIĆ, Z., GLAVINIĆ, U., RISTANIĆ, M., ALEKSIĆ, N., JOVANOVIĆ, N., VEJNOVIĆ, B. and STEVANOVIĆ, J., 2019. LOOKING FOR THE CAUSES OF AND SOLUTIONS TO THE ISSUE OF HONEY BEE COLONY LOSSES. Acta Veterinaria-Beograd, 69(1), pp.1-31.

Acta Veterinaria-Beograd 2019, 69 (1), 1-3118for bee feeding. The use of supplements with sugar syrup should not be avoided, since they provide sufficient amino acids, peptides, micro- and macroelements which are absent from pure sugar syrup [18]. The use of supplements may prevent energetic, immune and oxidative stress in bees, and thus prevent losses in apiaries [129, 171-174]. The presence of a young, healthy bee queen in the hive guarantees the development of healthy bee colonies and successful beekeeping [131, 175]. Suitable pathogen control in hives, primarily of the bee mite V. destructor, with effective, registered varroacides is also a prerequisite for maintaining bee colonies in a good health condition. In addition, a strong link was detected between colony losses and beekeepers’ education and training: professionals were capable of keeping colonies free from diseases, unlike hobbyists [12, 70]. Professionals promptly detected symptoms, especially those of American foul brood or Varroa infestation, and timely applied control measures, contributing to the survival of their colonies. This was the first time that scientists focused attention on the impact of apiculturists and beekeeping practices on colony losses. The same authors commented that the introduction of a bee killer, Varroamite, to Europe at the beginning of 1980s, did not result in increased colony losses. This was explained by the fact that beekeepers efficiently adopted measures to combat against the mite [12].concLuSIonSScientific consensus has been reached that colony losses (CCD) are a multifactorial issue [3, 4, 6], which follows various conditions, but, according to our observations, it develops through a sequence of steps. Firstly, various non-specific factors (e.g. climate changes, agrochemisation and inadequate food) decrease the strength of the colonies; apitechnical faults (depriving bees of too much honey and a consecutive addition of large quantities of sugary food, inadequate treatments of colonies mainly against V. destructor, high stress and exhausting of bees, wintering colonies on honey contaminated with pesticides – sunflower honey, bad timing for wintering the colonies etc.). Such colonies easily become eligible for bacterial, microsporidial and trypanosomal infections. Manifested nosemosis combined with Lotmaria infection and latent American foulbrood infection, additionally exhaust bee colonies and impair the immune system of the bee [176-179]. Finally, inadequate anti-varroa strategies lead to significant health problems in bees and the spread of viruses for which Varroa is a vector, and/or activator. The whole process is a path prepared for the manifestation of virus infections

This page seems to have not been updated much since 2013. There is scientific consensus now that it is multifactorial.

Bee populations are declining in the industrialized world, raising concerns for the sustainable pollination of crops. Pesticides, pollutants, parasites, diseases, and malnutrition have all been linked to this problem. We consider here neurobiological, ecological, and evolutionary reasons why bees are particularly vulnerable to these environmental stressors. Central-place foraging on flowers demands advanced capacities of learning, memory, and navigation. However, even at low intensity levels, many stressors damage the bee brain, disrupting key cognitive functions needed for effective foraging, with dramatic consequences for brood development and colony survival.

Klein, S., Cabirol, A., Devaud, J.M., Barron, A.B. and Lihoreau, M., 2017. Why bees are so vulnerable to environmental stressors. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32(4), pp.268-278.

The good news is that the past decade has seen plenty of progress in understanding the mystery of Colony Collapse Disorder. The bad news is that we now recognise it as a complex problem with many causes, although that doesn’t mean it is unsolvable.

For all bees, foraging on flowers is a hard life. It is energetically and cognitively demanding; bees have to travel large distances to collect pollen and nectar from sometimes hard-to-find flowers, and return it all to the nest. To do this they need finely tuned senses, spatial awareness, learning and memory.

Anything that damages such skills can make bees struggle to find food, or even get lost while trying to forage. A bee that cannot find food and make it home again is as good as dead.

Because of this, bee populations are very vulnerable to what we call “sublethal stressors” – factors that don’t kill the bees directly but can hamper their behaviour.

Ten years after the crisis, what is happening to the world’s bees?

