With content based upon an action or event flow structure, a model of well-written use cases also serves as an excellent groundwork and valuable guidelines for the design of test cases

Originally he had used the terms usage scenarios and usage case – the latter a direct translation of his Swedish term användningsfall – but found that neither of these terms sounded natural in English, and eventually he settled on use case.

Use cases are not only texts, but also diagrams, if needed.

Title: "goal the use case is trying to satisfy"[23]:101 Main Success Scenario: numbered list of steps[23]:101 Step: "a simple statement of the interaction between the actor and a system"[23]:101 Extensions: separately numbered lists, one per Extension[23]:101 Extension: "a condition that results in different interactions from .. the main success scenario". An extension from main step 3 is numbered 3a, etc.

the phrase use case is a polyseme with two senses

The is-a relationship may also be contrasted with the instance-of relationship between objects (instances) and types (classes): see Type–token distinction.

Two of the predominant types of relationships in knowledge-representation systems are predication and the universally quantified conditional.

Mathematically, a hierarchical taxonomy is a tree structure of classifications for a given set of objects.

Taxonomy is different from meronomy, which is dealing with the categorisation of parts of a whole.

In autoepistemic logic, which rejects the law of excluded middle, predicates may be true, false, or simply unknown

The precise semantic interpretation of an atomic formula and an atomic sentence will vary from theory to theory.

A predicate whose quantifiers all apply to individual elements, and not to sets or predicates, is called a first-order predicate.

While propositional logic can only express facts, autoepistemic logic can express knowledge and lack of knowledge about facts.

The autoepistemic logic is a formal logic for the representation and reasoning of knowledge about knowledge.

'female' + 'performer' = 'actress'

An individual semantic feature constitutes one component of a word's intention, which is the inherent sense or concept evoked.

The semantic features of a word can be notated using a binary feature notation common to the framework of componential analysis.[11] A semantic property is specified in square brackets and a plus or minus sign indicates the existence or non-existence of that property.

a class is an implementation‍—‌a concrete data structure and collection of subroutines‍—‌while a type is an interface

but narrowly speaking objects have type

In casual use, people often refer to the "class" of an object

Semantic class

semantic fields are constantly flowing into each other

The English word "man" used to mean "human being" exclusively, while today it predominantly means "adult male," but its semantic field still extends in some uses to the generic "human"

Synonymy requires the sharing of a sememe or seme, but the semantic field is a larger area surrounding those.

A general and intuitive description is that words in a semantic field are not necessarily synonymous, but are all used to talk about the same general phenomenon.

A semantic field denotes a segment of reality symbolized by a set of related words. The words in a semantic field share a common semantic property

grouped semantically (by meaning)

A semantic class contains words that share a semantic feature.

For example within nouns there are two sub classes, concrete nouns and abstract nouns.

The concrete nouns include people, plants, animals, materials and objects while the abstract nouns refer to concepts such as qualities, actions, and processes.

Semantic classes may intersect. The intersection of female and young can be girl.

Elin K. Jacob found that classification and categorization are different processes

There may only be historical reasons that, for example, the periodic table is called a classification rather than a taxonomy

Taxonomy was first used in biology, but the term has spread to other domains.

Categorization is, for example, mostly used by cognitive psychologists for what other call classification

Synonyms and near-synonyms for the term classification

(linguistics) A term whose meaning is similar, but not identical, to that of another term.

Categorization is sometimes considered synonymous with classification

Categorization is grounded in the features that distinguish the category's members from nonmembers.

Categorization is the human ability and activity of recognizing shared features or similarities between the elements of the experience of the world (such as objects, events, or ideas), organizing and classifying experience by associating them to a more abstract group (that is, a category, class, or type),[1][2] on the basis of their traits, features, similarities or other criteria.

place

semantic domain or semantic field

For instance English has a domain ‘Rain’, which includes words such as rain, drizzle, downpour, raindrop, puddle.

