10,000 Matching Annotations
  1. Mar 2024
    1. Timur[b] or Tamerlane[c] (8 April 1336[7] – 17–19 February 1405) was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly.[8][9][10] Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun, Hafez, and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance.[11]

      Timur was a great commander but also a patron of art and architecture (see interactions with Ibn Khaldun)

    1. Whitlam, as he had told Kerr by phone earlier that day, came prepared to advise a half-Senate election, to be held on 13 December.[77] Kerr instead told Whitlam that he had terminated his commission as prime minister, and handed him a letter to that effect.

      Zeman x Sobotka 2017

    1. Virtus (.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}Classical Latin: [ˈwɪrt̪uːs̠]) was a specific virtue in ancient Rome that carried connotations of valor, masculinity, excellence, courage, character, and worth, perceived as masculine strengths

      Virtus as denoting valid, masculinity, courage, character, worth

    1. Gravitas (.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}Classical Latin: [ˈɡrawɪt̪aːs̠]) was one of the ancient Roman virtues[1] that denoted "seriousness".[2] It is also translated variously as weight, dignity, and importance and connotes restraint and moral rigor.[1] It also conveys a sense of responsibility and commitment to the task.[3]

      Gravitas as denoting seriousness, weight, dignity, restraint, moral right, or responsibilities and commitment.

    1. Driving under the influence (DUI) is the offense of driving, operating, or being in control of a vehicle while impaired by alcohol or drugs (including recreational drugs and those prescribed by physicians), to a level that renders the driver incapable of operating a motor vehicle safely.[1] Multiple other terms are used for the offense in various jurisdictions.

      Driving under influence (DUI) under alcohol or drugs

    1. integration and differentiation

      Two main themes of ego development: Integration and differentiation.

      The former means to reconcile different impulses. Differentiation is more subtle; it could mean adjust to different situations, experience different feelings, understand different people, etc.

    2. a liberal, non-authoritarian personality was not the opposite of a high authoritarian personality; anomie (a disorganized and detached social style) was the opposite of high authoritarianism

      Quite counter-intuition. Why's that?

    1. NovelsSense and Sensibility (1811) Pride and Prejudice (1813) Mansfield Park (1814) Emma (1816) Northanger Abbey (1818, posthumous) Persuasion (1818, posthumous) Lady Susan (1871, posthumous)Unfinished fictionThe Watsons (1804) Sanditon (1817)Other worksSir Charles Grandison (adapted play) (1793, 1800)[p] Plan of a Novel (1815) Poems (1796–1817) Prayers (1796–1817) Letters (1796–1817)

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen#List_of_works

      Novels

      • Sense and Sensibility (1811)
      • Pride and Prejudice (1813)
      • Mansfield Park (1814)
      • Emma (1816)
      • Northanger Abbey (1818, posthumous)
      • Persuasion (1818, posthumous)
      • Lady Susan (1871, posthumous)
    1. Franklin Patrick Herbert Jr. (October 8, 1920 – February 11, 1986) was an American science-fiction author best known for the 1965 novel Dune and its five sequels. Though he became famous for his novels, he also wrote short stories and worked as a newspaper journalist, photographer, book reviewer, ecological consultant, and lecturer.
  2. Feb 2024
    1. It tells of the escape of the Israelites, led by Moses, from the pursuing Egyptians, as recounted in the Book of Exodus.[2] Moses holds out his staff and God parts the waters of the Yam Suph, which is traditionally presumed to be the Red Sea, although other interpretations have arisen.
    1. Ibn Khaldun (/ˈɪbən hælˈduːn/ IH-bun hal-DOON; Arabic: أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي, Abū Zayd ‘Abd ar-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn Khaldūn al-Ḥaḍramī, Arabic: [ibn xalduːn]; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406, 732–808 AH) was an Arab sociologist, philosopher, and historian[11][12] widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest social scientists of the Middle Ages,[13] and considered by many to be the father of historiography, sociology, economics, and demography studies.[14][15][note 1][16][note 2]
    1. Gaius Marius (.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}Latin: [ˈɡaːiʊs ˈmariʊs]; c. 157 BC – 13 January 86 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. Victor of the Cimbric and Jugurthine wars, he held the office of consul an unprecedented seven times.
    1. The Battle of Dandanaqan (Persian: نبرد دندانقان) was fought in 1040 between the Seljuq Turkmens and the Ghaznavid Empire near the city of Merv (now in Turkmenistan).[6][7] The battle ended with a decisive Seljuq victory, which subsequently brought down the Ghaznavid domination in Greater Khorasan.[1]