Colonies are often challenged by multiple stressors, which can interact: for example, pesticides can enhance disease transmission in colonies. Colonies may be particularly vulnerable to sublethal effects of pathogens and pesticides since colony functions are compromised whether a stressor kills workers, or causes them to fail at foraging. Modelling provides a way to understand the processes of colony failure by relating impacts of stressors to colony-level functions.

Barron, A.B., 2015. Death of the bee hive: understanding the failure of an insect society. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 10, pp.45-50.

A 2019 review concludes that the collapse develops through a sequence of seteps.

First, climate change, agrochemicalization or inadequate food decreasesteh strength

Then there are faults in bee management, including depriving them of too much honey replacing it with sugary food, inadequate treatment against Varoa, wintering on honey contaminated with insecticides etc.

They then become more easily infected oftenwith nosemosis, Lotmaria infection and American foulborood infection. Then finally the varoa spreads due to lack of adequate measures to prevent it.

STANIMIROVIĆ, Z., GLAVINIĆ, U., RISTANIĆ, M., ALEKSIĆ, N., JOVANOVIĆ, N., VEJNOVIĆ, B. and STEVANOVIĆ, J., 2019. LOOKING FOR THE CAUSES OF AND SOLUTIONS TO THE ISSUE OF HONEY BEE COLONY LOSSES. Acta Veterinaria-Beograd, 69(1), pp.1-31.

Acta Veterinaria-Beograd 2019, 69 (1), 1-3118for bee feeding. The use of supplements with sugar syrup should not be avoided, since they provide sufficient amino acids, peptides, micro- and macroelements which are absent from pure sugar syrup [18]. The use of supplements may prevent energetic, immune and oxidative stress in bees, and thus prevent losses in apiaries [129, 171-174]. The presence of a young, healthy bee queen in the hive guarantees the development of healthy bee colonies and successful beekeeping [131, 175]. Suitable pathogen control in hives, primarily of the bee mite V. destructor, with effective, registered varroacides is also a prerequisite for maintaining bee colonies in a good health condition. In addition, a strong link was detected between colony losses and beekeepers’ education and training: professionals were capable of keeping colonies free from diseases, unlike hobbyists [12, 70]. Professionals promptly detected symptoms, especially those of American foul brood or Varroa infestation, and timely applied control measures, contributing to the survival of their colonies. This was the first time that scientists focused attention on the impact of apiculturists and beekeeping practices on colony losses. The same authors commented that the introduction of a bee killer, Varroamite, to Europe at the beginning of 1980s, did not result in increased colony losses. This was explained by the fact that beekeepers efficiently adopted measures to combat against the mite [12].concLuSIonSScientific consensus has been reached that colony losses (CCD) are a multifactorial issue [3, 4, 6], which follows various conditions, but, according to our observations, it develops through a sequence of steps. Firstly, various non-specific factors (e.g. climate changes, agrochemisation and inadequate food) decrease the strength of the colonies; apitechnical faults (depriving bees of too much honey and a consecutive addition of large quantities of sugary food, inadequate treatments of colonies mainly against V. destructor, high stress and exhausting of bees, wintering colonies on honey contaminated with pesticides – sunflower honey, bad timing for wintering the colonies etc.). Such colonies easily become eligible for bacterial, microsporidial and trypanosomal infections. Manifested nosemosis combined with Lotmaria infection and latent American foulbrood infection, additionally exhaust bee colonies and impair the immune system of the bee [176-179]. Finally, inadequate anti-varroa strategies lead to significant health problems in bees and the spread of viruses for which Varroa is a vector, and/or activator. The whole process is a path prepared for the manifestation of virus infections

The case was dismissed by the European court on 22nd May 2018 cite

90 million in 2017, data from FAOSTAT

Way out of date, last updated in 2012. As of 2019 the pipelines include:

• UAE pipeline 1.5 million details, upgradeable to max capacity 1.8 million bpd details
• East-West pipeline, 2.1 million bpd, capacity 5 million,bpd plans to expand to 7 million bpd by 2023 cite. from Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province to Yanbu port on the Red Sea
• Iraq Pipeline 1.6 million bpd, through Saudi Arabia, re-opened in 2012 cite
• Kirkuk-Ceyhan pipeline from northern Iraq to Turkey, max capacity 1.6 million bpd currently running at much lower than capacity at 80,000 to 90,000, some reports say much lower cite

