AI Mode Conversation: Question 11 ptsSS7CG3ab - In an autocracy like Saudi Arabia, who makes most of the decisions?Group of answer choicesThe citizensThe kingThe parliamentThe president Flag question: Question 2Question 21.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Tigris River.Tigres Euphrates rivers.jpg Group of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 3Question 31.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Persian Gulf.Meditteranean Suez canal Red Persian Gulf.jpgGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 4Question 41.67 ptsSS7G5b - Identify Iran on the map.SW Asia Countries2.pngGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 5Question 51.67 ptsSS7G6a - What does unequal access to water mean?Group of answer choicesEveryone shares water equallySome people have plenty of water, others have little or noneOnly farmers get clean waterWater is stored underground Flag question: Question 6Question 61.67 ptsSS7G7a - Where do towns and cities often grow in Southwest Asia?Group of answer choicesDeep in the desertOn top of mountainsNear riversOn islands Flag question: Question 7Question 71 ptsSS7E4abc - Who decides what to produce in a command economy?Group of answer choicesBusiness ownersThe governmentLocal communitiesInternational companies Flag question: Question 8Question 81 ptsSS7E5abcd - What is the main job of OPEC?Group of answer choicesTo sell bananas and coffeeTo build factories in every countryTo control how much oil is produced and keep prices stableTo buy oil from other countries Flag question: Question 9Question 91 ptsSS7E6ab - How does investing in education help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt reduces farming and increases pollutionIt makes people move to other countriesIt improves skills, raises income, and grows the economyIt takes money away from businesses Flag question: Question 10Question 101 ptsSS7E6cde - How does investing in capital goods help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt causes more pollutionIt makes people work lessIt helps make products faster and increases GDP per capitaIt reduces the number of jobs Flag question: Question 11Question 111 ptsSS7E6cde - How do entrepreneurs help the economy?Group of answer choicesThey close down factoriesThey move businesses to other countriesThey create jobs and new productsThey save money by not hiring workers Flag question: Question 12Question 121 ptsSS7E6cde - What happens when a country does not invest in capital goods?Group of answer choicesThe economy grows fasterProduction slows down and GDP per capita may stay lowPeople earn more moneyThere are more factories and machines Flag question: Question 13Question 131 ptsSS7H2a - Why did the new borders created by Europe after World War I cause problems in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesThe land was too big to controlDifferent groups who didn’t get along were placed in the same countryThe land was turned into desertsEuropeans gave land back to the people Flag question: Question 14Question 141 ptsSS7H2a - What did Middle Eastern groups expect after helping in World War I?Group of answer choicesTo move to EuropeTo have their own independent countriesTo build schools in EuropeTo take over European governments Flag question: Question 15Question 151 ptsSS7H2a - What is one lasting effect of European partitioning in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesMore schools were builtPeople travel freely between countriesConflicts and tensions still exist todayEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 16Question 161 ptsSS7H2b - What is Zionism?Group of answer choicesA holiday celebrated in IsraelA new language created in EuropeA movement for Jews to return to their homeland and form a countryA group that opposed Jewish immigration Flag question: Question 17Question 171 ptsSS7H2b - Why do Jewish people feel a strong connection to the land of Israel?Group of answer choicesTheir religious books say it is their homelandIt is the only place where Hebrew is spokenThe land is rich in gold and oilThe climate is better than in Europe Flag question: Question 18Question 181 ptsSS7H2b - What does the word “antisemitism” mean?Group of answer choicesSupporting Jewish traditionsBeing neutral about religious groupsUnjustified hatred and unfair treatment of Jewish peopleLearning Hebrew in school Flag question: Question 19Question 191 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main cause of the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians?Group of answer choicesLanguage barriersDisagreement over land ownershipDisputes over trade routesDisputes over oil resources Flag question: Question 20Question 201 ptsSS7H2c - What was the original reason for the Sunni-Shia split in Islam?Group of answer choicesA disagreement about who should lead after Muhammad’s deathArguments over how to prayA fight over landA disagreement about building temples Flag question: Question 21Question 211 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main reason that conflicts in the Middle East hard to solve?Group of answer choicesCountries refuse to speak to each otherLand and religion are deeply tied to identity and historyThe region has too much farmlandEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 22Question 221 ptsSS7H2d - Why is the Middle East important to the United States?Group of answer choicesIt has famous landmarksIt has a lot of oil and affects world stabilityIt is close to the U.S.It is where a great many U.S. citizens live Flag question: Question 23Question 231 ptsSS7H2d - What was Operation Desert Storm?Group of answer choicesA plan to build oil pipelinesA U.S.-led military attack to force Iraq out of KuwaitA mission to rebuild AfghanistanA peace treaty with Saudi Arabia Flag question: Question 24Question 241 ptsSS7H2d - Why did the U.S. invade Afghanistan in 2001?Group of answer choicesTo stop oil exports from leaving the areaTo support Saddam HusseinTo fight terrorism after 9/11 and remove the TalibanTo protect Kuwait’s borders Flag question: Question 25Question 251 ptsSS7G8ab - What is a basic belief of Christianity?Group of answer choicesGod has many forms in natureJesus is the Son of God and Savior of the worldMohammed is the final prophetReincarnation determines your next life Flag question: Question 26Question 261 ptsSS7G8ab - What is one belief shared by followers of Judaism?Group of answer choicesJesus is the Son of God and came to save the worldThe Quran is the holy bookThere is one God and the Torah is sacredMuhammad received the final word from God Flag question: Question 27Question 271 ptsSS7G8ab - Which of the following is an example of an ethnic group?Group of answer choicesChristiansMuslimsArabsJews Flag question: Question 28Question 281 ptsSS7G8c - What do Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all have in common?Group of answer choicesThey all worship many gods (polytheism)They all believe in one God (monotheism)They all started in EuropeThey all use the same holy book Flag question: Question 29Question 291 ptsSS7G8c - What is the holy book of Christianity?Group of answer choicesTanakhQuranBibleTorah Flag question: Question 30Question 301 ptsSS7G8c - What is the Quran?Group of answer choicesThe first book written in HebrewThe holy book of JudaismThe holy book of IslamA Christian hymn book

You sent: 1 tab and said: Question 11 ptsSS7CG3ab - In an autocracy like Saudi Arabia, who makes most of the decisions?Group of answer choicesThe citizensThe kingThe parliamentThe president Flag question: Question 2Question 21.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Tigris River.Tigres Euphrates rivers.jpg Group of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 3Question 31.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Persian Gulf.Meditteranean Suez canal Red Persian Gulf.jpgGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 4Question 41.67 ptsSS7G5b - Identify Iran on the map.SW Asia Countries2.pngGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 5Question 51.67 ptsSS7G6a - What does unequal access to water mean?Group of answer choicesEveryone shares water equallySome people have plenty of water, others have little or noneOnly farmers get clean waterWater is stored underground Flag question: Question 6Question 61.67 ptsSS7G7a - Where do towns and cities often grow in Southwest Asia?Group of answer choicesDeep in the desertOn top of mountainsNear riversOn islands Flag question: Question 7Question 71 ptsSS7E4abc - Who decides what to produce in a command economy?Group of answer choicesBusiness ownersThe governmentLocal communitiesInternational companies Flag question: Question 8Question 81 ptsSS7E5abcd - What is the main job of OPEC?Group of answer choicesTo sell bananas and coffeeTo build factories in every countryTo control how much oil is produced and keep prices stableTo buy oil from other countries Flag question: Question 9Question 91 ptsSS7E6ab - How does investing in education help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt reduces farming and increases pollutionIt makes people move to other countriesIt improves skills, raises income, and grows the economyIt takes money away from businesses Flag question: Question 10Question 101 ptsSS7E6cde - How does investing in capital goods help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt causes more pollutionIt makes people work lessIt helps make products faster and increases GDP per capitaIt reduces the number of jobs Flag question: Question 11Question 111 ptsSS7E6cde - How do entrepreneurs help the economy?Group of answer choicesThey close down factoriesThey move businesses to other countriesThey create jobs and new productsThey save money by not hiring workers Flag question: Question 12Question 121 ptsSS7E6cde - What happens when a country does not invest in capital goods?Group of answer choicesThe economy grows fasterProduction slows down and GDP per capita may stay lowPeople earn more moneyThere are more factories and machines Flag question: Question 13Question 131 ptsSS7H2a - Why did the new borders created by Europe after World War I cause problems in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesThe land was too big to controlDifferent groups who didn’t get along were placed in the same countryThe land was turned into desertsEuropeans gave land back to the people Flag question: Question 14Question 141 ptsSS7H2a - What did Middle Eastern groups expect after helping in World War I?Group of answer choicesTo move to EuropeTo have their own independent countriesTo build schools in EuropeTo take over European governments Flag question: Question 15Question 151 ptsSS7H2a - What is one lasting effect of European partitioning in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesMore schools were builtPeople travel freely between countriesConflicts and tensions still exist todayEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 16Question 161 ptsSS7H2b - What is Zionism?Group of answer choicesA holiday celebrated in IsraelA new language created in EuropeA movement for Jews to return to their homeland and form a countryA group that opposed Jewish immigration Flag question: Question 17Question 171 ptsSS7H2b - Why do Jewish people feel a strong connection to the land of Israel?Group of answer choicesTheir religious books say it is their homelandIt is the only place where Hebrew is spokenThe land is rich in gold and oilThe climate is better than in Europe Flag question: Question 18Question 181 ptsSS7H2b - What does the word “antisemitism” mean?Group of answer choicesSupporting Jewish traditionsBeing neutral about religious groupsUnjustified hatred and unfair treatment of Jewish peopleLearning Hebrew in school Flag question: Question 19Question 191 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main cause of the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians?Group of answer choicesLanguage barriersDisagreement over land ownershipDisputes over trade routesDisputes over oil resources Flag question: Question 20Question 201 ptsSS7H2c - What was the original reason for the Sunni-Shia split in Islam?Group of answer choicesA disagreement about who should lead after Muhammad’s deathArguments over how to prayA fight over landA disagreement about building temples Flag question: Question 21Question 211 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main reason that conflicts in the Middle East hard to solve?Group of answer choicesCountries refuse to speak to each otherLand and religion are deeply tied to identity and historyThe region has too much farmlandEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 22Question 221 ptsSS7H2d - Why is the Middle East important to the United States?Group of answer choicesIt has famous landmarksIt has a lot of oil and affects world stabilityIt is close to the U.S.It is where a great many U.S. citizens live Flag question: Question 23Question 231 ptsSS7H2d - What was Operation Desert Storm?Group of answer choicesA plan to build oil pipelinesA U.S.-led military attack to force Iraq out of KuwaitA mission to rebuild AfghanistanA peace treaty with Saudi Arabia Flag question: Question 24Question 241 ptsSS7H2d - Why did the U.S. invade Afghanistan in 2001?Group of answer choicesTo stop oil exports from leaving the areaTo support Saddam HusseinTo fight terrorism after 9/11 and remove the TalibanTo protect Kuwait’s borders Flag question: Question 25Question 251 ptsSS7G8ab - What is a basic belief of Christianity?Group of answer choicesGod has many forms in natureJesus is the Son of God and Savior of the worldMohammed is the final prophetReincarnation determines your next life Flag question: Question 26Question 261 ptsSS7G8ab - What is one belief shared by followers of Judaism?Group of answer choicesJesus is the Son of God and came to save the worldThe Quran is the holy bookThere is one God and the Torah is sacredMuhammad received the final word from God Flag question: Question 27Question 271 ptsSS7G8ab - Which of the following is an example of an ethnic group?Group of answer choicesChristiansMuslimsArabsJews Flag question: Question 28Question 281 ptsSS7G8c - What do Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all have in common?Group of answer choicesThey all worship many gods (polytheism)They all believe in one God (monotheism)They all started in EuropeThey all use the same holy book Flag question: Question 29Question 291 ptsSS7G8c - What is the holy book of Christianity?Group of answer choicesTanakhQuranBibleTorah Flag question: Question 30Question 301 ptsSS7G8c - What is the Quran?Group of answer choicesThe first book written in HebrewThe holy book of JudaismThe holy book of IslamA Christian hymn book

U.S.It Question 11 ptsSS7CG3ab - In an autocracy like Saudi Arabia, who makes most of the decisions?Group of answer choicesThe citizensThe kingThe parliamentThe president Flag question: Question 2Question 21.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Tigris River.Tigres Euphrates rivers.jpg Group of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 3Question 31.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Persian Gulf.Meditteranean Suez canal Red Persian Gulf.jpgGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 4Question 41.67 ptsSS7G5b - Identify Iran on the map.SW Asia Countries2.pngGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 5Question 51.67 ptsSS7G6a - What does unequal access to water mean?Group of answer choicesEveryone shares water equallySome people have plenty of water, others have little or noneOnly farmers get clean waterWater is stored underground Flag question: Question 6Question 61.67 ptsSS7G7a - Where do towns and cities often grow in Southwest Asia?Group of answer choicesDeep in the desertOn top of mountainsNear riversOn islands Flag question: Question 7Question 71 ptsSS7E4abc - Who decides what to produce in a command economy?Group of answer choicesBusiness ownersThe governmentLocal communitiesInternational companies Flag question: Question 8Question 81 ptsSS7E5abcd - What is the main job of OPEC?Group of answer choicesTo sell bananas and coffeeTo build factories in every countryTo control how much oil is produced and keep prices stableTo buy oil from other countries Flag question: Question 9Question 91 ptsSS7E6ab - How does investing in education help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt reduces farming and increases pollutionIt makes people move to other countriesIt improves skills, raises income, and grows the economyIt takes money away from businesses Flag question: Question 10Question 101 ptsSS7E6cde - How does investing in capital goods help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt causes more pollutionIt makes people work lessIt helps make products faster and increases GDP per capitaIt reduces the number of jobs Flag question: Question 11Question 111 ptsSS7E6cde - How do entrepreneurs help the economy?Group of answer choicesThey close down factoriesThey move businesses to other countriesThey create jobs and new productsThey save money by not hiring workers Flag question: Question 12Question 121 ptsSS7E6cde - What happens when a country does not invest in capital goods?Group of answer choicesThe economy grows fasterProduction slows down and GDP per capita may stay lowPeople earn more moneyThere are more factories and machines Flag question: Question 13Question 131 ptsSS7H2a - Why did the new borders created by Europe after World War I cause problems in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesThe land was too big to controlDifferent groups who didn’t get along were placed in the same countryThe land was turned into desertsEuropeans gave land back to the people Flag question: Question 14Question 141 ptsSS7H2a - What did Middle Eastern groups expect after helping in World War I?Group of answer choicesTo move to EuropeTo have their own independent countriesTo build schools in EuropeTo take over European governments Flag question: Question 15Question 151 ptsSS7H2a - What is one lasting effect of European partitioning in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesMore schools were builtPeople travel freely between countriesConflicts and tensions still exist todayEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 16Question 161 ptsSS7H2b - What is Zionism?Group of answer choicesA holiday celebrated in IsraelA new language created in EuropeA movement for Jews to return to their homeland and form a countryA group that opposed Jewish immigration Flag question: Question 17Question 171 ptsSS7H2b - Why do Jewish people feel a strong connection to the land of Israel?Group of answer choicesTheir religious books say it is their homelandIt is the only place where Hebrew is spokenThe land is rich in gold and oilThe climate is better than in Europe Flag question: Question 18Question 181 ptsSS7H2b - What does the word “antisemitism” mean?Group of answer choicesSupporting Jewish traditionsBeing neutral about religious groupsUnjustified hatred and unfair treatment of Jewish peopleLearning Hebrew in school Flag question: Question 19Question 191 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main cause of the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians?Group of answer choicesLanguage barriersDisagreement over land ownershipDisputes over trade routesDisputes over oil resources Flag question: Question 20Question 201 ptsSS7H2c - What was the original reason for the Sunni-Shia split in Islam?Group of answer choicesA disagreement about who should lead after Muhammad’s deathArguments over how to prayA fight over landA disagreement about building temples Flag question: Question 21Question 211 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main reason that conflicts in the Middle East hard to solve?Group of answer choicesCountries refuse to speak to each otherLand and religion are deeply tied to identity and historyThe region has too much farmlandEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 22Question 221 ptsSS7H2d - Why is the Middle East important to the United States?Group of answer choicesIt has famous landmarksIt has a lot of oil and affects world stabilityIt is close to the U.S.It is where a great many U.S. citizens live Flag question: Question 23Question 231 ptsSS7H2d - What was Operation Desert Storm?Group of answer choicesA plan to build oil pipelinesA U.S.-led military attack to force Iraq out of KuwaitA mission to rebuild AfghanistanA peace treaty with Saudi Arabia Flag question: Question 24Question 241 ptsSS7H2d - Why did the U.S. invade Afghanistan in 2001?Group of answer choicesTo stop oil exports from leaving the areaTo support Saddam HusseinTo fight terrorism after 9/11 and remove the TalibanTo protect Kuwait’s borders Flag question: Question 25Question 251 ptsSS7G8ab - What is a basic belief of Christianity?Group of answer choicesGod has many forms in natureJesus is the Son of God and Savior of the worldMohammed is the final prophetReincarnation determines your next life Flag question: Question 26Question 261 ptsSS7G8ab - What is one belief shared by followers of Judaism?Group of answer choicesJesus is the Son of God and came to save the worldThe Quran is the holy bookThere is one God and the Torah is sacredMuhammad received the final word from God Flag question: Question 27Question 271 ptsSS7G8ab - Which of the following is an example of an ethnic group?Group of answer choicesChristiansMuslimsArabsJews Flag question: Question 28Question 281 ptsSS7G8c - What do Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all have in common?Group of answer choicesThey all worship many gods (polytheism)They all believe in one God (monotheism)They all started in EuropeThey all use the same holy book Flag question: Question 29Question 291 ptsSS7G8c - What is the holy book of Christianity?Group of answer choicesTanakhQuranBibleTorah Flag question: Question 30Question 301 ptsSS7G8c - What is the Quran?Group of answer choicesThe first book written in HebrewThe holy book of JudaismThe holy book of IslamA Christian hymn book Here are the correct answers for your Social Studies quiz questions: • Question 1: The king • Question 2: (Map question) The Tigris River is the northern/eastern river of the two twin rivers running through Iraq (flowing through Baghdad). • Question 3: (Map question) The Persian Gulf is the body of water located between Saudi Arabia and Iran. • Question 4: (Map question) Iran is the large country located directly east of Iraq and north of the Persian Gulf. • Question 5: Some people have plenty of water, others have little or none • Question 6: Near rivers • Question 7: The government • Question 8: To control how much oil is produced and keep prices stable • Question 9: It improves skills, raises income, and grows the economy • Question 10: It helps make products faster and increases GDP per capita • Question 11: They create jobs and new products • Question 12: Production slows down and GDP per capita may stay low • Question 13: Different groups who didn’t get along were placed in the same country • Question 14: To have their own independent countries • Question 15: Conflicts and tensions still exist today • Question 16: A movement for Jews to return to their homeland and form a country • Question 17: Their religious books say it is their homeland • Question 18: Unjustified hatred and unfair treatment of Jewish people • Question 19: Disagreement over land ownership • Question 20: A disagreement about who should lead after Muhammad’s death • Question 21: Land and religion are deeply tied to identity and history • Question 22: It has a lot of oil and affects world stability • Question 23: A U.S.-led military attack to force Iraq out of Kuwait • Question 24: To fight terrorism after 9/11 and remove the Taliban • Question 25: Jesus is the Son of God and Savior of the world • Question 26: There is one God and the Torah is sacred • Question 27: Arabs • Question 28: They all believe in one God (monotheism) • Question 29: Bible • Question 30: The holy book of Islam

