alcohol was a normal part of social life

obacco, introduced in the 16th century, became a mass consumption c

US, where addiction was often linked to medical prescription, in Britain, opium use was more widespread and not necessarily connected to medical practice.

focus was on the quality of the drug and the lack of standardization, which led to accidental overdoses.

infant deaths were due to opium poisoning.

opium use was a normal part of everyday life in 19th-century England.

hypodermic syringe

often blamed the individual for their condition rather than acknowledging the role of external factors.

"addiction" eventually became widely accepted as the medical diagnosis of habitual narcotic use as a threatening and modern disease.

he Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade was founded in 1874, focusing on the economic and moral aspects of the trade.

spread of opium smoking in England, particularly among the working class.

dens were seen as a threat to the English

opium use also reinforced the debt-labor system that bound them to exploitative merchants and criminal societies.

The anti-alcohol temperance movement,

medical concern about its consequences began to rise.

transatlantic adoption of the addiction concept by the First World War signaled the emergence of an Anglo-American conception of dangerous drugs

illicit consumption characterized by decadence and excess.

"anti-narcotic nationalism" in France.

n the late 1870s, attitudes towards psychotropic experimentation began to change with the introduction of new medical research on the dangers of addiction.

new drug legislation in 1916, criminalizing the consumption of drugs in public

deviant behaviors that would weaken and corrupt the French population and empire.

degeneration of France's population led to new medical research on the dangers of morphine addiction, alarming doctors and social reformers.

Marley’s career illustrates the way reggae was repackaged to suit a rock market whose patrons had used marijuana and were curious about the music that sanctified it. Fusion with other genres was an inevitable consequence of the music’s globalization and incorporation into the multinational entertainment industry.

During this period of reggae’s development, a connection grew between the music and the Rastafarian movement, which encourages the relocation of the African diaspora to Africa, deifies the Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie I (whose precoronation name was Ras [Prince] Tafari), and endorses the sacramental use of ganja (marijuana). Rastafari (Rastafarianism) advocates equal rights and justice and draws on the mystical consciousness of kumina, an earlier Jamaican religious tradition that ritualized communication with ancestors.

palliative(of a medicine or form of medical care) relieving symptoms without dealing with the cause of the condition."palliative drugs"

nines nine is thought to be largely produced by labs in China

“Legalizing deadly drugs has killed users, hurt neighbourhoods, and damaged B.C. communities.”

Driving under the influence (DUI) is the offense of driving, operating, or being in control of a vehicle while impaired by alcohol or drugs (including recreational drugs and those prescribed by physicians), to a level that renders the driver incapable of operating a motor vehicle safely.[1] Multiple other terms are used for the offense in various jurisdictions.

. Two clinically important cardiac drugs ouabain and digitalis, inhibit the Na+-K+-ATPase by binding to the extracellular domain. This enzyme can consume significant amounts of cellular ATP energy. The Na+-K+-ATPase can be coupled to various other transporters, such as those involved in transport of glucose (see later).

The effects of four reference antihistamines: ketotifen, diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine and pyrilamine and of astemizole, a new potent and long-acting antihistamine, were studied on 16 hr sleep-wakefulness patterns in the same dogs. Using a computer-based on-line analysis and automatic stage classification, a differentiation was made between wakefulness, transition to sleep (drowsiness), slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The reference antihistamines significantly increased non-REM sleep. The reference antihistamines significantly increased non-REM sleep: diphenhydramine and chlorpheniramine increased drowsiness, ketotifen increased slow-wave sleep and pyrilamine increased both. All, but astemizole, significantly prolonged the latency to the first REM period, prolonged the interval between successive REM periods and suppressed the total amount of REM sleep. With all antihistamines, the effects were most pronounced for the first 4 hr and there was no within-night rebound. Chlorpheniramine had long-lasting effects throughout the night, especially on REM sleep. The effects on non-REM sleep might be due to a blockage of brain histamine H1 receptors, whereas the effects on REM sleep might be due to the anticholinergic properties of the antihistamines. Astemizole was devoid of any significant effect on the sleep-wakefulness pattern, in spite of its long-lasting antihistamine effects, suggesting that the common clinical side-effects of antihistamines, such as sedation and dryness of mucosal surfaces, will be lacking.