Oil Export Alternatives to the Strait of Hormuz

Also, about 30% of seaborne traded oil, more than 85% of that for Asia, mainly Japan, India, South Korea and China [details] (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-oil-factbox/factbox-middle-east-oil-gas-shipping-risks-alternative-routes-idUSKBN0MM2E720150326)

2017: 17.2 million bpd, first half of 2018, 17.4 million, [details] (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-oil-factbox/strait-of-hormuz-the-worlds-most-important-oil-artery-idUSKBN1JV24O) (Sea-borne crude and condensate)

Most of the crude exported from Saudi Arabia, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Iraq passes through it. It is also the route for nearly all the liquefied natural gas (LNG) from lead exporter Qatar. cite

Currently running at much lower than capacity at 80,000 to 90,000 bpd, some reports say much lower details

Stuff

You might think this is the place to look for material on whether there are any possible dangers of 5g. However, in an eccentric decision, editors of this articlle remove any sections on the topic as here Removed Dangers of 5g and their explanation on talk page here.

Wikipedia does have a separate article on the topic of Mobile phone radiation and health, but material from that article is not permitted here and this page doesn't link to it. Sadly that article also has almost nothing on 5g and health.

In 2011 then WHO /International Agency for Researchon Cancer (IARC) classified radio frequency EM fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

If there is a risk it's a tiny one, of certain type of brain cancer. You can take measures to avoid the risk such as not holding a cellphone near your head while downloading large files.

IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans

Mayo clinic puts the situation like this:

The bottom line? For now, no one knows if cellphones are capable of causing cancer. Although long-term studies are ongoing, to date there's no convincing evidence that cellphone use increases the risk of cancer. If you're concerned about the possible link between cellphones and cancer, consider limiting your use of cellphones — or use a speaker or hands-free device that places the cellphone antenna, which is typically in the cellphone itself, away from your head.

Is there a connection between cellphones and cancer?

A couple of hundred scientists have signed an appeal to the WHO to say it needs further investigation. Not 5g particularly but cell phones and wifi generally.

The evidence isn't very good yet but they think there is enough to be worth investigating on a precautionary level.

International Scientists Appeal to U.N. to Protect Humans and Wildlife from Electromagnetic Fields and Wireless Technology

These scientists are concerned about a very minute risk of cancer. Though too small to be noticed, if there are even a few deaths in a million, it is something to take precautions to prevent.

There is a lot of conspirachy theory nonsense on the topic however. See for instance

• FACT CHECK: Did a 5G Cellular Network Test Cause Hundreds of Birds to Die?

This is not surprising - it shows that radiodurans is an obligate aerobe. This doesn't mention the surrpsing result mentinoped in this cite that S. liquefaciens a was able to grow under these conditions.

A more accurate summary of the source would be something like this:

In other simulations, Serratia liquefaciens strain ATCC 27592 was able to grow at 7 mbar, 0°C, in CO2-enriched anoxic atmospheres. This was surprising, as it is a generalist that occurs in many terestrial niches, not an extremophile. Two extremophiles, Deinococcus radiodurans strain R1 and Psychrobacter cryohalolentis strain K5, were both unable to grow in anoxic conditions (making them obligate aerobes) and R1 was also unable to grow below 0 C or at 7 mbar.

Source says:

Only Serratia liquefaciens strain ATCC 27592 exhibited growth at 7 mbar, 0°C, and CO2-enriched anoxic atmospheres ... The growth of S. liquefaciens at 7 mbar, 0°C, and CO2-enriched anoxic atmospheres was surprising since S. liquefaciens is ecologically a generalist that occurs in terrestrial plant, fish, animal, and food niches.

This is baed on earlier papers that studied dormant life because back then they thought that the present day Mars surface was too cold and dry for life, but that life could have survived in dormant form from times when the axial tilt varied, the atmosphere thickened and water briefly flows on Mars. Any such life would be buried deep because the cummulatie effects of ionizing radiation over millions of years can sterilize anything.

However, if the life can continue to grow, reproduce and heal itself, then over 500 years, then even e coli, one of our most radiosensitive microbes, is reduced by only 90%. Levels are slimilar to the interior of the ISS and are not lethal to microbes unless they are dormant for long periods.

From the MSL RAD measurements, ionizing radiation levels from cosmic radiation are so low as to be negligible. The intermittent solar storms increase the dose only for a few days and the Martian surface provides enough shielding so that the total dose from solar storms is less than double that from cosmic radiation/ Over 500 years the Mars surface would receive a cummulative dose of less than 50 Gy, far less than the dose where 90% of even a radiation senstiive bacterium such as e-coli would die (LD90 of ~200 - 400 Gy). These facts are not used to distinguish Special Regions on Mars

Cite here

NASA have the search for extant life as one of their two top priorities for searching for life on Mars.