      Seljuks win against Ghaznavids and end their domination in Greater Khorasan

    1. In the 8th century, they formed a tribal confederation conventionally named the Oghuz Yabgu State in Central Asia. Today, much of the populations of Turkey, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are descendants of Oghuz Turks.

      Many Turks descend from the Oghuz Turks

    1. An appanage, or apanage (/ˈæpənɪdʒ/; French: apanage [a.pa.naʒ]), is the grant of an estate, title, office or other thing of value to a younger child of a monarch, who would otherwise have no inheritance under the system of primogeniture (where only the eldest inherits)

      Granting resources or other properties under royal family and supporters

    1. Praetor (/ˈpriːtər/ PREE-tər, .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}Classical Latin: [ˈprae̯tɔr]), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected magistratus (magistrate), assigned to discharge various duties.
    1. Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad ibn al-Wāthiq (Arabic: أبو إسحاق محمد بن هارون الواثق‎; c. 833 – 21 June 870), better known by his regnal name al-Muhtadī bi-'llāh (Arabic: المهتدي بالله, "Guided by God"), was the Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from July 869 to June 870, during the "Anarchy at Samarra".
    1. After Muhammad's death, this institution was adapted by the Umayyad dynasty to incorporate new converts to Islam into Arab-Muslim society and the word mawali gained currency as an appellation for converted non-Arab Muslims in the early Islamic caliphates.

      Non-Arabs integration into Arab Muslim society

    1. The Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ, romanized: Banū Umayya, lit. 'Sons of Umayya') or Umayyads (Arabic: الأمويون, romanized: al-Umawiyyūn) was an Arab clan within the Quraysh tribe who were the ruling family of the Caliphate between 661 and 750 and later of al-Andalus between 756 and 1031.
    1. Monsters and villains depicted in many horror films have often had physical or mental disabilities. These evolved from being sympathetic depictions of disabled characters in early monster films such as Frankenstein, to presentations of disabled people as "bloodthirsty and terrifying" in slasher films of the 1970s and 1980s.[3] Horror films have sometimes attracted criticism for their depictions of disability[3][4][5] or have been described as ableist.[6] Some films have been accused of reflecting eugenicist views held by the society of their time.[7][1] Tropes of characters "overcoming" disability, or of disability granting special powers, have been described as harmful.[8]

      Phantom of the Opera is another example of this.

    1. Various modern figures such as the chair of the Federal Reserve in the United States, the prime minister in parliamentary systems, the president of the Swiss Confederation, the chief justice of the United States, the chief justice of the Philippines, the archbishop of Canterbury of the Anglican Communion and the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople of the Eastern Orthodox Church fall under both senses: bearing higher status and various additional powers while remaining still merely equal to their peers in important senses.

      This is still relevant today as the political form of Republicanism is still present nowadays.

    1. The Getae (/ˈdʒiːtiː, ˈɡiːtiː/ JEE-tee, GHEE-tee) or Gets (/dʒɛts, ɡɛts/ JETS, GHETS; Ancient Greek: Γέται, singular Γέτης) were a Thracian-related[1] tribe that once inhabited the regions to either side of the Lower Danube, in what is today northern Bulgaria and southern Romania.