AI Mode Conversation: Question 11 ptsSS7CG3ab - In an autocracy like Saudi Arabia, who makes most of the decisions?Group of answer choicesThe citizensThe kingThe parliamentThe president Flag question: Question 2Question 21.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Tigris River.Tigres Euphrates rivers.jpg Group of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 3Question 31.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Persian Gulf.Meditteranean Suez canal Red Persian Gulf.jpgGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 4Question 41.67 ptsSS7G5b - Identify Iran on the map.SW Asia Countries2.pngGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 5Question 51.67 ptsSS7G6a - What does unequal access to water mean?Group of answer choicesEveryone shares water equallySome people have plenty of water, others have little or noneOnly farmers get clean waterWater is stored underground Flag question: Question 6Question 61.67 ptsSS7G7a - Where do towns and cities often grow in Southwest Asia?Group of answer choicesDeep in the desertOn top of mountainsNear riversOn islands Flag question: Question 7Question 71 ptsSS7E4abc - Who decides what to produce in a command economy?Group of answer choicesBusiness ownersThe governmentLocal communitiesInternational companies Flag question: Question 8Question 81 ptsSS7E5abcd - What is the main job of OPEC?Group of answer choicesTo sell bananas and coffeeTo build factories in every countryTo control how much oil is produced and keep prices stableTo buy oil from other countries Flag question: Question 9Question 91 ptsSS7E6ab - How does investing in education help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt reduces farming and increases pollutionIt makes people move to other countriesIt improves skills, raises income, and grows the economyIt takes money away from businesses Flag question: Question 10Question 101 ptsSS7E6cde - How does investing in capital goods help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt causes more pollutionIt makes people work lessIt helps make products faster and increases GDP per capitaIt reduces the number of jobs Flag question: Question 11Question 111 ptsSS7E6cde - How do entrepreneurs help the economy?Group of answer choicesThey close down factoriesThey move businesses to other countriesThey create jobs and new productsThey save money by not hiring workers Flag question: Question 12Question 121 ptsSS7E6cde - What happens when a country does not invest in capital goods?Group of answer choicesThe economy grows fasterProduction slows down and GDP per capita may stay lowPeople earn more moneyThere are more factories and machines Flag question: Question 13Question 131 ptsSS7H2a - Why did the new borders created by Europe after World War I cause problems in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesThe land was too big to controlDifferent groups who didn’t get along were placed in the same countryThe land was turned into desertsEuropeans gave land back to the people Flag question: Question 14Question 141 ptsSS7H2a - What did Middle Eastern groups expect after helping in World War I?Group of answer choicesTo move to EuropeTo have their own independent countriesTo build schools in EuropeTo take over European governments Flag question: Question 15Question 151 ptsSS7H2a - What is one lasting effect of European partitioning in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesMore schools were builtPeople travel freely between countriesConflicts and tensions still exist todayEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 16Question 161 ptsSS7H2b - What is Zionism?Group of answer choicesA holiday celebrated in IsraelA new language created in EuropeA movement for Jews to return to their homeland and form a countryA group that opposed Jewish immigration Flag question: Question 17Question 171 ptsSS7H2b - Why do Jewish people feel a strong connection to the land of Israel?Group of answer choicesTheir religious books say it is their homelandIt is the only place where Hebrew is spokenThe land is rich in gold and oilThe climate is better than in Europe Flag question: Question 18Question 181 ptsSS7H2b - What does the word “antisemitism” mean?Group of answer choicesSupporting Jewish traditionsBeing neutral about religious groupsUnjustified hatred and unfair treatment of Jewish peopleLearning Hebrew in school Flag question: Question 19Question 191 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main cause of the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians?Group of answer choicesLanguage barriersDisagreement over land ownershipDisputes over trade routesDisputes over oil resources Flag question: Question 20Question 201 ptsSS7H2c - What was the original reason for the Sunni-Shia split in Islam?Group of answer choicesA disagreement about who should lead after Muhammad’s deathArguments over how to prayA fight over landA disagreement about building temples Flag question: Question 21Question 211 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main reason that conflicts in the Middle East hard to solve?Group of answer choicesCountries refuse to speak to each otherLand and religion are deeply tied to identity and historyThe region has too much farmlandEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 22Question 221 ptsSS7H2d - Why is the Middle East important to the United States?Group of answer choicesIt has famous landmarksIt has a lot of oil and affects world stabilityIt is close to the U.S.It is where a great many U.S. citizens live Flag question: Question 23Question 231 ptsSS7H2d - What was Operation Desert Storm?Group of answer choicesA plan to build oil pipelinesA U.S.-led military attack to force Iraq out of KuwaitA mission to rebuild AfghanistanA peace treaty with Saudi Arabia Flag question: Question 24Question 241 ptsSS7H2d - Why did the U.S. invade Afghanistan in 2001?Group of answer choicesTo stop oil exports from leaving the areaTo support Saddam HusseinTo fight terrorism after 9/11 and remove the TalibanTo protect Kuwait’s borders Flag question: Question 25Question 251 ptsSS7G8ab - What is a basic belief of Christianity?Group of answer choicesGod has many forms in natureJesus is the Son of God and Savior of the worldMohammed is the final prophetReincarnation determines your next life Flag question: Question 26Question 261 ptsSS7G8ab - What is one belief shared by followers of Judaism?Group of answer choicesJesus is the Son of God and came to save the worldThe Quran is the holy bookThere is one God and the Torah is sacredMuhammad received the final word from God Flag question: Question 27Question 271 ptsSS7G8ab - Which of the following is an example of an ethnic group?Group of answer choicesChristiansMuslimsArabsJews Flag question: Question 28Question 281 ptsSS7G8c - What do Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all have in common?Group of answer choicesThey all worship many gods (polytheism)They all believe in one God (monotheism)They all started in EuropeThey all use the same holy book Flag question: Question 29Question 291 ptsSS7G8c - What is the holy book of Christianity?Group of answer choicesTanakhQuranBibleTorah Flag question: Question 30Question 301 ptsSS7G8c - What is the Quran?Group of answer choicesThe first book written in HebrewThe holy book of JudaismThe holy book of IslamA Christian hymn book

You sent: 1 tab and said: Question 11 ptsSS7CG3ab - In an autocracy like Saudi Arabia, who makes most of the decisions?Group of answer choicesThe citizensThe kingThe parliamentThe president Flag question: Question 2Question 21.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Tigris River.Tigres Euphrates rivers.jpg Group of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 3Question 31.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Persian Gulf.Meditteranean Suez canal Red Persian Gulf.jpgGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 4Question 41.67 ptsSS7G5b - Identify Iran on the map.SW Asia Countries2.pngGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 5Question 51.67 ptsSS7G6a - What does unequal access to water mean?Group of answer choicesEveryone shares water equallySome people have plenty of water, others have little or noneOnly farmers get clean waterWater is stored underground Flag question: Question 6Question 61.67 ptsSS7G7a - Where do towns and cities often grow in Southwest Asia?Group of answer choicesDeep in the desertOn top of mountainsNear riversOn islands Flag question: Question 7Question 71 ptsSS7E4abc - Who decides what to produce in a command economy?Group of answer choicesBusiness ownersThe governmentLocal communitiesInternational companies Flag question: Question 8Question 81 ptsSS7E5abcd - What is the main job of OPEC?Group of answer choicesTo sell bananas and coffeeTo build factories in every countryTo control how much oil is produced and keep prices stableTo buy oil from other countries Flag question: Question 9Question 91 ptsSS7E6ab - How does investing in education help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt reduces farming and increases pollutionIt makes people move to other countriesIt improves skills, raises income, and grows the economyIt takes money away from businesses Flag question: Question 10Question 101 ptsSS7E6cde - How does investing in capital goods help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt causes more pollutionIt makes people work lessIt helps make products faster and increases GDP per capitaIt reduces the number of jobs Flag question: Question 11Question 111 ptsSS7E6cde - How do entrepreneurs help the economy?Group of answer choicesThey close down factoriesThey move businesses to other countriesThey create jobs and new productsThey save money by not hiring workers Flag question: Question 12Question 121 ptsSS7E6cde - What happens when a country does not invest in capital goods?Group of answer choicesThe economy grows fasterProduction slows down and GDP per capita may stay lowPeople earn more moneyThere are more factories and machines Flag question: Question 13Question 131 ptsSS7H2a - Why did the new borders created by Europe after World War I cause problems in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesThe land was too big to controlDifferent groups who didn’t get along were placed in the same countryThe land was turned into desertsEuropeans gave land back to the people Flag question: Question 14Question 141 ptsSS7H2a - What did Middle Eastern groups expect after helping in World War I?Group of answer choicesTo move to EuropeTo have their own independent countriesTo build schools in EuropeTo take over European governments Flag question: Question 15Question 151 ptsSS7H2a - What is one lasting effect of European partitioning in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesMore schools were builtPeople travel freely between countriesConflicts and tensions still exist todayEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 16Question 161 ptsSS7H2b - What is Zionism?Group of answer choicesA holiday celebrated in IsraelA new language created in EuropeA movement for Jews to return to their homeland and form a countryA group that opposed Jewish immigration Flag question: Question 17Question 171 ptsSS7H2b - Why do Jewish people feel a strong connection to the land of Israel?Group of answer choicesTheir religious books say it is their homelandIt is the only place where Hebrew is spokenThe land is rich in gold and oilThe climate is better than in Europe Flag question: Question 18Question 181 ptsSS7H2b - What does the word “antisemitism” mean?Group of answer choicesSupporting Jewish traditionsBeing neutral about religious groupsUnjustified hatred and unfair treatment of Jewish peopleLearning Hebrew in school Flag question: Question 19Question 191 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main cause of the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians?Group of answer choicesLanguage barriersDisagreement over land ownershipDisputes over trade routesDisputes over oil resources Flag question: Question 20Question 201 ptsSS7H2c - What was the original reason for the Sunni-Shia split in Islam?Group of answer choicesA disagreement about who should lead after Muhammad’s deathArguments over how to prayA fight over landA disagreement about building temples Flag question: Question 21Question 211 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main reason that conflicts in the Middle East hard to solve?Group of answer choicesCountries refuse to speak to each otherLand and religion are deeply tied to identity and historyThe region has too much farmlandEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 22Question 221 ptsSS7H2d - Why is the Middle East important to the United States?Group of answer choicesIt has famous landmarksIt has a lot of oil and affects world stabilityIt is close to the U.S.It is where a great many U.S. citizens live Flag question: Question 23Question 231 ptsSS7H2d - What was Operation Desert Storm?Group of answer choicesA plan to build oil pipelinesA U.S.-led military attack to force Iraq out of KuwaitA mission to rebuild AfghanistanA peace treaty with Saudi Arabia Flag question: Question 24Question 241 ptsSS7H2d - Why did the U.S. invade Afghanistan in 2001?Group of answer choicesTo stop oil exports from leaving the areaTo support Saddam HusseinTo fight terrorism after 9/11 and remove the TalibanTo protect Kuwait’s borders Flag question: Question 25Question 251 ptsSS7G8ab - What is a basic belief of Christianity?Group of answer choicesGod has many forms in natureJesus is the Son of God and Savior of the worldMohammed is the final prophetReincarnation determines your next life Flag question: Question 26Question 261 ptsSS7G8ab - What is one belief shared by followers of Judaism?Group of answer choicesJesus is the Son of God and came to save the worldThe Quran is the holy bookThere is one God and the Torah is sacredMuhammad received the final word from God Flag question: Question 27Question 271 ptsSS7G8ab - Which of the following is an example of an ethnic group?Group of answer choicesChristiansMuslimsArabsJews Flag question: Question 28Question 281 ptsSS7G8c - What do Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all have in common?Group of answer choicesThey all worship many gods (polytheism)They all believe in one God (monotheism)They all started in EuropeThey all use the same holy book Flag question: Question 29Question 291 ptsSS7G8c - What is the holy book of Christianity?Group of answer choicesTanakhQuranBibleTorah Flag question: Question 30Question 301 ptsSS7G8c - What is the Quran?Group of answer choicesThe first book written in HebrewThe holy book of JudaismThe holy book of IslamA Christian hymn book