A special region on Mars for the purposes of Planetary protection is a region classified by COSPAR where terrestrial organisms are likely to propagate, or interpreted to have a high potential for existence of extant Martian life forms

See

• Mars special regions
• Protecting Mars special regions with potential for life to propagate

Uncited assertion. Not the main goal. A few microbes on the Martian surface would not obscure the planetary record in the frozen regolith. The main goal is to protect future science experiments, so that they don't find Earth microbes when searching for extant Mars organisms.

Cassie Conley, NASA spokeswoman for the office of planetary protection puts it like this: https://youtu.be/qk-Ycp5llEI

Third video on overview page of the NASA Office of Planetary Protection.

“So we have to do all of our search for life activities, we have to look for the Mars organisms, without the background, without the noise of having released Earth organisms into the Mars environment”

This entire section is OR and SYNTHESIS. NASA have the search for extant life as one of their two top priorities for searching for life on Mars. See https://encyclopediaofastrobiology.org/wiki/Protecting_Mars_special_regions_with_potential_for_life_to_propagate

This theory of antipodal focusing is disproved according to the intro to the cited source. The source says that the Chicxulub crater is offset from the antipodes by 130°. It also says that the impactor didn't have enough energy to cause melting at the antipodes. The cite says this disproves the antipodal theory.

Instead the new idea presented in the cite is that the impact generated a magnitude 9 earthquake worldwide and this caused volcanism to increase everywhere, through a now well established process by which nearby earthquakes can trigger increased volcanism. The Deccan traps started well before the impact, due to a rising "plume head", rising through the mantle which hapens every 20-30 million years, but after the impact they sped up and the chemistry changed.

Cite says:

The possibility that an impact at Cretaceous-Paleogene time caused Deccan volcanism has been investigated since the discovery of the iridium anomaly at Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, with an emphasis on antipodal focusing of seismic energy. However, the Deccan continental flood basalts were not antipodal to the 66 Ma Chicxulub crater at the time of the impact, but instead separated by an epicentral distance of ~130°. Also, a Chicxulub-size impact does not in any case appear capable of generating a large mantle melting event. Thus, impact-induced partial melting could not have caused the initi-ation of Deccan volcanism, consistent with the occurrence of Deccan volcanism well before Cretaceous-Paleogene/Chicxulub time.

Instead, Deccan volcanism is widely thought to represent the initial outburst of a new mantle plume “head” at the beginning of the Réunion hotspot track

Accompanying press release from Berkely university says:

Michael Manga, a professor in the same department, has shown over the past decade that large earthquakes – equivalent to Japan’s 9.0 Tohoku quake in 2011 – can trigger nearby volcanic eruptions. Richards calculates that the asteroid that created the Chicxulub crater might have generated the equivalent of a magnitude 9 or larger earthquake everywhere on Earth, sufficient to ignite the Deccan flood basalts and perhaps eruptions many places around the globe, including at mid-ocean ridges.

“It’s inconceivable that the impact could have melted a whole lot of rock away from the impact site itself, but if you had a system that already had magma and you gave it a little extra kick, it could produce a big eruption,” Manga said.

Similarly, Deccan lava from before the impact is chemically different from that after the impact, indicating a faster rise to the surface after the impact, while the pattern of dikes from which the supercharged lava flowed – “like cracks in a soufflé,” Renne said – are more randomly oriented post-impact.

“There is a profound break in the style of eruptions and the volume and composition of the eruptions,” said Renne. “The whole question is, ‘Is that discontinuity synchronous with the impact?’”

Another cite here, "The Conversation" which is written by academics and is WP:RS.

More bad news for dinosaurs: Chicxulub meteorite impact triggered global volcanic eruptions on the ocean floor (2018)

Our observations suggest the following sequence of events at the end of the Cretaceous period. Just over 66 million years ago, the Deccan Traps start erupting – likely initiated by a plume of hot rock rising from the Earth’s core, similar in some ways to what’s happening beneath Hawaii or Yellowstone today, that impinged on the side of India’s tectonic plate. The mid-ocean ridges and dinosaurs continue their normal activity.