      Getae were a Thracian tribe

    1. If this is true it refers not to its capture in the Second Punic War (211 BC), but to its submission to Rome in 338 BC. This places the date of foundation at about 600 BC, while Etruscan power was at its highest.[3]

      Etruscans submitted in 338 BC and were completely taken over in 211 (Second Punic wars)

    1. According to a 17th century account, the Andalusian inventor Abbas ibn Firnas makes a tower jump in Córdoba. He wraps himself with vulture feathers and attaches two wings to his arms. The alleged attempt to fly is not recorded in earlier sources and is ultimately unsuccessful, but the garment slows his fall enough that he only sustains minor injuries.

      Sounds pretty successful to me!

    1. The Battle of Dyrrachium (or Dyrrhachium) took place from April to late July 48 BC near the city of Dyrrachium, modern day Durrës in what is now Albania. It was fought between Gaius Julius Caesar and an army led by Gnaeus Pompey during Caesar's civil war.

      This battle happened before the deciding battle at Pharsalus

    1. Commentarii de Bello Gallico (.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}Classical Latin: [kɔm.mɛnˈtaː.ɾi.iː deː ˈbɛl.loː ˈɡal.lɪ.koː]; English: Commentaries on the Gallic War), also Bellum Gallicum (English: Gallic War), is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative
    1. Apart from their delusion or delusions, people with delusional disorder may continue to socialize and function in a normal manner and their behavior does not necessarily generally seem odd.[
    2. Delusional disorder, traditionally synonymous with paranoia, is a mental illness in which a person has delusions, but with no accompanying prominent hallucinations, thought disorder, mood disorder, or significant flattening of affect.[7][8] Delusions are a specific symptom of psychosis. Delusions can be bizarre or non-bizarre in content;[8] non-bizarre delusions are fixed false beliefs that involve situations that could occur in real life, such as being harmed
    1. The optional fields are a test case ID, test step, or order of execution number, related requirement(s), depth, test category, author, and check boxes for whether the test is automatable and has been automated.

      Description de la class test case

    2. History[edit] Glenford J. Myers initially introduced the separation of debugging from testing in 1979.[14] Although his attention was on breakage testing ("A successful test case is one that detects an as-yet undiscovered error."[14]: 16 ), it illustrated the desire of the software engineering community to separate fundamental development activities, such as debugging, from that of verification.

      Un petit bout d'histoire

    3. A study conducted by NIST in 2002 reports that software bugs cost the U.S. economy $59.5 billion annually. More than a third of this cost could be avoided, if better software testing was performed

      Petite référence sympa sur le coût induit par le fait de ne pas tester

    4. combinatorial test design to identify the minimum number of tests needed to get the coverage they want

      Impossible de tout tester même sur des systèmes simple -> réduire l'espace de solution pour réduire le nombre de test pour atteindre un niveau suffisant de couverture

    5. Software faults occur through the following process: A programmer makes an error (mistake), which results in a fault (defect, bug) in the software source code. If this fault is executed, in certain situations the system will produce wrong results, causing a failure.

      Différence entre fault et failure

    6. Testing cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions, but only that it does not function properly under specific conditions.

      Il existe un cas ou le software plante

    1. Tails, or "The Amnesic Incognito Live System",

      is a security-focused Debian-based Linux distribution aimed at preserving Internet privacy and anonymity.[5]

      Description

    1. A healing resolution for the issue generally is supposedly achieved after repositioning the representatives and adding key members of the system who have been forgotten or written out of the family history. When every representative feels right in his or her place and the other representatives agree, the facilitator may suggest one or two sentences to be spoken aloud. If the representatives do not feel at peace with their new position or sentences, they can move again or try a different sentence. This is claimed, in an abstract way, to represent a possible resolution of the issues faced by the seeker. Sometimes the process concludes without a full resolution being achieved.

      The focus of family constellations seems to be placing people with respect to not only their surroundings, but their family, ancestors, and those who create the web of the world around them.

  3. Jan 2024
    1. Cognitive behavioral therapy may improve quality of life, asthma

      Don't know what it is about humans that constantly default to depression being a cause and not an effect. ....**depression is virtually never a cause of anything other than resulting choices

    2. Other medications that can cause problems in asthmatics are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,

      COVID is an excellent ACE2 inhibitor. Do people with CoVID display asthmatic condition? They do??