It’s different for everyone. I have found it to be amazing. It has given me energy, drive, motivation, euphoria, happiness, mood enhancement, and more endurance. It also makes music super awesome to listen to, with a physical and mental high. The difference bw this and any benzo is that they target different things. Benzodiazepines target a binding point found on certain GABA-A receptors and it enhances GABA by modulating it (increasing GABA’s overall effectiveness and activity), and there are more than one binding points that benzodiazepines can bind to (BZD1, BZD2, etc) that cause different effects like sedation, hypnotic, muscle relaxation, anxiolytic, etc. Phenibut is a moderately mild-average GABA-B receptor agonist, meaning it can boost the amount of GABA released. It’s main effects come from it being like a gabapentinoid, which means it also binds to the GABA-B calcium channels and blocks them. This causes different signals to happen due to the channels being open or closed. Because of this, and because Phenibut isn’t identical to gabapentin or pregabalin (both gabapentinoids), it causes different signals to influence other neurotransmitters. It can be said that it causes a boost of dopamine as well as natural endorphins. It has a more stimulating effect at the right doses than any benzo, which is more sedating. Benzos only modulate GABA at the GABA-A receptor sites, but Phenibut can sometimes activate both GABA-B and GABA-A, giving a unique effect as well. The people who use it recreationally enjoy the body and mental high as well as the increase in sociability since a lot of people take it for social anxiety and going to parties so they can be more talkative and outgoing. Phenibut can also be used for insomnia and sleep issues. It is very effective in my experience. I have chronic insomnia and even with sleep meds I still wake up a bunch of times a night. Phenibut has allowed me to sleep thru the entire night once except I did wake up after the sun came up around 7am because I had to pee really badly. Otherwise, I went right back to sleep. I also noticed I can feel more refreshed on less sleep, which is good if you are a parent to young children who get up super early. Another use that is interesting is using it before exercise and going to the gym to work out. Phenibut can give you more endurance and enjoyment doing exercise, so you benefit more from each workout. This could be from the increased release of endorphins. This is one thing I really enjoy doing myself and have noticed really great benefits as well as it putting me in a real motivated state and mood and I feel like I could workout forever it seems! I definitely notice the difference when I go to the gym without taking it (because I am taking a break from it to lower tolerance). One thing to keep in mind is once you find the ideal therapeutic dose, you won’t get the same effects every time you take it if you use it every day. Tolerance to some of the actions like euphoria and body high tend to disappear. This is why a lot of users suggest taking it only 1–3 days a week MAXIMUM. It is possible to become dependent on Phenibut, but the withdrawal is not supposed to be as intense and life-threatening like benzos are (due to seizures, etc). A high dose is considered anything more than 2g/day. Therapeutic doses can be as low as 250–750mg/day. Considering this is a prescription medication used in Russia, it does have some psychiatric use. People taking therapeutic doses are less likely to have extreme reactions or build rapid tolerance to Phenibut. There are some people who take Phenibut from unreliable sources that claim they do not feel anything on it that is noticeable even at high doses for a first time (1g-2g). It’s just like some people do not respond to certain benzodiazepines (one seems to work the best for different people as well as what kind of dose is needed), as well as SSRIs, which all are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, because each one may be selective to different subtypes of serotonin (5HT) receptors, which are quite numerous, each one and its variations seem to do different things. Some people don’t respond to SSRIs at all (2/3 of people apparently according to statistics), but the rest that do respond find that they really have helped them and changed their lives by boosting their moods, etc. Are you going to feel Phenibut the first time you take it? Since it is not controlled in the USA, for example, it is sold as a “supplement” or found on “nootropic” websites. There are a lot of good vendors out there just like there are a lot of bad ones do to the supplement field being so uncontrolled compared to prescription drugs, which are controlled and regulated by the FDA & DEA to be a certain level of purity. So if you get a bad batch, you may find yourself feeling nothing. But if you get a good batch (I’ve found at least 2 that I would definitely call awesome supplement/nootropic suppliers online), you should be more inclined to feel something at least, unless you are one of those genetic exceptions that don’t benefit from this type of agonist/channel blocking. Be sure to start lower dose and if you don’t feel anything in 4 hours at least, then you could try another dose. But really don’t go overboard thinking a huge dose will be good for you. Some people report getting nauseous, overly sleepy, and having other reactions you don’t want. You don’t want to pass out and wake up having to throw up over and over. Don’t mix it with alcohol, as alcohol tends to modulate GABA in various ways as well as some other neurotransmitters and hormones. They can create a combined effect. Interestingly, some people use Phenibut to give them the same desired effects of alcohol (ability to socialize, being more talkative and clever, going out with friends to have fun at a club or whatever, etc) without the messiness of it (getting drunk, dizzy, nauseous, throwing up, headaches, sour stomach, hangovers, etc). Be sure to respect it like you would any prescription medication, since it is one in certain Countries, even if it is just a supplement in yours. Proper titration of the ideal dose as well as cycling (taking days off or even taking a break for a while from all use) are really important. These can affect the potency of Phenibut each time you use it.