About 250,000 years later, Chicxulub hits off the coast of what will become Mexico. The impact causes a massive disruption to the Earth’s climate, injecting particles into the atmosphere that will eventually settle into a layer of clay found across the planet. In the aftermath of impact, volcanic activity accelerates for perhaps tens to hundreds of thousands of years. The mid-ocean ridges erupt large volumes of magma, while the Deccan Traps eruptions flood lava across much of the Indian subcontinent.

This may be the biggest problem. What is/are the factors that increase or decrease the need to sleep? How can we push against natural fatigue and its causes? How can we give people more wakefulness / conscious life per day? (without suffering significant debuffs)

The lede doesn't mention the major literature review by the USGS n December 2016 which oncluded that evidence is lacking for the original hypothesis. the similar conclusion by the Royal Society in 2017 that there is a relatively limited role for climate feedback from dissociation of the methane clathrates and the the CAGE research group (Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate) which conlcuded that the methane formed over 6 million years ago and have been slowly releasing methane for 2 million years independent of warm or cold climate Details here:Clathrate gun hypothesis

This is NOT their conclusion. Their conclusion was that it is unlikely. Quotes from the paper:

"Although the clathrate gun hypothesis remains controversial (21), a good understanding of how environmental change affects natural CH4 sources is vital in terms of robustly projecting future fluxes under a changing climate."

Then later:

"Nevertheless, it seems unlikely that catastrophic, widespread dissociation of marine clathrates will be triggered by continued climate warming at contemporary rates (0.2◦C per decade) during the twenty-first century"

.They did however urge caution about extraction of methane clathrates as a fuel, as this could lead to leaks of methane.

As discussed previously(Section 4.1), the stability of CH4 clathrate deposits may already be at risk from climate change.Accidental or deliberate disturbance, due to fossil fuel extraction, has the potential for extremelyhigh fugitive CH4 losses to the atmosphere "Nevertheless, it seems unlikely that catastrophic, widespread dissociation of marine clathrates will be triggered by continued climate warming at contemporary rates (0.2◦C per decade) during the twenty-first century"

For details with more cites Clathrate gun hypothesis

Cite has no mention of the number of Jews left in Israel or the number 18.

There may be Jews left in Syria, according to the Jerusalem Post.

First, one member of the family rescued in 2016 is still there because she was married to a Muslim man and signed conversion papers though she says she didn't really convert

According to Motti Kahana, who engineered the operation, there are no Jews left in Aleppo, aside from one member of the Halabi family, Linda, whose immigration to Israel was denied, citing her conversion to Islam – the source of a dispute between the Jewish Agency and Kahana.

The latter still sends kosher food to the woman, and maintains that though she signed conversion papers – which is required by Syrian law when marrying a Muslim – she did not really convert.

Also another family in Aleppo claims they are Jewish asking for aliyah

A family from war-torn Aleppo is appealing to the State of Israel for refuge, citing their Jewish heritage, Army Radio reported on Sunday.

“There is nobody who can help us to get out of this place,” said 30-year-old Razan (real name withheld) in an audio recording translated from Arabic into Hebrew and aired on the radio station. “We are asking that the Israeli government does not abandon us, but helps us get out of here to another country. I ask that the government demands from the entire world to do this. All my love and loyalty is to this religion [Judaism].”

Experts say there are still some Jews remaining in other parts of Syria. Elizabeth Tzurkov, a Syria researcher at Israeli think tank the Forum for Regional Thinking, told Army Radio: “... a number of Syrians have approached me who are descendants of Jewish women, who converted to Islam or who did not convert, and inquired how they can move to Israel.”

https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Stranded-in-Aleppo-Syrians-claiming-to-be-Jews-seek-aid-from-Israel-483261

There may be Jews left in Syria, according to the Jerusalem Post.

First, one member of the family rescued in 2016 is still there because she was married to a Muslim man and signed conversion papers though she says she didn't really convert

According to Motti Kahana, who engineered the operation, there are no Jews left in Aleppo, aside from one member of the Halabi family, Linda, whose immigration to Israel was denied, citing her conversion to Islam – the source of a dispute between the Jewish Agency and Kahana.

The latter still sends kosher food to the woman, and maintains that though she signed conversion papers – which is required by Syrian law when marrying a Muslim – she did not really convert.

Also another family in Aleppo claims they are Jewish asking for aliyah

A family from war-torn Aleppo is appealing to the State of Israel for refuge, citing their Jewish heritage, Army Radio reported on Sunday.