    1. The exact mechanism by which aspirin and other COX-1 inhibitors lead to acute respiratory reactions is still under investigation. AERD patients exhibit a seemingly paradoxical response to COX-1 inhibition, as it leads to greatly increased PGD2 and LTE4 levels, instead of the expected decrease in PGD2 and relative lack of change in LTE4

      So at the very least it does that prostaglandin production still remains the cause of asthma when taking aspirin should this event occur

    1. Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors CYSLTR1 and CYSLTR2 are present on mast cells, eosinophil, and endothelial cells. During cysteinyl leukotriene interaction, they can stimulate proinflammatory activities such as endothelial cell adherence and chemokine production by mast cells

      Boom. What's getting activated in COVID...mast cells and endotheliial cells

    1. glutamatergic neurons innervate the lateral hypothalamus, suggesting that the dorsomedial nucleus mainly promotes wakefulness during the active period (daytime

      So, it goes SCN to pv zone to dorsalmedial nucleus. DMN then has a GABA circuit to the vlpo to trigger sleep and a glutamate circuit to lateral hypothalamus to trigger wake

    2. VLPO is located at the anterior of the hypothalamus

      Does it mean anything that I've always said the sleep sensation is like it's a growing pressure behind my eyes, and this is right behind my eyes and called the "preoptic"

    3. The VLPO is activated by the endogenous sleep-promoting substances adenosine[10][11] and prostaglandin D2.

      Prostaglandin showing up again. As in when I think prostaglandin, I think inflammation and also asthma, mast cell activation, broncho and vasoconstriction. I think about aspirin being a prostaglandin inhibitor

    1. worsening asthma

      Weird. I thought prostaglandin d2 is known root cause involved in asthma including broncho and vasoconstriction f allergic reaction and is spewed out by mast cells and others?

    1. There remains no universally agreed system of classification for fruits, and there continues to be "confusion over classification of fruit types and the definitions given to fruit terms".[26]

      This may be one of the funniest few sentences I've read on Wikipedia. No matter, how advanced humans are we still can't agree what on terms for fruits.

    1. Accessibility is the design of products, devices, services, vehicles, or environments so as to be usable by people with disabilities.[1] The concept of accessible design and practice of accessible development ensures both "direct access" (i.e. unassisted) and "indirect access" meaning compatibility with a person's assistive technology[2] (for example, computer screen readers).

      Wikipedia also has good accessibility, it has altertext for images, and entries have audio versions (talk)

    1. SPQR, an abbreviation for Senatus Populusque Romanus (.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}Classical Latin: [s̠ɛˈnäːt̪ʊs̠ pɔpʊˈɫ̪ʊs̠kʷɛ roːˈmäːnʊs̠]; transl. "The Senate and People of Rome"), is an emblematic phrase referring to the government of the Roman Republic.

      SPQR refers to "The Senate and People of Rome", the government of the Roman Republic

    1. Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743[b] – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

      explanation

    1. CAP theorem

      n a way IPFS going against the CAP theorem which says you cannot have Consistency Availability and Partition tolerance all three

      As we can see availability is indeed very problematic. But as one of the great talks pointed out the more people join the IPFS networks availability will improve exponentially. In terms of ipns as a protocol when combined with dnsink seems to be giving us a pretty good availability which is a half way house

      ipns://2023.indy0.net/10/hyp/facet/aiframe.html?params=%7B%22user%22%3A%22%22%2C%22group%22%3A%22all%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22wildcard_uri%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tag%22%3A%22%22%2C%22any%22%3A%22cap%20theorem%22%2C%22max%22%3A%2250%22%2C%22service%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fhypothes.is%22%2C%22exactTagSearch%22%3A%22false%22%2C%22expanded%22%3A%22true%22%2C%22addQuoteContext%22%3A%22true%22%2C%22format%22%3A%22html%22%2C%22_separate_replies%22%3A%22false%22%2C%22groupName%22%3A%22All%22%2C%22sortBy%22%3A%22recency%22%7D