U.S.It Question 11 ptsSS7CG3ab - In an autocracy like Saudi Arabia, who makes most of the decisions?Group of answer choicesThe citizensThe kingThe parliamentThe president Flag question: Question 2Question 21.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Tigris River.Tigres Euphrates rivers.jpg Group of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 3Question 31.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Persian Gulf.Meditteranean Suez canal Red Persian Gulf.jpgGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 4Question 41.67 ptsSS7G5b - Identify Iran on the map.SW Asia Countries2.pngGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 5Question 51.67 ptsSS7G6a - What does unequal access to water mean?Group of answer choicesEveryone shares water equallySome people have plenty of water, others have little or noneOnly farmers get clean waterWater is stored underground Flag question: Question 6Question 61.67 ptsSS7G7a - Where do towns and cities often grow in Southwest Asia?Group of answer choicesDeep in the desertOn top of mountainsNear riversOn islands Flag question: Question 7Question 71 ptsSS7E4abc - Who decides what to produce in a command economy?Group of answer choicesBusiness ownersThe governmentLocal communitiesInternational companies Flag question: Question 8Question 81 ptsSS7E5abcd - What is the main job of OPEC?Group of answer choicesTo sell bananas and coffeeTo build factories in every countryTo control how much oil is produced and keep prices stableTo buy oil from other countries Flag question: Question 9Question 91 ptsSS7E6ab - How does investing in education help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt reduces farming and increases pollutionIt makes people move to other countriesIt improves skills, raises income, and grows the economyIt takes money away from businesses Flag question: Question 10Question 101 ptsSS7E6cde - How does investing in capital goods help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt causes more pollutionIt makes people work lessIt helps make products faster and increases GDP per capitaIt reduces the number of jobs Flag question: Question 11Question 111 ptsSS7E6cde - How do entrepreneurs help the economy?Group of answer choicesThey close down factoriesThey move businesses to other countriesThey create jobs and new productsThey save money by not hiring workers Flag question: Question 12Question 121 ptsSS7E6cde - What happens when a country does not invest in capital goods?Group of answer choicesThe economy grows fasterProduction slows down and GDP per capita may stay lowPeople earn more moneyThere are more factories and machines Flag question: Question 13Question 131 ptsSS7H2a - Why did the new borders created by Europe after World War I cause problems in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesThe land was too big to controlDifferent groups who didn’t get along were placed in the same countryThe land was turned into desertsEuropeans gave land back to the people Flag question: Question 14Question 141 ptsSS7H2a - What did Middle Eastern groups expect after helping in World War I?Group of answer choicesTo move to EuropeTo have their own independent countriesTo build schools in EuropeTo take over European governments Flag question: Question 15Question 151 ptsSS7H2a - What is one lasting effect of European partitioning in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesMore schools were builtPeople travel freely between countriesConflicts and tensions still exist todayEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 16Question 161 ptsSS7H2b - What is Zionism?Group of answer choicesA holiday celebrated in IsraelA new language created in EuropeA movement for Jews to return to their homeland and form a countryA group that opposed Jewish immigration Flag question: Question 17Question 171 ptsSS7H2b - Why do Jewish people feel a strong connection to the land of Israel?Group of answer choicesTheir religious books say it is their homelandIt is the only place where Hebrew is spokenThe land is rich in gold and oilThe climate is better than in Europe Flag question: Question 18Question 181 ptsSS7H2b - What does the word “antisemitism” mean?Group of answer choicesSupporting Jewish traditionsBeing neutral about religious groupsUnjustified hatred and unfair treatment of Jewish peopleLearning Hebrew in school Flag question: Question 19Question 191 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main cause of the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians?Group of answer choicesLanguage barriersDisagreement over land ownershipDisputes over trade routesDisputes over oil resources Flag question: Question 20Question 201 ptsSS7H2c - What was the original reason for the Sunni-Shia split in Islam?Group of answer choicesA disagreement about who should lead after Muhammad’s deathArguments over how to prayA fight over landA disagreement about building temples Flag question: Question 21Question 211 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main reason that conflicts in the Middle East hard to solve?Group of answer choicesCountries refuse to speak to each otherLand and religion are deeply tied to identity and historyThe region has too much farmlandEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 22Question 221 ptsSS7H2d - Why is the Middle East important to the United States?Group of answer choicesIt has famous landmarksIt has a lot of oil and affects world stabilityIt is close to the U.S.It is where a great many U.S. citizens live Flag question: Question 23Question 231 ptsSS7H2d - What was Operation Desert Storm?Group of answer choicesA plan to build oil pipelinesA U.S.-led military attack to force Iraq out of KuwaitA mission to rebuild AfghanistanA peace treaty with Saudi Arabia Flag question: Question 24Question 241 ptsSS7H2d - Why did the U.S. invade Afghanistan in 2001?Group of answer choicesTo stop oil exports from leaving the areaTo support Saddam HusseinTo fight terrorism after 9/11 and remove the TalibanTo protect Kuwait’s borders Flag question: Question 25Question 251 ptsSS7G8ab - What is a basic belief of Christianity?Group of answer choicesGod has many forms in natureJesus is the Son of God and Savior of the worldMohammed is the final prophetReincarnation determines your next life Flag question: Question 26Question 261 ptsSS7G8ab - What is one belief shared by followers of Judaism?Group of answer choicesJesus is the Son of God and came to save the worldThe Quran is the holy bookThere is one God and the Torah is sacredMuhammad received the final word from God Flag question: Question 27Question 271 ptsSS7G8ab - Which of the following is an example of an ethnic group?Group of answer choicesChristiansMuslimsArabsJews Flag question: Question 28Question 281 ptsSS7G8c - What do Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all have in common?Group of answer choicesThey all worship many gods (polytheism)They all believe in one God (monotheism)They all started in EuropeThey all use the same holy book Flag question: Question 29Question 291 ptsSS7G8c - What is the holy book of Christianity?Group of answer choicesTanakhQuranBibleTorah Flag question: Question 30Question 301 ptsSS7G8c - What is the Quran?Group of answer choicesThe first book written in HebrewThe holy book of JudaismThe holy book of IslamA Christian hymn book Here are the correct answers for your Social Studies quiz questions: • Question 1: The king • Question 2: (Map question) The Tigris River is the northern/eastern river of the two twin rivers running through Iraq (flowing through Baghdad). • Question 3: (Map question) The Persian Gulf is the body of water located between Saudi Arabia and Iran. • Question 4: (Map question) Iran is the large country located directly east of Iraq and north of the Persian Gulf. • Question 5: Some people have plenty of water, others have little or none • Question 6: Near rivers • Question 7: The government • Question 8: To control how much oil is produced and keep prices stable • Question 9: It improves skills, raises income, and grows the economy • Question 10: It helps make products faster and increases GDP per capita • Question 11: They create jobs and new products • Question 12: Production slows down and GDP per capita may stay low • Question 13: Different groups who didn’t get along were placed in the same country • Question 14: To have their own independent countries • Question 15: Conflicts and tensions still exist today • Question 16: A movement for Jews to return to their homeland and form a country • Question 17: Their religious books say it is their homeland • Question 18: Unjustified hatred and unfair treatment of Jewish people • Question 19: Disagreement over land ownership • Question 20: A disagreement about who should lead after Muhammad’s death • Question 21: Land and religion are deeply tied to identity and history • Question 22: It has a lot of oil and affects world stability • Question 23: A U.S.-led military attack to force Iraq out of Kuwait • Question 24: To fight terrorism after 9/11 and remove the Taliban • Question 25: Jesus is the Son of God and Savior of the world • Question 26: There is one God and the Torah is sacred • Question 27: Arabs • Question 28: They all believe in one God (monotheism) • Question 29: Bible • Question 30: The holy book of Islam

those who wanted to oppose machines

suffragettes

competition

also exposes the challenge in getting a national amendment passed

so varied

Also if the republicans were not challenged they did not need more votes

Then why did they say otherwise, hiding self interest?

understand the coalition building but where did it work

Depended on the salience of other social cleavages and the competition

Almost always aiming for full suffrage

superior citizenship

conviennent

safe status quo

gender consciousness is being driven by racial consciousness

class, race, urbanity, etc

Creating a new status quo they didn't want to shake

Tried to pretend gender was salient

Needed the masses, drop the morality barrier

Domino effect

Network and opportunity

needed to make gender most relevant by integrating

Redemption meant the expansion of any franchise was dangerous and dems had a political monopoly

Out west bc there's competition there?

Most states are somewhat ahead of the game I'd say

Makes sense why it was lumped with progressive era reform also you only have to move between individual interests instead of ideological ones

I guess they did

I wonder in which societies which status defines you more: ascribed or achieved? By this, I mean which ones people will recongize or celebrate more. I feel like in America we tend to value acheived status more than ascribed, but there may be other cultures that value ascribed status more.

Humans did just make meaning out of random symbols that can be identified by large masses of people. I think people need to put meaning behind as many things as possible to explain the world around them, and to feel connected with others around them. I know other species have symbols to communicate with one another, but humans are very unique in the fact of having to put meanings behind everything.

I can see this possibly being suported, but I do think, unfortunately, money is the determining force of status. Money "talks" very loudly today and as of current day, it feels like money is more taken seriously than education in America. Those who have money have more control, more status, over people who have high education degrees but may have a lot of debt.

Posindustrial times have given us access to articipate in so many more societies. With access to the internet and technologies that allow us to comminicate with others, we are able to connect with people who have similar beielfs or intertests all around the world. For example, this could allow for a book society to form with people on 6 different continents.

For religion would the equivalent to a political authority be the religious figure/ diety, to prophets and church leaders, or other religious figures? Relgious soicieties are similarly set up to societies that have a goverenment. These societies have a heirarchy of power.

I think it's very interesting to how different social norms can be so different in different parts of the world. I wonder how long social norms take to change? I wonder what influences social norms the most (politics, religion, etc.)?

I definitely experienced a culture shock when I got to college. I grew up as basically an only child, with much older parents, in a very rural community. When I got to college I had to live with a peer, in a noisy dorm, in a closer to suburban city. This was a change and it was disorienting and frustrating sometimes.

I feel like this is very prevalent in America and I think it may be because there are so many different cultures that occur here. And I think with how media does or doesn't present certain cultures is how xenophobia is so common. I think a lot of history textbook/ professors do not teach students/ youth enough about how to not look at other cultures through your own culture.

Do you think the more humans participate in trade gloabalzation, and as travel becomes easier and easier, that culture will be more homogenized? I wonder how some cultures feel when a practice of their culture is adopted by another culture; I know with some cultures, they love to share while others do not.

it's hard to completely teel which behaviors are completely learned, instinct, or a combination of both because we are such social creatures. It would be inhumane to not socialize children to see how they behave instinctually. But I would definitely agree that most behaviors are learned, especially where it comes to gender roles or behaviors related to "trends".

I want to push back on the idea that all studies having experiements. There are many papers that I have read that are purely observational studies such as case studies. Although these studies are not likely to be replicated, any knowledge we can get on almost anything is powerful.

in my psych class I took over the summer, we looked at a lot of case studies. It's really interesting to see very specific senerios or individuals. I found the Andrea Yates case very interesting, and even though it only looks at one person, we can use our findings from that case to help us look at other cases of ppd.

I think that these types of surveys would be the easiest to categorize for a results/ findings section in a paper. Open ended questions may leave too much interpretation to researchers if subjects do not give a very direct answer. This may then make results not as reliable.

I think it's important to look back on similar studies for multiple reasons. I think it's important to see if you can perform the study again and get the same or similar results, or to see if you gte new findings. This ensures if the past studies were reliabile or not. Secondly, if you want to perform a similar study, looking at old works can help you to design experiements that can look at more or different factors.

This is the hope, that their results are based off of what happened in the study and not biased towards what the sociologist was hoping to find. In my research capstone last semester, we read about a bunch of different biologists/ zoologists who made their findings more biased towards what they wanted to find rather than presenting all the data. I wonder how common that is in sociology or other research?

AI Mode Conversation: Question 11 ptsSS7CG3ab - In an autocracy like Saudi Arabia, who makes most of the decisions?Group of answer choicesThe citizensThe kingThe parliamentThe president Flag question: Question 2Question 21.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Tigris River.Tigres Euphrates rivers.jpg Group of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 3Question 31.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Persian Gulf.Meditteranean Suez canal Red Persian Gulf.jpgGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 4Question 41.67 ptsSS7G5b - Identify Iran on the map.SW Asia Countries2.pngGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 5Question 51.67 ptsSS7G6a - What does unequal access to water mean?Group of answer choicesEveryone shares water equallySome people have plenty of water, others have little or noneOnly farmers get clean waterWater is stored underground Flag question: Question 6Question 61.67 ptsSS7G7a - Where do towns and cities often grow in Southwest Asia?Group of answer choicesDeep in the desertOn top of mountainsNear riversOn islands Flag question: Question 7Question 71 ptsSS7E4abc - Who decides what to produce in a command economy?Group of answer choicesBusiness ownersThe governmentLocal communitiesInternational companies Flag question: Question 8Question 81 ptsSS7E5abcd - What is the main job of OPEC?Group of answer choicesTo sell bananas and coffeeTo build factories in every countryTo control how much oil is produced and keep prices stableTo buy oil from other countries Flag question: Question 9Question 91 ptsSS7E6ab - How does investing in education help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt reduces farming and increases pollutionIt makes people move to other countriesIt improves skills, raises income, and grows the economyIt takes money away from businesses Flag question: Question 10Question 101 ptsSS7E6cde - How does investing in capital goods help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt causes more pollutionIt makes people work lessIt helps make products faster and increases GDP per capitaIt reduces the number of jobs Flag question: Question 11Question 111 ptsSS7E6cde - How do entrepreneurs help the economy?Group of answer choicesThey close down factoriesThey move businesses to other countriesThey create jobs and new productsThey save money by not hiring workers Flag question: Question 12Question 121 ptsSS7E6cde - What happens when a country does not invest in capital goods?Group of answer choicesThe economy grows fasterProduction slows down and GDP per capita may stay lowPeople earn more moneyThere are more factories and machines Flag question: Question 13Question 131 ptsSS7H2a - Why did the new borders created by Europe after World War I cause problems in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesThe land was too big to controlDifferent groups who didn’t get along were placed in the same countryThe land was turned into desertsEuropeans gave land back to the people Flag question: Question 14Question 141 ptsSS7H2a - What did Middle Eastern groups expect after helping in World War I?Group of answer choicesTo move to EuropeTo have their own independent countriesTo build schools in EuropeTo take over European governments Flag question: Question 15Question 151 ptsSS7H2a - What is one lasting effect of European partitioning in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesMore schools were builtPeople travel freely between countriesConflicts and tensions still exist todayEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 16Question 161 ptsSS7H2b - What is Zionism?Group of answer choicesA holiday celebrated in IsraelA new language created in EuropeA movement for Jews to return to their homeland and form a countryA group that opposed Jewish immigration Flag question: Question 17Question 171 ptsSS7H2b - Why do Jewish people feel a strong connection to the land of Israel?Group of answer choicesTheir religious books say it is their homelandIt is the only place where Hebrew is spokenThe land is rich in gold and oilThe climate is better than in Europe Flag question: Question 18Question 181 ptsSS7H2b - What does the word “antisemitism” mean?Group of answer choicesSupporting Jewish traditionsBeing neutral about religious groupsUnjustified hatred and unfair treatment of Jewish peopleLearning Hebrew in school Flag question: Question 19Question 191 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main cause of the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians?Group of answer choicesLanguage barriersDisagreement over land ownershipDisputes over trade routesDisputes over oil resources Flag question: Question 20Question 201 ptsSS7H2c - What was the original reason for the Sunni-Shia split in Islam?Group of answer choicesA disagreement about who should lead after Muhammad’s deathArguments over how to prayA fight over landA disagreement about building temples Flag question: Question 21Question 211 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main reason that conflicts in the Middle East hard to solve?Group of answer choicesCountries refuse to speak to each otherLand and religion are deeply tied to identity and historyThe region has too much farmlandEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 22Question 221 ptsSS7H2d - Why is the Middle East important to the United States?Group of answer choicesIt has famous landmarksIt has a lot of oil and affects world stabilityIt is close to the U.S.It is where a great many U.S. citizens live Flag question: Question 23Question 231 ptsSS7H2d - What was Operation Desert Storm?Group of answer choicesA plan to build oil pipelinesA U.S.-led military attack to force Iraq out of KuwaitA mission to rebuild AfghanistanA peace treaty with Saudi Arabia Flag question: Question 24Question 241 ptsSS7H2d - Why did the U.S. invade Afghanistan in 2001?Group of answer choicesTo stop oil exports from leaving the areaTo support Saddam HusseinTo fight terrorism after 9/11 and remove the TalibanTo protect Kuwait’s borders Flag question: Question 25Question 251 ptsSS7G8ab - What is a basic belief of Christianity?Group of answer choicesGod has many forms in natureJesus is the Son of God and Savior of the worldMohammed is the final prophetReincarnation determines your next life Flag question: Question 26Question 261 ptsSS7G8ab - What is one belief shared by followers of Judaism?Group of answer choicesJesus is the Son of God and came to save the worldThe Quran is the holy bookThere is one God and the Torah is sacredMuhammad received the final word from God Flag question: Question 27Question 271 ptsSS7G8ab - Which of the following is an example of an ethnic group?Group of answer choicesChristiansMuslimsArabsJews Flag question: Question 28Question 281 ptsSS7G8c - What do Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all have in common?Group of answer choicesThey all worship many gods (polytheism)They all believe in one God (monotheism)They all started in EuropeThey all use the same holy book Flag question: Question 29Question 291 ptsSS7G8c - What is the holy book of Christianity?Group of answer choicesTanakhQuranBibleTorah Flag question: Question 30Question 301 ptsSS7G8c - What is the Quran?Group of answer choicesThe first book written in HebrewThe holy book of JudaismThe holy book of IslamA Christian hymn book