For instance, in basketball there are many words that are specific to the sport. Free throw, court, half court, three pointer, and point guard are all terms that are specific to the sport of basketball. These words make very little sense when used outside of the semantic domain of basketball.

In lexicography a semantic domain or semantic field is defined as "an area of meaning and the words used to talk about it

Semantic domains are the foundational concept for initial stages of vernacular dictionary building projects.

This uses techniques such as SIL International's Dictionary Development Process (DDP),[4][5] RapidWords, or software such as WeSay[6] or FLEx. These techniques rely on extensive lists of semantic domains that are relevant to vernacular languages.

Sometimes lexicography is considered to be a part or a branch of lexicology, but properly speaking, only lexicologists who write dictionaries are lexicographers.

Some consider this a distinction of theory vs. practice.

An allied science to lexicology is lexicography, which also studies words, but primarily in relation with dictionaries – it is concerned with the inclusion of words in dictionaries and from that perspective with the whole lexicon

Not to be confused with lexicography.

can you break this, thouugh? like can you override kind_of? but not is_a?

You can override an alias without overriding the aliased function. So yes, you can override kind_of? without overriding is_a?

It just reads better sometimes. Think @honda.kind_of? Car and @person.is_a? Administrator, Ruby's all about the aesthetics.

It's not really about avoiding that association; in many situations only one or the other is correct and you can't substitute willy-nilly

As to why both is_a? and kind_of? exist: I suppose it's part of Ruby's design philosophy. Python would say there should only be one way to do something; Ruby often has synonymous methods so you can use the one that sounds better. It's a matter of preference.

it has more to do with semantics than euphony

A hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic field is more specific than its hypernym.

A hyponym refers to a type. A meronym refers to a part. For example, a hyponym of tree is pine tree or oak tree (a type of tree), but a meronym of tree is bark or leaf (a part of tree).

For example, in the Dyirbal language, the morpheme balam marks each entity in its noun class with the semantic property of edibility,[8] and Burmese encodes the semantic property for the ability to cut or pierce. Encoding the functional property for transportation, housing, and speech are also attested in world languages.

meaningful or meaningless – for example, whether a given word is part of a language's lexicon with a generally understood meaning

Basic semantic properties include being meaningful or meaningless – for example, whether a given word is part of a language's lexicon with a generally understood meaning

those aspects of a linguistic unit, such as a morpheme, word, or sentence,

Every woman talked to a student. This has two interpretations. Under one reading, every woman talked to the same student (the class president, for example), and here the noun phrase a student is specific. Under the second reading, various students were talked to. In this case, a student is non-specific.

a stative verb is one that describes a state of being, in contrast to a dynamic verb, which describes an action

Semantics: deals with the formal properties and interrelation of signs and symbols, without regard to meaning.

any form of activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, including the production of meaning. A sign is anything that communicates a meaning, that is not the sign itself, to the interpreter of the sign. The meaning can be intentional such as a word uttered with a specific meaning, or unintentional, such as a symptom being a sign of a particular medical condition. Signs can communicate through any of the senses, visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or taste.

Probation status only applies when the database has both a GRAY record and a BLUE or RED or YELLOW record.

However, if the distinctions between the two concepts appear to be superficial, intentional conflation may be desirable for the sake of conciseness and recall

All bats are animals. Some wooden objects are bats. Therefore, some wooden objects are animals.

Using words with different meanings can help clarify, or can cause real confusion.

often in error

In logic, it is the practice of treating two distinct concepts as if they were one, which produces errors or misunderstandings as a fusion of distinct subjects tends to obscure analysis of relationships which are emphasized by contrasts

Function (computer science) Function (engineering) Function (mathematics)

Analysis involves reaching a richer and more precise understanding of each requirement and representing sets of requirements in multiple, complementary ways.

Use cases, user stories, functional requirements, and visual analysis models are popular choices for requirements specification.

Requirements Triage or prioritization of requirements is another activity which often follows analysis.

A polyseme is a word or phrase with different, but related senses.

is the capacity for a word or phrase to have multiple meanings, usually related by contiguity of meaning within a semantic field.

