asserting that inequality of fortune and economic status is the "natural" and justifiable°con-sequence consequence of the free play of these inherent differences
reminds me of those who used Darwinist principles/survival of the fittest to justify inequality
One question many people have about using ethical reasoning as a tool for analysis is: what about cultural disagreements? What about the idea that there is no absolute truth, that a moral claim is only true for me or you, or for my culture or your culture? In an increasingly globalized world, there is an opportunity to learn to respect and accommodate the differences between cultures and values, and this is a good thing! It means that we have even more tools at our disposal for thinking through the ethical considerations packed into a situation, as we learn from those who see things differently.
Reading this paragraph reminds me of how I often come across perspectives online that I can't understand, but in reality, it's simply because we come from different cultural backgrounds, grew up in different environments, and received varying levels of education. I went from not understanding these perspectives to now appreciating and even welcoming diverse voices on the internet. I believe the internet has given the world an opportunity to communicate; without it, I might never have the chance to connect with people from distant regions in my lifetime.
Even the name of the spaceship rings a sour note: against Lauren’s wishes the ship has been christened the Christopher Columbus, suggesting that the Earthseeders aren’t escaping the nightmare of history but are bringing it with them instead—not solving the problem, but simply starting the Capitalocene all over again somewhere else
Yikes! Reminds me of how in the book someone (Bankole maybe?) does bring up this point of how religions are bound to be changed and morphed despite the founder's wishes. She pushes back on this by saying at least while she's alive it won't... just goes to show that he was absolutely right. Makes you wonder what you can safely believe in- what is worth investing your future in if ideas can be poisoned and morphed by those who are selfish.
Roosevelt’s single Morgan-backed target was the Northern Securities Company, a trust used by wealthy bankers to hold controlling shares in all the major railroad companies in the American Northwest. By controlling the majority of shares rather than the principal, Morgan and his collaborators tried to claim that it was not a monopoly and circumvent the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
This reminds me of the banks we have nowadays, that take control of their customers possession.
The hard snow held me, save where now and then One foot went through
reminds me of the muddy trenches/ no mans land
Straight up and down of tall slim tree
Frost's use of imagery emphasizes the landscape's verticality. The image of the forest appears abstract, lined by tall, straight trees. Its simplicity makes it eerie. The image reminds me of a movement in film history called "German Expressionism." The Expressionist movement in art brought out the human condition into the external in an attempt to recreate reality. This movement entered film when some German painters did some set designs and employed their nightmarish style in expressionist film. I feel this movement explains this imagery and thus furthers the estrangement of Frost's landscape, and thus furthers war imagery.
And the bad habit ofslipping into the five paragraph structure also reminds me of my badconscience
The author see's the 5 paragraph essay structure as a bad habit, he is arguing that teaching this is negative.
effectively detect and classify the visual images
This reminds me of a video I watched about a way that scientists can recreate visual images of what someone imagines in their mind's eye.
But in the age of globalization, many businesses subscribe to Apple CEOTim Cook’s famous dictum that inventory is “fundamentally evil.” Instead of paying towarehouse the parts that they need to manufacture a given product, these companies rely on“just-in-time” supply chains that function as the name suggests.
Epiphany:
This section here reminds me of the concept of the business cycle, and how central banks often sacrifice ecnomic growth with the aim of smoothing out the bumps of rapid expansion and recession. Businesses and countries could invest in inventory as a method to protect themselves in case of supply shocks, but that also limits the amount of profitability in times of greater security. There's ultimatley a tradeoff here, and I wonder if a balance should be struck. Smaller companies may not have the resources to dedicate to inventory, which relates to the inquiry question as it could be said that developing countries with smaller businesses have less capacity to build this buffer. It's either go all-out trade for growth, or less growth for more security.
Rawls called Hume’s account of the Circumstances of Jus-tice “the normal conditions under which human cooperation ispossible and necessary”
Edited Note to text: Rawls’ theory of justice relies on cooperation between citizens who are assumed to be free, equal, and capable of full participation in society. This reminds me of when we learned about the history of the social contract in my Social Political Philosophy class last fall. The history of how the social contract is set definitely does not display inclusion for people with disabilities. For example: Rawls model involves mutual advantage, which depends on the assumption that individuals are roughly equal in their capacities. This reliance on cooperation limits the theory's applicability to people with significant impairments, who may not meet the "normal" criteria for cooperation in Rawls' framework.
whose parents had messed himup emotionally
Note to text: I think the fact that the author mentions the way Arthur would've been treated and diagnosed in the past and also how his parents would have been blamed for his condition. It reminds me of developmental psychology classes that I've taken and Freudian ideas. In a lot of cases (both past and present day) the family (and more specifically the mother) of the disabled individual would be blamed for the way they were.
He also has distracting bodily ticsand makes weird noises.
Note to text: The objectivity of this sentence reminds me of a reading I read in my class surrounding disability and the arts, that spoke about how important what language you use and how you phrase that language when speaking about any person who exists outside of the normative. While as you read it becomes clear this is not the authors perspective, I think the use of quotations to clarify why these words are being used or a clarifying sentence of why this phrase is harmful. without it this sentence feels too objective or accepting of using descriptors as such for disabled people.
This reminds me of the "dihydrogen monoxide" website and experiment my middle school health teacher had my class do that Ive discussed previously in this course. Information can be presented and worded to look very scientifically accurate or just so that the author seems to know what theyre talking about and that theres no reason to doubt them. Yet in actuality, such as the H2O website, it can be very misleading information that leaves out key information to understanding it (such as that "dihydrogen monoxide" is actually just water!)
Because fathers are less of a presence than mothers in children’s lives, fewer models are available to boys; thus boys come to define masculinity as “not being feminine” or not being like their mothers.
This reminds me of something that was brought up earlier in the textbook: men are less likely to or more stigmatized for stepping outside of male gender roles than women are for stepping outside of theirs. I remember that the earlier explanation was that since men have more power in society, it is less acceptable to reject the higher-status role. However, here it seems like another reason may be that men define their entire role in opposition to the female gender role. Instead of building their role from the ground up based on a role model, they first learn it as the opposite of femininity. Therefore, it would make sense why men stepping outside of their role into femininity is considered less acceptable.
There also is no evidence that sexual orientation spreads through social contagion. What varies is people’s willingness to express their attraction.
This reminds me of a similar trend with left-handedness. When it was considered shameful to be left-handed, far fewer people openly identified as left-handed and many people learned to use their non-dominant hand instead. As it became less stigmatized and more acceptable, more people identified as left-handed, but this doesn't mean that it spread through social contagion. People simply tend to hide things that aren't acceptable in society.
Replication, or the repeating of a study, by different investigators with different measures of the independent variable and the dependent variable helps enhance our confidence in a finding. We are rightly suspicious when a finding cannot be replicated or has only been replicated by the same team of investigators.
This reminds me of the replication crisis in psychological research. As an undergraduate researcher in social psych, we have to be particularly wary of our methods because many behavioral studies face replication issues when repeated. Using concrete methods and a good sample is really important.
hateveractually occurred, the Court is now faced with the daunting task of decipheringtheir submissions.”
This reminds me of that paragraph that we read for class that essentially acknowledged the court made a mistake, but instead of saying it clearly, the paragraph (one sentence) was like 10 lines long. Deciphering repetitive and poorly written work makes lawyers' and the courts' lives extremely difficult, especially because they are trying to interpret the law in such a way that makes it fair to people.
We may even have an effective stack of goals, a small data structure that we can push new goals onto, and pop them off as we complete them.
This reminds me of the Bobiverse series. Bob, a digitized mind, has a TODO list that is always growing larger and faster than the rate he can do tasks. It is sorta like the Ouroboros in a sense, one part creating new goals, one part working on them in a constant cycle.
That’s how you can consistently exist in the current finite game, and leave yourself open to the surprises (and the possibility of being surprising) in games that don’t yet exist that you don’t know you’re already playing. And that’s how you continue playing.
This reminds me of, Leto II Atreides allowing for surprises within his Eugenics program, Paul Atreides dies because he tried to use his power of the spice to articulate a exact future rather than getting hints and adapting to it as it came along.
In reality it is better to have guide rails on a bowling alley rather than a machine that can get strikes for you. Cause when you go play Croquet or lawn bowling or Batchi ball that machine ain't going to help you but you still got some skill from Bowling and still got a high score from playing bowling.
Star Trek, I think embodies this kind of mediocrity very well. Starfleet officers are all B Ark type bureaucratic bullshit-job mediocrities. They are rarely seen excelling at something or being perfect at executing something. Instead, they are constantly cutting corners here, muddling through there, and going with improvised hacks everywhere. And generally putting up a very mediocre performance by the standards of say, Vulcan intelligence, Klingon valor, Ferengi profit maximization, or Borg efficiency. When those non-humans adopt Federation culture, it is most evident in their adoption of mediocrity as an ethos. When they exhibit their “alien” traits, it is usually by regressing to an unfortunate pursuit of excellence in a specific alien way.
Characterization of Star Trek really reminds me about the values of The Left as outlined in this video, The Anthropology of the Left - YouTube
Oh Hard Mediocrity is the Left soft Mediocrity is the right, or is it the other way around, let's come back to this
This is just a different way of playing a finite game. Instead of optimizing (playing to win), you minimize effort to stay in the specific finite game. If you can perform consistently without disqualifying errors, you are satisficing. Most automation and quality control is devoted to raising the floor of this kind of performance.
This phrasing reminds me of "War Games", the only way to win is not to play
0:00 reminds me of:<br /> Marc Romboy vs Stephan Bodzin - Atlas<br /> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO5PeyfbUJc&t=107
I also liked it that I had my own room, since in the trailer I shared one with my brother and my sister
This reminds me of my friends place, he used to share a room with his brothers but now he doesnt and now has a room to himself.
Of course it’s not; Mitchell was inspired in part by Les Misérables in writing Hadestown. In a recent interview with Vogue’s own Robert Sullivan, she said, “It’s a love story, but politics really is romantic.” Which is the other reason to see the show aside from the thrill of seeing workers seize the means of production on Broadway, set to a live band: Its love story is transcendent.
This quote reminds me a lot of they very first article we read from "20 Seasons Broadway". It mentions how people are more likely to see and engage with a show that is inspired by other things or that talks about topics that are familiar with other people. For example, not only is Les Miserables a very well known play, but the topics of politics, climate change, capitalism, greek mythology, are all topics that are familiar to people and so I think that's why Hadestown blew up in the era that it did, because that's when a lot of these topics were booming!
Hades describes the continual wall his “children” are building
I find that pointing out that Hades calls the workers his children is really interesting. It reminds me of the idea of 'founding fathers'.
In this postmodern view, the goal of persuasion is not to win but rather to come to understand, to recognize the multiple perceptions of different individuals in order to find common ground on which to build consensus.
Reminds me of building coalition in order to create change
1000 years into the future, you could be as helpless as a child. You could need somebody to adopt you, send you to school, and teach you how to live in the future. You—mentally an adult—could once again need a parent, a teacher.
This reminds me of the movie Iceman,
Primates are the order of mammals that includes all monkeys and apes
It’s pretty cool to realize that all monkeys and apes are grouped together as primates It makes you think about how closely related they all are, despite their differences It also reminds me that as humans we’re part of that same group which is pretty wild to consider
Of course, this gives rise to the eternalbattle between preservation of artifacts and specimens-as conservationstandards become more stringent-and the desire to enhance learnin gthrough touch and close access.
Reminds me of the recent pottery incident at a museum in Haifa where a child accidentally knocked over and broke a 3,500 year old pot. The museum responded by fixing it and continuing its commitment to no-barriers viewing of items. https://www.today.com/parents/parents/boy-breaks-jar-museum-rcna168820
The way of the Three Sisters reminds me of one of the basic teachings of our people. The most important thing each of us can know is our unique gift and how to use it in the world.
In some way they are trying to say, that everyone has a sort of gift, but only they know how to use it efficiently, or to make it better.
Without the corn’s support, the beans would be an unruly tangle on the ground, vulnerable to bean-hungry predators.
This reminds me of the idea that elder sisters are essentially the protectors of their younger siblings,as well as their role model and someone who is supposed to be on their side
The way of the Three Sisters reminds me of one of the basic teachings of our people. The most important thing each of us can know is our unique gift and how to use it in the world.
This is saying that everyone in the world has a special gift. This gift should be found and used to better the world. It is connected to the three sisters because they each have a way they help each other.
“My cousin called it ‘the headquarters’ because that’s where we would always meet to talk about stuff,” Xochitl said.
This reminds me of a place me and my friends used to go back to, the value that these places hold due to the memories and nostalgia is large.
Unfortunately, specimens do not have to be moved off-site to becomeinaccessible
Reminds me of mpm
The sequence climaxes with the boss’s wife (That ’70s Show veteran Debra Jo Rupp) opening the galley kitchen shutters to reveal Wanda whizzing dozens of pots, pans, and ingredients through the air
Reminds me of old sitcoms like bewitched.
We knew picture phones would be a thing, we just did not know they would be small, portable, and in our pockets everywhere we go.
We did not know normies would just go on the internet and be themselves rather than being anon's like the people of the early internet.
I wonder what else we do not know about ourselves?
The same way we did not know movies could be made via showing pictures with small changes one after another, I wonder what will happen when we take all information people produce about themselves, put it in a knowledge graph, create agents(Daemons) to sort and interact with the user, and the user finally sees an algorithmic reflection of who they are rather than being mindlessly distracted. Imagine a daemon having control to lock a user out of apps forcing themselves to confront who they are, that sorta reminds me about what drugs are like, or talking to a really really good therapist
Their purpose: to get rid of our accents
This part really stuck with me because the text represents the larger societal pressures to abandon one's native language and anything that reminds them of it. This is an example of how these acts try to erase our cultural and self identity.
change the listener’s opinion of what she heard.
This reminds me of the story of Joshua Bell playing in a NY subway and only receiving a couple of dollars and not a whole lot of recognition. But, he receives a lot more recognition in a fancy concert hall. It's definitely a good reminder to find the beautiful things in mundane places.
By gaining greater knowledge of how others think, we can become less certain of the knowledge we think we have, which is always the first step to greater understanding.
This reminds me of the saying that the more we realize what we don't know, the greater potential we have in learning even more. Learning cultures and philosophies that are different from the ones we grew up with can be an enlightening perspective into a new and possibly better approach to living life.
How do we determine if there is indeed a relationship between two things?
This reminds me of a study that investigated the relationship between mouth wash and mouth cancer. They discovered that people with mouth cancer bought mouthwash more frequently because mouth cancer causes bad breath. The initial hypothesis was that mouth wash was causing cancer.
If you walked out of your home and discovered a very aggressive snake waiting on your doorstep, your heart would begin to race and your stomach churn. According to the James-Lange theory, these physiological changes would result in your feeling of fear.
This reminds me of the argument against free will
Farmers met in Lampasas, Texas in 1877 and organized the first Farmers’ Alliance to try to regain some economic power as they negotiated with railroads, merchants, and bankers. Farmers reasoned that if they banded together, they might gain economic leverage similar to that of big business. They could share machinery, bargain collectively with both suppliers and wholesalers, to negotiate higher prices for their crops.
I find this interesting because it reminds me of how big companies used to merge to eliminate competition but in this case, they are banding together to gain economic leverage and negotiate higher prices for their crops.
I realized, for instance, that my association of beautiful faces with femininity and femaleness did not correspond to nineteenth-century Qajar sensibilities
This reminds me a lot of pre-modern Japanese texts I've read where a lot of the men are described as more delicate, beautiful, and feminine, and hence desirable rather than the very macho, buff man described in Western masculinity; simply being beautiful is a masculine trait.
singleness of vision
reminds me of tunnel vision. visualizing a person having blinders on and only focusing on one thing.