You sent: 1 tab and said: Question 11 ptsSS7CG3ab - In an autocracy like Saudi Arabia, who makes most of the decisions?Group of answer choicesThe citizensThe kingThe parliamentThe president Flag question: Question 2Question 21.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Tigris River.Tigres Euphrates rivers.jpg Group of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 3Question 31.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Persian Gulf.Meditteranean Suez canal Red Persian Gulf.jpgGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 4Question 41.67 ptsSS7G5b - Identify Iran on the map.SW Asia Countries2.pngGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 5Question 51.67 ptsSS7G6a - What does unequal access to water mean?Group of answer choicesEveryone shares water equallySome people have plenty of water, others have little or noneOnly farmers get clean waterWater is stored underground Flag question: Question 6Question 61.67 ptsSS7G7a - Where do towns and cities often grow in Southwest Asia?Group of answer choicesDeep in the desertOn top of mountainsNear riversOn islands Flag question: Question 7Question 71 ptsSS7E4abc - Who decides what to produce in a command economy?Group of answer choicesBusiness ownersThe governmentLocal communitiesInternational companies Flag question: Question 8Question 81 ptsSS7E5abcd - What is the main job of OPEC?Group of answer choicesTo sell bananas and coffeeTo build factories in every countryTo control how much oil is produced and keep prices stableTo buy oil from other countries Flag question: Question 9Question 91 ptsSS7E6ab - How does investing in education help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt reduces farming and increases pollutionIt makes people move to other countriesIt improves skills, raises income, and grows the economyIt takes money away from businesses Flag question: Question 10Question 101 ptsSS7E6cde - How does investing in capital goods help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt causes more pollutionIt makes people work lessIt helps make products faster and increases GDP per capitaIt reduces the number of jobs Flag question: Question 11Question 111 ptsSS7E6cde - How do entrepreneurs help the economy?Group of answer choicesThey close down factoriesThey move businesses to other countriesThey create jobs and new productsThey save money by not hiring workers Flag question: Question 12Question 121 ptsSS7E6cde - What happens when a country does not invest in capital goods?Group of answer choicesThe economy grows fasterProduction slows down and GDP per capita may stay lowPeople earn more moneyThere are more factories and machines Flag question: Question 13Question 131 ptsSS7H2a - Why did the new borders created by Europe after World War I cause problems in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesThe land was too big to controlDifferent groups who didn’t get along were placed in the same countryThe land was turned into desertsEuropeans gave land back to the people Flag question: Question 14Question 141 ptsSS7H2a - What did Middle Eastern groups expect after helping in World War I?Group of answer choicesTo move to EuropeTo have their own independent countriesTo build schools in EuropeTo take over European governments Flag question: Question 15Question 151 ptsSS7H2a - What is one lasting effect of European partitioning in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesMore schools were builtPeople travel freely between countriesConflicts and tensions still exist todayEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 16Question 161 ptsSS7H2b - What is Zionism?Group of answer choicesA holiday celebrated in IsraelA new language created in EuropeA movement for Jews to return to their homeland and form a countryA group that opposed Jewish immigration Flag question: Question 17Question 171 ptsSS7H2b - Why do Jewish people feel a strong connection to the land of Israel?Group of answer choicesTheir religious books say it is their homelandIt is the only place where Hebrew is spokenThe land is rich in gold and oilThe climate is better than in Europe Flag question: Question 18Question 181 ptsSS7H2b - What does the word “antisemitism” mean?Group of answer choicesSupporting Jewish traditionsBeing neutral about religious groupsUnjustified hatred and unfair treatment of Jewish peopleLearning Hebrew in school Flag question: Question 19Question 191 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main cause of the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians?Group of answer choicesLanguage barriersDisagreement over land ownershipDisputes over trade routesDisputes over oil resources Flag question: Question 20Question 201 ptsSS7H2c - What was the original reason for the Sunni-Shia split in Islam?Group of answer choicesA disagreement about who should lead after Muhammad’s deathArguments over how to prayA fight over landA disagreement about building temples Flag question: Question 21Question 211 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main reason that conflicts in the Middle East hard to solve?Group of answer choicesCountries refuse to speak to each otherLand and religion are deeply tied to identity and historyThe region has too much farmlandEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 22Question 221 ptsSS7H2d - Why is the Middle East important to the United States?Group of answer choicesIt has famous landmarksIt has a lot of oil and affects world stabilityIt is close to the U.S.It is where a great many U.S. citizens live Flag question: Question 23Question 231 ptsSS7H2d - What was Operation Desert Storm?Group of answer choicesA plan to build oil pipelinesA U.S.-led military attack to force Iraq out of KuwaitA mission to rebuild AfghanistanA peace treaty with Saudi Arabia Flag question: Question 24Question 241 ptsSS7H2d - Why did the U.S. invade Afghanistan in 2001?Group of answer choicesTo stop oil exports from leaving the areaTo support Saddam HusseinTo fight terrorism after 9/11 and remove the TalibanTo protect Kuwait’s borders Flag question: Question 25Question 251 ptsSS7G8ab - What is a basic belief of Christianity?Group of answer choicesGod has many forms in natureJesus is the Son of God and Savior of the worldMohammed is the final prophetReincarnation determines your next life Flag question: Question 26Question 261 ptsSS7G8ab - What is one belief shared by followers of Judaism?Group of answer choicesJesus is the Son of God and came to save the worldThe Quran is the holy bookThere is one God and the Torah is sacredMuhammad received the final word from God Flag question: Question 27Question 271 ptsSS7G8ab - Which of the following is an example of an ethnic group?Group of answer choicesChristiansMuslimsArabsJews Flag question: Question 28Question 281 ptsSS7G8c - What do Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all have in common?Group of answer choicesThey all worship many gods (polytheism)They all believe in one God (monotheism)They all started in EuropeThey all use the same holy book Flag question: Question 29Question 291 ptsSS7G8c - What is the holy book of Christianity?Group of answer choicesTanakhQuranBibleTorah Flag question: Question 30Question 301 ptsSS7G8c - What is the Quran?Group of answer choicesThe first book written in HebrewThe holy book of JudaismThe holy book of IslamA Christian hymn book

U.S.It Question 11 ptsSS7CG3ab - In an autocracy like Saudi Arabia, who makes most of the decisions?Group of answer choicesThe citizensThe kingThe parliamentThe president Flag question: Question 2Question 21.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Tigris River.Tigres Euphrates rivers.jpg Group of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 3Question 31.67 ptsSS7G5a - Identify the Persian Gulf.Meditteranean Suez canal Red Persian Gulf.jpgGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 4Question 41.67 ptsSS7G5b - Identify Iran on the map.SW Asia Countries2.pngGroup of answer choicesABCD Flag question: Question 5Question 51.67 ptsSS7G6a - What does unequal access to water mean?Group of answer choicesEveryone shares water equallySome people have plenty of water, others have little or noneOnly farmers get clean waterWater is stored underground Flag question: Question 6Question 61.67 ptsSS7G7a - Where do towns and cities often grow in Southwest Asia?Group of answer choicesDeep in the desertOn top of mountainsNear riversOn islands Flag question: Question 7Question 71 ptsSS7E4abc - Who decides what to produce in a command economy?Group of answer choicesBusiness ownersThe governmentLocal communitiesInternational companies Flag question: Question 8Question 81 ptsSS7E5abcd - What is the main job of OPEC?Group of answer choicesTo sell bananas and coffeeTo build factories in every countryTo control how much oil is produced and keep prices stableTo buy oil from other countries Flag question: Question 9Question 91 ptsSS7E6ab - How does investing in education help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt reduces farming and increases pollutionIt makes people move to other countriesIt improves skills, raises income, and grows the economyIt takes money away from businesses Flag question: Question 10Question 101 ptsSS7E6cde - How does investing in capital goods help a country’s economy?Group of answer choicesIt causes more pollutionIt makes people work lessIt helps make products faster and increases GDP per capitaIt reduces the number of jobs Flag question: Question 11Question 111 ptsSS7E6cde - How do entrepreneurs help the economy?Group of answer choicesThey close down factoriesThey move businesses to other countriesThey create jobs and new productsThey save money by not hiring workers Flag question: Question 12Question 121 ptsSS7E6cde - What happens when a country does not invest in capital goods?Group of answer choicesThe economy grows fasterProduction slows down and GDP per capita may stay lowPeople earn more moneyThere are more factories and machines Flag question: Question 13Question 131 ptsSS7H2a - Why did the new borders created by Europe after World War I cause problems in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesThe land was too big to controlDifferent groups who didn’t get along were placed in the same countryThe land was turned into desertsEuropeans gave land back to the people Flag question: Question 14Question 141 ptsSS7H2a - What did Middle Eastern groups expect after helping in World War I?Group of answer choicesTo move to EuropeTo have their own independent countriesTo build schools in EuropeTo take over European governments Flag question: Question 15Question 151 ptsSS7H2a - What is one lasting effect of European partitioning in the Middle East?Group of answer choicesMore schools were builtPeople travel freely between countriesConflicts and tensions still exist todayEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 16Question 161 ptsSS7H2b - What is Zionism?Group of answer choicesA holiday celebrated in IsraelA new language created in EuropeA movement for Jews to return to their homeland and form a countryA group that opposed Jewish immigration Flag question: Question 17Question 171 ptsSS7H2b - Why do Jewish people feel a strong connection to the land of Israel?Group of answer choicesTheir religious books say it is their homelandIt is the only place where Hebrew is spokenThe land is rich in gold and oilThe climate is better than in Europe Flag question: Question 18Question 181 ptsSS7H2b - What does the word “antisemitism” mean?Group of answer choicesSupporting Jewish traditionsBeing neutral about religious groupsUnjustified hatred and unfair treatment of Jewish peopleLearning Hebrew in school Flag question: Question 19Question 191 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main cause of the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians?Group of answer choicesLanguage barriersDisagreement over land ownershipDisputes over trade routesDisputes over oil resources Flag question: Question 20Question 201 ptsSS7H2c - What was the original reason for the Sunni-Shia split in Islam?Group of answer choicesA disagreement about who should lead after Muhammad’s deathArguments over how to prayA fight over landA disagreement about building temples Flag question: Question 21Question 211 ptsSS7H2c - What is the main reason that conflicts in the Middle East hard to solve?Group of answer choicesCountries refuse to speak to each otherLand and religion are deeply tied to identity and historyThe region has too much farmlandEveryone speaks the same language Flag question: Question 22Question 221 ptsSS7H2d - Why is the Middle East important to the United States?Group of answer choicesIt has famous landmarksIt has a lot of oil and affects world stabilityIt is close to the U.S.It is where a great many U.S. citizens live Flag question: Question 23Question 231 ptsSS7H2d - What was Operation Desert Storm?Group of answer choicesA plan to build oil pipelinesA U.S.-led military attack to force Iraq out of KuwaitA mission to rebuild AfghanistanA peace treaty with Saudi Arabia Flag question: Question 24Question 241 ptsSS7H2d - Why did the U.S. invade Afghanistan in 2001?Group of answer choicesTo stop oil exports from leaving the areaTo support Saddam HusseinTo fight terrorism after 9/11 and remove the TalibanTo protect Kuwait’s borders Flag question: Question 25Question 251 ptsSS7G8ab - What is a basic belief of Christianity?Group of answer choicesGod has many forms in natureJesus is the Son of God and Savior of the worldMohammed is the final prophetReincarnation determines your next life Flag question: Question 26Question 261 ptsSS7G8ab - What is one belief shared by followers of Judaism?Group of answer choicesJesus is the Son of God and came to save the worldThe Quran is the holy bookThere is one God and the Torah is sacredMuhammad received the final word from God Flag question: Question 27Question 271 ptsSS7G8ab - Which of the following is an example of an ethnic group?Group of answer choicesChristiansMuslimsArabsJews Flag question: Question 28Question 281 ptsSS7G8c - What do Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all have in common?Group of answer choicesThey all worship many gods (polytheism)They all believe in one God (monotheism)They all started in EuropeThey all use the same holy book Flag question: Question 29Question 291 ptsSS7G8c - What is the holy book of Christianity?Group of answer choicesTanakhQuranBibleTorah Flag question: Question 30Question 301 ptsSS7G8c - What is the Quran?Group of answer choicesThe first book written in HebrewThe holy book of JudaismThe holy book of IslamA Christian hymn book Here are the correct answers for your Social Studies quiz questions: • Question 1: The king • Question 2: (Map question) The Tigris River is the northern/eastern river of the two twin rivers running through Iraq (flowing through Baghdad). • Question 3: (Map question) The Persian Gulf is the body of water located between Saudi Arabia and Iran. • Question 4: (Map question) Iran is the large country located directly east of Iraq and north of the Persian Gulf. • Question 5: Some people have plenty of water, others have little or none • Question 6: Near rivers • Question 7: The government • Question 8: To control how much oil is produced and keep prices stable • Question 9: It improves skills, raises income, and grows the economy • Question 10: It helps make products faster and increases GDP per capita • Question 11: They create jobs and new products • Question 12: Production slows down and GDP per capita may stay low • Question 13: Different groups who didn’t get along were placed in the same country • Question 14: To have their own independent countries • Question 15: Conflicts and tensions still exist today • Question 16: A movement for Jews to return to their homeland and form a country • Question 17: Their religious books say it is their homeland • Question 18: Unjustified hatred and unfair treatment of Jewish people • Question 19: Disagreement over land ownership • Question 20: A disagreement about who should lead after Muhammad’s death • Question 21: Land and religion are deeply tied to identity and history • Question 22: It has a lot of oil and affects world stability • Question 23: A U.S.-led military attack to force Iraq out of Kuwait • Question 24: To fight terrorism after 9/11 and remove the Taliban • Question 25: Jesus is the Son of God and Savior of the world • Question 26: There is one God and the Torah is sacred • Question 27: Arabs • Question 28: They all believe in one God (monotheism) • Question 29: Bible • Question 30: The holy book of Islam

Like many people, Scratch was the first experience I ever had with programming, and it was such a fun way to learn it. I knew a ton of kids who wanted to be game designers growing up, and being taught how to bring games to life in elementary school influenced that. One issue that I found with Scratch is that it taught how to comprehend code and identify what was needed, but it lacked a lot of the actual writing components. Placing blocks is easy, but I wish there were more ways to type. Overall, a life-changing program.

This article follows photographer Jack Latham inside a click farm on the top floor of a Hong Kong hotel. Hundreds of phones were wired to computers, and eight young workers liked or followed whatever client profile came up. Each phone can change its IP address 20 times a day, so one phone is basically 20 accounts. Latham even tried it on his own book launch: he got 8,000 likes in 30 minutes, and someone bought the book because it looked popular. Coming from the entertainment industry, this felt less like a weird internet story and more like a normal part of the business.

I find the topic of click farms really interesting because it raises questions about how much we can trust online engagement. We often assume that likes, views, and followers reflect genuine popularity, but they can also be artificially manipulated.

This source is especially interesting to me, its essientially a bot on Twitter that is tracking the total number of Americans who have been vaccinated agaisnt Covid-19. My immeadiate thoughts were this has to be spreading misinformation and where is this bot getting its data. Also, how frequently is this bot updated, and how helpful it is, the bot is meerly just reporting statistics so how harmful can it be? Well, if it spreads misinformation, it can be very harmful. However, if these numbers are accurate, it can be very helpful to people who might have been nervous to go outside when the pandemic prime was happeneing, if it gave people the comfort that a large number of people were vaccinated

The source Dead Internet Theory discusses a sort of conspiracy of how bots interact with social media, often with multiple accounts spamming the same exact content and tweets. A specific instance mentioned in this article was days following the 2016 election; the exact same tweet was tweeted across numerous accounts. The article also mentioned with the rise of generative AI in the early 2020s the use of bots and this dead internet theory has skyrocketted with bots having much more intelligence,

Why can only astrocytes use acetate instead of regular brain cells, and how does watching what astrocytes do tell us anything about how brain cells talk to each other?

Example: trying and exploring different clothing styles or trying different types of hobbies.

During these ages parents should be providing good examples, coaching, support, and understanding.

Why typewriters are having a renaissance in the digital age | PBS News Weekend<br /> by [[John Yang]], [[Lorna Baldwin]] for PBS News<br /> accessed on 2026-10-08T10:49:36

Julian Plys of Haddonfield, New Jersey collects typewriters based on language.

I do believe that implementing a minimum of hours per week a student can work is a good factor for educational purpose. This helps introduce a set schedule for teens with managing school and school work and actual having work experience.

I would like schools to actually have more classes and involvement of teaching students more about life such as credit, how to prepare for a interview or how to create a resume, or home economics.

Why isn’t there data including Asians?

What do these type of female mindsets get out of not doing academically well? You can be both pretty and smart.

This is tied to social conditioning, a high desire for adult approval, and a perfectionist mindset that associates academic performance with personal worth.

This seems very much the sort of thing I'm interested in.

This seems somewhat more relevant to what I might want, to the Unjournal, and how I might think about it fitting into the research ecosystem. It also seems sort of interesting to me - is there any way the hangup here would be whether my co-authors are okay with me publishing this stuff "modularly"?

I could probably go ahead with the drafted (and largely AI built) evidence from the JustGiving seed donation experiment, though. Or maybe the https://llm-uj-research-eval.netlify.app/ work, which is, again, largely AI-driven.

It seems sort of interesting, but I can't figure out how this relates to my own work or how to get involved with this without doing a lot of preparation and thinking about what I would find valuable here. I'd like a little bit more background on what all this stuff is about, what it does, and what the big advantages of doing this over maybe more standard approaches would be.

This seems interesting, but I'm a bit lost - why are we doing this? What is the goal, and why is this a good approach? What are we learning from this setup?

Who Is Harry Nilsson?<br /> by [[David Buck]]<br /> accessed on 2026-10-08T10:47:07

I think this speaks out more due to how people look for different ways to solve a problem. From finding new ways to solve things with little resources to lead to a solution. Such as in cases in math we look at the formula, but others find new ways to solve a problem by finding Shortcuts within the formula.