      alternatively use this

      https://ipfs.indy0.net/ipfs/QmYndAPr51AGzJQMMiu7EtYqWYP5nLbPNu9RDLQH87BrNh/hyp/facet/aiframe.html?params=%7B%22user%22%3A%22gyuri%22%2C%22group%22%3A%22all%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22wildcard_uri%22%3A%22%22%2C%22tag%22%3A%22%22%2C%22any%22%3A%22cap%20theorem%22%2C%22max%22%3A%2220%22%2C%22service%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fhypothes.is%22%2C%22exactTagSearch%22%3A%22false%22%2C%22expanded%22%3A%22true%22%2C%22addQuoteContext%22%3A%22true%22%2C%22format%22%3A%22html%22%2C%22_separate_replies%22%3A%22false%22%2C%22groupName%22%3A%22All%22%2C%22sortBy%22%3A%22recency%22%7D

      from : https://hyp.is/k9U7pPxNEe2ZYAf5Jr2Xlg/docs.ipfs.tech/concepts/ipns/

    1. Other areas of Wikipedia Community portal – The central hub for editors, with resources, links, tasks, and announcements. Village pump – Forum for discussions about Wikipedia itself, including policies and technical issues. Site news – Sources of news about Wikipedia and the broader Wikimedia movement. Teahouse – Ask basic questions about using or editing Wikipedia. Help desk – Ask questions about using or editing Wikipedia. Reference desk – Ask research questions about encyclopedic topics. Content portals – A unique way to navigate the encyclopedia.

      This section of the website offers assistive links that can be accurately interpreted by users. Individuals with disabilities can navigate this website effectively, finding additional resources within the platform.

    2. Today's featured picture

      Viewing this image proves challenging. Although it appears to be a black and white map, individuals attempting to observe it may encounter difficulty discerning the details.

    3. On this day

      This website effectively presents each heading in a clear manner, ensuring that users can easily comprehend the information. The interface allows users to navigate smoothly and grasp the presented information with ease.

    4. SLIM lunar lander model

      The issue lies in the emphasis on a picture, particularly problematic for individuals who are colorblind. Any website relying on color as a primary element for research and navigation poses challenges for users with color vision deficiencies.

    5. anyone can edit.

      This hyperlink poses a security concern for the website, as it suggests that members of the public have the ability to access the site and modify information at will. This raises the potential for inaccuracies in the information provided, contributing to the identified issue.