All my characters were white and blue-eyed, they played in the snow, they ate apples,
This sentence reminds me of something. When you ask a child from my country about his favorite animal, he will mention the animal doesn't exist in our country because most animal stories come from foreign countries.
apparition of these faces in the crowd:
This specific line reminds me of how it feels to feel out of place.
Add a distinctive voice to your writing through your use of tone, syntax, flow
this reminds me of when back in middle and high school they always told us "Put a little extra sound effect or word sounds" indicating that it might add a little flavor to your writing
Many have even arguedthat schoolsshould be, or at least provide, learningspaces exclusively for the Othe
This reminds me of how badly I want to teach a Queer Literature class! However, in the meantime I can certainly inject that voice / perspective into what I do now.
I argue that learning aboutoppression and unlearningone's worldview can be upsetting and paralyzin
This reminds me of emotional appeal. By getting students emotionally charged, educators motivate students to take action. The action that takes is often in the hand of the students.
The educated indi-vidual is the adapted person, because she or he is a better “fit”for the world.
This is something I think we have addressed in our class a lot in the brief time we have had together. This reminds me of the concept we read and discussed that a lot of education began with a homogenous student body (white male) and because of that there are pre-defined metrics for success that alienate students from different backgrounds. I really like how this quote incapsulates the idea of how we sometimes try to make students fit into a mold rather than letting them create a new paradigm for themselves.
Education thus becomes an act of depositing, in which thestudents are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor.
This reminds me of a teacher centered classroom where the students don't get to be at the forefront of discovery and taking charge of their education. When I teach math in the classroom, I will go through repetitive phrases of steps to help the students remember key ideas or formulas. This made me ponder in which ways I am taking a narrating role in my classroom instead of putting my students as the center and serving as a facilitator.
If they see schools through the rose-col-ored glasses of the meritocratic myth, they willunwittingly perpetuate inequities. At the sametime, if we promote awareness of these inequi-ties without engendering an accompanyingbelief that schools can change, we will discour-age the very people needed to teach the chang-ing student population from becoming teachersat all
It begins with belief in one's ability to enact change. This reminds me of the Ghandi quote "“Your beliefs become your thoughts, /Your thoughts become your words, /Your words become your actions, / Your actions become your habits, /Your habits become your values, / Your values become your destiny.”
“Go out and play with your friends,” she’d snap in Korean, “or better yet, do your reading and homework.” She knew that I had already done both, and that as the evening approached there was no place to go save her small and tidy kitchen, from which the clatter of her mixing bowls and pans would ring through the house.
This kind of reminds me of my childhood When i'd be forced to go play with my cousins when my mom would get ready to cook and I am just hungry
Framing is common within news media. News media companies, such as CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC, often have commercial agendas that might impact the way they share news.
It reminds me of how news media companies present the same event in different ways to attract their target audience.
The Soviet Union took drastic action to ensure that these events went unnoticed
Reminds me of Chernobyl and also of how the Irish Famine has been portrayed
To orchestrate positive long-term changes, we need people who think beyond quarterly reports and news and election cycles, and who persist in the absence of short-term rewards or recognition.
This is easier said than done. It used to be said that Canadians were better than many at delayed gratification... but this is asking to consider the possibility of growth that isn't adequately captured or translated into easy expressions of the "bottom line"
This also reminds me of the iceberg analogy -- where we directly encounter something at the empirical level -- it is observable, testable, and measurable in a 'real' sense. Then, we have the 'actual' level, where we witness events caused by ‘real’ level phenomena. So, short-term changes can be input into a spreadsheet while larger changes can be seen through more indirect influence -- greater access to healthcare, education, etc. Finally, we have the deeper level of the metaphorical iceberg -- the 'real' level. This requires a 'deeper' level of understanding since these phenomena remain largely unseen, but actually drive and shape the human and social world. These "real" levels of change are not just long-term (like multi-generational wealth), but also senses of security and privilege that contribute to empirical and short-term changes such as entrepreneurial ventures with specific time-lines.
Do you tend to think of positive change or rewards or recognition in qualitative or quantitative terms? Are you ok with short term pain for long term gain? What about long term small gains?
As the number of repeats increased, the rate at which transitions occurred visibly increased (Figure 3E).
What a cool result. This reminds me of the observation in stickleback that the independent evolution of loss of pelvic hindfins tends to target the same locus because of the specific molecular characteristics of that stretch of sequence. This may be of relevance to this study: DNA fragility in the parallel evolution of pelvic reduction in stickleback fish, Xie et al. 2019.
Annotation 3 "Industrialization in England was soon followed by industrialization in most of Western Europe and the United States. English prosperity also spread rapidly to Britain’s “settler colonies” of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. "
In class, we learned that there are diminishing marginal returns for industry and capital. The start of industrialization for England also meant that they would start growing faster. This is an epiphany for me because the start of industrialization influenced their colonies to do the same, and therefore today, many countries that were once colonies to England are one of the richer countries in the world. Not only that, countries around them also followed suit. This kind of reminds me that people can influence other people in different ways, whether good or bad. Not only that, it also reminds me that competition brings out the best in people, as it pushes them to keep moving forward, to best their rivals, as can be seen with England and the rest of Western Europe.
Not waste money that way." My husband was with us as well, andhe didn't notice any switch in my English. And then I realized why. It's because over the twenty years we'vebeen together I've often used that same kind of English with him, and sometimes he even uses it with me. Ithas become our language of intimacy, a different sort of English that relates to family talk, the language Igrew up with.
This kind of reminds me of the different forms of communication you use in the work place. In one of my communications class it talks about how there different forms of communication based on the enviornment you're in.
of both race and gender that remained in place—particularly among its women employees known as computers..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11211Darden’s arrival at Langley coincided with the early days of digital computing. Although Langley could claim one of the most advanced computing systems of the time—an IBM 704, the first computer to support floating-point math—its resources were still limited. For most data analysis tasks, Langley’s Advanced Computing Division relied upon human computers like Darden herself. These computers were all women, trained in math or a related field, and tasked with performing the calculations that determined everything from the best wing shape for an airplane, to the best flight path to the moon. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Aneta SwianiewiczBut despite the crucial roles they played in advancing this and other NASA research, they were treated like unskilled temporary workers.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11. They were brought into research groups on a project-by-project basis, often without even being told anything about the source of the data they were asked to analyze..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Lena Zlock Most of the engineers, who were predominantly men, never even bothered to learn the computers’ names.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1111.These women computers have only recently.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Michela Banks begun to receive credit for their crucial work, thanks to scholars of the history of computing.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Roujia Wang—and to journalists like Margot Lee Shetterly, whose book, Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race,.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi along with its film adaptation.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Fagana Stone, is responsible for bringing Christine Darden’s story into the public eye.2 Her story, like those of her colleagues, is one of hard work under discriminatory conditions. Each of these women computers was required to advocate for herself—and some, like Darden, chose also to advocate for others. It is because of both her contributions to data science and her advocacy for women that we have chosen to begin our book, Data Feminism, with Darden’s story. For feminism begins with a belief in the “political, social, and economic equality of the sexes,”.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Michela Banks as the Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines the term—as does, for the record, Beyoncé.3 And any definition of feminism also necessarily includes the activist work that is required to turn that belief into reality.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Yolanda Yang. In Data Feminism, we bring these two aspects of feminism together, demonstrating a way of thinking about data, their analysis, and their display, that is informed by this tradition of feminist activism as well as the legacy of feminist critical thought..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah beanAs for Darden, she did not only apply her skills of data analysis to spaceflight trajectories; she also applied them to her own career path..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Yasin Chowdhury After working at Langley for a number of years, she began to notice two distinct patterns in her workplace: men with math credentials were placed in engineering positions, where they could be promoted through the ranks of the civil service, while women with the same degrees were sent to the computing pools, where they languished until they retired or quit.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }211..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Joe Masnyy She did not want to become one of those women, nor did she want others to experience the same fate. So she gathered up her courage and decided to approach the chief of her division to ask him why..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Yasin Chowdhury As Darden, now seventy-five, told Shetterly in an interview for Hidden Figures, his response was sobering: “Well, nobody’s ever complained,” he told Darden. “The women seem to be happy doing that, so that’s just what they do.”.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }21111In today’s world, Darden might have gotten her boss fired—or at least served with an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission complaint. But at the time that Darden posed her question, stereotypical remarks about “what women do” were par for the course..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Roujia Wang In fact, challenging assumptions about what women could or couldn’t do—especially in the workplace—was the central subject of Betty Friedan’s best-selling book, The Feminine Mystique. Published in 1963, The Feminine Mystique.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten is often credited with starting feminism’s so-called second wave.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Yolanda Yang.4 Fed up with the enforced return to domesticity following the end of World War II, and inspired by the national conversation about equality of opportunity prompted by the civil rights movement, women across the United States began to organize around a wide range of issues, including reproductive rights.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }21 and domestic violence, as well as the workplace inequality and restrictive gender roles that Darden faced at Langley.That said, Darden’s specific experience as a Black woman with a full-time job was quite different than that of a white suburban housewife—the central focus of The Feminine Mystique. And when critics rightly called out Friedan for failing to acknowledge the range of experiences of women in the United States (and abroad), it was women like Darden, among many others, whom they had in mind. In Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center, another landmark feminist book published in 1984, bell hooks puts it plainly: “[Friedan] did not discuss who would be called in to take care of the children and maintain the home if more women like herself were freed from their house labor and given equal access with white men to the professions. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11She did not speak of the needs of women without men, without children, without homes. She ignored the existence of all non-white women and poor white women..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi She did not tell readers whether it was more fulfilling to be a maid, a babysitter, a factory worker, a clerk, or a prostitute than to be a leisure-class housewife.”.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten5In other words, Friedan had failed to consider how those additional dimensions of individual and group identity—like race and class, not to mention sexuality, ability, age, religion, and geography, among many others—intersect with each other to determine one’s experience in the world.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jayri Ramirez. Although this concept—intersectionality.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11—did not have a name when hooks described it, the idea that these dimensions cannot be examined in isolation from each other has a much longer intellectual history..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }116 Then, as now, key scholars and activists were deeply attuned to how the racism embedded in US culture.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Fagana Stone, Amanda Christopher, coupled with many other forms of oppression, made it impossible to claim a common experience.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi—or a common movement—for all women everywhere. Instead, what was needed was “the development of integrated analysis and practice based upon the fact that the major systems of oppression are interlocking.”7 These words are from the Combahee River Collective Statement, written in 1978 by the famed Black feminist activist group out of Boston. In this book, we draw heavily from intersectionality and other concepts developed through the work of Black feminist scholars and activists because they offer some of the best ways for negotiating this multidimensional terrain.Indeed, feminism must be intersectional if it seeks to address the challenges of the present moment..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Angela Li, Cynthia Lisee We write as two straight, white women based in the United States, with four advanced degrees and five kids between us. We identify as middle-class and cisgender—meaning that our gender identity matches the sex that we were assigned at birth. We have experienced.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten sexism in various ways at different points of our lives—being women in tech and academia, birthing and breastfeeding babies, and trying to advocate for ourselves and our bodies in a male-dominated health care system. But we haven’t experienced sexism in ways that other women certainly have or that nonbinary people have, for there are many dimensions of our shared identity, as the authors of this book, that align with dominant group positions. This fact makes it impossible for us to speak from experience about some oppressive forces—racism, for example. But it doesn’t make it impossible for us to educate ourselves.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi and then speak about racism and the role that white people play in upholding it..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Peem Lerdp Or to challenge ableism and the role that abled people play in upholding it. Or to speak about class and wealth inequalities and the role that well-educated, well-off people play in maintaining those..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Fagana Stone Or to believe in the logic of co-liberation. Or to advocate for justice through equity. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah beanIndeed, a central aim of this book is to describe a form of intersectional feminism that takes the inequities of the present moment as its starting point and begins its own work by asking: How can we use data to remake the world?8This is a complex and weighty task, and it will necessarily remain unfinished. But its size and scope need not stop us—or you, the readers of this book—from taking additional steps toward justice. Consider Christine Darden, who, after speaking up to her division chief, heard nothing from him but radio silence. But then, two weeks later, she was indeed promoted.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Amanda Christopher and transferred to a group focused on sonic boom research. In her new position, Darden was able to begin directing her own research projects and collaborate with colleagues of all genders as a peer. Her self-advocacy serves as a model: a sustained attention to how systems of oppression intersect with each other, informed by the knowledge that comes from direct experience. It offers a guide for challenging power and working toward justice.What Is Data Feminism?Christine Darden would go on to conduct groundbreaking research on sonic boom minimization techniques, author more than sixty scientific papers in the field of computational fluid dynamics, and earn her PhD in mechanical engineering—all while “juggling the duties of Girl Scout mom, Sunday school teacher, trips to music lessons, and homemaker,” Shetterly reports. But even as she ascended the professional ranks, she could tell that her scientific accomplishments were still not being recognized as readily as those of her male counterparts; the men, it seemed, received promotions far more quickly.Darden consulted with Langley’s Equal Opportunity Office, where a white woman by the name of Gloria Champine had been compiling a set of statistics about gender and rank. The data confirmed Darden’s direct experience: that women and men.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten—even those with identical academic credentials, publication records, and performance reviews—were promoted at vastly different rates. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Aneta SwianiewiczChampine recognized that her data could support Darden in her pursuit of a promotion and, furthermore, that these data could help communicate the systemic nature of the problem at hand. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Yuanxi LiChampine visualized the data in the form of a bar chart, and presented the chart to the director of Darden’s division.9 He was “shocked at the disparity,” Shetterly reports, and Darden received the promotion she had long deserved.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Angela Li, Fagana Stone.10 Darden would advance to the top rank in the federal civil service, the first Black woman at Langley to do so. By the time that she retired from NASA, in 2007, Darden was a director herself..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Joe Masnyy11Although Darden’s rise into the leadership ranks at NASA was largely the result of her own knowledge, experience, and grit, her story is one that we can only tell as a result of the past several decades of feminist activism and critical thought. It was a national feminist movement that brought women’s issues to the forefront of US cultural politics, and the changes brought about by that movement were vast. They included both the shifting gender roles that pointed Darden in the direction of employment at NASA and the creation of reporting mechanisms.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; } like the one that enabled her to continue her professional rise..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Roujia Wang, Seyoon Ahn But Darden’s success in the workplace was also, presumably, the result of many unnamed colleagues and friends who may or may not have considered themselves feminists. These were the people who provided her with community and support.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi—and likely a not insignificant number of casserole dinners—as she ascended the government ranks. These types of collective efforts have been made increasingly legible, in turn, because of the feminist scholars and activists whose decades of work have enabled us to recognize that labor—emotional as much as physical—as such today.As should already be apparent, feminism has been defined and used in many ways. Here and throughout the book, we employ the term feminism as a shorthand for the diverse and wide-ranging projects that name and challenge sexism and other forces of oppression, as well as those which seek to create more just, equitable, and livable futures. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }312Because of this broadness, some scholars prefer to use the term feminisms, which clearly signals the range of—and, at times, the incompatibilities among—these various strains of feminist activism and political thought. For reasons of readability, we choose to use the term feminism here, but our feminism is intended to be just as expansive. It includes the work of regular folks like Darden and Champine, public intellectuals like Betty Friedan and bell hooks, and organizing groups like the Combahee River Collective, which have taken direct action to achieve the equality of the sexes. It also includes the work of scholars and other cultural critics—like Kimberlé Crenshaw and Margot Lee Shetterly, among many more—who have used writing to explore the social, political, historical, and conceptual reasons behind the inequality of the sexes that we face today.In the process, these writers and activists have given voice to the many ways in which today’s status quo is unjust.12 These injustices are often the result of historical and contemporary differentials of power, including those among men, women, and nonbinary people, as well as those among white women and Black women, academic researchers and Indigenous communities, and people in the Global North and the Global South..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; } Feminists analyze these power differentials so that they can change them..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1athmar al-ghanim Such a broad focus—one that incorporates race, class, ability, and more—would have sounded strange to Friedan or to the white women largely credited for leading the fight for women’s suffrage in the nineteenth century.13 But the reality is that women of color have long insisted that any movement for gender equality must also consider the ways in which privilege and oppression are intersectional..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah beanBecause the concept of intersectionality is essential for this whole book, let’s get a bit more specific. The term was coined by legal theorist Kimberlé Crenshaw in the late 1980s..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah bean14 In law school, Crenshaw had come across the antidiscrimination case of DeGraffenreid v. General Motors. Emma DeGraffenreid was a Black working mother who had sought a job at a General Motors factory in her town. She was not hired and sued GM for discrimination. The factory did have a history of hiring Black people: many Black men worked in industrial and maintenance jobs there. They also had a history of hiring women: many white women worked there as secretaries. These two pieces of evidence provided the rationale for the judge to throw out the case. Because the company did hire Black people and did hire women, it could not be discriminating based on race or gender. But, Crenshaw wanted to know, what about discrimination on the basis of race and gender together? This was something different, it was real, and it needed to be named. Crenshaw not only named the concept, but would go on to explain and elaborate the idea of intersectionality in award-winning books, papers, and talks.15Key to the idea of intersectionality is that it does not only describe the intersecting aspects of any particular person’s identity (or positionalities, as they are sometimes termed).16 It also describes the intersecting forces of privilege and oppression at work in a given society. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }111Oppression involves the systematic mistreatment of certain groups of people by other groups. It happens when power is not distributed equally—when one group controls the institutions of law, education, and culture, and uses its power to systematically exclude other groups while giving its own group unfair advantages (or simply maintaining the status quo).17 In the case of gender oppression, we can point to the sexism, cissexism.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Amanda Christopher, and patriarchy that is evident in everything from political representation to the wage gap to who speaks more often (or more loudly.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten) in a meeting..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Tegan Lewis18 In the case of racial oppression, this takes the form of racism and white supremacy. Other forms of oppression include ableism, colonialism, and classism. Each has its particular history and manifests differently in different cultures and contexts, but all involve a dominant group that accrues power and privilege at the expense of others. Moreover, these forces of power and privilege on the one hand and oppression on the other mesh together in ways that multiply their effects.The effects of privilege and oppression are not distributed evenly across all individuals and groups, however. For some, they become an obvious and unavoidable part of daily life, particularly for women and people of color and queer people and immigrants: the list goes on. If you are a member of any or all of these (or other) minoritized groups, you experience their effects everywhere, shaping the choices you make (or don’t get to make) each day. These systems of power are as real as rain..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Eva Maria Chavez But forces of oppression can be difficult to detect when you benefit from them (we call this a privilege hazard later in the book).d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Yolanda Yang, Jillian McCarten. And this is where data come in: it was a set of intersecting systems of power and privilege that Darden was intent on exposing when she posed her initial question to her division chief. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1g mAnd it was that same set of intersecting systems of power and privilege that Darden sought to challenge when she approached Champine. Darden herself didn’t need any more evidence of the problem she faced; she was already living it every day.19 But when her experience was recorded as data and aggregated with others’ experiences, it could be used to challenge institutional systems of power and have far broader impact than on her career trajectory alone..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1111In this way, Darden models what we call data feminism: a way of thinking about data, both their uses and their limits, that is informed by direct experience, by a commitment to action, and by intersectional feminist thought..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Tegan Lewis T.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11he starting point for data feminism is something that goes mostly unacknowledged in data science: power is not distributed equally in the world. Those who wield power are disproportionately elite, straight, white, able-bodied, cisgender men from the Global North.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Seng Aung Sein Myint.20 The work of data feminism is first to tune into how standard practices in data science serve to reinforce these existing inequalities and second to use data science to challenge and change the distribution of power..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Megan Foesch21 Underlying data feminism is a belief in and commitment to co-liberation: the idea that oppressive systems of power harm all of us, that they undermine the quality and validity of our work, and that they hinder us from creating true and lasting social impact with data science..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah beanWe wrote this book because we are data scientists and data feminists. Although we speak as a “we” in this book, and share certain identities, experiences, and skills, we have distinct life trajectories and motivations for our work on this project. If we were sitting with you right now, we would each introduce ourselves by answering the question: What brings you here today? Placing ourselves in that scenario, here is what we would have to say.Catherine: I am a hacker mama. I spent fifteen years as a freelance software developer and experimental artist, now professor, working on projects ranging from serendipitous news-recommendation systems to countercartography to civic data literacy to making breast pumps not suck. I’m here writing this book because, for one, the hype around big data and AI is deafeningly male and white and technoheroic .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCartenand the time is now to reframe that world with a feminist lens. The second reason I’m here is that my recent experience running a large, equity-focused hackathon taught me just how much people like me—basically, well-meaning liberal white people—are part of the problem in struggling for social justice. This book is one attempt to expose such workings of power, which are inside us as much as outside in the world.22Lauren: I often describe myself as a professional nerd. I worked in software development before going to grad school to study English, with a particular focus on early American literature and culture. (Early means very early—like, the eighteenth century.) As a professor at an engineering school, I now work on research projects that translate this history into contemporary contexts. For instance, I’m writing a book about the history of data visualization, employing machine-learning techniques to analyze abolitionist newspapers, and designing a haptic recreation of a hundred-year-old visualization scheme that looks like a quilt. Through projects like these, I show how the rise of the concept of “data” (which, as it turns out, really took off in the eighteenth century.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten) is closely connected to the rise of our current concepts of gender and race. So one of my reasons for writing this book is to show how the issues of racism and sexism that we see in data science today are by no means new. The other reason is to help translate humanistic thinking into practice and, in so doing, create more opportunities for humanities scholars to engage with activists, organizers, and communities.23We both strongly believe that data can do good in the world. But for it to do so, we must explicitly acknowledge that a key way that power and privilege operate in the world today has to do with the word data itself..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Seng Aung Sein Myint The word dates to the mid-seventeenth century, when it was introduced to supplement existing terms such as evidence and fact..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Tegan Lewis Identifying information as data, rather than as either of those other two terms, served a rhetorical purpose.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCarten.24 It converted otherwise debatable information into the solid basis for subsequent claims. But what information needs to become data before it can be trusted? Or, more precisely, whose information needs to become data before it can be considered as fact and acted upon?.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Peem Lerdp, Fagana Stone25 Data feminism must answer these questions, too..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }211The story that begins with Christine Darden entering the gates of Langley, passes through her sustained efforts to confront the structural oppression she encountered there, and concludes with her impressive array of life achievements, is a story about the power of data. Throughout her career, in ways large and small, Darden used data to make arguments and transform lives. But that’s not all. Darden’s feel-good biography is just as much a story about the larger systems of power that required data—rather than the belief in her lived experience.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Cynthia Lisee—to perform that transformative work. An institutional mistrust of Darden’s experiential knowledge was almost certainly a factor in Champine’s decision to create her bar chart. Champine likely recognized, as did Darden herself, that she would need the bar chart to be believed..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11In this way, the alliance between Darden and Champine, and their work together, underscores the flaws and compromises that are inherent in any data-driven project. The process of converting life experience into data always necessarily entails a reduction of that experience.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Tegan Lewis—along with the historical and conceptual burdens of the term. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11That Darden and Champine were able to view their work as a success despite these inherent constraints underscores even more the importance of listening to and learning from people whose lives and voices are behind the numbers. No dataset or analysis or visualization or model or algorithm is the result of one person working alone. Data feminism can help to remind us that before there are data, there are people—people who offer up their experience to be counted and analyzed, people who perform that counting and analysis, people who visualize the data and promote the findings of any particular project, and people who use the product in the end..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah bean There are also, always, people who go uncounted—for better or for worse.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11. And there are problems that cannot be represented—or addressed—by data alone. And so data feminism, like justice, must remain both a goal and a process, one that guides our thoughts and our actions as we move forward toward our goal of remaking the world..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }111Data and Power.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Kaiyun ZhengIt took five state-of-the-art IBM System/360 Model 75 machines to guide the Apollo 11 astronauts to the moon. Each was the size of a car and cost $3.5 million dollars. Fast forward to the present. We now have computers in the form of phones that fit in our pockets and—in the case of the 2019 Apple iPhone XR—can perform more than 140 million more instructions per second than a standard IBM System/360..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Kotaro Garvin26 That rate of change is astounding; it represents an exponential growth in computing capacity (figure 0.2a). We’ve witnessed an equally exponential growth in our ability to collect and record information in digital form—and in the ability to have information collected about us (figure 0.2b).Figure 0.2: (a) The time-series chart included in the original paper on Moore’s law, published in 1965, which posited that the number of transistors that could fit on an integrated circuit (and therefore contribute to computing capacity) would double every year. Courtesy of Gordon Moore. (b) Several years ago, researchers concluded that transistors were approaching their smallest size and that Moore’s law would not hold. Nevertheless, today’s computing power is what enabled Dr. Katie Bouman, a postdoctoral fellow at MIT, to contribute to a project that involved processing and compositing approximately five petabytes of data captured by the Event Horizon Telescope to create the first ever image of a black hole. After the publication of this photo in April 2019 showing her excitement—as one of the scientists on the large team that worked for years to capture the image—Bouman was subsequently trolled and harassed online. Courtesy of Tamy Emma Pepin/Twitter.But the act of collecting and recording data about people is not new at all. From the registers of the dead that were published by church officials in the early modern era to the counts of Indigenous populations that appeared in colonial accounts of the Americas, data collection has long been employed as a technique of consolidating knowledge about the people whose data are collected, and therefore consolidating power over their lives..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Sara Blumenstein27 The close relationship between data and power is perhaps most clearly visible in the historical arc that begins with the logs of people captured and placed aboard slave ships, reducing richly lived lives to numbers and names..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11 It passes through the eugenics movement, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which sought to employ data to quantify the superiority of white people over all others. It continues today in the proliferation of biometrics technologies that, as sociologist Simone Browne has shown, are disproportionately deployed to surveil Black bodies..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }28When Edward Snowden, the former US National Security Agency contractor, leaked his cache of classified documents to the press in 2013, he revealed the degree to which the federal government routinely collects data on its citizens—often with minimal regard to legality or ethics..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Natalie Pei Xu29 At the municipal level, too, governments are starting to collect data on everything from traffic movement to facial expressions in the interests of making cities “smarter.”30 This often translates to reinscribing traditional urban patterns of power such as segregation, the overpolicing of communities of color, and the rationing of ever-scarcer city services..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi31But the government is not alone in these data-collection efforts; corporations do it too—with profit as their guide. The words and phrases we search for on Google, the times of day we are most active on Facebook, and the number of items we add to our Amazon carts are all tracked and stored as data—data that are then converted into corporate financial gain.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }12. The most trivial of everyday actions—searching for a way around traffic, liking a friend’s cat video, or even stepping out of our front doors in the morning—are now hot commodities. This is not because any of these actions are exceptionally interesting (although we do make an exception for Catherine’s cats) but because these tiny actions can be combined with other tiny actions to generate targeted advertisements and personalized recommendations—in other words, to give us more things to click on, like, or buy.32.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Esmeralda OrrinThis is the data economy, and corporations, often aided by academic researchers, are currently scrambling to see what behaviors—both online and off—remain to be turned into data and then monetized. Nothing is outside of datafication.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi, as this process is sometimes termed—not your search history, or Catherine’s cats, or the butt that Lauren is currently using to sit in her seat. To wit: Shigeomi Koshimizu, a Tokyo-based professor of engineering, has been designing matrices of sensors that collect data at 360 different positions around a rear end while it is comfortably ensconced in a chair.33 He proposes that people have unique butt signatures, as unique as their fingerprints. In the future, he suggests, our cars could be outfitted with butt-scanners instead of keys or car alarms to identify the driver..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Kotaro GarvinAlthough datafication may occasionally verge into the realm of the absurd, it remains a very serious issue. Decisions of civic, economic, and individual importance are already and increasingly being made by automated systems sifting through large amounts of data. For example, PredPol, a so-called predictive policing company founded in 2012 by an anthropology professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, has been employed by the City of Los Angeles for nearly a decade to determine which neighborhoods to patrol more heavily, and which neighborhoods to (mostly) ignore. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Jillian McCartenBut because PredPol is based on historical crime data and US policing practices have always disproportionately surveilled and patrolled neighborhoods of color, the predictions of where crime will happen in the future look a lot like the racist practices of the past..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }3Fagana Stone, Melinda Rossi, Amanda Christopher34 These systems create what mathematician and writer Cathy O’Neil, in Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy, calls a “pernicious feedback loop,” amplifying the effects of racial bias and of the criminalization of poverty that are already endemic to the United States..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Kaiyun ZhengO’Neil’s solution is to open up the computational systems that produce these racist results. Only by knowing what goes in, she argues, can we understand what comes out. This is a key step in the project of mitigating the effects of biased data. Data feminism additionally requires that we trace those biased data back to their source. PredPol and the “three most objective data points” that it employs certainly amplify existing biases, but they are not the root cause.35 The cause, rather, is the long history of the criminalization of Blackness in the United States, which produces biased policing practices, which produce biased historical data, which are then used to develop risk models for the future..