Dictionary writers list polysemes under the same entry; homonyms are defined separately.

Polysemy is thus distinct from homonymy—or homophony—which is an accidental similarity between two words (such as bear the animal, and the verb to bear); while homonymy is often a mere linguistic coincidence, polysemy is not.

Totally unnecessary abbreviating that.

"Entourage chart"--does that show the organizational structure of your posse?

Currently, I’m working on designing the interfaces and it’s real fun!

TRAILBLAZER-STORY will follow as it turned out to be inevitable for setting up application state for tests. Instead of fumbling around with factories and traits in your tests, you “tell a story” about what to create in which order, easily customizable, and all written using activities.

definitely less rough to work with than Devise

I’ve been promising for many years and it turned out I couldn’t have fully designed it without the tools we do have now.

Optimization in this case is nothing crazy, just something I neglected while designing the framework.

With all this “monetization” happening around Trailblazer, we will also make sure that all free and paid parts of the project grow adult and maintan an LTS - or long-term support - status. Those are good news to all you users out there having been scared to use gems of this project, not knowing whether or not they’re being maintained, breaking code in the future or making your developers addicted to and then cutting off the supply chain. Trailblazer 2.1 onwards is LTS, and the last 1 ½ years of collaboration have proven that.

Using operations as test factories is a fundamental concept of Trailblazer to remove buggy redundancy in tests and manual factories.

It is absolutely advisable to use factory in combination with let. let(:song) { factory( Song::Create, { title: "Timebomb", band: "Rancid" } ) }

You should always use operations as factories in tests.

There are several helpers to deal with operation tests and operations used as factories.

Pluggability uses the Loggability library. Just set the log level to 'debug' and it'll explain what's going on:

For pluggability, an endpoint is split into a Protocol and an Adapter part. This separates generic logic from environment-dependent code.

Note how a handful of default steps lead into six standardized termini, allowing to plug protocols into different adapters. Imagine replacing your self-written API adapter with a canonical JSON-API adapter, for example.

Most “legacy” operations don’t have this output, yet. However, the Model() macro now supports this terminus.

Alternatively, you could add a decider step after your domain activity that connects to the not_found terminus if ctx[:model] is empty.

This could be an operation, a workflow, or hand-baked Ruby code completely unrelated to Trailblazer.

endpoint Diagram::Operation::Create do |ctx, **| redirect_to diagram_path(ctx[:diagram].id) end.Or do |ctx, **| render :form end

I don't know where the positive reviews come from, but I can't drive one lap... It doesn't work on Steam Link and on my PC the controls don't work. Too bad, it looks promising.

The positive reviews are trolls. This game is shovelware.The controls are floaty and finicky and there's a lack of tracks and karts.

It’s a visual novel, there’s a dialogue box with a nameplate on to indicate who is talking, why the hell do we need the constant ‘she ordered’, ‘he says’, ‘he exclaims’ etc? The box already identifies the speaker. The art is supposed to convey the emotion, the authority or surprise etc. What we have here is a novel where the various parts that make it a visual novel don’t work in tandem with each other, which is the ultimate sin for a visual novel in my opinion. That could be salvaged by storytelling, and indeed, there’s an interesting, if basic sci-fi story here, but the method of telling it is far too amateur, breaking every rule in the rulebook of storytelling, including telling rather than showing. One to avoid.

This is yet another one of the sad, sad list of excellent games that Asmodee contracted someone to digitize for the least amount of money possible, and it shows. It's a pity, because they're excellent games, but if you don't have the patience for them, it's infuriating to go through all those hoops. Any user doing a QA session for 10 minutes would have told them most of these.