When I look at perception and action they state they work simultaniously because one activates the other. Such as opening ones eyes to percieve and if one percieves then we can make actions depending on what is going on around them. Such as dangerous situations, where if one percieves danger, where they will take measures to get out of that situation.

This has a more connection to reactions, where we sometimes do one thing as a reaction to another. Such as disgust, where we might push away from certain foods or smells to perserve the other senses. In other cases people might pace back and forth when trying to think about a situation, where it can be a reaction to thinking about situations.

Wealth is such an important thing for a family to have. Unfortunately to get enough wealth to be considered well off, one either has to start ahead like many children in these areas, or work unbelievably hard in less well off areas just for a chance to obtain that coveted social mobility that we talk about in class.

It's a shame that people have to perfect this kind of transportation method just to make ends meet. Sometimes it's not even enough money to make the trips worth it and people need to take up multiple jobs just to barely live paycheck to paycheck.

This piece correlates to what the other articles have mentioned, that certain communities that are seen as "better", that have a higher income coming in, are family centered and have more resources aren't easy to get into. It is easier if you have family that live there already or if you have resources to help you, but to come from a regular city, it is harder for you, or Stacey Calvin in this case, to get into a better community. Even though this community would be benificial because it has a better school district, is closer to where she works and has more access to grocery stores, she wasn't accepted due to her income that she was bringing in. Although Stacey Calvin is willing to work hard, and she is obviously a very dedicated person, her communities don't give her the opportunity to moved up that latter.

This paragraph, although it is sad to acknowledge how Stacey Calvin has to travel so far for work, and how much that commute probably drags her down, this paragraph did remind me of a topic that we went over in class. In class we learned about transportation and how that led to a boom of people in cities going to different areas. Due to new freeways, train stations, buses and more, people no longer had to have their whole life built in a single community, they could work in one and live in another. This piece of learning connects to this introduction paragraph because it shows that there are many people, like Stacey Calvin, that is part of those people, however it isn't a good thing because she has to travel far and long, and that causes her to take time out of her day, what was once a new opportunity to have a life in neighboring communities, has led to people traveling to neighboring communities just to survive.

I think comparing variables to mixing bowls is a helpful analogy for understanding programming. I've learned Java and Python before, and this reminds me of how variables store information that we can reuse or update throughout a program. It also makes me think about how choosing meaningful variable names can make code much easier to understand.

It Sucks To Use A Typewriter In 2026, But It's Also Worth It<br /> by [[David Buck]]<br /> accessed on 2026-10-08T10:37:40

The writer is definitely into the repair portion of the typewriter hobby space and despite some of the FUD he's spewing for lack of experience, he seems on the right track. He's discounting his lack of experience in the general space compared to his experience in computers, games, and guitar repair which he's obviously spent time. At least he can rely on this scaffolding to move forward in the typewriter repair space. Most others won't have this experience at all and that makes it even more difficult.

Example of someone getting an old typewriter as a "fixer-upper" and probably wishing they'd gotten one refurbished from a repair shop.

Longer version of the story appears below the highlighted section.

Most of the FUD here is that people are too cheap to bother having their machines properly serviced anymore and this is compounded by the fact that they don't know how to do most of the basics by themselves.

There's a way to link this to the idea behind Friedrich Nietzsche's discussion about typewriters as tools and how that effects our work.

Author noticing something I've experienced in typewriter articles.

Perhaps it's time to aggregate some of the typewriter articles since the pandemic to see which categories they fall into?

• typewriter nostalgia
• distraction free writing
• escape from AI
• tinfoil hat crowd

writer's take based on article at https://www.businessinsider.com/sam-altman-ai-utility-electricity-water-openai-2026-3

"They" = daisy wheel typewriters

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/why-typewriters-are-having-a-renaissance-in-the-digital-age

https://voa-story.com/2019-07-14-will-typewriters-become-popular-again/?ref=typebarmagazine.com

Apparently Todd Rundgren has a late 70s love song about onomatopoeia?!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pN-pnU8hGSw

When I worked on scouting potential artists for an entertainment company, one of the first things we checked was whether an account’s numbers were real. Someone could have 200k followers but only 30 comments per post, and half of those were the same emoji from accounts with no profile picture. That’s exactly the fake follower thing in this section, and it affects real business decisions. Companies use follower counts to decide who to sign, and brands use them to decide who to sponsor. So fake follower bots don’t just fool people scrolling online. They are actually move real money, and they hurt artists with smaller but real fanbases who get passed over.

I think this is one of the scariest things about AI and the future of bots. In the past, bots have been limited because it is rare that they have been able to communicate back with people, but AI changes this. AI has the ability to make millions of bots, create fake accounts, and also communicate back with users, similiarily to how Grok.AI communicates with users on the platform X. So, this begs the question, how does AI affect the future of bots, and how will people use AI to create millions of bots?

Having money and a good reputation can substantially help in covering up issues and fixing problems that arise. If this was any other city it would likely have taken a lot longer to bounce back from bankruptcy. Not to mention that the main source of income in Irvine was actively working against minority groups.

I didn't know that Orange County had so much history behind it. It's shocking to see that issues like "Mexican Day" at the pools both happened here and not too long ago at that.

60% of whites in the city is a massive number of people. I can't imagine what that would be like if something like that happened today.

This passage stood out to me because of the urban renewal projects that continue to displace urban residents all over the U.S. today. It made me think of the stadiums, malls, and other commercial centers built over L.A. that displaced so many urban residents in the name of the economy and creating more jobs that would "benefit" such residents. However, if you don't have a home, then finding a job is not exactly the priority. This creates a domino affect that impacts families and moves them to neighborhoods that may have less resources, less community, or lower quality education. This process has always saddened me because for many people, ubran renewal projects look like a win-win, but no one is really winning.

Redlining essentially forced many minority groups to settle in very specific locations as they were financially forced out of better regions to live in which were predominantly white. We still see the effects of this today as some communities that were racially segregated then have continued to be mostly segregated in the present.

It is important to note that although Irvine was the "national center of subprime mortgage lenders - the ones whose predatory lending practices hurt predominantly black, Latino and female homeowners in spaces like Saint Louis and Ferguson", that it ironically still became a place that is a non-white suburb. Although there are many white people here in Irvine, it does have a huge population of Asian residents and that is worth noting because with Irvine's history, as the author mentioned, of having mortgage practices that affected black, latino and women homeowners, it the end that discrimination wasn't worth it because now Irvine is changing, although still a desired suburb, it isn't what it used to be.

To predict what the author will bring up next, I think the author will go into detail about redlining. As the author explains the history of "racial covenants and racist realtors", they explain that black people have been trying to be placed in specific neighborhoods, starting in the early 1900s, in class we learned that the suburban lifestyle and redlinning occurred a few decades after that, but I think the author is trying to break down the history, to then bring up the actual effect of redlining and explain what it is, and then reel that back into the current state of the O.C or Irvine? Or at least how Irvine and other parts of O.C can serve as an area where white people fled to.

ambiciózny/začínajúci

social jet lag

Caesar doesn't know he is in danger but the audience does. "but not gone" warns Caesar that danger has not went away. shows foreshowding . Caesar is praise but soon is going to be betrayed which shows irony. Caesar is confident, and dismissive showing is character.

Antony uses the crowd to feel grief, anger, and finally hatred toward the conspirators

Casca: I don’t know what you mean by that, but I’m sure Caesar fainted. If those common, unimportant people didn’t cheer for him when they liked what he did and boo him when they didn’t, just like they do to actors in the theater, then I guess I am not truthful.

Cassius: No, Caesar doesn't have it, but you and I and Casca all have it.

Brutus: It sounds like he has epilepsy.

Casca: He fell down in the marketplace and foamed at mouth and was speechless.

Cassius: But wait, how did this happen?

Casca: I might as well be hanged as to explain what happened. It was stupid, and I wasn't paying a lot of attention. I saw Antony offer Caesar the crown, but it wasn't a very big crown, and as I already told you, he rejected it to my surprise. Then he offered it again, then he rejected it again, but I thought he would surely take it. He rejected the crown a third time, and everyone clapped their foolish hands and threw up their sweaty nightcaps and uttered such a deal of stinking breath that it almost choked Caesar, and he actually fainted. I dared not laugh at the fear of people being angry at me.

Brutus: Tell us how he did so, kind Casca.

Cassius: Who offered him the crown?

Antony is cleverly manipulating the crowd into turning against Brutus and the conspirators.

Casca: Yeah, he rejected the crown three times, every time more gentle than the other, and each time he refused it, they cheered.

Brutus: Was the crown offered to him three times.

Casca: For the same thing again.

Cassius: But they shouted three times. What was that for?

Casca:For the same reason.

Brutus:What was the second cheer for?

Casca: Well, a crown was offered to Caesar. When it was offered, he pushed it away with the back of his hand like this, and then the people started cheering.

Brutus: Yes Casca. Tell us what happened today that made Caesar sad.

Casca: You pulled me by my cloak. Did you want to talk to me?

Why, sir, cobble you. Thou art a cobbler, art thou? Truly, sir, all that I live by is with the awl.

personally interesting

claim

note for later

Olivia's annotation from last year draws on the understanding that this phrase is a reference to the disciples and Christ walking alongside one another towards Emmaus. She argues that Eliot's use of this reference creates a larger implication about the relationship between humans and divinity: even though there may exist a "third" or divine presence, humans will not always possess the ability to recognize it. This relates back to my earlier argument about how Elito uses the phrase "dry sterile thunder" to indicate that there exists somewhat of a cycle of regeneration with salvation at the end, but it is not within reach and unclear whether or not it will ever arrive. Again, this feeds into the overarching understanding of divinity as a steady, continuous presence that is "always beside [you,]" but humans will never actually know for sure whether or not it is there, or whether or not it will make enough of a difference to bring salvation, fertility, and renewal. Through a close reading of these two quotes together, I feel that Eliot uses these references to things that are typically associated with growth, hope, and new beginnings to emphasize a feeling of hopelessness and desolation threaded throughout the poem.

Even with assistance from the government, it is incredibly hard to overcome the amount of resources that white communities are able to utilize. This usually comes from an increased income that can afford to take those resources while minority neighborhoods may not have the ability to even fully utilize the resources that are available.

This paradox crosses my mind every so often, and comes up in the policy world as well. I think the conclusion we can come to is that our systems and country as a whole were always meant to embrace diversity, which is why it is ever-growing in the United States. However, it was always meant to embrace diversity of upper- and middle-class white/European people; therefore, anyone who doesn't fit that profile is meant to be excluded and put down. It is ingrained in our system, but by acknowledging these systemic disparities and working together to combat them, I believe we move toward a truly integrated society.

Even with the cities that have the greatest decrease in segregation, we can still see that minority groups move in while whites tend to move away from the metros. Even today it's shocking to see that people are still avoidant of other races. I never thought that people in the US would still be self segregating but from what this article has written about and the school boundaries it's clear how much history still affects us.

This statistic stood out to me because of the tangible effects of integrating neighborhoods. I find it quite interesting the way your environment can almost predetermine things like income, job outcomes, and education levels. I think it goes to show just how important it is that we try our best to create equitable environments for our students because no student should make less money, be less educated, or have trouble finding a job due to factors in their life that they cannot control.

I've never seen segregation described like this before. Rather than all segregation being driven by hate, this article describes it more like an apathy towards other races so they can keep the status quo of society.

With such a difference in cash flow from Black and Brown neighborhoods to white neighborhoods, it's not surprising that the educational budget of these neighborhoods are so substantially different.

We saw this first hand in class where school boundaries completely segregate different races to certain schools. This was not necessarily intentional when the boundaries were created however, these boundaries are now mostly immutable and schools cannot just uproot and go somewhere else.

more people are into gold compared to silver because it looks better on their skin tones. Id consider myself more of a gold girl aswell

new age generations are craving the life of the 80's and even the 90's

Maybe they're just predicting what the next trend is or if they are telling the current trend, but if they are telling the most recent I disagree.

I don't necessarily think it's dead we just don't know about it because it's quiet.

are people trying to be more seen? Are they trying to have more flashier out-going outfits?

hello

the difficulty of interpreting unrotated principal components, and the mathematical trade-offs that happen when you try to fix it by rotating the axes

measure the strength and direction of the relationship between each original variable and a principal component

a statistical method used to reduce a large number of observed variables into a smaller, unobserved set of underlying dimensions called latent factors

a category, variable, or theoretical construct represents a single, uniform set of properties or meanings rather than a mix of diverse or overlapping phenomena

The indians separated mary and her children while being hald captured.

The indians had raided her house and tried to kill the entire family, but they find a way to escape. But also, why are the indians doing this towards innocent people?

This sounds so graphic...and it's disturbing how the indians killed this innocent man :(

.

eLife Assessment

This valuable study introduces an innovative task and framework for examining whether movement vigor and reward-seeking behavior are governed by common or separate processes. The behavioral findings provide solid evidence that these behaviors can be differentially influenced by effort and delay, but support for the proposed model and its mechanistic claims remains incomplete, requiring more rigorous validation and analyses to address potential confounds. The work will be of interest to researchers studying motor control, decision-making, and effort-based behavior.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors introduce a foraging task designed to test whether movement and harvesting durations are governed by a common objective combining reward, effort, and time or by separate objectives. Participants generate wrist torque to move a cursor to a rewarding patch and then hold it within the patch while reward accumulates at a diminishing rate. The task allows reach and harvest effort, as well as delays before or between the two phases, to be manipulated separately.

Reach effort strongly affected reach duration but had little effect on harvest duration, whereas a delay imposed after reaching altered harvest duration without affecting the completed reach. Manipulation of harvest effort did not affect either duration. The authors also found consistency across individuals within each type of duration but no reliable association between reach and harvest durations. The separate model fit the behavioral results better than the common-utility model, particularly for the post-reach delay condition. The findings therefore support partly dissociable, but coupled optimization of harvest and movement in this task, while not excluding common optimization in other contexts.

Strengths:

The task provides a controlled way to manipulate the effort and delays associated with reaching and harvesting while measuring both durations. The control experiments alter the timing of delays, allowing the experimenter to test whether their effects depend on when they occur. These manipulations produce clear behavioral dissociations, particularly the selective effect of a post-reach delay on harvest duration. The delay and effort manipulations were verified, and most participants reported noticing the changes in effort and time.

The separate model extends a previous cost-of-time framework to a foraging task involving movement and reward harvesting. Its assumptions have a clear relationship to the experimental design: applied delays and actions enter the time offset for each separate cost function. This provides an intuitive account of why a delay occurring after the reach can affect harvesting without affecting the completed movement. The separate model also provides a better fit than the common utility model in both modeled experiments.

The individual-level behavioral analyses are also useful. Reach durations are correlated across reach conditions, and harvest durations are correlated across harvest conditions, indicating stable individual differences within each measure. The lack of a corresponding relationship between reach and harvest durations raises an important question about whether the two forms of vigor necessarily reflect a common individual tendency in their task.

Weaknesses:

The block design and familiarization made the changes in effort and delay learnable, and most participants reported awareness of these manipulations. The observed dissociation may reflect adaptation to this task structure. This does not weaken the behavioral result, but it limits how directly the findings can be generalized to tasks in which changes in reward, effort, or time are less explicit.

The main modeling limitation is that both models are fitted to ten group-level median observations in each experiment, rather than to individuals' behavior. The separate model has seven fitted parameters compared with three in the common model. Although the reported AIC penalizes additional parameters, the analysis includes no participant-level fitting, resampling, or cross-validation.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript by Conessa and colleagues tests whether movement time and decision time are co-regulated in humans using a novel harvesting paradigm and computational modelling of the behavioral data. The data contradict the common utility model and are better supported by an alternative model where the costs of the harvesting and movement phases are optimized separately - rather than jointly.

Strengths:

The major strength of the study is the development of the novel paradigm where the forces applied during the distinct phases of the task (reaching and harvesting) can be perfectly controlled and measured.

This elegant manipulation allows precise estimation of subjective effort costs, and later can be used to better understand how these costs shape behavior.

The novel separate-cost model is also an interesting development.

Weaknesses:

In my opinion, the manuscript suffers from too many weaknesses to solidly support the general conclusions:

(1) The manuscript oversells the significance of the results;

(2) The novel model appears to be built ad hoc based on the results, and its ingredients are poorly motivated

(3) There are important methodological shortcomings. I develop all of these points below. The paper also lacks clarity, particularly when presenting the key concepts of the novel model.

Importantly, I also recommend that the authors follow open science policy and publish their data and code on a public repository.