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }36 Tracing these links to historical and ongoing forces of oppression can help us answer the ethical question, Should this system exist?37 In the case of PredPol, the answer is a resounding no.Understanding this long and complicated chain reaction is what has motivated Yeshimabeit Milner, along with Boston-based activists, organizers, and mathematicians, to found Data for Black Lives, an organization dedicated to “using data science to create concrete and measurable change in the lives of Black communities.”38 Groups like the Stop LAPD Spying coalition are using explicitly feminist and antiracist methods to quantify and challenge invasive data collection by law enforcement.39 Data journalists are reverse-engineering algorithms and collecting qualitative data at scale about maternal harm.40 Artists are inviting participants to perform ecological maps and using AI for making intergenerational family memoirs.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi (figure 0.3a).41All these projects are data science. Many people think of data as numbers alone, but data can also consist of words or stories, colors or sounds, or any type of information that is systematically collected, organized, and analyzed .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }12(figures 0.3b, 0.3c).42 The science in data science simply implies a commitment to systematic methods of observation and experiment. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Peem LerdpThroughout this book, we deliberately place diverse data science examples alongside each other. They come from individuals and small groups, and from across academic, artistic, nonprofit, journalistic, community-based, and for-profit organizations. This is due to our belief in a capacious definition of data science, one that seeks to include rather than exclude and does not erect barriers based on formal credentials, professional affiliation, size of data, complexity of technical methods, or other external markers of expertise..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Cynthia Lisee Such markers, after all, have long been used to prevent women from fully engaging in any number of professional fields, even as those fields—which include data science and computer science, among many others—were largely built on the knowledge that women were required to teach themselves.43 An attempt to push back against this gendered history is foundational to data feminism, too.Throughout its own history, feminism has consistently had to work to convince the world that it is relevant to people of all genders.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Fagana Stone, Amanda Christopher. We make the same argument: that data feminism is for everybody. (And here we borrow a line from bell hooks.).d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }2Peem Lerdp, Vibha Sathish Kumar44 You will notice that the examples we use are not only about women, nor are they created only by women. That’s because data feminism isn’t only about women. It takes more than one gender to have gender inequality and more than one gender to work toward justice. Likewise, data feminism isn’t only for women. Men, nonbinary, and genderqueer people are proud to call themselves feminists and use feminist thought in their work. Moreover, data feminism isn’t only about gender. Intersectional feminists have keyed us into how race, class, sexuality, ability, age, religion, geography, and more are factors that together influence each person’s experience and opportunities in the world. Finally, data feminism is about power.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Peem Lerdp—about who has it and who doesn’t. Intersectional feminism examines unequal power.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Megan Foesch. And in our contemporary world, data is power too. Because the power of data is wielded unjustly, it must be challenged and changed..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1nyah beanData Feminism in ActionData is a double-edged sword. In a very real sense, data have been used as a weapon by those in power to consolidate their control—over places and things, as well as people. Indeed, a central goal of this book is to show how governments and corporations have long employed data and statistics as management techniques to preserve an unequal status quo. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }3Tegan Lewis, Melinda Rossi, Jillian McCartenWorking with data from a feminist perspective requires knowing and acknowledging this history. To frame the trouble with data in another way: it’s not a coincidence that the institution that employed Christine Darden and enabled her professional rise is the same that wielded the results of her data analysis to assert the technological superiority of the United States over its communist adversaries and to plant an American flag on the moon. But this flawed history does not mean ceding control of the future to the powers of the past. Data are part of the problem, to be sure. But they are also part of the solution. Another central goal of this book is to show how the power of data can be wielded back.Figure 0.3: We define data science expansively in this book—here are three examples. (a) Not the Only One by Stephanie Dinkins (2017), is a sculpture that features a Black family through the use of artificial intelligence. The AI is trained and taught by the underrepresented voices of Black and brown individuals in the tech sector. (b) Researcher Margaret Mitchell and colleagues, in “Seeing through the Human Reporting Bias” (2016), have worked on systems to infer what is not said in human speech for the purposes of image classification. For example, people say “green bananas” but not “yellow bananas” because yellow is implied as the default color of the banana. Similarly, people say “woman doctor” but do not say “man doctor,” so it is the words that are not spoken that encode the bias. (c) A gender analysis of Hollywood film dialogue, “Film Dialogue from 2,000 Screenplays Broken Down by Gender and Age,” by Hanah Anderson and Matt Daniels, created for The Pudding, a data journalism start-up (2017).To guide us in this work, we have developed seven core principles. Individually and together, these principles emerge from the foundation of intersectional feminist thought. Each of the following chapters is structured around a single principle. The seven principles of data feminism are as follows:.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Monserrat PadillaExamine power. Data feminism begins by analyzing how power operates in the world.Challenge power. Data feminism commits to challenging unequal power structures and working toward justice.Elevate emotion and embodiment. Data feminism teaches us to value multiple forms of knowledge, including the knowledge that comes from.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11 people as living, feeling bodies in the world.Rethink binaries and hierarchies. Data feminism requires us to challenge the gender binary, along with other systems of counting and classification that perpetuate oppression..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Eva Maria ChavezEmbrace pluralism. Data feminism insists that the most complete knowledge comes from synthesizing multiple perspectives, with priority .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }3Eva Maria Chavez, Fagana Stone, Tegan Lewisgiven to local, Indigenous, and experiential ways of knowing.Consider context. Data feminism asserts that data are not neutral or objective. They are the products of unequal social relations, and this context is essential for conducting accurate, ethical analysis..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Natalie Pei XuMake labor visible. The work of data science, like all work in the world, is the work of many hands. .d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda RossiData feminism makes this labor visible so that it can be recognized and valued.Each of the following chapters takes up one of these principles, drawing upon examples from the field of data science, expansively defined, to show how that principle can be put into action. Along the way, we introduce key feminist concepts like the matrix of domination (Patricia Hill Collins; see chapter 1), situated knowledge (Donna Haraway; see chapter 3), and emotional labor (Arlie Hochschild; see chapter 8), as well as some of our own ideas about what data feminism looks like in theory and practice. To this end, we introduce you to people at the cutting edge of data and justice. These include engineers and software developers, activists and community organizers, data journalists, artists, and scholars. This range of people, and the range of projects they have helped to create, is our way of answering the question: What makes a project feminist? As will become clear, a project may be feminist in content, in that it challenges power by choice of subject matter; in form, in that it challenges power by shifting the aesthetic and/or sensory registers of data communication; and/or in process, in that it challenges power by building participatory, inclusive processes of knowledge production.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }11. What unites this broad scope of data-based work is a commitment to action and a desire to remake the world..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Sara BlumensteinOur overarching goal is to take a stand against the status quo—against a world that benefits us, two white college professors, at the expense of others..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Justine Smith To work toward this goal, we have chosen to feature the voices of those who speak from the margins, whether because of their gender, sexuality, race, ability, class, geographic location, or any combination of those (and other) subject positions. We have done so, moreover, because of our belief that those with direct experience of inequality know better than we do about what actions to take next. For this reason, we have attempted to prioritize the work of people in closer proximity to issues of inequality over those who study inequality from a distance..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Natalie Pei Xu In this book, we pay particular attention to inequalities at the intersection of gender and race. This reflects our location in the United States, where the most entrenched issues of inequality have racism at their source. Our values statement, included as an appendix to this book, discusses the rationale for these authorial choices in more detail.Any book involves making choices about whose voices and whose work to include and whose voices and work to omit. We ask that those who find their perspectives insufficiently addressed or their work insufficiently acknowledged view these gaps as additional openings for conversation. Our sincere hope is to contribute in a small way to a much larger conversation, one that began long before we embarked upon this writing process and that will continue long after these pages are through.This book is intended to provide concrete steps to action for data scientists seeking to learn how feminism can help them work toward justice, and for feminists seeking to learn how their own work can carry over to the growing field of data science. It is also addressed to professionals in all fields in which data-driven decisions are being made.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Melinda Rossi, as well as to communities that want to resist or mobilize the data that surrounds them. It is written for everyone who seeks to better understand the charts and statistics that they encounter in their day-to-day lives, and for everyone who seeks to communicate the significance of such charts and statistics to others..d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Peem LerdpOur claim, once again, is that data feminism is for everyone. It’s for people of all genders. It’s by people of all genders. And most importantly: it’s about much more than gender. Data feminism is about power, about who has it and who doesn’t, and about how those differentials of power can be challenged and changed using data.d-undefined, .lh-undefined { background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2) !important; }1Yolanda Yang. We invite you, the readers of this book, to join us on this journey toward justice and toward remaking our data-driven world.Connections1 of 2children and siblingsfilterA Translation of this Pubمقدمه: چرا علم داده به فمینیسم احتیاج داردby Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren KleinShow DescriptionPublished on Mar 07, 2024data-feminism.mitpress.mit.eduDescriptionترجمه توسط امیرحسین پیبراهA Translation of this PubIntroducción: por qué la ciencia de datos necesita feminismoby Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren KleinShow DescriptionPublished on Apr 23, 2023data-feminism.mitpress.mit.eduDescriptionDataGénero (Coordinación: Mailén García. Traductoras: Ivana Feldfeber,Sofía García, Gina Ballaben, Giselle Arena y Mariángela Petrizzo. Revisión: Helena Suárez Val.Con la ayuda de Diana Duarte Salinas, Ana Amelia Letelier, y Patricia Maria Garcia Iruegas)Footnotes44LicenseCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0)Comments168 .discussion-list .discussion-thread-component.preview:hover, .discussion-list .discussion-thread-component.expanded-preview { border-left: 3px solid #2D2E2F; padding-left: calc(1em - 2px); } ?Login to discussHappy Polarbear: This passage describing the attitude of most male engineers towards their work is both painfully accurate and poignant, portraying them not as respected individuals deserving recognition for their achievements, but merely as inanimate objects， tools for calculation.?Cynthia Lisee: Such a fertile approach”?Cynthia Lisee: There is somethig immeasurable in lived experience, somethind stat would never reach. data not subject to an ethic of human relations based on "welcoming the Other" are mere abstractions and sources of violence Jamia Williams: Thank you! Reframing is essential when many of these events were deemed “riots” when it was Black folks rising up against various systems.Jamia Williams: Still happening today!?Jillian McCarten: The context in which numbers are collected?Jillian McCarten: The idea that some areas, and therefore some people don’t need to be monitored feels immoral. ?Jillian McCarten: I’ve been thinking about how it’s not what you’re doing but what your goal is, and corporations using our data to make more money off us definitely does not feel the same as collecting data on gender discrimination to stop the practice. ?Jillian McCarten: curious what examples it’s better?Jillian McCarten: It’s interesting what we need evidence to believe, and what we willingly believe without evidence ?Jillian McCarten: the word data origionaly meant to communicate that the fact is confirmed to be true- to shut down disputes ?Jillian McCarten: I love linguistic history, I’d like to learn more about this?Jillian McCarten: Yes, I’m afraid how how biases are baked into AI, and then reinforced ?Jillian McCarten: This reminds me of how priviledge is a lot less visible to those who hold it. ?Jillian McCarten: I wonder if she also had access to data on promotions across race. There’s all kinds of discrimination, and the kinds of data seen as worth collecting also reveal bias. I wonder if the white woman who collected the data focused on gender and missed other identities experiencing discrimination. ?Jillian McCarten: I appreciate how the authors directly state their most salient identities; this should be the norm. Oftentimes when I read a book like this I have to research the authors to learn their identities. Identities always influence the way we think and see the world. ?Jillian McCarten: Compelling quote about power?Jillian McCarten: It’s interesting to me that Darden’s story and the book are the two examples given so far. When I took Into to Women’s Studies in undergrad, this book was heavily criticized for mostly speaking on white feminist issues. I appreciate the author giving a more nuanced intersectional framing in the next paragraph. Jamia Williams: Love to know this! Jamia Williams: And it still far from being accomplished?Jillian McCarten: I’m curious which numbers would help communicate that, and how research can help illustrate the prevelence of this type of sexism. ?Jillian McCarten: This is a compelling example of how in our systems of power some people are seen as more valuable than others, and that likely connects to what data sources are seen as valuable.Jamia Williams: “Hidden figure” Jamia Williams: Thank you! Reframing is essential when many of these events were deemed “riots” when it was Black folks rising up against various systems.Jamia Williams: Still happening today!?Jillian McCarten: I think data is especially important in communicating how segregation persists, and how unofficial segregation is often harder to confront. ?Jillian McCarten: I think it’s important to confront the differences between the image of the US presented and the realities that people live in. I resonate with this statement- growing up I was told over and over how the US is the best place to live, and in the past few years I’ve been learning more about the historical and current harms perpetuated by our government?Jillian McCarten: So many decisions and judgement-calls that go into telling historical events, especially a quick summary like this. I’m glad that this author presents the police this way; I think a lot of authors I’ve read will ignore this reality. ?Amanda Christopher: This is a new term for me! ?Amanda Christopher: This makes me wonder how many women before her advocated for themselves, or if she was the first women at NASA to do so as her supervisor claimed. If she was not, why was her case different? What about the culture of the time at NASA allowed for her to be promoted? If she was the first, what would have happened if other women before her had the courage like Christine to speak up.?Melinda Rossi: Perfect for educators!?Melinda Rossi: I like that the authors are working to offer this knowledge to all.?Melinda Rossi: I like this. Giving credit where credit is due…what a concept!?Melinda Rossi: Ok, here’s the good-for-humanity stuff!?Melinda Rossi: The sad part is that it’s mostly used for financial gains, and not for the good of society/humanity. ?Melinda Rossi: This is sad and terrifying…and yet also seems about right. ?Melinda Rossi: I like this. Data can never capture all and that’s important to remember when we are looking at data and generalizing as if all are spoken for.?Tegan Lewis: This sums up our education system-using data and test scores to maintain the inequity in our school system.?Melinda Rossi: Yes! THIS! + 1 more...?Tegan Lewis: Data is more than numbers. What other data could be gathered in a school system??Tegan Lewis: Does it have to??Tegan Lewis: Would this be considered a misuse of data? Or more of the root of bias??Tegan Lewis: data feminism-can be used to expose inequity and challenge systems of power.Esmeralda Orrin: .Ah, capitalism,’?Tegan Lewis: gender oppression-was evident in the case of Darden?Tegan Lewis: Identity?Tegan Lewis: Would this apply to all forms of sexism, regardless of gender??Amanda Christopher: I would say absolutely, yes. I think one large misconception about feminism is that it only focuses on women, not all genders and sexes.Esmeralda Orrin: somehow I’m not surprised that men know what women are happy doing?Melinda Rossi: Finding a supportive community is key! ?Melinda Rossi: I think this part is so important. Being willing to educate themselves on issues that they might unconsciously contribute to is critical.?Melinda Rossi: We are not a monolith!?Melinda Rossi: bell hooks coming in hot with the truth.?Melinda Rossi: Hidden Figures was (sadly) the first time I had ever heard of Black women at NASA.Fagana Stone: The article could have had more power had the authors also included a note about countless studies that show invaluable contribution of diverse backgrounds and perspectives to innovation and progress. Fagana Stone: Not applicable to all cultures, as there are cultures ruled by matriarchs.?Amanda Christopher: Yes and in those cultures feminism may look differently as feminism is focused on equal rights for all genders. Many of the matriarchical cultures have more than two genders. And just about all societies have some form of gender inequalities.Fagana Stone: Wouldn’t the algorithm update itself as more surveillance data is available rather than fixate on old historical data??Melinda Rossi: That’s a good point. You would think it would be able to update with technology advancing as much as it has. + 1 more...Fagana Stone: In a capitalist country, it should be expected to have wealth inequalities… Not everyone can be wealthy nor can everyone struggle financially. Yes, there are systemic injustices, but it takes all parties involved to improve access to and understand importance of education. Dominated by two political parties running on opposing views, I can’t help but feel very pessimistic about significant progress on these issues in the near future (while the country is enacting backward looking policies and laws). Fagana Stone: “Racism” is a learned concept. Born and raised in Azerbaijan, we did not have a concept of racism, to which I was exposed to after having moved to the states. ?Amanda Christopher: Great point to add to the authors’; that it is “impossible to claim a common experience… for all women, everywhere.”Fagana Stone: It is important to note that men too struggle with sufficient paternity leave. It is critical to shift the thought from women being the only ones fit for childcare role to include men as well.Fagana Stone: Women in some states still fight for their reproductive rights!?Melinda Rossi: Fagana, that’s exactly what I was thinking. Some things change, and some things stay the same. Fagana Stone: Critical lesson in articulating the needs with the hope to identify and operationalize solutions.Fagana Stone: Excellent film! I highly recommend it.Fagana Stone: “The Soviet Union was responsible for launching the first human to space, carrying out the first spacewalk, sending the first woman to space, assembling the first