That is, people who reported tendencies toward more excitement and motivation to engage in pleasurable experiences experienced greater AMPH-related increases in Positive Mood

97.8 Percent of Mass Shootings Are Linked to This

Jesuit’s bark, also known to us as quinine, was an important anti-malarial drug. According to Molly Farrell, an associate professor of English and the history of science who first reported on Franklin’s abortion entry in Slate, it was also “mistakenly thought to be an abortifacient.” 

I am, by calling, a dealer in words; and words are, of course, the most powerful drug used by mankind. Not only do words infect, ergotise, narcotise, and paralyse, but they enter into and colour the minutest cells of the brain, very much as madder mixed with a stag’s food at the Zoo colours the growth of the animal’s antlers.

Some 775 people with Covid took part in the study. Among the half of patients taking molnupiravir twice a day, 7.3 per cent were admitted to hospital over the course of 30 days. This compares with 14.1 per cent of the second group of patients who were given a placebo pill.

I did all the major vices—gambling, drugs, pornography and public schools. —Bernard Williams ( speaking of the government committees he served on)

Sergio: Why did your family migrate to the US?Rodolfo: The reason why my family moved to the US was because both my grandfather and my biological fathers struggled with addiction, with alcoholism and drug abuse. They were just not very... Mostly my biological father, he really wasn't always there, and he was always very violent towards my mother. My mother had me when she was 14 years old. When she got pregnant everybody decided well, okay, she messed up. She is this, that, like very, very taboo. She wasn't really accepted in the family anymore. It wasn't so much my family and I moving to the US, it was just my mother and I when she was 16 and I was two and a half years old. They weren't really interested in what was going on with me or my mother. She just wanted a better quality of life for her and for myself.Rodolfo: In Mexico at 16 years old, with no type of education past probably middle school, she knew she wasn't gonna get very far. I guess she made that decision in order to have a better quality of life for her and myself, she went on. She was 16, and I don't know how she did it. I don't know the details and all that, but she met the right people, or she got in contact with the right people, and she went over there. She went to the United States. To this day, I still remember a lot of the things, even though I was very, very young. It's something that I always tell everybody that I meet, it's not just for this interview.Rodolfo: I always remember the bad things that happened or the very... I don't know if it's because it had such a big impact in my life and my mother's life or just because of how everything was set up. I remember everything that happened from start to finish. From the beginning where we got picked up, to being in the desert. I still remember eating cereal with water. It was... I don't know, it was very, very... I feel like it was... it obviously had an impact psychologically, because I still just have a lot of anxiety when I'm in certain places that I'm really accustomed to. A two, three year old in the middle of the desert, it definitely had to have an impact on me.Sergio: How old were you when that happened?Rodolfo: I was two and a half years old, so that's why I'm saying it's very odd for me to be able to remember that at a very, very young age. It wasn't only that, just even when I was here, when I was two, two and a half, I used to remember asking my mom certain memories that I had. She would say, "Oh you were one year old, one and a half years old, how did you remember that?" It was always very, like a violent, violent memory that I had. It was more so like my father being drunk or high or whatever and coming in the house. Taking any little money my mom made for the week, in order for him to keep on doing what he was doing. Just coming in and just tearing up the place.