    1. Schwa[edit] When phonetically realised, schwa (/ə/), also called e caduc ('dropped e') and e muet ('mute e'), is a mid-central vowel with some rounding.[22] Many authors consider its value to be [œ],[37][38] while Geoff Lindsey suggests [ɵ].[39][40] Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006) state, more specifically, that it merges with /ø/ before high vowels and glides: netteté /nɛtəte/ → [nɛ.tø.te] ('clarity'), atelier /atəlje/ → [a.tø.lje] ('workshop'), in phrase-final stressed position: dis-le ! /di lə/ → [di.ˈlø] ('say it'), and that it merges with /œ/ elsewhere.[41] However, some speakers make a clear distinction, and it exhibits special phonological behavior that warrants considering it a distinct phoneme. Furthermore, the merger occurs mainly in the French of France; in Quebec, /ø/ and /ə/ are still distinguished.[42] The main characteristic of French schwa is its "instability": the fact that under certain conditions it has no phonetic realization. That is usually the case when it follows a single consonant in a medial syllable: appeler /apəle/ → [ap.le] ('to call'), It is occasionally mute in word-final position: porte /pɔʁtə/ → [pɔʁt] ('door'). Word-final schwas are optionally pronounced if preceded by two or more consonants and followed by a consonant-initial word: une porte fermée /yn(ə) pɔʁt(ə) fɛʁme/ → [yn.pɔʁ.t(ə).fɛʁ.me] ('a closed door'). In the future and conditional forms of -er verbs, however, the schwa is sometimes deleted even after two consonants[citation needed]: tu garderais /ty ɡaʁdəʁɛ/ → [ty.ɡaʁ.d(ə.)ʁɛ] ('you would guard'), nous brusquerons [les choses] /nu bʁyskəʁɔ̃/ → [nu.bʁys.k(ə.)ʁɔ̃] ('we will precipitate [things]'). On the other hand, it is pronounced word-internally when it follows more pronounced consonants that cannot be combined into a complex onset with the initial consonants of the next syllable: gredin /ɡʁədɛ̃/ → [ɡʁə.dɛ̃] ('scoundrel'), sept petits /sɛt pəti/ → [sɛt.pə.ti] ('seven little ones').[43] In French versification, word-final schwa is always elided before another vowel and at the ends of verses. It is pronounced before a following consonant-initial word.[44] For example, une grande femme fut ici, [yn ɡʁɑ̃d fam fy.t‿i.si] in ordinary speech, would in verse be pronounced [y.nə ɡʁɑ̃.də fa.mə fy.t‿i.si], with the /ə/ enunciated at the end of each word. Schwa cannot normally be realised as a front vowel ([œ]) in closed syllables. In such contexts in inflectional and derivational morphology, schwa usually alternates with the front vowel /ɛ/: harceler /aʁsəle/ → [aʁ.sœ.le] ('to harass'), with il harcèle /il aʁsɛl/ → [i.laʁ.sɛl] ('[he] harasses').[45] A three-way alternation can be observed, in a few cases, for a number of speakers: appeler /apəle/ → [ap.le] ('to call'), j'appelle /ʒ‿apɛl/ → [ʒa.pɛl] ('I call'), appellation /apelasjɔ̃/ → [a.pe.la.sjɔ̃] ('brand'), which can also be pronounced [a.pɛ.la.sjɔ̃].[46] Instances of orthographic ⟨e⟩ that do not exhibit the behaviour described above may be better analysed as corresponding to the stable, full vowel /œ/. The enclitic pronoun le, for example, always keeps its vowel in contexts like donnez-le-moi /dɔne lə mwa/ → [dɔ.ne.lœ.mwa] ('give it to me') for which schwa deletion would normally apply (giving *[dɔ.nɛl.mwa]), and it counts as a full syllable for the determination of stress. Cases of word-internal stable ⟨e⟩ are more subject to variation among speakers, but, for example, un rebelle /œ̃ ʁəbɛl/ ('a rebel') must be pronounced with a full vowel in contrast to un rebond /œ̃ ʁəbɔ̃/ → or [œ̃ʁ.bɔ̃] ('a bounce').[47]

      Schwa 撲朔迷離的音,很煩!

      When phonetically realised, schwa (/ə/), also called e caduc ('dropped e') and e muet ('mute e'), is a mid-central vowel with some rounding.[22] Many authors consider its value to be [œ],[37][38] while Geoff Lindsey suggests [ɵ].[39][40] Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006) state, more specifically, that it merges with /ø/ before high vowels and glides:

      netteté /nɛtəte/ → [nɛ.tø.te] ('clarity'), atelier /atəlje/ → [a.tø.lje] ('workshop'), in phrase-final stressed position:

      dis-le ! /di lə/ → [di.ˈlø] ('say it'), and that it merges with /œ/ elsewhere.[41] However, some speakers make a clear distinction, and it exhibits special phonological behavior that warrants considering it a distinct phoneme. Furthermore, the merger occurs mainly in the French of France; in Quebec, /ø/ and /ə/ are still distinguished.[42]

      The main characteristic of French schwa is its "instability": the fact that under certain conditions it has no phonetic realization.