modular space station in orbit around Earth (Mir) — and most of these achievements were accomplished using the same space capsule used in the 1960s.”Fagana Stone: Being from one of the former Soviet Union countries, it is also important to note that the Soviet Union had a more considerable tolerance for risk, hence the advancements mentioned in the field of astronautics. ?Rayon Ston: qKaiyun Zheng: I’ve listened to a podcast before, which is called What happens when an algorithm gets it wrong, In Machines We Trust, MIT Technology Review. It mainly talks about the technology of the use of facial recognition in public and where it can go wrong.The podcast begins with a story about a man who is accused of stealing because a computer matches his photo with a picture of the thief caught on a public camera. But in fact, it was a computer error. The computer can't tell whether the thief is a man or a black man, and the police blindly trust the computer's judgment, and moreover, he says that historically black people steal a lot. And based on the conversation in the podcast, the facial recognition technology isn't perfect, it makes mistakes and matches the wrong people. Such problems are not rare, and involve both privacy violations and potential discrimination.It made me realize that we have a lot more to do in data science.Kaiyun Zheng: We’ve learned about the differences between information and data in the very beginning lessons, and this makes me think about why we emphasize “data” instead of “info” here before the term "feminism".Kaiyun Zheng: The mention of the uneven distribution of power in this book piques my curiosity about how the topic will be addressed. I have previously read a book called "Foundation of Information," which discusses the relationship between power and information. The book suggests that when power is concentrated, the information gathered can sometimes deviate from the truth. As a result, I am curious about how data feminism ensures the authenticity and effectiveness of information collection.Additionally, the information of researching history is also mentioned in the later interview, which makes me curious about how the information of the past can be useful in the present so that it can be used as part of data feminism.Kaiyun Zheng: Intersectionality as a new term which appears after feminism is really interesting. I like how it is introduced here which talks about the example of a black woman since I thought it is the manifestation of a much broader phenomenon in the society. From Google, it is defined as "the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage" which strongly linked to the topic "feminism" (actually closer to equal rights).Each person has multiple identities. For example, I am a university student, an employee at a company, and a kid at home. These are just a few of the many labels that can be applied to an individual, including larger categories such as race, gender, and education. In an information-oriented society, labels can often obscure our understanding of the true nature of things and the individuality of a person can be overlooked. Intersectionality, while still categorizing individuals, does so in a more nuanced manner by connecting multiple labels to form a more specific and accurate representation. This can help individuals overcome challenges and reduce the oppression of vulnerable groups by dominant societal forces.Although from my personal point of view, classifying people is not a very good behavior after all, its emergence also reflects the response to various situations, so as to reduce the oppression of the dominant group of society on the vulnerable group.?Yuanxi Li: It's heartening that the value women create in terms of data has ultimately been validated by data itself, and this result has been achieved through mutual assistance among women.?Yuanxi Li: Intersectionality is an important term that shows how race, class, gender, and other individual characteristics affect with each other?Joe Masnyy: This story has shown the possibilities of this sort of advocation, though as stated early this is clearly not the norm. I appreciate the value of anecdotes such as these, although this text would benefit from hard data to show the scope and magnitude of the issue. Hopefully this is something that is explored further on in the text.?Joe Masnyy: This reality was, in the grand scheme of things, not very long ago. You could argue this still persists even today, with many STEM fields still being largely male in demographics. Even still, women tend to make less than men on average in the exact same fields.?Kotaro Garvin: We have so much more capability then before, but why does it seem like we are not making the same kind of progress? Is it not happening? or is it just unrecognized? ?Kotaro Garvin: I think this is one of the greatest ideas I have ever read, but it also shows why data is so important, everybody is unique but we can still be categorized using data. ?Justine Smith: taking a stand against system that is benefit you?Seng Aung Sein Myint: The decision making process is alway opaque. Hope there is some kind of US federal law which push the school to be a little bit transparent than before. ?Seng Aung Sein Myint: This kind of statistic of average, also make something very simple. No, I am not arguing about this data. ?Seng Aung Sein Myint: Hmm. It is strange to read now. ?Finch Brown: This is such a great line! No wonder someone has already commented on it. I have been thinking a lot recently about how subjective human experiences align and diverge, and how insufficient language and data are in describing experiences. A cool article I just read that reminds me of this is from the New Yorker: How We Should Think About Different Styles of Thinking. One main draw for me in data science is tackling the challenge of most accurately representing data and the stories it tells, given its inescapable constraints.?Yasin Chowdhury: Skill is important everywhere but in a different ways. so its good to have skills. ?Yasin Chowdhury: Without this line the entire story would not exist. But still now a days we do not see that courage specially in black women whoa really talented but chose towards non stem fields because of the difference in ratio. ?Jayri Ramirez: I believe that it is important to understand that it is more than ones gender that can affect the experiences of women. I think this statement is a good description of how there are many dimensions which affect racism and other forms of oppression. ?Roujia Wang: This shows that feminism can meet two kinds of human needs, the first is the detailed technical needs of NASA space agency, and the other is to meet the need of women also need equal status and need the same rights as men to achieve their dreams. In this process, feminism and data science are inextricably linked to each other's achievements.?Seyoon Ahn: As it was discussed in comment above, this part demonstrates the needs of feminism in data science and how not just the individuals but the society as a whole can benefit from data science with an approach of feminism. ?Roujia Wang: In that world, the stereotype of women was that women were not allowed to work in the sciences and that women were more at home with young children and taking care of the family than working outside the home. But such stereotypes prevented many talented women from having a chance to make a career out of it.?Roujia Wang: When people are misogynistic, female scientists contribute to data science research, because women can make up for the shortcomings of men in many ways. Women also use their abilities to change the perception of women in the world?Monserrat Padilla: I am really eager to learn and practice more methodically these principles. The key value in being able to analyze data holistically and seeing the subject matter as a whole at the intersections. Putting these principles into practice will allow for a more complete truth to be available while producing data and/or reading data.?Caroline Hayes: I think it is really moving that they decided to use someone as powerful as Darden’s story to start this textbook. As such a strong, smart women she was able to work in an intellectual field and challenge norms like she did in this instance. In a way she is breaking from the data so commonly released on women in and out of the work field. Instead of becoming one of the computers like 100% of the women before her, she became a part of the 1% who changed it for everyone.?Vibha Sathish Kumar: I agree, this part also resounded with me as well. It also makes you wonder about those other women who were stuck in the same situation for years. Many of those women likely didn’t have access to data or have the means to stand up for themselves in the environment set-up for them. I wonder if this issue is also relevant today, where some women do not have the opportunity to share their experience or have it accounted as data. It takes time to have others recognize their privilege and use it to bring others up - maybe data feminism could be a way to do that. ?Natalie Pei Xu: That is sad to notice that there are still many woman is being ignored and stay silence from some reasons. ?Natalie Pei Xu: First hand resource will be more helpful.?Natalie Pei Xu: This conscious awareness of “product of unequal social relation” is important while collecting, analyzing and concluding, since there is already been a lens filtered the primary source. ?Natalie Pei Xu: Besides using data as a powerful tool to pursuit justice, personal privacy is also a critical concern. ?Natalie Pei Xu: This is very inclusive and thoughtful description about feminism which makes it open up to various people among physical and mental features that aiming at the same thing: justice.Eva Maria Chavez: .Eva Maria Chavez: ecFagana Stone: If we were to focus on collecting unbiased data, then why would the authors even mention “priority” in qualifying it? + 1 more...Eva Maria Chavez: ECEva Maria Chavez: emEva Maria Chavez: collective powerEva Maria Chavez: EMCEva Maria Chavez: ?Kim Martin: test?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -Fagana Stone: Qualitative data can be so powerful!?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: yes?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?nyah bean: -?Yolanda Yang: We should know that “We are under this situation.“?Yolanda Yang: Very personally, I am always shocked by how precise the content they suggest “what I may also interested.“ Also reminds me of Health on the phone, that it reminds us of our next coming period time, and usually also precise.?Melinda Rossi: Yes!?Yolanda Yang: People with privilege cannot recognize, even if they do, they are less likely to make any change, as this would decrease their benefit?Jillian McCarten: One quote that I think of often is “when one has held a position of privilege for so long, equality feels like oppression.” ?Yolanda Yang: “Speak“ and MeToo. Makes it visible.?Yolanda Yang: Looking for equality = we need make efforts ahead to it. Need to uncover it. ?Yolanda Yang: Reminds me of china girl or china head, that used at the beginning of analog films, those are females without names that contribute to film industry, but they were not even supposed to be presented to the audiences.?Yolanda Yang: Even though this has been desegregated for years, it still exists among people’s unconsciousness. ?Jeraldynne Gomez: systematically desgined so that women were stagnant in their positions. The disparity of power and the assertion of such system is correlated as it benefits the men who are implementing it ?Michela Banks: Important Annabel DeLair-Dobrovolny: Converting people into data as a means to assert power and dehumanize the “other”.?Michela Banks: definition ?Michela Banks: At least 50 years later. Why at this time??Michela Banks: power distance between men and women ?Michela Banks: were not recognized for intelligence ?Michela Banks: indicates perception of women in workplace?Michela Banks: note segregation during time of education?Michela Banks: describes environment?ethan chang: Shows how much has changed since then… even though can still be seen to this day.Annabel DeLair-Dobrovolny: Power imbalances contributing to the dehumanization of women in the workplace.?athmar al-ghanim: exactly!!! some individuals have such a negative connotation toward “feminism”. but here, it proves that feminism is just a group of like-minded individuals peacefully going after what they want. all feminists want is change, because for so long, there has been none. and it is about time we stopped neglecting the minority and start appreciating and uplifting them.?athmar al-ghanim: its quite sad to see how barely anything has changed in regard to men having the upper hand in workforces, especially those in STEM related fields. ?athmar al-ghanim: this passage resonates with me as it is a big fear of mine, a woman, going into STEM, that I will constantly have to fight twice as hard as a man, just to show that I am worthy of a position that I am qualified for.?Angela Li: I question how long this took and whether there was an internal fight for Darden to receive her long deserved promotion. The reason being is that I find it hard to believe that the men in power are so readily to accept change in which they lose power or control that benefits them. Earlier in this text, when Darden was working as a calculator with no respect or recognition, her supervisor said that the reason women and men lead such different career paths despite having the same credentials was because no one had ever complained. Through these quotes It sounds like the narrative being pushed is that main reason women are oppressed is because men are unaware of the the disparate treatment and effects of their actions which seems too excusable to not be questioned.Fagana Stone: I read this as the systemic discrimination against women was so normalized that it was essentially on everyone’s blindspot. Having such data showed a trend, a factual analysis that no one could ignore. Also, it takes a lot of courage to challenge the status quo, and these ladies found the way to communicate it to their superiors - through numbers!?Angela Li: I’d like to expand and connect on this idea to reaffirm the highlighted statement. I’m connecting it to to the text “Feminism is for Everybody” by Bell Hooks. In early stages of feminism there were a select few types of feminism that were identified. Of these types there were reformist and visionary feminism. reformist feminism focused mainly on equality with men in the workforce which overshadowed the original radical foundations of contemporary feminism which called for reform and restructuring of society to form a fundamentally anti-sexist nation. while white supremacist capitalist patriarchy suppressed visionary feminism, reformist feminists were also eager to silence them because they could maximize their freedom within the existing system and exploit the lower class of subordinated women.?Cynthia Lisee: Thank you for this important insight?Kat Rohrmeier: The definition of dehumanizing.?Melinda Rossi: Right? Gross.?Aneta Swianiewicz: ?Aneta Swianiewicz: ?Aneta Swianiewicz: ?Aneta Swianiewicz: data to expose inequality?Aneta Swianiewicz: ?g m: “institutional mistrust”?g m: Not only looking @ data, but the how. How was it collected? How has it been processed, and by who??Melinda Rossi: ^^^ Yes! Great point!?g m: Why data is important: challenges privileged hazard by making invisible systems visible.?Lena Zlock: Power dynamics and access to knowledge // needs an equitable foundation, clear statement of relations?Lena Zlock: DH as a countercultural phenomenon?Peem Lerdp: Target goals and audiecnes.?Peem Lerdp: Theme 2?Peem Lerdp: Theme 1?Vibha Sathish Kumar: I find it interesting that the authors mention this explicitly to the readers. A clear stated point that everyone is involved with change. ?Peem Lerdp: Insight on “science” in the phrase data science.?Peem Lerdp: Problems with distinction between what is data and what is information involve deciding who holds the power to make those distinction.Fagana Stone: It is important to add that how we interpret data matters as well.?Peem Lerdp: Def’n?Peem Lerdp: Using data to corroborate lived exp.?Peem Lerdp: Dissociating the identity of the author with the ideas discussed by the author.?Peem Lerdp: Intersectionality and its historic roots.?Peem Lerdp: History of gender inequality in workplace.?Megan Foesch: I think this is such an important lens to have when analyzing the world and what is important. Often times, we get caught up in trivial things that are not important in the bigger picture. We must remind ourselves that issues like justice, race, feminism, equality, and power are all crucial everyday issues that we must solve in order to live as a flourishing community. In order to have justice, each individual must be heard and seen which is currently not happening and needs to. ?Megan Foesch: Throughout this whole article I think that this sentence is one of the most important. The authors reflect on how data feminism is truly about power and how the lack of power between genders signifies that there is an inequality. It is important for us to acknowledge and address this inequality so women can feel as empowered, strong, and safe, as men feel. I think it is also important to point out that data feminism isn’t only for women but “men, nonbinary, and genderqueer people”. In order for a change to be made everyone must accept and acknowledge the imbalance of power that occurs in society. ?Megan Foesch: Before taking this class, I had very rarely heard the term Data Feminism, therefore this idea was somewhat new to me. I am familiar with the ideas of feminism however thinking about feminism from a scientific standpoint is one that can help reinforce popular opinions about lack of equality among genders. It is very difficult to argue something when it is science especially when focusing on systems of power and who holds that power as it is backed by scientific data and evidence.?Nick Klagge: It appears that a word or phrase is missing from the end of this sentence. Perhaps “lived experience” or something like that??Sara Blumenstein: What makes a project feminist??Sara Blumenstein: Data as “consolidating power over lives”?Sara Blumenstein: “Data feminism” as goal and process?Sara Blumenstein: Data vs. fact?Sara Blumenstein: Aggregating data to challenge institutional systems of power?will richardson: This is a very deep statement about feminism. It is also very relevent to the readings.?Sara Blumenstein: Defining “feminism” + 1 more...Data FeminismMIT PressRSSLegalPublished withCommunityData FeminismCollectionDData FeminismPubIntroduction: Why Data Science Needs FeminismcollectionData FeminismCite as D’Ignazio, C., & Klein, L. (2020). Introduction: Why Data Science Needs Feminism. In Data Feminism. 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This is another example of how we need more women in STEM. There are so many officially desegregated organizations. But segragation is embedded in behavior and that is what needs coaching.
But in a narrative experience not structured as a win-lose contest the movement forward has the feeling of enacting a meaningful experience both consciously chosen and surprising.
reminds me of the different experiences that were shared last seminar about "adventures with anxiety." for some, the experience was cut short and left them feeling confused and unsatisfied, while others reached the true ending, completing the objective of the game. i would argue that the complexity and enjoyment of a maze-like game could also rely on the choices of the person who's playing, not just the creator of the game
To announce it publicly; and the penalty ––Stoning to death I the public square
reminds me of the "shame" scene from Game of Throne with Cersei Lannister. It wasn't to the death but it was a stoning regardless
Though I’ve lived abroad most of my life, Gaza is where I call home. It's where my parents were born and raised and where I spent summers as a child.
This reminds me of how my mom feels about Guyana. She has lived in America for most of her life.But her roots, culture, and all her best memories growing up are from Guyana.
Self-emancipation posed a dilemma for the Union military. Soldiers were forbidden to interfere with slavery or assist runaways, but many soldiers disobeyed the policy.
I love this for the slaves, I feel those that weren't slaves and could have helped others should have helped others. This kind of reminds me of the Harriet Tubman movie when she ran away and met people of colors and whites who were willing to help her because they knew slavery was wrong and when she went back to help free more they stayed by her side. If we had more people like these people slavery could have ended sooner than it did.
As well as focusing on gender discrimination, women have campaigned for labor rights, civil rights, welfare rights, and immigrant rights, where gender is “tied to racial, class, religious, sexual, and other identities” (Boris 2010, p. 93).
This reminds me of what I have seen on the news where some religion involves strict gender discrimination to the point where woman get much less of an education than men. Due to the religion being circled around the idea that woman should always be there to serve their husband.
The end of this tail was like a spear. “O, my God! I am surely going to die now,” I thought. Then I looked again in another direction and I saw a man with horns and long claws and with a spear in his hand.
The imagery reminds me of devils/demons/hellish creatures? Especially since we've already seen some Christian notes/influences (Paragraph starting with "'God and his holiness.' This is what the Winnebago...")
My biases are those that Bruyn attributes to the participant observer, who "is interested in people as they are, not as he thinksthey ought to be according to some standard of his own
This reminds me to avoid having a set of pre-conceived notion or setting a standard/definition while I study my research subject.