Requires a lot of patience, which I don't have. Also, progress is not saved, there is no way to select levels, which is unacceptable.

click the images below

At least half of the reviews are fake, probably alt accounts by the creator or his friends (notice how they are all from Brazil and they have "played" for tons of hours but haven't even earned a single achievement...) This game will take you one or two hours at most to finish and the levels aren't "increasingly challenging" as stated in the description because you'll find that often the levels get easier as you progress and many levels just feel like "fillers" to artificially inflate the level count. Overall it's not a bad game and it's pretty cheap but I cannot recommend it due to the fake reviews which shows the creator's lack of integrity.

antiphrasis, which refers to the usually ironic or humorous use of words in senses opposite to the generally accepted meanings, such as in a phrase like "an ancient creature 2 days old."

Just? The meaning of the word is the reason we used the word.

It means "You're about to talk about words, but words don't matter."

Antonyms for arbitrary methodical (also methodic), nonrandom, orderly, organized, regular, systematic, systematized

the beginning of qbittorrent.desktop is:

if i command xdg-mime query default x-scheme-handler/magnet i get qbittorrent.desktop result.

sudo mkdir -p /etc/opt/chrome/policies/managed/ && echo '{ "URLWhitelist": ["magnet://*"] }' |sudo tee /etc/opt/chrome/policies/managed/whitelist.json

#!/usr/bin/env ruby txmt_param = ARGV[0] txmt_path = txmt_param.match("%2F.*&").to_s txmt_path = txmt_path [0...-1] txmt_path_slashed = txmt_path.gsub("%2F","/") txmt_line = txmt_param.match("&line=.*").to_s txmt_line = txmt_line [6..txmt_line.length] vim_params = Array.new vim_params = "--remote-tab-silent" vim_params << " +#{txmt_line}" if txmt_line vim_params << " #{txmt_path_slashed}"

It does this by creating links to specially crafted URLs using custom schemes (ie. "txmt", "subl", "mvim"). I prefer to use standard CLI vim in iTerm.

This is not a fork. This is a repository of scripts to automatically build Microsoft's vscode repository into freely-licensed binaries with a community-driven default configuration.

Or if you need to change the way the string is assembled, you can provide a proc, for example: if defined?(BetterErrors) BetterErrors.editor = proc { |file, line| "vscode://file/%{file}:%{line}" % { file: URI.encode_www_form_component(file), line: line } } end

vim-athena doesn't depend on or use any version of GTK+. If you use sudo apt-get build-dep vim-athena, it probably will install GTK+ and GNOME related libraries, because the vim-athena binary package is built from the same source package as vim and other vim-providing packages. In any case, you shouldn't need to build from source, as the binaries provided by vim-athena are already built against Athena and not against GTK+ or other graphical toolkits.

Fortunately, vim officially supports some GUI's other than GTK+ and Qt, and one such build is officially packaged for Ubuntu. Just install the Athena version of vim, which is provided by the vim-athena package.

If you built vim against Qt rather than GTK+ and python-complete still isn't working, that suggests the problem isn't actually a consequence of trying to link to both GTK+2 and GTK+3.

How can I build vim with a gui without gtk?

However, since you haven't yet provided any details about how you built with Qt (Qt isn't officially supported, so you must have used a third party derivative of vim), and you haven't provided any detailed information about what error messages or malfunctions you're having with python-complete, it's not really possible to tell you how to fix the problem and get vim working with Qt.

and the --enable-gui=<gui> e.g. (--enable-gui=gnome for the Gnome Gui).

How to install VIM with all options/features? - VIM

If you want to compile youself you can pass the --with-features=huge to the configure script. Note, however, this does not enable the different language bindings because those are mostly optional and also the various GUIs need to enabled specifically, because you can have only one gui.

I have VIM on Mac & CentOS. So, I see people are writing about -xterm_clipboard, -lua, ... Is there an simple way to install it all? or we have to enable options one-by-one and compile/recompile it?

vim-athena

/usr/bin/vim.athena --servername local

This package is compiled with the Athena GUI as opposed to GTK+ or Gnome.

Including the vim package, there appear to be at least six "vim-variants" (not including available documentation, or plugin packages) as well as the main vim package in both the main and universe repositories.

If you call ./configure --enable-gui=auto, the build process will automatically build against whichever GUI libraries are available. A cursory glance suggests that gtk2 will be prioritised over gnome2.