(1) Significance

As mentioned above, the question of the co-regulation of the vigor of different behaviors is a very interesting topic, but I believe the significance of the results is overstated, for different reasons:

a) This is a harvesting task, which means that decisions are specifically about the duration of the reward period. In other words, more time directly provides more (immediate) reward, whereas in other types of tasks more time allows gathering and processing more information, and so reaching a more informed decision, which is a more indirect way of securing better outcomes - see e.g. Drugowitsch, Moreno-Bote et al. JNeurosci 2012 for optimizing decision time in this most common setting. This major difference is not discussed in the manuscript, and it is not clear whether the results found here would hold for the most common type of decisions. This is also different from the time to initiate a response, as explored by Morvan et al. in their cited preprint.

b) The title of the study mentions "flexible" co-regulation, but it's hard to see direct evidence for flexibility in the results. This flexibility is extrapolated in the Discussion, but in order to make such a statement, it is necessary to show that the co-regulation differs between different conditions, as predicted from the model.

c) The lack of impact of the harvesting effort on harvest time is very surprising, and the null value of the sensitivity to effort (d=0) in the model is intellectually uncomfortable. As some value of effort, it SHOULD matter. I am not very satisfied with the explanation provided in the Discussion ("possible hypothesis would be that the perceived effort of harvest was outweighed by the reward value"): this trade-off should be precisely dealt with by the model.

(2) Separate-Cost Model

The separate-cost model is poorly motivated and not clearly presented, in particular the indirect coupling between the two phases.

a) Some key components are motivated by the constraint to obtain a well-behaved optimization problem ('we need to find a cost that increases with time' ) rather than based on cognitive principles. Some other key components seem to have been placed there just to fit the data better, but their plausibility is not even discussed. Notably:<br /> i- The fact that the offset o_h includes the reaching delay is key to the coupling between t_h and t_r, but is not properly motivated. Why should this offset include all preceding intervals within the trial (leading to double counting of the cost of the reaching phase, in both G_r and G_d)? In this cyclic paradigm where participants aim at maximizing cumulative reward, it is not even clear that they parse behavior into different trials starting as they need to reach for a new target.<br /> ii- Why is there a free parameter d for the cost of harvest effort? If time and motor costs are converted into the same currency, and that conversion holds for all types of phases, then I believe we should have d=1. This free parameter seems to have been introduced a posteriori to accommodate the lack of effect of harvest effort on harvest time, but is not motivated.

b) The two models differ in two fundamental aspects: whether optimization is run separately on the different phases of the trial, or jointly; and how the different costs and rewards are assembled in the to-be-optimized metric. Which aspect is more important to capture behavior is not assessed.

c) The presentation of the "Separate-cost model" is very obscure. For example, the notion of a `cost of reward` is rather odd, and consequently the formula for R(t_h) appears arbitrary. I understand that this is the difference between the maximum reward that can be collected within a trial and the actual reward that is collected, but it is not even presented as such. The effort cost of harvesting seems to be discarded in the model presentation but does appear in equation 14.

(3) Methodological Weaknesses

I believe that there are numerous methodological weaknesses that really limit the inferences that can be drawn from the experimental and modelling results.

a) Sample sizes are small, especially for control experiments, and it is not clear how they have been selected. This is especially problematic because the only manipulation that shows no significant effect on behavior (harvest duration) is only tested with the smallest sample size (n=10), severely limiting the significance of this negative result.

b) The rationale for the different manipulations in different experiments is not clear. Notably, why were modulations of the harvest effort not included in the main experiment? Because not a single participant sees a modulation of both reach and harvest efforts, we cannot evaluate whether the model can capture both effects at the same time (i.e., with the same parameter values). The number of data points used for fitting directly depends on the number of conditions performed by the participant, and is very low compared to the number of parameters to be fitted. For example, the model used very different shapes for the costs of time (Figure 8) for different sets of conditions, but this cost of time should be fixed, so it's not clear whether a single cost of time function can accommodate all manipulations.

c) Best practice in behavioral modelling is to model single-subject data, as fitting the model jointly to all subjects completely obliterates subject heterogeneity. Fitting on single-subject data would also allow investigating whether the models reproduce the consistency of harvest durations and reach durations across conditions, and most importantly the absence of correlation across subjects between reach and harvest duration. At the moment, we're left wondering what the implications of these analyses for the original question are.

d) What is the rationale for comparing reach duration in one condition to harvest duration in another condition?

e) The study does not take into account the likely impact of delays on muscular fatigue and perceived effort: the effort associated with maintaining the cursor on target during harvest might be perceived as less effortful after a longer break, partially explaining the impact of delay on harvest duration.

f) I am confused by the reference to indirect effects in the separate-cost model (L692-7, Table 2). To fit this model, was the experimental value or theoretical value of the reach duration t_d used to determine the optimal harvest value (from Equation 14)? In both cases, the reach duration DOES increase with reach effort, so we should expect an impact on the harvest duration. This is indeed seen in Figure 7A. So why does Table 2 suggest that reach effort should not impact harvest duration in this model?

g) Could the effect of pre-reach delay on reach time be alternatively explained simply by longer reaction times as reported in Figure S2, e.g., a longer period to reactivate the muscles after a longer break? In other words, as far as I understood, here reaction times are subsumed in the motor time, against the tradition of splitting them into two independent (non-overlapping) behavioral metrics.

h) The EMG-time integral in the harvest phase should be largely proportional to the harvest duration, given that the applied torque is constrained to remain on target. Is this the case? If so, then how to interpret the significant effect of reach effort on this value, given that the main analyses did not identify an effect of reach effort on harvest duration?

Author response:

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

The authors introduce a foraging task designed to test whether movement and harvesting durations are governed by a common objective combining reward, effort, and time or by separate objectives. Participants generate wrist torque to move a cursor to a rewarding patch and then hold it within the patch while reward accumulates at a diminishing rate. The task allows reach and harvest effort, as well as delays before or between the two phases, to be manipulated separately.

Reach effort strongly affected reach duration but had little effect on harvest duration, whereas a delay imposed after reaching altered harvest duration without affecting the completed reach. Manipulation of harvest effort did not affect either duration. The authors also found consistency across individuals within each type of duration but no reliable association between reach and harvest durations. The separate model fit the behavioral results better than the common-utility model, particularly for the post-reach delay condition. The findings therefore support partly dissociable, but coupled optimization of harvest and movement in this task, while not excluding common optimization in other contexts.

Strengths:

The task provides a controlled way to manipulate the effort and delays associated with reaching and harvesting while measuring both durations. The control experiments alter the timing of delays, allowing the experimenter to test whether their effects depend on when they occur. These manipulations produce clear behavioral dissociations, particularly the selective effect of a post-reach delay on harvest duration. The delay and effort manipulations were verified, and most participants reported noticing the changes in effort and time.

The separate model extends a previous cost-of-time framework to a foraging task involving movement and reward harvesting. Its assumptions have a clear relationship to the experimental design: applied delays and actions enter the time offset for each separate cost function. This provides an intuitive account of why a delay occurring after the reach can affect harvesting without affecting the completed movement. The separate model also provides a better fit than the common utility model in both modeled experiments.

The individual-level behavioral analyses are also useful. Reach durations are correlated across reach conditions, and harvest durations are correlated across harvest conditions, indicating stable individual differences within each measure. The lack of a corresponding relationship between reach and harvest durations raises an important question about whether the two forms of vigor necessarily reflect a common individual tendency in their task.

We thank the reviewer for acknowledging the relevance of our study.

Weaknesses:

The block design and familiarization made the changes in effort and delay learnable, and most participants reported awareness of these manipulations. The observed dissociation may reflect adaptation to this task structure. This does not weaken the behavioral result, but it limits how directly the findings can be generalized to tasks in which changes in reward, effort, or time are less explicit.

The results show that, in a controlled environment, the common-utility model did not account for certain behaviors observed in our participants. In variable environments, because the previous history of reward and effort affect the current trial (Yoon et al., 2018; Sukumar et al., 2024), the behavioral regulation could be less stable and apparent. Here, we provided a favorable environment to assess the common-utility model, with stable manipulations of time and effort in a block-wise design allowing clear estimation of the capture rate by the participants. We agree with the reviewer that it is not necessarily generalizable to other types of environments involving uncertainty for instance. However, demonstrating that movement and decision vigor can be dissociated in a specific task is good evidence to suggest that it is not always co-regulated, and should therefore be flexible. This potential adaptation resulting from the development of explicit knowledge is a problem present in most studies of this type, where conditions are introduced in a blocked manner (Saleri Lunazzi et al., 2021; Sukumar et al., 2024). We will discuss this point in more detail in the revised version of the manuscript.

The main modeling limitation is that both models are fitted to ten group-level median observations in each experiment, rather than to individuals' behavior. The separate model has seven fitted parameters compared with three in the common model. Although the reported AIC penalizes additional parameters, the analysis includes no participant-level fitting, resampling, or cross-validation.

We acknowledge that fitting the models to participants’ individual behavior could provide better insight into the ability of the evaluated models to accurately capture the effects of time and effort on behavior. We will perform these analyses during the review.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript by Conessa and colleagues tests whether movement time and decision time are co-regulated in humans using a novel harvesting paradigm and computational modelling of the behavioral data. The data contradict the common utility model and are better supported by an alternative model where the costs of the harvesting and movement phases are optimized separately - rather than jointly.

Strengths:

The major strength of the study is the development of the novel paradigm where the forces applied during the distinct phases of the task (reaching and harvesting) can be perfectly controlled and measured.

This elegant manipulation allows precise estimation of subjective effort costs, and later can be used to better understand how these costs shape behavior.

The novel separate-cost model is also an interesting development.

We thank the reviewer for acknowledging the strengths of our study and for the constructive suggestions. Below, we provide preliminary responses with some planned adjustments.

Weaknesses:

In my opinion, the manuscript suffers from too many weaknesses to solidly support the general conclusions:

(1) The manuscript oversells the significance of the results;

(2) The novel model appears to be built ad hoc based on the results, and its ingredients are poorly motivated

(3) There are important methodological shortcomings. I develop all of these points below. The paper also lacks clarity, particularly when presenting the key concepts of the novel model.

The model relies on a large part of the literature that assumes a cost of time affecting movement and decision-making. For instance, the urgency-gating model associate a time-growing signal with the pace of decisions (Cisek et al., 2009; Thura, 2020; Saleri Lunazzi et al., 2021); and a cost of time underlying human reaching vigor has been identified in previous studies (Shadmehr et al., 2010a; Choi et al., 2014; Berret et al., 2018; Berret and Baud-Bovy, 2022; Verdel et al., 2023). Our model is simply grounded on those studies. We will detail further the rationale behind the separate-cost model and address as much as possible the points highlighted by the reviewer.

Importantly, I also recommend that the authors follow open science policy and publish their data and code on a public repository.

The authors agree with the reviewer. Data are available in Supplementary Data and code used will be published on a public repository.

(1) Significance

As mentioned above, the question of the co-regulation of the vigor of different behaviors is a very interesting topic, but I believe the significance of the results is overstated, for different reasons:

a) This is a harvesting task, which means that decisions are specifically about the duration of the reward period. In other words, more time directly provides more (immediate) reward, whereas in other types of tasks more time allows gathering and processing more information, and so reaching a more informed decision, which is a more indirect way of securing better outcomes - see e.g. Drugowitsch, Moreno-Bote et al. JNeurosci 2012 for optimizing decision time in this most common setting. This major difference is not discussed in the manuscript, and it is not clear whether the results found here would hold for the most common type of decisions. This is also different from the time to initiate a response, as explored by Morvan et al. in their cited preprint.

One feature of the present study, consistent with previous work (Yoon et al., 2018; Sukumar et al., 2024), is the use of a harvesting task to study the decision-making process (Hayden, 2018). The context of optimal foraging provides an interesting approach to study decision-making, as it is directly linked to ecological contexts. Remaining in a food patch does indeed result in an immediate increase in reward, but staying there too long risks reducing the capture rate, which, according to the utility model, represents the actual value that matters. The subject has to gather information about the current state of the patch and the global capture rate of the environment to decide how long he should harvest. Here, the aim of the article was not to generalize the results to all types of decisions, but to test the utility model in a very specific and controlled environment to better dissociate the effects of time and effort. In our task, movement and decision vigor is not co-regulated, which can be seen as a counterexample of a systematic co-regulation. However, there are a lot of possible tasks combining movement and decision-making in different forms.  As such, we argue that behavior may benefit from a certain degree of flexibility that allows for the separation of movement and decision-making vigor when relevant to a given task. Depending on the context, optimal behavior may require moving quickly while deciding quickly, moving quickly while deciding slowly, or other combinations (see Thura et al., 2025 for a review). In this respect, the separate-cost model allows flexible regulation (coupled or not), hence capturing which regulation is optimal, as long as the objective costs (defined by the task) and the participant’s subjective costs (specific to the participant) are appropriately combined. The common-utility model is comparatively more constrained because movement and decision costs are intrinsically integrated.  We agree that this distinction warrants further discussion and will clarify it, together with the resulting limits on generalization, in the revised manuscript.

b) The title of the study mentions "flexible" co-regulation, but it's hard to see direct evidence for flexibility in the results. This flexibility is extrapolated in the Discussion, but in order to make such a statement, it is necessary to show that the co-regulation differs between different conditions, as predicted from the model.

The term flexible is used to highlight that the rigid co-regulation predicted by the common-utility model does not apply to all manipulations of effort and time in this controlled design, nor to all types of decision-making (harvest vs reaction time). Decisions in the form of harvest durations do not seem to co-vary with reach durations, contrary to decisions performed during reaction times. Accordingly, and based on recent evidences (see Thura et al. 2025 for a review), this co-regulation appears to be flexible, depending on the actual optimal behavior required by the task and the type of decisions involved. In our paper, we found a co-regulation between reaction times and movement times but an independence of harvest times and movement times. Together with existing results from the literature, we conclude about the flexibility of co-regulation. However, we acknowledge that the (co-)regulations have not been directly compared in our paper. We plan to further assess this point.

c) The lack of impact of the harvesting effort on harvest time is very surprising, and the null value of the sensitivity to effort (d=0) in the model is intellectually uncomfortable. As some value of effort, it SHOULD matter. I am not very satisfied with the explanation provided in the Discussion ("possible hypothesis would be that the perceived effort of harvest was outweighed by the reward value"): this trade-off should be precisely dealt with by the model.

We agree with the reviewer and the lack of an effect of harvest effort on its duration was surprising to us too. However, the null value of sensitivity to harvest effort should not be interpreted as the effort does not influence the harvest or the decision in general. This effort is indeed likely not significant enough to necessitate a change in behavior. The free weighting parameters capture the relative sensitivity of the costs involved. Although effort was noticeable for the participants and of the same magnitude as variations in movement effort, it is likely they did not find it disruptive enough to adjust their behavioral strategy, demonstrating that it was not a critical factor in these conditions. We note that both the cost of time and the harvesting cost of effort increase with time, which suggests that in this timescale and this level of effort, the cost of time may have had a greater influence on behavior. Yet, our model could have captured effort-related variations of harvest duration if there were observed experimentally. To observe such effects, we should have increased harvesting effort but it might have led to behavioral changes due to muscular fatigue or maximal isometric torque limitations (which are not considered in the current modeling) rather than to the optimization of subjective utility. We will clarify what this sensitivity of harvest effort represents, and examine alternative constraints on the free parameters.

(2) Separate-Cost Model

The separate-cost model is poorly motivated and not clearly presented, in particular the indirect coupling between the two phases.

a) Some key components are motivated by the constraint to obtain a well-behaved optimization problem ('we need to find a cost that increases with time' ) rather than based on cognitive principles. Some other key components seem to have been placed there just to fit the data better, but their plausibility is not even discussed. Notably:

i) The fact that the offset o_h includes the reaching delay is key to the coupling between t_h and t_r, but is not properly motivated. Why should this offset include all preceding intervals within the trial (leading to double counting of the cost of the reaching phase, in both G_r and G_d)? In this cyclic paradigm where participants aim at maximizing cumulative reward, it is not even clear that they parse behavior into different trials starting as they need to reach for a new target.

Precisely, as the reviewer pointed out, this offset is key to the coupling of t_h and t_r, and it actually constitutes an original extension to previous `cost of time` models. Including t_r in the offset o_h allows the separate-cost model to co-regulation to some extent, without leading to double-counting the reach cost. It must be noted that G_r and G_h are distinct time cost functions, and the value of G_h at t_r can be different from that of G_h at </>t_r. The offset allows reach duration to influence harvest duration because it shifts its cost of time. Recent evidence show that subjects rely only to a limited extent on their past experience when assessing the quality of their environment (Sukumar et al., 2024). Hence, our hypothesis is that only recent delays could influence the cost of time, in the form of an offset that creates a bias affecting the vigor. For this reason, we chose to define it as the cumulative time elapsed from the start of each trial. Due to the cyclic nature, the models are then applied to the average behavior within a condition, allowing us to reduce variability. We plan to make the rationale clearer in the revised manuscript.

ii) Why is there a free parameter d for the cost of harvest effort? If time and motor costs are converted into the same currency, and that conversion holds for all types of phases, then I believe we should have d=1. This free parameter seems to have been introduced a posteriori to accommodate the lack of effect of harvest effort on harvest time, but is not motivated.