He had never been told why he was living with an old man so far away from others, or of his father,
This reminds me of the movie Maleficent in a way. They sent Aurora away because of her status and to protect her, so is this the same case with the boy? He is next to be chief so he was sent away to be protected?
But not everyone was equally excited. The Cleveland Gazette, a black newspaper, argued the statue’s torch should not be lit “until the ‘liberty’ of this country is such to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family, without being ku-kluxed, perhaps murdered, his daughter and wife outraged, and his property destroyed.
This reminds me of what Dan said in class about equal opportunity vs equal outcome. When those at the bottom rise to the top who are't white able bodied cis men, more often than not their success is stripped from them in the most volatile of ways (ex: the destruction of black wallstreet)
Strikers set fire to the Pittsburgh rail yards, destroying dozens of buildings, over a hundred locomotives, and over a thousand cars
this is so fascinating to me because it reminds me of how we are no allowed to effectively protest. The way that policing works, effective protest can't really happen in the U.S. anymore. When people go to extremes (like those climate scientists who set themselves on fire) no one really cares and change doesn't happen. I'd lie to hear any other takes on this
The left, which seemed well organized and strong, was stunned and unable to react.
This reminds me a little bit of the internal strife in left-wing forces during the Spanish Civil War during the 1930s. While saying that this caused Franco's forces to win may be a slight overexaggeration, it absolutely was a pivotal factor.
The apparent decline of American power in the face of a pattern ofworld-wide Communist thrusts created a common anxiety in the nation
Reminds me of reaction to Covid. Many necessary precautions but a lot of finger-pointing and nit-picking out of outrage for people's disregard.
ong-vanished flesh of the statues’ originals.Page 6
Even as man dies, nature continues to live on.
Reminds me of that story by Ray Bradbury about the house.
No one business is large or powerful enough to create major changes in the external environment. Thus, managers are primarily adapters to, rather than agents of, change.
This reminds me of a quote I once heard. I do not remember who it was by but it basically explained that we cannot control what happens in the world. We can only control our reactions. We must adapt, we are not the agents of change.
46:00 Social anxiety as "disordered attention" (HealthyGamer) where we fixate on certain signals too much. It warps incoming information. Positive signals are filtered out and attention is fixated on negative information.
54:00 "Distorting the flow of information" (also see Mihaly jump) Information is internal based rather than external (because attention is internally directed rather than externally).
Reminds me of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi his notion of psychic entropy where consciousness is essentially disordered. One can say that social anxiety contributes to entropy.
Two vans loaded with precision instruments trundled along the streets of New York and New Jersey in the heat earlier this week, sniffing for toxic chemicals in the air.
This kind of reminds me of the classic scene in the show breaking bad, but only the one in breaking bad is emmiting toxic chemicals and this van is detecting it. I wonder will be using the kind of sniffing equipment used by the van in the article
john smith and king lear analogy
for - metaphor - John Smith (actor) - King Lear - Rupert Spira
metaphor - John Smith (actor) - King Lear - Rupert Spira - This is an interesting thought experiment - In the metaphor, the infinite consciousness is like John Smith and the finite human consciousness is like King Lear - The universal consciousness is playing the role of the finite consciousness but loses itself in the role - Spira says: - just as the only consciousness in each of our finite minds is universal consciousness nevertheless - King Lear doesn't know that - King Lear believes i am King Lear, a temporary finite separate person - just like our finite minds don't on the whole know that their reality is infinite consciousness<br /> - So although - the only person present in King Lear is John Smith and - John Smith knows himself just by being himself in the form of King Lear<br /> - he overlooks that knowledge and therefore as King Lear - he has to self-reflect on himself in order to arrive at the experience i am John Smith - What is the relationship between the infinite vs the finite consciousness within the same human? - This reminds me of Dasietz Suzuki's koan that surfaced at the time of his Satori experience - that the elbow does not bend backwards. - Within the bounds of the finite is the infinite
‘This is amazing. I no longer have to read ever again for anything I have to do because it turns any sort of digital document into a CliffsNotes on demand.’
This reminds me of the last reading "Is this the End of Reading" because they are explaining how no one really wants to do the work
All our work people are Robots
This reminds me of the fear that AI will take over peoples jobs.
He began to manufacture Super-Robots. Regular giants they were. He tried to make them[18] twelve feet tall. But you wouldn’t believe what a failure they were.
This reminds me of some modern day projects that were started just to be big and flashy and future tech, even though the projects turned out to be failures or poor quality. A real world example of this is the tesla cybertruck. It was marketed as super high tech and cool when in reality it is a dangerous and unnecessary vehicle.
There will be no poverty. All work will be done by living machines. Everybody will be free from worry and liberated from the degradation of labor. Everybody will live only to perfect himself.
This reminds me a lot of the human society in the movie WALL-E. This version of society sounds nice because who doesn't want to have the worries and hardships that come with work. However, that did not really work too well for humanity in the movie because everyone in society was not really their perfect selves they were just like adult versions of iPad kids.
Dr. Gall. I did it in secret. I was transforming[69] them into human beings. In certain respects they’re already above us. They’re stronger than we are.
This reminds me of the comment Professor Jones made about certain types of AI eventually having their own autonomy and being able to simply refuse to answer questions or do tasks they are asked to do.
Republicans used their control of government to enact high protective tariffs designed to shield American businesses from foreign competition. Southern planters had vehemently opposed tariffs before the war but could do nothing to prevent their increase.
This reminds me of quote from a history teacher, "Those in power, will want to keep their power/authority." The Republicans tried to stop competition by increasing tariff but I do not think it helped since Toyota later dominated the market.
sublime object loses its aura and dissolves into an ordinary thing, because its seductiveappearance can be sustained only through distance.“If we get too near [the sublime object]”,Žižek (2008) explains, then“it loses its sublime features and becomes an ordinary vulgarobject
yowza! All that glitters is not gold. This reminds me of the edict to never meet your heroes -- they often turn out to be regular people (and the crushing feeling of disappointment when you find out that they might not deserve that pedestal you put them up on).
the heroicentrepreneur reminds us: not only should you have faith in yourself, you should have faiththat you can overcome your limitations. Not only should you believe that it can be done, youshould believe that everything can be done. And not only should you never give up, youshould be willing to sacrifice everything, even if it involves risking your life, in order toensure that you succeed.
you can see this principle over and over again in entrepreneurial narratives. It's embodied in the "Nothing is Impossible" meme I posted to the "Memes" section in this week's lesson (because taking these memes seriously is another way of "traversing the fantasy". Also, linking to Branson's "learning to swim" story, this reminds me of a crucial scene in the 1997 film Gattaca (involving swimming). You can check it out in the forum for this week...
hould we not welcome the cracks that might appear in the operations of biopolitics at its fullest oper-ation?
Even with all of the criticisms he's outlined, Szeman ends on a conditional but hopeful note. This reminds me of a song lyric:
Leonard Cohen sang "Ring the bells that still can ring Forget your perfect offering There is a crack, a crack in everything That's how the light gets in."
Which leads me to my final note...
but only now have you been able to put words to it?
Reminds me of Genesis and the story of creation.
The most valuable asset of a 21st-century institution (whether business or non-business) will be its knowledge workers and their productivity
Thereás the catch
You cannot treat Knowledge as assets
Assets that know their worth cannot just be bought and sold
It reminds me how the "enlightened" CEO of the company I worked for as a freelancer was dreaming of
"entreprenourial employees"
This reminds me of the US because Cuba is a beautiful country to me a person looking from the outside. just like the people who have the desire to come to the US and they don't see the poverty that we have in America.
hould we not welcome the cracks that might appear in the operations of biopolitics at its fullest oper-ation?
Even with all of the criticisms he's outlined, Szeman ends on a conditional but hopeful note. This reminds me of a song lyric:
Leonard Cohen sang "Ring the bells that still can ring Forget your perfect offering There is a crack, a crack in everything That's how the light gets in."
Which leads me to my final note...
promotes a sustained interaction betweenreader and text that has many of the featuresof a g am e
I like this concept related to allegorical prose. How it is meant to reveal some type of hidden meaning, that one attempts to discover throughout the book. Similarly, it reminds me of Agatha Christie's books where she keeps you guessing on who the killer might be, and you in return don't find out till the end.
Multi-Location Visits Accredited institutions with three or more active additional locations are required to undergo a multi-location visit in Years 3 and 8 of their Pathway for Reaffirmation of Accreditation cycle. The visit confirms the institution's continued effective oversight of its additional locations. (An institution’s additional locations and branch campuses are also reviewed through HLC’s substantive change and comprehensive evaluation processes.)
This point or factor hear in HLC reminds me of the experience I had with ACSSB. Every 5 years Spears School of Business is up to prepare for another visit. HLC asserts that he purpose of the visit is to ensure that institutions maintain effect oversight at all campus locations. I believe that in a round about way the Kuh et al. would support this notion in their framework for student success. This idea could be found in their concept of a holistic definition.
This story was, in fact, invented by a reporter, but it has had a very long life.)
I didn't know this! This reminds me of what the author metioned earlier about using fiction to gauge what gender roles were like in a specific era. I wonder if this story would fall under that category of fiction since it never happened.
nuxing to signify a more “modern” type of n,
This reminds me of the term "multiple femininites" that was introduced earlier. I wonder when this phrase will be more widley recognized within historians.
Introduction In the year 1914 the University Museum secured by purchase a large six column tablet nearly complete, carrying originally, according to the scribal note, 240 lines of text. The contents supply the South Babylonian version of the second book of the epic ša nagba imuru, “He who has seen all things,” commonly referred to as the Epic of Gilgamish. The tablet is said to have been found at Senkere, ancient Larsa near Warka, modern Arabic name for and vulgar descendant of the ancient name Uruk, the Biblical Erech mentioned in Genesis X. 10. This fact makes the new text the more interesting since the legend of Gilgamish is said to have originated at Erech and the hero in fact figures as one of the prehistoric Sumerian rulers of that ancient city. The dynastic list preserved on a Nippur tablet1 mentions him as the fifth king of a legendary line of rulers at Erech, who succeeded the dynasty of Kish, a city in North Babylonia near the more famous but more recent city Babylon. The list at Erech contains the names of two well known Sumerian deities, Lugalbanda2 and Tammuz. The reign of the former is given at 1,200 years and that of Tammuz at 100 years. Gilgamish ruled 126 years. We have to do here with a confusion of myth and history in which the real facts are disengaged only by conjecture. The prehistoric Sumerian dynasties were all transformed [208]into the realm of myth and legend. Nevertheless these rulers, although appearing in the pretentious nomenclature as gods, appear to have been real historic personages.3 The name Gilgamish was originally written dGi-bil-aga-miš, and means “The fire god (Gibil) is a commander,” abbreviated to dGi-bil-ga-miš, and dGi(š)-bil-ga-miš, a form which by full labialization of b to u̯ was finally contracted to dGi-il-ga-miš.4 Throughout the new text the name is written with the abbreviation dGi(š),5 whereas the standard Assyrian text has consistently the writing dGIŠ-ṬU6-BAR. The latter method of writing the name is apparently cryptographic for dGiš-bar-aga-(miš); the fire god Gibil has also the title Giš-bar. A fragment of the South Babylonian version of the tenth book