You can use apt-cache search -n vim to search only package names instead of piping the output into grep

Some research led me to the --remote-tab switch that allows to open files as tabs in currently open Vim processes but it seemed to work only with the graphical interface (gvim) and not with the console (vim). But as I made some tests I found this can work with the vim in console mode

$ vim --servername local
VIM - Vi IMproved 8.1 (2018 May 18, compiled Apr 15 2020 06:40:31)
Unknown option argument: "--servername"

When programming I like to have a single Vim editor open with all my files as tabs. Until now I was using the ":tabnew" command to open files in the current Vim window as I knew no other way.

All I needed to do was configure my bash so it will always start vim in server mode if it is not already and to always use the --remote-tab switch when opening files.

If you prefer not to use tabs and like files to be opened as buffers inside a current running Vim instance then simply replace "--remote-tab-silent" with "--remote-silent" in the above scripts.

The original concept of Project Athena was that there would be course-specific software developed to use in conjunction with teaching. Today, computers are most frequently used for "horizontal" applications such as e-mail, word processing, communications, and graphics.

Athena is still in production use at MIT. It works as software (currently a set of Debian packages)[2] that makes a machine a thin client, that will download educational applications from the MIT servers on demand

It would be very nice if that was consistent across every application.

The issue is kind of regression/trade-off for keep bundles get loaded same as the declaration order. The only thing this part added is the new BundleBind! command. Sure we should try fix issue by not introduce new feature/concept as possible as we can, but when the concept/complexity is just add a simple command without any argments to the configuration, and the benefit is clean, simple and efficient implementation, IMHO it is worth. That's why I finally chose this solution.

Here are my thoughts: making vim startup time shorter is GOOD added complexity - BAD my main concern is with the complexity that gets added to get startup time improvements. User has to tag scripts, and then manually BundleBind to get scripts loaded. This seems like too much hassle(manual involvement) to me. Fixing 1 time thing (startup) we're adding many more (like BundleBinding required scripts once they're used) For instance in my case i don't start Vim often because i'm using --remote-tab-silent option. So i'll get no benefit along with complexity (

It is critical you put better_errors only in the development section of your Gemfile. Do NOT run better_errors in production, or on Internet-facing hosts.

awk is my weapon of choice when it comes to text processing. Besides, it's syntax is close to C

$(awk -F= '/^Exec/||/^TryExec/ {print $2;exit}' /usr/share/applications/firefox.desktop)

If still doesn't work. Make desktop file runnable in terminal by changing Terminal=true, and put it inside a bash script. Run the script to catch the error output. Change back when errors are corrected.

you can use "${@:1}" instead of shift, but that requires bash instead of sh in your #! shebang. IMHO your original shift approach is simpler and better

Now, if you also want deskopen to pass through any command-line parameters, you can instead use this slightly-modified version: #!/bin/sh desktop_file=$1 shift `grep '^Exec' "${desktop_file}" | sed 's/^Exec=//' | sed 's/%.//'` "$@" &

Given the deskopen script, you can use a reference to it as the shebang line in a .desktop file

The "correct" way to install a .desktop file is via desktop-file-install

This is the only answer that does not require manually parsing the .desktop file, so it's the most sane (and safe) approach.

It will be useless work when gvfs-open will solve the bug, but in the meantime...

this is so stupid (that there is no sensible way to run a Desktop file from the terminal)

gtk-launch <app-name> - where <app-name> is the file name of the .desktop file, with or without the .desktop extension.

If I do gnome-open foo.desktop it simply opens foo.desktop as a text file. If I make it executable and then run it in bash it simply fails (which is expected, it's clearly not bash script). EDIT: Doing exec /fullpath/foo.desktop gives me a Permission denied message, even if I change ownership to myself. If I make executable and do the same command, the terminal tab I'm using simply closes (I'm guessing it crashes). Finally, if I do sudo exec /fullpath/foo.desktop, I get an error reporting sudo: exec: command not found.