      That is usually the case when it follows a single consonant in a medial syllable: appeler /apəle/ → [ap.le] ('to call'), It is occasionally mute in word-final position: porte /pɔʁtə/ → [pɔʁt] ('door'). Word-final schwas are optionally pronounced if preceded by two or more consonants and followed by a consonant-initial word: une porte fermée /yn(ə) pɔʁt(ə) fɛʁme/ → [yn.pɔʁ.t(ə).fɛʁ.me] ('a closed door'). In the future and conditional forms of -er verbs, however, the schwa is sometimes deleted even after two consonants[citation needed]: tu garderais /ty ɡaʁdəʁɛ/ → [ty.ɡaʁ.d(ə.)ʁɛ] ('you would guard'), nous brusquerons [les choses] /nu bʁyskəʁɔ̃/ → [nu.bʁys.k(ə.)ʁɔ̃] ('we will precipitate [things]'). On the other hand, it is pronounced word-internally when it follows more pronounced consonants that cannot be combined into a complex onset with the initial consonants of the next syllable: gredin /ɡʁədɛ̃/ → [ɡʁə.dɛ̃] ('scoundrel'), sept petits /sɛt pəti/ → [sɛt.pə.ti] ('seven little ones').[43] In French versification, word-final schwa is always elided before another vowel and at the ends of verses. It is pronounced before a following consonant-initial word.[44] For example, une grande femme fut ici, [yn ɡʁɑ̃d fam fy.t‿i.si] in ordinary speech, would in verse be pronounced [y.nə ɡʁɑ̃.də fa.mə fy.t‿i.si], with the /ə/ enunciated at the end of each word.

      Schwa cannot normally be realised as a front vowel ([œ]) in closed syllables. In such contexts in inflectional and derivational morphology, schwa usually alternates with the front vowel /ɛ/:

      harceler /aʁsəle/ → [aʁ.sœ.le] ('to harass'), with il harcèle /il aʁsɛl/ → [i.laʁ.sɛl] ('[he] harasses').[45] A three-way alternation can be observed, in a few cases, for a number of speakers:

      appeler /apəle/ → [ap.le] ('to call'), j'appelle /ʒ‿apɛl/ → [ʒa.pɛl] ('I call'), appellation /apelasjɔ̃/ → [a.pe.la.sjɔ̃] ('brand'), which can also be pronounced [a.pɛ.la.sjɔ̃].[46] Instances of orthographic ⟨e⟩ that do not exhibit the behaviour described above may be better analysed as corresponding to the stable, full vowel /œ/. The enclitic pronoun le, for example, always keeps its vowel in contexts like donnez-le-moi /dɔne lə mwa/ → [dɔ.ne.lœ.mwa] ('give it to me') for which schwa deletion would normally apply (giving *[dɔ.nɛl.mwa]), and it counts as a full syllable for the determination of stress.

      Cases of word-internal stable ⟨e⟩ are more subject to variation among speakers, but, for example, un rebelle /œ̃ ʁəbɛl/ ('a rebel') must be pronounced with a full vowel in contrast to un rebond /œ̃ ʁəbɔ̃/ → or [œ̃ʁ.bɔ̃] ('a bounce').

    1. A variable is considered dependent if it depends on an independent variable. Dependent variables are studied under the supposition or demand that they depend, by some law or rule (e.g., by a mathematical function), on the values of other variables. Independent variables, in turn, are not seen as depending on any other variable in the scope of the experiment in question.[a]

      Dependent variables depend upon independent variables (whereas independent variables are independent).

    1. Just as science has historically excluded communities of Black, Indigenous and people of color,[80] LGBTQ+ communities[81] and communities of lower socioeconomic status or education,[80] science communication has also failed to center these audiences.[82][83] Science communication cannot be inclusive or effective if these communities are not involved in both the creation and dissemination of science information.[84][85] One strategy to improve inclusivity in science communication is by building philanthropic coalitions with marginalized communities.[85][86][87]

      test annotation

    1. Drop out of school before your mind rots from exposure to our mediocre educational system. Forget about the Senior Prom and go to the library and educate yourself if you've got any guts. Some of you like Pep rallies and plastic robots who tell you what to read.

      that's inspiring af

    1. Associated individuals[edit] In a New York Times editorial, Bari Weiss listed individuals associated with the intellectual dark web, including Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Sam Harris, Heather Heying, Claire Lehmann, Bill Maher, Douglas Murray, Maajid Nawaz, Camille Paglia, Jordan Peterson, Steven Pinker, Joe Rogan, Dave Rubin, Ben Shapiro, Michael Shermer, Christina Hoff Sommers, Bret Weinstein, and Eric Weinstein.