Claudia: In what ways do you think that being in the U.S. all that time shaped who you are?Yosell: I think the only way I can put it really is just being strong. Because basically you got to learn how to mature in a faster way than you'd probably do it here. I've seen a couple of family members or friends here that are like 30 years old and they're still living with their dad and mom. They're just like not doing anything for their life, and opposed of people out there, most of them that I do know were just living by themselves and doing their thing. I'd say out there it's probably not that good because you’d get, because most of the people would get into some kind of a drug addiction or something like that. I’d say, here, here it'd be probably the same, but out there it'd be easier to make money. Here it's a lot harder. That's probably what's the difference here to there. That's what I'm saying, I think out there you learn how to be strong. When you come here, you're just like, "Oh." most people get depressed or frustrated here. Others actually know how to move on and continue. That's probably how I see it.

να παίρνει κόκα, να κάνει ενέσεις ηρωίνης, έστω κι ελεγχόμενα,

And that's the day I got caught up with the blunt in my ear and the security caught me. From there on, I had to go to court fighting the cases and then basically I just like—

When you smoke, it makes you feel like nothing is important. All your problems go away basically. And it was just like a coping mechanism to just go on every day with my life. I felt like if I didn't have that, there was no point. My life was whack.... There was one point in time that I had to smoke before I do something fun.

Scientific research on psychedelics begannearly 70 years ago, with over 1,000 clinicalarticles being written between 1950 and 1972showing promising results

Moreover, psychedelics are particularlypromising for enhancing cognitive functions, asthey appear to be nontoxic and medically safe,even when consumed at standard hallucino-genic dosages (Bogenschutz & Johnson, 2016),producing no dependence or addiction in ani-mals or humans (Nichols, 2004;Nichols, 2016;Nichols & Grob, 2018)

My own happiness has been trampled under foot; my own love has been torn from me. Shall I live to see a happiness of others, which is of my making–a love renewed, which is of my bringing back? Oh merciful Death, let me see it before your arms enfold me, before your voice whispers to me, “Rest at last!”

if MDMA gains approval as a treatment for PTSD, psychiatrists could prescribe the drug for very different purposes.

“Most Japanese people see cannabis as a subculture of Japan but they’re wrong. For thousands of years, cannabis has been at the very heart of Japanese culture,” Japan’s leading expert on cannabis, Takayasu Junichi, told the Asia Pacific Journal in an interview.

Japan today has some of the harshest drug laws of any advanced democracy. If you are found in possession of cannabis in Japan for personal use you could receive a maximum prison sentence of five years, and if you are caught growing it, you can be sent to prison for up to seven years. Each year, the laws are enforced against 2000 people, who are brutally publicly shamed before, during and after their prison sentence.[2] For example, when the actress Saya Takagi was caught with cannabis, all reruns of the dramas she appeared on – like the popular detective series Aibo - were scrubbed from the TV schedules.[3] She had written the theme song for another TV show: it was immediately ditched. Or to give another example, when a rugby player for Japan’s national team was caught with the drug, he was banned from ever playing again, and the electronics giant Toshiba suspended all sponsorship of his regional team.[4] To be associated with cannabis in Japan is to be destroyed.