was published in 1902, a text from the period of Hammurapi, which showed that the Babylonian epic differed very much from the Assyrian in diction, but not in content. The new tablet, which belongs to the same period, also differs radically from the diction of the Ninevite text in the few lines where they duplicate each other. The first line of the new tablet corresponds to Tablet I, Col. V 25 of the Assyrian text,7 where Gilgamish begins to relate his dreams to his mother Ninsun.8 [209] The last line of Col. I corresponds to the Assyrian version Book I, Col. VI 29. From this point onward the new tablet takes up a hitherto unknown portion of the epic, henceforth to be assigned to the second book.9 At the end of Book I in the Assyrian text and at the end of Col. I of Book II in the new text, the situation in the legend is as follows. The harlot halts outside the city of Erech with the enamoured Enkidu, while she relates to him the two dreams of the king, Gilgamish. In these dreams which he has told to his mother he receives premonition concerning the advent of the satyr Enkidu, destined to join with him in the conquest of Elam. Now the harlot urges Enkidu to enter the beautiful city, to clothe himself like other men and to learn the ways of civilization. When he enters he sees someone, whose name is broken away, eating bread and drinking milk, but the beautiful barbarian understands not. The harlot commands him to eat and drink also: “It is the conformity of life, Of the conditions and fate of the Land.” He rapidly learns the customs of men, becomes a shepherd and a mighty hunter. At last he comes to the notice of Gilgamish himself, who is shocked by the newly acquired manner of Enkidu. “Oh harlot, take away the man,” says the lord of Erech. Once again the faithful woman instructs her heroic lover in the conventions of society, this time teaching him the importance of the family in Babylonian life, and obedience to the ruler. Now the people of Erech assemble about him admiring his [210]godlike appearance. Gilgamish receives him and they dedicate their arms to heroic endeavor. At this point the epic brings in a new and powerful motif, the renunciation of woman’s love in the presence of a great undertaking. Gilgamish is enamoured of the beautiful virgin goddess Išhara, and Enkidu, fearing the effeminate effects of his friend’s attachment, prevents him forcibly from entering a house. A terrific combat between these heroes ensues,10 in which Enkidu conquers, and in a magnanimous speech he reminds Gilgamish of his higher destiny. In another unplaced fragment of the Assyrian text11 Enkidu rejects his mistress also, apparently on his own initiative and for ascetic reasons. This fragment, heretofore assigned to the second book, probably belongs to Book III. The tablet of the Assyrian version which carries the portion related on the new tablet has not been found. Man redeemed from barbarism is the major theme of Book II. The newly recovered section of the epic contains two legends which supplied the glyptic artists of Sumer and Accad with subjects for seals. Obverse III 28–32 describes Enkidu the slayer of lions and panthers. Seals in all periods frequently represent Enkidu in combat with a lion. The struggle between the two heroes, where Enkidu strives to rescue his friend from the fatal charms of Išhara, is probably depicted on seals also. On one of the seals published by Ward, Seal Cylinders of Western Asia, No. 459, a nude female stands beside the struggling heroes.12 This scene not improbably illustrates the effort of Enkidu to rescue his friend from the goddess. In fact the satyr stands between Gilgamish and Išhara(?) on the seal. [211] 1 Ni. 13981, published by Dr. Poebel in PBS. V, No. 2. 2 The local Bêl of Erech and a bye-form of Enlil, the earth god. Here he is the consort of the mother goddess Ninsun. 3 Tammuz is probably a real personage, although Dumu-zi, his original name, is certainly later than the title Ab-ú, probably the oldest epithet of this deity, see Tammuz and Ishtar, p. 8. Dumu-zi I take to have been originally the name of a prehistoric ruler of Erech, identified with the primitive deity Abu. 4 See ibid., page 40. 5 Also Meissner’s early Babylonian duplicate of Book X has invariably the same writing, see Dhorme, Choix de Textes Religieux, 298–303. 6 Sign whose gunufied form is read aga. 7 The standard text of the Assyrian version is by Professor Paul Haupt, Das Babylonische Nimrodepos, Leipzig, 1884. 8 The name of the mother of Gilgamish has been erroneously read ri-mat ilatNin-lil, or Rimat-Bêlit, see Dhorme 202, 37; 204, 30, etc. But Dr. Poebel, who also copied this text, has shown that Nin-lil is an erroneous reading for Nin-sun. For Ninsun as mother of Gilgamish see SBP. 153 n. 19 and R.A., IX 113 III 2. Ri-mat ilatNin-sun should be rendered “The wild cow Ninsun.” 9 The fragments which have been assigned to Book II in the British Museum collections by Haupt, Jensen, Dhorme and others belong to later tablets, probably III or IV. 10 Rm. 289, latter part of Col. II (part of the Assyrian version) published in HAUPT, ibid., 81–4 preserves a defective text of this part of the epic. This tablet has been erroneously assigned to Book IV, but it appears to be Book III. 11 K. 2589 and duplicate (unnumbered) in Haupt, ibid., 16–19. 12 See also Ward, No. 199. Transliteration 1it-bi-e-ma iluGilgamiš šu-na-tam i-pa-aš-šar. 2iz-za-kar-am1 a-na um-mi-šu 3um-mi i-na ša-a-at mu-ši-ti-i̭a 4ša-am-ḫa-ku-ma at-ta-na-al-la-ak 5i-na bi-ri-it id-da-tim 6ib-ba-šu-nim-ma ka-ka-’a2 ša-ma-i 7ki-?-?-rum3 ša a-nim im-ku-ut a-na ṣi-ri-i̭a 8áš-ši-šu-ma ik-ta-bi-it4 e-li-i̭a 9ilam5 iš-šu-ma nu-uš-ša-šu6 u-ul el-ti-’i̭ 10ad-ki ma-tum pa-ḫi-ir7 e-li-šu 11id-lu-tum ú-na-ša-ku ši-pi-šu 12ú-um-mi-id-ma pu-ti 13i-mi- du i̭a-ti 14aš-ši-a-šu-ma at-ba-la-áš-šu a-na ṣi-ri-ki 15um-mi iluGilgamiš mu-u-da-a-at ka-la-ma 16iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamiš [212] 17mi-in-di iluGilgamish ša ki-ma ka-ti 18i-na ṣi-ri i-wa-li-id-ma 19ú-ra-ab-bi-šu ša-du-ú 20ta-mar-šu-ma [sa(?)]-ap-ḫa-ta at-ta 21id-lu-tum ú-na-ša-ku ši-pi-šu8 22te-iṭ-ṭi-ra-šu(?) … šu-ú-zu 23ta-tar-ra-[’a]-šu a-na ṣi-[ri-i̭]a 24[iš-(?)] ti-lam-ma9 i-ta-mar ša-ni-tam 25[šu-na-]ta i-ta-wa-a-am a-na um-mi-šu 26[um-m]i a-ta-mar ša-ni-tam 27[šu-na-ta a-ta]mar e-mi-a i-na zu-ki-im 28[i-na?] Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim10 29ḫa-aṣ-ṣi-nu na-di-i-ma 30e-li-šu pa-aḫ- ru 31ḫa-aṣ-ṣi-nu-um-ma ša-ni bu-nu-šu 32a-mur-šu-ma aḫ-ta-ta a-na-ku 33a-ra-am-šu-ma ki-ma áš-ša-tim 34a-ḫa-ap-pu-up el-šu 35el-ki-šu-ma áš-ta-ka-an-šu 36a-na a-ḫi-i̭a 37um-mi iluGilgamish mu-da-at ka-la-ma 38[iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamish] ................................... [213] COL. II 1aš-šum uš-[ta-] ma-ḫa-ru it-ti-ka. 2iluGilgamish šu-na-tam i-pa-šar 3iluEn-ki-[dû w]a?-ši-ib ma-ḫar ḫa-ri-im-tim 4UR [ ]-ḫa-mu DI-?-al-lu-un 5[ ] im-ta-ši a-šar i-wa-al-du 6ûmê 611 ù 7 mu-ši- a-tim 7iluEn-ki-dû te-bi- i-ma 8ša-[am-ka-ta] ir- ḫi 9ḫa-[ri-im-tu pa-a]-ša i-pu-ša-am-ma 10iz-za-[kar-am] a-na iluEn-ki-dû12 11a-na-ṭal-ka dEn-ki-dû ki-ma ili ta-ba-áš-ši 12am-mi-nim it-ti na-ma-áš-te-e13 13ta-at-ta-[na-al-]la -ak ṣi-ra-am 14al-kam lu-ùr-di- ka 15a-na libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim 16a-na biti [el-]lim mu-ša-bi ša A-nim 17dEn-ki-dû ti-bi lu-ru-ka 18a-na É-[an-n]a mu-ša-bi ša A-nim 19a-šar [iluGilgamiš] it-[.........] ne-pi-ši-tim(?) 20ù at-[ ]-di [ -] ma 21ta-[ ] ra-ma-an- ka [214] 22al-ka ti-ba i-[na] ga-ag-ga-ri 23ma-a-a?14 -ak ri-i-im 24iš-me a-wa-az-za im-ta-gár ga-ba-ša 25mi-il-kum ša sinništi 26im-ta-[ku]-ut a-na libbi-šu 27iš-ḫu-uṭ li-ib-ša-am 28iš-ti-nam [ú]-la-ab-bi-iš-šu 29li-ib- [ša-am] ša-ni-a-am 30ši-i it-ta-al-ba- áš 31ṣa-ab-ta-at ga-az- zu 32ki-ma ? i-ri-id-di-šu 33a-na gu-up-ri ša ri-i-im 34a-š[ar ] tar-ba-ṣi-im 35i-na [ ]-ḫu-ru ri-i̭a-ú15 36............................. (About two lines broken away.) COL. III 1ši-iz-ba ša na-ma-áš-te-e 2i-te-en- ni- iḳ 3a-ka-lam iš-ku-nu ma-ḫar-šu 4ip-te-iḳ-ma i-na -aṭ-ṭal16 5ù ip-pa-al-la- as 6u-ul i-di dEn-ki- dû 7aklam a-na a-ka-lim 8šikaram a-na ša-te-e-im 9la-a lum-mu- ud [215] 10ḫa-ri-im-lum pi-ša i-pu-ša-am- ma 11iz-za-kar-am a-na iluEn-ki-dû 12a-ku-ul ak-lam dEn-ki-dû 13zi-ma-at ba-la-ṭi-im 14bi-ši-ti ši-im-ti ma-ti 15i-ku-ul a-ak-lam iluEn-ki-dû 16a-di ši-bi-e-šu 17šikaram iš-ti-a-am 187 aṣ-ṣa-am-mi-im17 19it-tap-šar kab-ta-tum i-na-an-gu 20i-li-iṣ libba- šu- ma 21pa-nu-šu [it-]ta(?)-bir -ru18 22ul-tap-pi-it [............]-i 23šu-ḫu-ra-am pa-ga-ar-šu 24ša-am-nam ip-ta-ša-áš-ma 25a-we-li-iš i-mē 26il-ba- áš li-ib-ša-am 27ki-ma mu-ti i-ba-áš-ši 28il-ki ka-ak-ka-šu 29la-bi ú gi-ir- ri 30iš-sa-ak-pu šab-[ši]-eš mu-ši-a-ti 31ut- tap -pi-iš šib-ba-ri19 32la-bi uk-t[a ]-ši-id 33it-ti immer na-ki-[e?] ra-bu-tum 34iluEn-ki-dû ma-aṣ-ṣa-ar-šu-nu 35a-we-lum wa-ru-um 36iš-[te]-en id-lum 37a-na[ ........ u]-za-ak-ki-ir ........................... (About five lines broken away.) [216] REVERSE I .............................. 1i-ip-pu-uš ul-ṣa-am 2iš-ši-ma i-ni-i-šu 3i-ta-mar a-we-lam 4iz20-za-kar-am a-na ḫarimti 5ša-am-ka-at uk-ki-ši21 a-we-lam 6a-na mi-nim il-li-kam 7zi-ki-ir-šu lu-uš-šu22 8ḫa-ri-im-tum iš-ta-si a-we-lam 9i-ba-uš-šu-um-ma i-ta-mar-šu 10e-di-il23 e-eš-ta-ḫi-[ṭa-am] 11mi-nu a-la-ku-zu na-aḫ-24 [ -]ma 12e pi-šu i-pu-ša-am-[ma] 13iz-za-kar-am a-na iluEn-[ki-dû] 14bi-ti-iš e-mu-tim [ ] 15ši-ma-a-at ni-ši-i- ma 16tu-ṣa25-ar pa-a-ta-tim26 17a-na âli dup-šak-ki-i e ṣi-en 18UG-AD-AD-LIL e-mi ṣa-a-a-ḫa-tim [217] 19a-na šarri Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim 20pi-ti pu-uk epši27 a-na ḫa-a-a-ri 21a-na iluGilgamiš šarri ša Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim 22pi-ti pu-uk epši28 23a-na ha-a-a-ri 24áš-ša-at ši-ma-tim i-ra-aḫ-ḫi 25šu-u pa-na-nu-um-ma 26mu-uk wa-ar-ka-nu 27i-na mi-il-ki ša ili ga-bi-ma 28i-na bi-ti-iḳ a-pu-un-na-ti-šu29 29ši- ma- az- zum 30a-na zi-ik-ri id-li-im 31i-ri-ku pa-nu-šu REVERSE II ............................................................ (About five lines broken away.) 1i-il-la-ak- .......... 2ù ša-am-ka-at[ ]ar-ki-šu 3i- ru- ub-ma30 a-na31 libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim 4ip-ḫur um-ma-nu-um i-na ṣi-ri-šu 5iz-zi-za-am-ma i-na zu-ki-im 6ša Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim 7pa-aḫ-ra-a-ma ni-šu [218] 8i-ta-mē-a i-na ṣi-ri-šu pi(?)-it-tam32 9a-na mi-[ni]33 iluGilgamiš ma-ši-il 10la-nam ša- pi- il 11e-ṣi[ pu]-uk-ku-ul 12 i ? -ak-ta 13i[- -]di i-ši? 14ši-iz-ba ša[na-ma-]áš-[te]-e 15i-te- en- ni- iḳ 16ka-i̭ā-na i-na [libbi] Uruk-(ki) kak-ki-a-tum34 17id-lu-tum u-te-el-li- lu 18ša-ki-in ip-ša- nu35 19a-na idli ša i-tu-ru zi-mu-šu 20a-na iluGilgamiš ki-ma i-li-im 21ša-ki-iš-šum36 me-iḫ-rum 22a-na ilatIš-ḫa-ra ma-i̭ā-lum 23na- [di]-i- ma 24iluGilgamish id-[ ]na-an(?)... 25i-na mu-ši in-ni-[ -]id 26i-na-ak37-ša-am- ma 27it-ta-[ ]i-na zûki 28ip-ta-ra-[ku ]-ak-tām 29ša iluGilgamish 30........... da-na(?) ni-iš-šu COL. III 1ur-(?)ḫa ..................... 2iluGilgamiš ................ 3i-na ṣi-ri .................... [219] 4i-ḫa-an-ni-ib [pi-ir-ta-šu?] 5it-bi-ma ... 6a-na pa-ni- šu 7it-tam-ḫa-ru i-na ri-bi-tu ma-ti 8iluEn-ki-dû ba-ba-am ip-ta-ri-ik 9i-na ši-pi-šu 10iluGilgamiš e-ri-ba-am u-ul id-di-in 11iṣ-ṣa-ab-tu-ma ki-ma li-i-im 12i- lu- du38 13zi-ip-pa-am ’i-bu- tu 14i-ga-rum ir-tu-tū39 15iluGilgamiš ù iluEn-ki- dû 16iṣ-ṣa-ab-tu-ù- ma 17ki-ma li-i-im i-lu-du 18zi-ip-pa-am ’i-bu- tu 19i-ga-rum ir-tu-tū 20ik-mi-is-ma iluGilgamiš 21i-na ga-ga-ag-ga-ri ši-ip-šu 22ip-ši-iḫ40 uṣ-ṣa-šu- ma 23i-ni-’i i-ra-az-zu 24iš-tu i-ra-zu i-ni-ḫu41 25iluEn-ki-dû a-na ša-ši-im 26iz-za-kar-am a-na iluGilgamiš 27ki-ma iš-te-en-ma um-ma-ka 28ú- li- id- ka 29ri-im-tum ša zu- pu-ri 30ilat-Nin- sun- na 31ul-lu e-li mu-ti ri-eš-su [220] 32šar-ru-tam ša ni-ši 33i-ši-im-kum iluEn-lil duppu 2 kam-ma šu-tu-ur e-li … 4 šu-ši42 1 Here this late text includes both variants pašāru and zakāru. The earlier texts have only the one or the other. 2 For kakabê; b becomes u̯ and then is reduced to the breathing. 3 The variants have kima kiṣri; ki-[ma]?-rum is a possible reading. The standard Assyrian texts regard Enkidu as the subject. 4 Var. da-an 5 ŠAM-KAK = ilu, net. The variant has ultaprid ki-is-su-šu, “he shook his murderous weapon.” For kissu see ZA. 9,220,4 = CT. 12,14b 36, giš-kud = ki-is-su. 6 Var. nussu for nuš-šu = nušša-šu. The previous translations of this passage are erroneous. 7 This is to my knowledge the first occurence of the infinitive of this verb, paḫēru, not paḫāru. 8 Text ma? 9 ištanamma > ištilamma. 10 Cf. Code of Hammurapi IV 52 and Streck in Babyloniaca II 177. 11 Restored from Tab. I Col. IV 21. 12 Cf. Dhorme Choix de Textes Religieux 198, 33. 13 namaštû a late form which has followed the analogy of reštû in assuming the feminine t as part of the root. The long û is due to analogy with namaššû a Sumerian loan-word with nisbe ending. 14 Room for a small sign only, perhaps A; māi̭āk? For mâka, there, see BEHRENS, LSS. II page 1 and index. 15 Infinitive “to shepherd”; see also Poebel, PBS. V 106 I, ri-i̭a-ú, ri-te-i̭a-ú. 16 The text has clearly AD-RI. 17 Or azzammim? The word is probably an adverb; hardly a word for cup, mug (??). 18 it is uncertain and ta more likely than uš. One expects ittabriru. Cf. muttabrirru, CT. 17, 15, 2; littatabrar, EBELING, KTA. 69, 4. 19 For šapparu. Text and interpretation uncertain. uttappiš II² from tapāšu, Hebrew tāpaś, seize. 20 Text ta! 21 On ekēšu, drive away, see Zimmern, Shurpu, p. 56. Cf. uk-kiš Myhrman, PBS. I 14, 17; uk-ki-ši, King, Cr. App. V 55; etc., etc. 22 The Hebrew cognate of mašû, to forget, is našâ, Arabic nasijia, and occurs here in Babylonian for the first time. See also Brockelman, Vergleichende Grammatik 160 a. 23 Probably phonetic variant of edir. The preterite of edēru, to be in misery, has not been found. If this interpretation be correct the preterite edir is established. For the change r > l note also attalaḫ < attaraḫ, Harper, Letters 88, 10, bilku < birku, RA. 9, 77 II 13; uttakkalu < uttakkaru, Ebeling, KTA. 49 IV 10. 24 Also na-’-[ -]ma is possible. 25 The text cannot be correct since it has no intelligible sign. My reading is uncertain. 