The number of free weighting parameters is defined by the minimization of a linear combination of cost functions. The reaching phase comprises only two costs in this model, leading to the possibility to have only one free weighting parameter that capture the relative sensitivity to time and effort. However, regarding the harvest phase, as there are three different costs, it was necessary to have at least two free weighting parameters to account for relative sensitivity and convert all costs in the same currency. Alternatively, we could indeed have applied a free parameter to the reward and set d = 1. However, the purpose of the study was to assess the contribution of time and effort changes, and ultimately participants’ sensitivity to changes in these factors. As such, it appeared appropriate to evaluate the sensitivity of the harvest effort captured by the models, rather than the reward (which is not manipulated). It was also to keep some consistency with the common utility model, which includes a free weighting parameter for the costs of effort and time (and none for the reward function) as well. We will add more details regarding the motivation behind the separate-cost model and the use/choice of these free parameters. We agree that the rationale for this parameterization was not sufficiently described in the manuscript and will clarify it in the revised version. We will also examine alternative constraints on the free parameters.

b) The two models differ in two fundamental aspects: whether optimization is run separately on the different phases of the trial, or jointly; and how the different costs and rewards are assembled in the to-be-optimized metric. Which aspect is more important to capture behavior is not assessed.

We thank the reviewer for raising this interesting point. It is difficult to determine which aspect is most important: the separate versus joint optimization, or how the costs are assembled (additive vs multiplicative). However, the two are closely linked. It is the switch from a multiplicative association of the cost (common-utility model) to an additive one (separate-cost) that makes the separate optimization possible. For example, it is not possible to achieve an optimal movement duration using the costs interaction from the common-utility model, since there would simply be a discounting of the cost of effort by the cost of time . It would be necessary to add another element justifying why the movement should not be infinitely slow, which would therefore require changing the costs or adapting them to capture a logical behavior. This is what led to the design of the separate-cost model, by switching to an additive model allowing an optimal duration to emerge for each phase. We will further examine this issue in the revision, in particular by testing whether the separate-cost model can also account for observed behaviors under a joint optimization of reaching and harvesting durations.

c) The presentation of the "Separate-cost model" is very obscure. For example, the notion of a `cost of reward` is rather odd, and consequently the formula for R(t_h) appears arbitrary. I understand that this is the difference between the maximum reward that can be collected within a trial and the actual reward that is collected, but it is not even presented as such. The effort cost of harvesting seems to be discarded in the model presentation but does appear in equation 14.

The terminology `cost of reward` is admittedly odd but is used because it is the counterpart of the harvest function used in the common-utility f_h(t_h). Instead of using it in a form subject to maximization, we use it in a form subject to minimization. The purpose of this function is to maintain a certain consistency between the models and the various types of costs implied; as such it was crucial to incorporate a function capturing the harvested reward in the separate-cost model. We will detail further this point in the revised version, as we agree that our previous explanation was insufficient. The effort cost of harvesting was not presented again in the separate-cost model section since it was already identified (as was the effort cost of reaching) in the common-utility section and referenced to the corresponding equation.

(3) Methodological Weaknesses

I believe that there are numerous methodological weaknesses that really limit the inferences that can be drawn from the experimental and modelling results.

a) Sample sizes are small, especially for control experiments, and it is not clear how they have been selected. This is especially problematic because the only manipulation that shows no significant effect on behavior (harvest duration) is only tested with the smallest sample size (n=10), severely limiting the significance of this negative result.

We acknowledge that some of the sample sizes are small. Importantly, the main goal of the study was to determine the effect of time and effort manipulations on the behavioral vigor. The first main experiment had already provided us with lot of insights to reach this objective, but to go further and explore our subsequent hypotheses, we decided to examine the role of the delay position and another type of effort cost. The change in harvesting effort is not the only manipulation that showed no effect on behavior. In the main experiment, we observed that changes in effort required for reaching does not affect the harvest duration, even though this is predicted by the common-utility model. In the same experiment, we also observed that changes in delays do not affect the reach duration, even though this is also predicted by common-utility model. Nevertheless, we will discuss the limit of the control experiments further in the revised version.

b) The rationale for the different manipulations in different experiments is not clear. Notably, why were modulations of the harvest effort not included in the main experiment? Because not a single participant sees a modulation of both reach and harvest efforts, we cannot evaluate whether the model can capture both effects at the same time (i.e., with the same parameter values). The number of data points used for fitting directly depends on the number of conditions performed by the participant, and is very low compared to the number of parameters to be fitted. For example, the model used very different shapes for the costs of time (Figure 8) for different sets of conditions, but this cost of time should be fixed, so it's not clear whether a single cost of time function can accommodate all manipulations.

We agree that the rationale for the different manipulations across experiments was not sufficiently explained. Traditionally, optimal foraging has not been studied in conjunction with movement vigor (Yoon et al., 2018), but a recent framework accounts for both decision-making and motor control (Shadmehr et al., 2016). In the main experiment, we chose to manipulate reaching effort because our primary aim was to test whether variations in the cost involved in motor control influence (i.e., co-regulate) the decision-making process. The manipulations of effort and time in the main experiment were a good basis for evaluating the common-utility model in a controlled environment. Showing that reaching effort would affect harvest duration would have already been great evidence to illustrate a form of co-regulation. Moreover, we had no certainty that the participants would exhibit stable behavior, and adding twice as many conditions risked introducing further biases related to fatigue and attentional focus. We decided to run control experiments upon seeing the results of this initial experiment, when other questions arose regarding the effect of the delay position and of the type of effort. We acknowledge that performing all manipulation in one large experiment would indeed have significantly increased the significance of the models’ predictions. Nonetheless, we made sure that the number of parameters fitted were taken into account by using the AIC to evaluate models’ performance. Regarding the assumption that the shape of the cost of time should be fixed: adding a waiting period changes (slightly) the task, and it is conceivable that a different task should be represented by a different cost of time. Reaching and harvesting are too distinct tasks, and the subjective cost of elapsed time may therefore differ depending on whether participants are moving or remaining stationary. Different cost of times have been proposed for both arm-reaching movements and saccades (Shadmehr et al., 2010b; Berret et al., 2018), in particular because these movements occur over very different timescales. This suggests that how the passage of time is valued may depend on the task at hand. Altogether, this led us to consider letting the cost of time have different shapes for each phase and each experiment (although fixed within the sigmoidal family of function). We will clarify the rationale for the different manipulations and the use of different cost of time for each phase in the revised manuscript.

c) Best practice in behavioral modelling is to model single-subject data, as fitting the model jointly to all subjects completely obliterates subject heterogeneity. Fitting on single-subject data would also allow investigating whether the models reproduce the consistency of harvest durations and reach durations across conditions, and most importantly the absence of correlation across subjects between reach and harvest duration. At the moment, we're left wondering what the implications of these analyses for the original question are.

We agree that fitting these models to the individual behavior of the participants would be interesting to assess the models’ ability to capture participants’ variability. We will explore this during the revision.

d) What is the rationale for comparing reach duration in one condition to harvest duration in another condition?

If behavioral vigor (either of movement or decision) is a trait-like characteristic supported by shared processes, some degree of consistency between movement and decision vigor is expected. For instance, participants who tend to move faster might also tend to decide faster, if their vigor relates to traits like impulsivity for instance (Choi et al., 2014; Berret et al., 2018; Labaune et al., 2020). As such, we decided to perform all correlations to provide a comprehensive overview of inter-individual consistency of vigor in a foraging-like task.

e) The study does not take into account the likely impact of delays on muscular fatigue and perceived effort: the effort associated with maintaining the cursor on target during harvest might be perceived as less effortful after a longer break, partially explaining the impact of delay on harvest duration.

The idea that delays may influence muscular fatigue and perceived effort is intriguing. However, we believe that if perceived effort was the reason leading to changes in harvest duration, changes would also have been elicited by manipulation of harvest effort. This point will be discussed further during the revision.

f) I am confused by the reference to indirect effects in the separate-cost model (L692-7, Table 2). To fit this model, was the experimental value or theoretical value of the reach duration t_d used to determine the optimal harvest value (from Equation 14)? In both cases, the reach duration DOES increase with reach effort, so we should expect an impact on the harvest duration. This is indeed seen in Figure 7A. So why does Table 2 suggest that reach effort should not impact harvest duration in this model?

We agree that this point was not sufficiently clear. The purpose of Table 2 was to present the specific effect of each modulation. Thus, the prediction that reach effort does not affect harvest duration in the separate-cost model refers specifically to a change in reach effort at a fixed reach duration. An example with our experimental design would be to display a virtual movement of fixed duration during which participants have to produce a torque (isometric contraction) superior to a certain threshold that could vary between conditions. The inter-dependence of reach and harvest are based on duration changes; manipulation of the magnitude of effort exerted during movement at fixed duration would therefore not affect harvest duration. Table 2 was intended to distinguish these direct and indirect effects rather than to predict that reach effort should have no effect on harvest duration in our experiment. To fit the model to the data, the experimental value of the reach duration was used. However, since Table 2 shows only the directions of the variations, an arbitrary fixed value for reach duration (of the same magnitude) was used to determine the direct effect represented. We will clarify this distinction and the purpose of Table 2 in the revised manuscript.

g) Could the effect of pre-reach delay on reach time be alternatively explained simply by longer reaction times as reported in Figure S2, e.g., a longer period to reactivate the muscles after a longer break? In other words, as far as I understood, here reaction times are subsumed in the motor time, against the tradition of splitting them into two independent (non-overlapping) behavioral metrics.

This is an interesting point raised by the reviewer and will be discussed further in the revision. Here, we assume that a shorter reaction times are associated with a less steep cost-of-time function. According to drift-diffusion models, it brings the decision-related neural activity more slowly toward the commitment threshold, thereby delaying movement initiation. Since the cost of time is less steep, the movement duration will also be increased, thus implying this co-regulation between movement and reaction time.

Here, reaction time was not separated, since the protocol is not appropriately designed to its study, particularly in the main experiment. The detection of reaction time is highly conservative (see text of Time-Related supplementary analyses) and it is not entirely clear whether we can properly refer to a reaction time in the main experiment, since the two phases follow one another without any delay. Hence to avoid any uncertainty, we chose not to separate these presumed reaction times from motor times.

h) The EMG-time integral in the harvest phase should be largely proportional to the harvest duration, given that the applied torque is constrained to remain on target. Is this the case? If so, then how to interpret the significant effect of reach effort on this value, given that the main analyses did not identify an effect of reach effort on harvest duration?

We thank the reviewer for pointing this interesting effect. It is possible that a greater muscle activation during the reaching phase was carried over to the harvest phase (due to increased co-contraction for instance), leading to an increase in the EMG-time integral in the harvest despite manipulation of reach effort. We will explore this during the revision. In particular, we will examine how the EMG signals recorded during the reaching relate to those recorded during the harvesting, as well as the relationship between the EMG signals and the torque exerted by the participants.

References

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¿Cuáles son las propuestas nacionales?

https://www.fulu.org/

not obvious, but a tiny nod to escapements may be hiding here...

This strategy concerns me heavily. Why does 'being nice' to a computer program influence the output? There are no feelings had by AI.

I worry about this point a little bit. Obviously virtual field trips and experiences are great if there is little time and resources to make the real deal happen. However, I think student engagement on a virtual experience does not nearly reach the level of engagement an out of class trip can manage.

This is where I see myself most effectively using AI in my future classroom.

Any time we discuss AI in any of our classes or out in the world, my mind seems to quickly progress to The Terminator movies. Fortunately, our jobs as educators is to develop informed consumers of AI and ensure that a global meltdown does not happen.

Henry will annotate

Henry will annotate

Quote Origin: Every Writer Has a Lifetime Ration of Three Exclamation Points – Quote Investigator®<br /> by Quote Investigator <br /> accessed on 2026-10-08T09:31:30

1919 Copyright, Mince Pie: Adventures on the Sunny Side of Grub Street by Christopher Morley, Syntax for Cynics, A Grammar of the Feminine Language, Quote Page 208, George H. Doran Company, New York. (Google Books Full View)

Hollywood’s Oldest Super Agent Isn’t Retiring Anytime Soon<br /> by [[Erich Schwartzel]] for Wall Street Journal<br /> accessed on 2026-10-08T09:25:24

Printable & Custom Recipe Cards<br /> by [[Sunny Shores Creative]]<br /> accessed on 2026-10-08T09:23:18

Found via https://www.reddit.com/r/promoteMyApp/comments/1wcjbg9/online_recipe_card_creator_to_print_out_recipes/<br /> on 2026-09-23

Sold a Story - Podcast<br /> by [[Emily Hanford]] of APM<br /> accessed on 2026-10-08T09:20:23

Video playlist on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ajIPRy_yc0&list=PLAqpiCUiqiUM

In my search to find the different bots on various social media platforms like Twitter or Instagram, I came across a couple articles about the funniest bots or the most interesting bots. Some bots are to help someone find some information, like X's chatbot Grok, and some are purely for comedic purposes. An article I found by the Comediva there was a bot that mimicked that was programmed to act like the character of Tyler Durden from Fight Club whenever anyone tweeted about Fight Club.

this is how you do it

ODE - one independent variable order -- 1, 2, 3 linear - power 1 of every dependent variable

I love it when stories combine two genres into something unique, such as fantasy and western, or sci-fi and murder mystery. It really puts a unique twist on the story itself.

I like it when short stories have a twist or something at the end that satisfies me. Also, it's important to keep characters minimal and the time span short, as handling complex themes and massive scale plots in such a short amount of time doesn't really interest the reader.

published article - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891584926011597

I feel like since society is changing so frequently and fast a lot of teens are most likely wanting to move out by 18 or younger for their own experiences or due to being in a relationship.

Definition: natural messenger molecules made by your body that help control many important functions

This is an excellent idea

https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1x06sz7/made_a_custom_case_for_my_oliver/

This proves why rowlandson has hatred for native americans, because they destroyed her town and captured her

This describes how the native americans took the white settlers land and used them to have their own land and leaving white citizens with nothing.

5章まで書いたのでレビューしてもらえるとありがたいです

This could be interesting to investigate/research further since we are having increased incidence in early onset cancer across the population and i wonder if this is another piece of evidence for adjusting criteria.

I want to understand why not building is building, property = site

would we need to add a "site" object? is that what "property" vs. "building" was also trying to achieve?

lacking energy

Rapid economic growth of Ireland from 1995-2007

quality of being touchable

doing something with lots of energy

impressive

eLife Assessment

This study presents an important study into the molecular function of AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED 15 (AHL15), a member of the AHL protein family, identifying it as a potential regulator of three-dimensional gene-loop organization within transcribed gene bodies. The authors support this claim with strong genome-wide evidence, integrating AHL15 binding profiles with transcriptional and chromatin accessibility changes, as well as demonstrating overlap with genes known to form loops across transcribed regions. The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is convincing. Collectively, these findings will be of broad interest to biologists seeking to understand the regulatory mechanisms underlying gene expression.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The study by Luden et al. seeks to elucidate the molecular functions of AHL15, a member of the AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED (AHL) protein family, whose overexpression has been shown to extend plant longevity in Arabidopsis. To address this question, the authors conducted genome-wide ChIP-sequencing analyses to identify AHL15 binding sites. They further integrated these data with RNA-sequencing and ATAC-sequencing analyses to compare directly bound AHL15 targets with genes exhibiting altered expression and chromatin accessibility upon ectopic AHL15 overexpression.

The analyses indicate that AHL15 preferentially associates with regions near transcription start sites (TSS) and transcription end sites (TES). Notably, no clear consensus DNA-binding motif was identified, suggesting that AHL15 binding may be mediated through interactions with other regulatory factors rather than through direct sequence recognition. The authors further show that AHL15 predominantly represses its direct target genes; however, this repression appears to be largely independent of detectable changes in chromatin accessibility.

In addition to the AHL protein family, the globular H1 domain-containing high-mobility group A (GH1-HMGA) protein family also harbors AT-hook DNA-binding domains. Recent studies have shown that GH1-HMGA proteins repress FLC, a key regulator of flowering time, by interfering with gene-loop formation. The observed enrichment of AHL15 at both TSS and TES regions, therefore, raises the intriguing possibility that AHL15 may also participate in regulating gene-loop architecture. Consistent with this idea, the authors report that several direct AHL15 target genes are known to form gene loops.

Overall, the conclusions of this study are well supported by the presented data and provide new mechanistic insights into how AHL family proteins may regulate gene expression.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript by Luden et al. investigates the molecular function and DNA-binding modes of AHL15, a transcription factor with pleiotropic effects on plant development. The results contribute to our understanding of AHL15 function in development specifically and transcriptional regulation in plants more broadly.