      It's somewhat interesting and potentially non-coincidental that the entirety of this list aside from Sam Harris and Camille Paglia are highlighted as anti-trans (red) by the browser extension Shinigami Eyes.

  4. Dec 2023
    1. Transnational crime will be a defining issue of the 21st century for policymakers - as defining as the Cold War was for the 20th century and colonialism was for the 19th.

      .

    2. "as unprecedented openness in trade, finance, travel and communication has created economic growth and well-being, it has also given rise to massive opportunities for criminals to make their business prosper."

      .

    1. List of economic expansions in the United States

      using for general knowledge of when the US experienced economic growth so that I can compare those timelines with timelines of increased income inequality (seeing if there is some correlation)

    2. Employment growth remained historically low, and unemployment would not return to pre-recession levels until 2016.[11] Long-term unemployment rose to a record high[12] w

      continuity

      represents somewhat of a start to the income inequality levels we see today (especially since the upper class recovered more swiftly than lower classes, thus widening the gap even further)

    3. Inflation was under control by the mid-1980s.

      this coincides with another piece of data from my research (where in 1988, Wall Street Bonuses largely increased, meanwhile minimum wage remained relatively the same, thus widening the wealth disparity/income inequality)

    4. large adjustment as the economy adjusted from wartime to peacetime in 1945, the collection of many economic indicators, such as unemployment and gross domestic product (GDP) became standardized.

      C/E: as economy adjusted to peacetime, GDP and unemployment became more standardized as indicators for economic growth

    1. Spoofing is a disruptive algorithmic trading activity employed by traders to outpace other market participants and to manipulate markets.[1][2][3][4] Spoofers feign interest in trading futures, stocks and other products in financial markets creating an illusion of the demand and supply of the traded asset. In an order driven market, spoofers post a relatively large number of limit orders on one side of the limit order book to make other market participants believe that there is pressure to sell (limit orders are posted on the offer side of the book) or to buy (limit orders are posted on the bid side of the book) the asset.

      [[bit ticker/Spoofing]]

    1. Bad title var _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____ = function(name) {return (self._wb_wombat && self._wb_wombat.local_init && self._wb_wombat.local_init(name)) || self[name]; }; if (!self.__WB_pmw) { self.__WB_pmw = function(obj) { this.__WB_source = obj; return this; } } { let window = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("window"); let self = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("self"); let document = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("document"); let location = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("location"); let top = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("top"); let parent = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("parent"); let frames = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("frames"); let opener = _____WB$wombat$assign$function_____("opener"); let arguments; {function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";} }}.mw-parser-output .fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{border:1px solid #bb7070;background-color:#ffdbdb}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}Did you mean: User? The requested page title contains unsupported characters: "%3A". Return to Main Page.

      "not updated since 2001" is nearly, if not worse than "not there."

    1. examine the nature of a ∧ b, consider the formula ( a ⋅ b ) 2 − ( a ∧ b ) 2 = a 2 b 2 , {\displaystyle (\mathbf {a} \cdot \mathbf {b} )^{2}-(\mathbf {a} \wedge \mathbf {b} )^{2}=\mathbf {a} ^{2}\mathbf {b} ^{2},}

      Where did this come from?

    1. better described by a phylogenetic network than a bifurcating tree.[1] Reticulate patterns can be found in the phylogenetic
      • for: salience mismatch - comparison - phylogenetic network - bifurcating tree

      • salience mismatch: comparison - phylogenetic network - bifurcating tree

        • Dec 11, 2023
        • Dec 12, 2023
          • Salience mismatch lifting. I think you are applying biomimcry here but the comarison between
            • evolution of living systems and
            • evolution of ideas
          • Two (or more) ideas can interact and give rise to a new idea
          • So at the very least, at least 3 ideas can exist autonomously, each being a source for new ideas.