“There is nobody who can help us to get out of this place,” said 30-year-old Razan (real name withheld) in an audio recording translated from Arabic into Hebrew and aired on the radio station. “We are asking that the Israeli government does not abandon us, but helps us get out of here to another country. I ask that the government demands from the entire world to do this. All my love and loyalty is to this religion [Judaism].”

Experts say there are still some Jews remaining in other parts of Syria. Elizabeth Tzurkov, a Syria researcher at Israeli think tank the Forum for Regional Thinking, told Army Radio: “... a number of Syrians have approached me who are descendants of Jewish women, who converted to Islam or who did not convert, and inquired how they can move to Israel.”

https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Stranded-in-Aleppo-Syrians-claiming-to-be-Jews-seek-aid-from-Israel-483261

Cite has no mention of the number of Jews left in Israel or the number 18.

In the open ocean it can be anything from 0 to around a meter, 0.6 meters is on the high side.

Good map of tidal ranges here https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Global-tidal-ranges-C-2015-NASA-Goddard-Space-Flight-Center-NASA-Jet-Propulsion_fig3_317370107

NOAA FAQ about Perigean spring tides is a useful source too

Mr. Woods' book examines the occurrences of coastal flooding though history. What he discovered is that coastal flooding did occur when there was a strong onshore wind, such as a hurricane or nor'easter, which occasionally occurred at the same time as a "perigean spring tide."

The problem has been that a number of people have misinterpreted the information presented in this book to mean that coastal flooding would occur whenever the "perigean spring tides" occur. This has led to articles published in various media sources that incorrectly predict widespread coastal flooding at the times of the "perigean spring tides," causing needless concern.

Most people who live along the coastline know that coastal flooding can occur whenever there are strong onshore winds, whether there is a "perigean spring tide" or not. Additionally, this flooding will be worse if the storm strikes around the time of high tide rather than around the time of low tide.

But in ALL cases, it is the storm winds which cause the coastal flooding, not the tides. Coastal flooding is the result of meteorology (the weather) not astronomy (normal tidal fluctuations). All astronomical considerations are accounted for in the NOS tide and tidal current predictions. https://co-ops.nos.noaa.gov/faq2.html#15

Our of date. Cited page now says that by SB 100 California is required to produce 60% renewables by 2030 and all electricity from carbon-free sources by 2045

The cite is to a preprint, not a WP:RS. 81 is likely a typo for 18. Most often given as 10-15 km

"Asteroids striking the Earth typically [Minton and Malhotra, 2010] have an impactor density of 2680 kg/m3and an impact velocity of 20 km/s.Assuming these properties, modern scaling relations indicate that a 10–15 km diameter projectile [Collins et al., 2008] created the 170 km diameter Chicxulub crater"

Parkos, D., Alexeenko, A., Kulakhmetov, M., Johnson, B.C. and Melosh, H.J., 2015. NOx production and rainout from Chicxulub impact ejecta reentry. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 120(12), pp.2152-2168

"Heat produced by the deceleration of these alpha particles makes it warm to the touch."

Please leave us in piece

"Now I am become Death, the destroyer of Worlds" - Bhagavad Gita

expansion

artificial production of human speech

worked at bell labs and at&t corp

"Sales volume is the number of units sold within a reporting period. This figure is monitored by investors to see if a business is expanding or contracting. Within a business, sales volume may be monitored at the level of the product, product line, customer, subsidiary, or sales region."

Start of the calculators

Clusters of these proteins prevent organs from functioning correctly.

Amyloids are clusters of proteins that are associated with development of various diseases in humans.

I read an article on spider silk!

This.

Great person!

This is really sad :(

https://exilian.co.uk/forum/index.php?topic=3731.msg91124#msg91124

what was the military rule?

Non-parametric vs parametric stats

Non-parametric vs parametric statistics

Non-parametric vs parametric statistics

environmental effects

problems

Last Friday night is when my pen rose.

In probability theory and statistics, the term Markov property refers to the memoryless property of a stochastic process. It is named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov.

http://bst.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/24/3/188

info about how mines work

how large the coperbelt is

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I think these values might be useful in teaching in school. I wonder if many colleges and Western schools ever taught this to their children?

Now that I think about the times when people in the MTA Evergreen collaboration program are telling me that I am using male-dominated language, I found that this is the source of my values and yet I just find it sad that Evergreen students just never understand it at all.