Strengths:

The authors developed a set of genetic tools for high-resolution profiling of AHL15 DNA binding and provide exploratory analyses of chromatin accessibility changes upon AHL15 overexpression. The generated data (CHiP-Seq, ATAC-Seq and RNA-Seq is a valuable resource for further studies. The data suggest that AHL15 does not operate as a pioneer TF, but is likely involved in gene looping.

Weaknesses:

The authors have extended the motif analysis to the top 1,000 shared peaks, addressing part of my previous concern. It did not erase my worries about overclaiming completely, but I think it can be considered as a terminological issue, rather than technical one. Therefore, it could be addressed through minor revision, without further analyses.

Specifically, the absence of a predominant enriched motif does not establish that AHL15 binds non-specifically or lacks sequence preferences. Low motif prevalence limits the proportion of peaks it could explain but does not exclude a genuine binding preference; a binding motif need not be rare in the genomic background (binding can be supported by other factors). Please revise the interpretation in lines 188-194, and the conclusion in lines 204-206 to state that the present analysis did not identify a strongly enriched motif accounting for a substantial proportion of AHL15-associated regions. Any equivalent claims of non-specific binding elsewhere in the manuscript should be toned down.

Additional minor points:

(1) Please provide the exact HOMER background-selection procedure, and definition of the 50-bp search windows.

(2) Figures 2B-C and the related supplementary figures, add the x axis label.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This study investigated the role of AHL15 in regulation of gene expression using AHL15 overexpression lines. Their results do show that more gene are downregulated when AHL15 is upregulated and its binding is not affecting the chromatin accessibility. Further, they investigated AHL15 binds in regions depleted in histone modifications and other epigenetic signatures. Subsequently, they investigated the presence of AHL15 in the gene chromatin loops. They found overlaps with both upregulated and downregulated genes. The methods are appropriately described, but could be improved to include the analysis of self-looping gene boundaries.

Strengths:

Their study clearly showed lack of any specific sequence enrichment in the AHL15 binding sites, other than these being AT-rich, suggesting that AHL proteins do not recognize a specific DNA sequence but are recruited to their AT-rich target sites in another way. The study does suggest significant enrichment of AHL15 binding sites at TSS and TES, and AHL15 sites are depleted of any histone marks. They also identified that AHL15 binding sites overlap with self-looping gene boundaries. The authors have addressed the comments raised in the revised manuscript.

Comments on revised version.

The authors have addressed the comments raised, in the revised manuscript.

Author response:

The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

Public Reviews:

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

The study by Luden et al. seeks to elucidate the molecular functions of AHL15, a member of the AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED (AHL) protein family, whose overexpression has been shown to extend plant longevity in Arabidopsis. To address this question, the authors conducted genome-wide ChIP-sequencing analyses to identify AHL15 binding sites. They further integrated these data with RNA-sequencing and ATAC-sequencing analyses to compare directly bound AHL15 targets with genes exhibiting altered expression and chromatin accessibility upon ectopic AHL15 overexpression.

The analyses indicate that AHL15 preferentially associates with regions near transcription start sites (TSS) and transcription end sites (TES). Notably, no clear consensus DNA-binding motif was identified, suggesting that AHL15 binding may be mediated through interactions with other regulatory factors rather than through direct sequence recognition. The authors further show that AHL15 predominantly represses its direct target genes; however, this repression appears to be largely independent of detectable changes in chromatin accessibility.

In addition to the AHL protein family, the globular H1 domain-containing high-mobility group A (GH1-HMGA) protein family also harbors AT-hook DNA-binding domains. Recent studies have shown that GH1-HMGA proteins repress FLC, a key regulator of flowering time, by interfering with gene-loop formation. The observed enrichment of AHL15 at both TSS and TES regions, therefore, raises the intriguing possibility that AHL15 may also participate in regulating gene-loop architecture. Consistent with this idea, the authors report that several direct AHL15 target genes are known to form gene loops.

Overall, the conclusions of this study are well supported by the presented data and provide new mechanistic insights into how AHL family proteins may regulate gene expression.

However, it is important to note that the genome-wide analyses in this study rely predominantly on ectopic overexpression of AHL15 at developmental stages when the gene is not usually expressed. Moreover, loss-of-function phenotypes for AHL15 have not been reported, leaving unresolved whether AHL15 plays a physiological role in regulating plant longevity under native conditions. It therefore remains possible that longevity control is mediated by other AHL family members rather than by AHL15 itself. In this regard, the manuscript's title would benefit from more accurately reflecting this broader implication.

The ahl15 loss-of-function phenotype has previously been described in Karami et al., 2020 (Nat. Plants), Rahimi et al., 2022a (New Phyt.), and Rahimi et al., 2022b (Curr. Biol.), showing that ahl15 loss-of-function among others results in accelerated vegetative phase change and flowering, a reduced number of leaves produced by axillary meristems in short day grown plants and reduced secondary growth in the inflorescence stem. The dominant-negative ahl15 delta-G allele, expressing a mutant protein lacking the conserved G motif in the PPC domain, shows these phenotypes more clearly in the heterozygous ahl15 +/- background, and is embryo lethal in the homozygous ahl15 background (Karami et al., 2021, Nature Comm.). In addition, we recently show that leaf senescence is significantly accelerated in the ahl15 loss-of-function mutant (Luden et al., 2025, BioRxiv). These results show that AHL15 is involved in several aspects of ageing in Arabidopsis, and we have adjusted the introduction to discuss these previous findings more explicitlyWe agree with reviewer 1 on the possibility that multiple AHLs could have an effect on longevity, which is partially supported by the delayed flowering time observed in the AHL20, AHL27, or AHL29 overexpression lines (Karami et al., 2020, Street et al., 2008). However, the induction of the AHL15-GR fusion alone by DEX shows a clear delay of developmental phase transitions and the aging process in general, indicating that AHL15 by itself is able to extend longevity as other AHLs are not affected by DEX treatment (proven by the fact that their expression is not significantly changed in our RNA-seq analysis of DEX-treated 35S:AHL15-GR seedlings).

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

The manuscript by Luden et al. investigates the molecular function and DNA-binding modes of AHL15, a transcription factor with pleiotropic effects on plant development. The results contribute to our understanding of AHL15 function in development, specifically, and transcriptional regulation in plants, more broadly.

Strengths:

The authors developed a set of genetic tools for high-resolution profiling of AHL15 DNA binding and provided exploratory analyses of chromatin accessibility changes upon AHL15 overexpression. The generated data (CHiP-Seq, ATAC-Seq and RNA-Seq is a valuable resource for further studies. The data suggest that AHL15 does not operate as a pioneer TF, but is likely involved in gene looping.

Weaknesses:

While the overall message is conveyed clearly and convincingly, I see one major issue concerning motif discovery and interpretation. The authors state that because HOMER detected highly enriched motifs at frequencies below 1%, they conclude that "a true DNA binding motif would be present in a large portion of the AHL15 peaks (targets) and would be rare in other regions of the genome (background)."

I agree that the frequency below 1% is unexpectedly low; however, this more likely reflects problems in data preprocessing or motif discovery rather than intrinsic biological properties of the transcriptional factor that possesses a DNA-binding domain and is known to bind AT_rich motifs. As it is, Figure 2 cannot serve as a main figure in the manuscript: it rather suggests that the generated CHiP-Seq peakset is dominated by noise (or motif discovery was done improperly) than that AHL15 binds nonspecifically.

Since key methodological details on the HOMER workflow are missing in the M&M section, it is not possible to determine what went wrong. Looking at other results, i.e. the reasonably structured peak distribution around TSS/TTS and consistent overlap of the peaks between the replicas, I assume that the motif discovery step was done improperly.

Therefore, I recommend redoing the motif analysis, for example, by restricting the search to the top-ranked peaks (e.g. TOP1000) and by using an appropriate background set (HOMER can generate good backgrounds, but it was not documented in the manuscript how the authors did it). If HOMER remains unsuccessful, the authors should consider complementary methods such as STREME or MEME, similar to the approach used for GH1-HMGA (https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). If the peakset is of good quality, I would expect the analysis to identify an AT-rich motif with a frequency substantially higher than 1%-more likely in the range of at least 30%. If such a motif is detected, it should be reported clearly, ideally with positional enrichment information relative to TSS or TTS. It would also be informative to compare the recovered motif with known GH1-HMGA motifs.

If de novo motif discovery remains inconclusive, the authors should, at a minimum, assess enrichment of known AHL binding motifs using available PWMs (e.g. from JASPAR). As it stands, the claim that "our ChIP-seq data show that AHL15 binds to AT-rich DNA throughout the Arabidopsis genome with limited sequence specificity (Figure 2A, Figure S2-S4)" is not convincingly supported.

Another point concerns the authors' hypothesis regarding the role of AHL15 in gene looping. While I like this hypothesis and it is good to discuss it in the discussion section, the data presented are not sufficient to support the claim, stated in the abstract, that AHL15 "regulates 3D genome organization," as such a conclusion would require additional, dedicated experiments.

The motifs discovered by HOMER are ranked by their enrichment over background, of which the highest-scoring motifs are very rare in the AHL15-bound targets, but even rarer in the background, which is why they score highly on the percent enrichment score. As expected by reviewer 2, we identified AT-rich motifs that were present in a larger percentage of AHL15 targets (found in 3-18% of targets, depending on the motif, see for example motif #5 in figure S4A), which can be seen at the right tail of the histograms shown in figures 2B-C and figures S2-S4 B-C. However, these motifs were also common in the background and were therefore not considered as significantly enriched in the AHL15-bound regions, with a target:background ratio of <2. As most of these motifs were flagged by HOMER as possible false-positives, and to limit the size of the (supplemental) figures, we did not show each of the motifs identified by HOMER in table form, but the full tables of de novo motifs identified by HOMER, including possible false-positive results are included in Additional file 3.

Although the identification of AT-rich motifs shows that AHL15 (and very likely most other AHL proteins as well) binds AT-rich regions, it does not sufficiently explain the binding of AHL15 to its target genes, as these motifs are found at almost equal frequencies in non-AHL15-bound regions. In addition, a sequence found at this frequency in the genomic background is, in our view, too unspecific to be considered as a transcription factor binding site. Based on this, we concluded that AHL15 lacks a specific binding motif that can define the genes it binds.

We have updated the methods section to include more details on the HOMER analysis and have also run the analysis in the top1000 shared peaks as suggested by reviewer 2 for both AHL15 and AHL29 ChIP-seq peaks, which showed that unlike in AHL29, a clear AT-rich motif cannot be found for AHL15 (Additional file 1: Figure S5).

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

This study investigated the role of AHL15 in the regulation of gene expression using AHL15 overexpression lines. Their results do show that more genes are downregulated when AHL15 is upregulated, and its binding does not affect the chromatin accessibility. Further, they investigated AHL15 binds in regions depleted in histone modifications and other epigenetic signatures. Subsequently, they investigated the presence of AHL15 in the gene chromatin loops. They found overlaps with both upregulated and downregulated genes. The methods are appropriately described, but could be improved to include the analysis of self-looping gene boundaries.

Strengths:

Their study clearly showed a lack of any specific sequence enrichment in the AHL15 binding sites, other than these being AT-rich, suggesting that AHL proteins do not recognize a specific DNA sequence but are recruited to their AT-rich target sites in another way. The study does suggest significant enrichment of AHL15 binding sites at TSS and TES, and AHL15 sites are depleted of any histone marks. They also identified that AHL15 binding sites overlap with self-looping gene boundaries.

Weaknesses:

The claim that AHL15 acts as a repressor and genes regulated by it are downregulated needs to be investigated based on AHL15 binding sites, to show enrichment/ depletion of AHL15 binding sites in overexpressing genes and repressed genes. The authors should provide data to support plant longevity with AHL15 overexpression using the DEX-induced system to support the claims in the title. Calculation of the enrichment score of AHL15 peaks in the self-looping genes that are upregulated or downregulated, and discussion about the different effects of AHL15 binding on self-looping regions to regulate gene expression may be helpful to understand the significance of the study. Motif enrichment in upregulated and downregulated genes separately to identify binding sequence preferences may be useful. It is not clear how the overlap of AHL15 peaks with self-looping genes has been carried out.

A metagenome plot of AHL15 binding around genes that are differentially expressed upon DEX treatment can be found in Figure 3F. This analysis shows that AHL15 binding near differentially expressed genes is more pronounced compared to all AHL15-bound genes, and that AHL15 binding near the TSS is especially enriched for upregulated genes.

As also suggested by reviewer 2, we ran a motif enrichment analysis on the differentially expressed genes that are bound by AHL15 to see if any motifs are enriched compared to the background and overrepresented in the AHL15-bound genes. Again, this did not reveal an AT-rich motif nor a motif that was conserved between up- and downregulated AHL15-bound genes (Additional file 1: Figure S6).

Plant longevity in 35S:AHL15-GR Arabidopsis plants treated with DEX has been reported previously.. DEX treatment extended vegetative development after flowering resulting in polycarpy (Karami et al., 2020, Nature Plants), enhanced secondary growth resulting in woody stems (Rahimi et al., 2022, Current Biol.) and recently we showed that it delays leaf senescence in Arabidopsis (Luden et al., 2025, bioRxiv). All these observations have now been incorporated in the results section where the p35S::AHL15-GR plants are first presented. In addition, we show that 35S:AHL15-GR plants treated a single time with DEX at 10 days after germination show a significantly delayed flowering time in figure 4C-D of this manuscript.

The enrichment of AHL15 ChIP-seq peaks in self-looping genes will be analyzed as suggested and compared to a random set of genes as a control, and the methods section will be updated to clarify how the analyses on self-looping genes were carried out.

Recommendations for the authors:

Reviewer #1 (Recommendations for the authors):

The authors need to correct Line 28 on page 10:

By comparing the AHL15 ChIP-seq data with 1766 previously identified self-looping genes -> By comparing the AHL15 ChIP-seq data with 1792 previously identified self-looping genes (Liu et al., 2016)

Note: 1792 genes with self-loops were first reported by Liu et al. (2016)

Liu, C., Wang, C.M., Wang, G., Becker, C., Zaidem, M., and Weigel, D. (2016). Genome-wide analysis of chromatin packing in at single-gene resolution. Genome Res 26, 1057-1068.

These numbers will be corrected in the text.

Reviewer #2 (Recommendations for the authors):

(1) The newly generated datasets have been deposited only as raw sequencing reads. For reusability and reproducibility, the authors should also provide processed data accompanied by detailed metadata.

We will upload the processed data and corresponding metadata to GEO.

(2) Figures 4B and 5E are of low quality; can they be improved?

We have submitted the original high-quality images to the publisher, which should resolve the issue.

(3) Supplementary Table 5 lacks description (columns do not have names).

This has been fixed.

Reviewer #3 (Recommendations for the authors):

Suggestions:

(1) Motif enrichment in upregulated and downregulated genes separately to identify binding sequence preferences may be useful.

This analysis will be performed and included in the revised manuscript as Additional file 1: Figure S6.

(2) Investigate AHL15 binding sites to show enrichment/ depletion of AHL15 binding sites in overexpressing genes than repressed genes.

This analysis has been done, please see figure 3F.

(3) Provide data to support plant longevity with AHL15 overexpression using the DEX-induced system to support the claims in the title.

For the effect of AHL15-GR induction by DEX on vegetative phase change and flowering time, please see figure 4C-D and Rahimi et al., (2022, New Phytologist). For other phenotypic changes induced by DEX treatment of 35S:AHL15-GR plants, please see Karami et al. (2020; Nature Plants), Rahimi et al., (2022, Current Biology) and Luden et al., (2025; BioRxiv). Text has been added to the results section where the 35S:AHL15-GR line is first introduced to refer to these previous publications.

(4) Calculation of the enrichment score of AHL15 peaks in the self-looping genes that are upregulated or downregulated, and discussion about the different effects of AHL15 binding on self-looping regions to regulate gene expression, may be helpful to understand the significance of the study.

This analysis has been done and included in the revised manuscript as Additional file 1: Table S1.

(5) Describe how the overlap of AHL15 peaks with self-looping genes has been carried out.

The methods section has been updated with detailed information on this analysis.

why and how anticipated non compliance?

A: due to a document history

I guess my question here is how did they decide to adjust the criteria this way? Is this okay?

f the existing social order has been built in ways that have excluded, exploited or spoken for certain groups, then creating a genuinely different social order cannot just mean the already-powerful designing a nicer system for them. Those who have been marginalised need greater power to define the problems, produce knowledge, represent themselves and shape what comes next.

KEY HINGE IN ARTICLE: Earlier ideas converge here. Andreotti maps the root narratives underlying approaches to development/global education: technicist, liberal-humanist, critical/postcritical, and possibilities beyond these. Critical literacy exposes how dominant ideas of progress, help and knowledge reproduce power, while also recognising that even critical frameworks are partial and limited.

question two

Was not competition in who had the power, just threat of comp

Not comp politics theory of religion causes democracy

Ah voltaire