A philosopher might miss appointments, but so might someone with a propane torch in his apartment, even if he is a philosopher.

However, courts might go further and address the concern that, even where government regulation of cognitive enhancement drugs is rooted in legitimate safety concerns, this should not—by itself—give the government authority to restrict individuals’ mental freedom or “cognitive liberty” far more than is necessary to address those safety concerns. Perhaps, for example, government has imposed a complete ban where something less restrictive will satisfy the safety concerns it is worried about. For example, the state might instead institute a “gatekeeper” system in which a doctor must assess and discuss risks for a particular individual before drugs are prescribed or require a mandatory course on side effects before use of cognitive enhancement drugs.

No. It’s not you. You were different before. – I’m still the same person, Lin. – I wasn’t, when I was on it. I did things I would never do. – Those things saved your life. – But they weren’t me. – Yes, they were. No, the way it works… – I know how it works. I get it. I totally get it. You feel invincible.

The ability of story (prose and poetry) to trans-form the storyteller and the listener into some-thing or someone else is shamanistic

alcohol, tobacco, and hard drugs, most people who use marijuana can stop taking it when they want, while experiencing only minor withdrawal symptoms.

Some hashish users like the feeling of these visions and thoughts, while others may find them scary. However, people rarely get hallucinations after smoking or eating cannabis.

This means that if a person starts taking heroin, meth, or cocaine, that person's body will physically need to keep taking the drug. If they try to stop using the drug, they may become very sick.

According to a 1999 report by the Institute of Medicine, marijuana (especially THC) can decrease pain; control nausea and vomiting; and improve appetite.

As of 1995, scientists had not shown that smoking marijuana causes lung cancer, even in people who smoke a lot of marijuana for a long time.

Uruguay was the first country in the world to make it legal to grow, sell, and use cannabis.

A person who is intoxicated ("high" or "stoned") from marijuana could get hurt or killed in an accident if they drive a car.

As of 2016, many different countries and some states in the United States have made it legal for people with certain medical problems to use marijuana as a medicine.

Marijuana is an illegal drug in many countries

“Even if their friends do not smoke marijuana, but do not disapprove of its use, teens are more likely to give it a try.”

He says that because teens see friends or see family smoking weed they are going to do it. Or because they live in a neighborhood where they have too much activity going on around the neighborhood, they might smoke weed.

can benefit from knowing that marijuana users who use because they are bored are more likely to use certain other drugs,

“Last Friday, I took acid and mushrooms/I did not transcend, I felt like a walking piece of shit/in a stupid-looking jacket.”

that doesn't mean the drugs can't be immensely profitable. Treanda is an orphan drug but also Teva's second-best seller, racking up $740 million in sales last year, according to Teva's annual report.

First of all, people aren’t uniformly good at splitting pills. Dose deviation is common among pill-splitters and that’s an issue for drugs that need to be maintained in a narrow range. Worse, many pills are in extended release formulations that break down when split. Splitting a time-released pill in half can cause an overdose. The list goes on: cutting all your pills in half before you need them could cause them to become ineffective, people often forget to cut them and take a double dose, etc.

Some have called for more lenient sentencing for drug offenders

The idea was to pinpoint the doctors prescribing the most pain medication and target them for the company’s marketing onslaught. That the databases couldn’t distinguish between doctors who were prescribing more pain meds because they were seeing more patients with chronic pain or were simply looser with their signatures didn’t matter to Purdue.

For as the medicines which men apply to the bodies of their fellow-men are of no avail except God gives them virtue (who can heal without their aid, though they cannot without His), and yet they are applied; and if it be done from a sense of duty, it is esteemed a work of mercy or benevolence; so the aids of teaching, applied through the instrumentality of man, are of advantage to the soul only when God works to make them of advantage, who could give the gospel to man even without the help or agency of men