26 Text uncertain, kal-lu-tim is possible. 27 KAK-ši. 28 KAK-ši. 29 Literally nostrils. pitik apunnati-šu, work done in his presence(?). The meaning of the idiom is uncertain. 30 Text ZU! 31 Text has erroneous form. 32 Text PA-it-tam clearly! 33 Omitted by the scribe. 34 Sic! The plural of kakku, kakkîtu(?). 35 Cf. e-pi-ša-an-šu-nu libâru, “May they see their doings,” Maḳlu VII 17. 36 For šakin-šum. 37 On the verb nâku see the Babylonian Book of Proverbs § 27. 38 The verb la’āṭu, to pierce, devour, forms its preterite iluṭ; see VAB. IV 216, 1. The present tense which occurs here as iluṭ also. 39 Note BUL(tu-ku) = ratātu (falsely entered in Meissner, SAI. 7993), and irattutu in Zimmern, Shurpu, Index. 40 “For ipšaḫ.” 41 Sic! ḫu reduced to the breathing ’u; read i-ni-’u. 42 The tablet is reckoned at forty lines in each column, Translation 1Gilgamish arose interpreting dreams, 2addressing his mother. 3“My mother! during my night 4I, having become lusty, wandered about 5in the midst of omens. 6And there came out stars in the heavens, 7Like a … of heaven he fell upon me. 8I bore him but he was too heavy for me. 9He bore a net but I was not able to bear it. 10I summoned the land to assemble unto him, 11that heroes might kiss his feet. 12He stood up before me1 13and they stood over against me. 14I lifted him and carried him away unto thee.” 15The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things, 16said unto Gilgamish:— [212] 17“Truly oh Gilgamish he is 18born2 in the fields like thee. 19The mountains have reared him. 20Thou beholdest him and art distracted(?) 21Heroes kiss his feet. 22Thou shalt spare him…. 23Thou shalt lead him to me.” 24Again he dreamed and saw another dream 25and reported it unto his mother. 26“My mother, I have seen another 27[dream. I beheld] my likeness in the street. 28In Erech of the wide spaces3 29he hurled the axe, 30and they assembled about him. 31Another axe seemed his visage. 32I saw him and was astounded. 33I loved him as a woman, 34falling upon him in embrace. 35I took him and made him 36my brother.” 37The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things 38[said unto Gilgamish:—] ................................... [213] COL. II 1that he may join with thee in endeavor.” 2(Thus) Gilgamish solves (his) dream. 3Enkidu sitting before the hierodule 4 5[ ] forgot where he was born. 6Six days and seven nights 7came forth Enkidu 8and cohabited with the courtesan. 9The hierodule opened her mouth 10speaking unto Enkidu. 11“I behold thee Enkidu; like a god thou art. 12Why with the animals 13wanderest thou on the plain? 14Come! I will lead thee 15into the midst of Erech of the wide places, 16even unto the holy house, dwelling place of Anu. 17Oh Enkidu, arise, I will conduct thee 18unto Eanna dwelling place of Anu, 19where Gilgamish [oppresses] the souls of men(?) 20And as I ............ 21thou shalt ........ thyself. [214] 22Come thou, arise from the ground 23unto the place yonder (?) of the shepherd.” 24He heard her speak and accepted her words with favor. 25The advice of the woman 26fell upon his heart. 27She tore off one garment 28and clothed him with it. 29With a second garment 30she clothed herself. 31She clasped his hand, 32guiding him like .............. 33unto the mighty presence of the shepherd, 34unto the place of the ... of the sheepfolds. 35In ......... to shepherd 36............................. (About two lines broken away.) COL. III 1Milk of the cattle 2he drank. 3Food they placed before him. 4He broke bread4 5gazing and looking. 6But Enkidu understood not. 7Bread to eat, 8beer to drink, 9he had not been taught. [215] 10The hierodule opened her mouth 11and said unto Enkidu:— 12“Eat bread, oh Enkidu! 13It is the conformity of life, 14of the conditions and the fate of the land.” 15Enkidu ate bread, 16until he was satiated. 17Beer he drank 18seven times(?). 19His thoughts became unbounded and he shouted loudly. 20His heart became joyful, 21and his face glowed. 22He stroked................. 23the hair of the head.5 His body 24with oil he anointed. 25He became like a man. 26He attired himself with clothes 27even as does a husband. 28He seized his weapon, 29which the panther and lion 30fells in the night time cruelly. 31He captured the wild mountain goats. 32The panther he conquered. 33Among the great sheep for sacrifice 34Enkidu was their guard. 35A man, a leader, 36A hero. 37Unto .......... he elevated ........................... (About five lines broken away.) [216] REVERSE I .............................. 1And he made glad. 2He lifted up his eyes, 3and beheld the man, 4and said unto the hierodule:— 5“Oh harlot, take away the man. 6Wherefore did he come to me? 7I would forget the memory of him.” 8The hierodule called unto the man 9and came unto him beholding him. 10She sorrowed and was astonished 11how his ways were ............ 12Behold she opened her mouth 13saying unto Enkidu:— 14“At home with a family [to dwell??] 15is the fate of mankind. 16Thou shouldest design boundaries(??) 17for a city. The trencher-basket put (upon thy head). 18.... ......an abode of comfort. [217] 19For the king of Erech of the wide places 20open, addressing thy speech as unto a husband. 21Unto Gilgamish king of Erech of the wide places 22open, addressing thy speech 23as unto a husband. 24He cohabits with the wife decreed for him, 25even he formerly. 26But henceforth 27in the counsel which god has spoken, 28in the work of his presence 29shall be his fate.” 30At the mention of the hero 31his face became pale. REVERSE II ............................................................ (About five lines broken away.) 1going ....................... 2and the harlot ..... after him. 3He entered into the midst of Erech of the wide places. 4The artisans gathered about him. 5And as he stood in the street 6of Erech of the wide places, 7the people assembled [218] 8disputing round about him:— 9“How is he become like Gilgamish suddenly? 10In form he is shorter. 11In ........ he is made powerful. 12 13 14Milk of the cattle 15he drank. 16Continually in the midst of Erech weapons 17the heroes purified. 18A project was instituted. 19Unto the hero whose countenance was turned away, 20unto Gilgamish like a god 21he became for him a fellow. 22For Išhara a couch 23was laid. 24Gilgamish ................... 25In the night he .............. 26embracing her in sleep. 27They ........ in the street 28halting at the ................ 29of Gilgamish. 30.......... mightily(?) COL. III 1A road(?) .................... 2Gilgamish ................... 3in the plain .................. [219] 4his hair growing thickly like the corn. 5He came forth ... 6into his presence. 7They met in the wide park of the land. 8Enkidu held fast the door 9with his foot, 10and permitted not Gilgamish to enter. 11They grappled with each other 12goring like an ox. 13The threshold they destroyed. 14The wall they demolished. 15Gilgamish and Enkidu 16grappled with each other, 17goring like an ox. 18The threshold they destroyed. 19The wall they demolished. 20Gilgamish bowed 21to the ground at his feet 22and his javelin reposed. 23He turned back his breast. 24After he had turned back his breast, 25Enkidu unto that one 26spoke, even unto Gilgamish. 27“Even as one6 did thy mother 28bear thee, 29she the wild cow of the cattle stalls, 30Ninsunna, 31whose head she exalted more than a husband. [220] 32Royal power over the people 33Enlil has decreed for thee.” Second tablet. Written upon ... 240 (lines). [221] 1 Literally “he attained my front.” 2 IV¹ of walādu. 3 I.e., in the suburb of Erech. 4 patāḳu has apparently the same sense originally as batāḳu, although the one forms its preterite iptiḳ, and the other ibtuḳ. Cf. also maḫāṣu break, hammer and construct. 5 The passage is obscure. Here šuḫuru is taken as a loan-word from suģur = ḳimmatu, hair of the head. The infinitive II¹ of saḫāru is philologically possible. 6 I.e., an ordinary man. Index to Parts 2 and 3 A. Adab, city, 123, 23. addi, wailing, 117, 31; 137, 22; 161, 12. aḫu, brother, 212, 36. Aja, goddess, 198, 9. al (giš), al-gar (giš), a musical instrument, 187–191. See also No. 20 Rev. 7–12. al-bi, compound verb, 189 n. 6. In Ni. 8164 (unpublished) al-gar, al-gar-balag in list with (giš)-á-lá, also an instrument of music. alad, protecting genius, 154, 18. ameliš, like a man, 215, 25. Amurrû, god. Psalm to, 118; 119. angubba, sentinel, 180, 14. Anu, god. 116, 18:26 ff. 131, 8; 165, 9; 180, 20. Anunnaki, gods, 114, 17:21; 116, 25; 116 n. 7; 128, 13; 135, 31; 189, 21. Anunit, goddess, 158, 12; 166, 2. apunnatu, nostrils, pitiḳ, apunnāti, 217, 28. aṣṣammim (?), 215, 18. Arallû, 132, 26; 134, 7. arāmu, cover, 198 n. 2. arāḳu, be pale, Prt. iriku, 217, 31. arḫiš, quickly, 199, 28. Aruru, goddess. Lamentation to, 115. Sister of Enlil, 115, 2; 171, 29; 190, 25. Other references, 116, 13:15:18; 117, 34 f. Asarludug, god, 163, 8; 170, 4. Aš-im-ur, title of Moon-god, 136, 12. áš omitted, No. 19, 2. aš-me, disk, 133, 38. Ašširgi, god, No. 22, Rev. 7. Azagsud, goddess, 196, 30:33; 197, 38. B. Babbar, god, 116, 24; 139, 43; 147, 21; 148, 3; 152. Babylon, city, 158, 14; 160, 6; 163, 8; 166, 4:11. badara, see 200 n. 2. badarani, a weapon, 133, 36. balag, lyre, 138, 52. bansur, table; title of a goddess, 175, 3. Bau, goddess, 179, 2; 181, 30; 182, 32; 141, 7:10. bišîtu, condition, 215, 14. bi’u, cavern, 196, 29. bulukku, crab, 174, 5. burgul, engraver, 185, 8. C. Cutha, city. Center of the cult of Nergal, 167, 15. D. Dada, god, 192, 6. Dagan, West Semitic god, 149, 21. Damu, title of Tammuz, 176, 7. Deification of kings, 106–9; 127 n. 1. dêpu, shatter, 195 n. 16. [222] DI-BAL, ideogram in incantations, 194, 10. Dilbat, city, 167, 16. Dilmun, land and city, 112, 2:4. dimgul, dimdul, master workman, 150. dingir-gal-gal-e-ne, the great gods, the Anunnaki, 114, 21:125; 149, 19. dumu-anna, daughter of heaven, title of Bau, 179, 5; 181, 28; 184, 28. dumu-sag, title of Tašmet, 163, 12. Dungi, king of Ur, liturgy to, 136. dupšakku, trencher basket, 216, 17. Duranki, epithet for Nippur, 122, 18; 180, 11. E. E-anna, temple in Erech, 123, 30; 125; 148, 12; 213, 18. E-babbar, temple of the sun god, 152; 158, 11; 166, 1. Perhaps read E-barra. E-daranna, temple of Enki in Babylon, 169, 25; 170, 29. See BL. 133. edēlu = edēru, be gloomy, 216, 10. é-dub, house of learning, 117, 39. é-gal, palace, No. 19, Rev. 3; 115, 11; 131, 7; 134, 22; 158, 9. é-gig = ḳiṣṣu, 191, 11. E-ibe-Anu, temple in Dilbat, 167, 16. E-kinammaka, temple, 115, 10. E-kišibba, temple in Kish, 166, 13. E-kur, temple, 180, 12; 183, 23; 190, 7; 146, 9; 147, 17; 158, 8; 160, 4; 166, 17; 169, 23. Emaḫ, Ešmaḫ, ritual house of the water cult of Marduk, 163, 7; 115, 4. E-malga-sud, temple, 181, 24; 141, 3. E-meteg, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. E-mete-ursag, temple in Kish, 166, 13. E-namtila, temple, 160, 4; 169, 24. en-a-nu-un, en-á-nun, title of Innini and Gula, 173, 2. Enbilulu, title of Marduk, 170, 5. E-ninnû, temple, 181, 22. EN-ḪUL-tim-mu, 194 n. 2. EN-KA-KA, bêl dabābi, 194, 2. Enki, god. Hymn to, No. 20, 113, 7; 114, 10; 116, 21; 122, 7; 149, 16. Enkidu, satyr, 213, 3:7:10:11; 214, 6; 215, 11:12:15:34; 216, 13; 219, 8:15:25; 131, 11; 134, 16; 178, 13. Enlil, god. Liturgy to, 155–184. Regarded as god of light, 157, 1 ff. 158, 3 f. Other references, 114, 19; 115, 2; 116, 19; 131, 6; 136, 5; 139, 40; 149, 22; 146, 3:7:14; 189, 11:19; 220, 33. Enul, god, 149, 16. Enzu, god, 139, 41; 146, 3. epšānu, deeds, 218, 18. epû, be dark, I² itêpû, 196, 29. Erech, city, 125; 149, 13. Erech ribîtim, 212, 28; 213, 15; 217, 19:21; 217, 3:6. eri-azag, holy city, Isin, 141, 8. erida, title, 175, 1. Eridu, city, 113, 20; 136, 13. Erishkigal, goddess, 131, 10; 134, 11. eršagtugmal, penitential psalm, 118. E-sagila, temple, 152. E-sakudkalamma, temple, 166, 10; 169 n. 4. ešendili, a title, 177, 10. [223] eškar, fixed tax, 188, 9. eš-lal, a sacred place, 161, 14. E-temen-anki, temple, 169, 25. E-turkalamma, temple, 166, 14. Euphrates, river, 183, 12; 183, 20. E-zida, temple, 166, 12. Ezina, grain goddess, 174, 9. Ezira, reading of the divine name KA-DI, 177, 11. F. Fara, modern Arabic name for the site of Isin (?), 177 n. 4. G. GAB, baked bread, 200, 33. GAB-LAL, a cake made with honey, 195, 22; 200, 35. GAR-šunnu = epišan-šunu, 198, 13. gašan-gula, title of Ninâ, 119 n. 2. gepar, dark chamber, 123, 30 f., 148, 10; 161, 18. Gibil, god, 197, 3. gi-gál(giš),interlude, 151 n. 1; 182, 33. gigunna, 114, 23. Gilgamish, king of Erech, 207; 211, 1:115 f. 212, 17:37; 213, 2; 217, 21; 218, 9:20:24:29 and below 2; 219, 10;15:20:26. Derivation of name, 208. See also No. 16 Rev. II 15; 197, 42; 124 f. gilsa, a sacred relic, 132, 22. Girra, Irra, god, 174, 7; 177, 12. girru, lion, 215, 29. Girsu, city, 181, 23. Guanna, deity, No. 16 Rev. II 18. Guedin, province, 129, 28. Gunura, goddess of healing, 176, 6. gupru, mighty, 214, 33. Gutium, land, 120 ff. H. Hallab, city, 125; 141. ḫanābu, grow thickly, Prs. ibannib, 219, 4. ḫapāpu, embrace, 212, 34. ḫaṣṣinu, axe, 212, 29:31. ḫarbatu, waste place, 200, 39. Harsagkalamma, temple, 166, 14. Hubur, mythical river, 197, 42. ḫûlu, a bird, 199, 31. ḫûḳu, a bird, 199, 31. I. Ibi-Sin, king of Ur, 151 n. 2. ibsi, liturgical expression, 120, 5. Igigi, heaven spirits, 116 n. 6. IGI-NAGIN-NA, 194, 11. imib, weapon, 131, 8. mi-ib, ibid. n.3. imin, seven. Seven lands, 130, 35; seventh day, 134, 18. Immer, god, 177, 8. Indag, god, consort of Gula, 173, 3. Innini, goddess, 123. Liturgy to, 184; 123, 29. Consort of Shamash, 148, 4. Other references, 154, 21. iṣṣur šamê, unclean birds, 195 n. 10. Išhara, goddess, 218, 22. Isin, city, 122, 15; 176, 4. Ishme-Dagan, 178 ff. Son of Enlil, 181, 29; 182, 32. Liturgy to, 143. K. KA-DIB-BI, sibit pî, 194, 10. KAK-DIG, a weapon, 130, 4. kakkitu (?), weapon. Pl. kakkiatum, 218, 16. KAK-SIR, a weapon (?), 130, 4. [121] kalama, the Land, Sumer, 138, 25; 141, 5; 147, 22; 150, 4; 154, 17; 177, 9. kanami=kalama, land, 120, 8. KA-NE, a new ideograph, 153 n. 10. kasû, bind. I² liktisu, 198, 20. Kenurra, chapel of Ninlil, 114, 22; 123, 20; 160, 4; 166, 18; 166, 8; 169, 24. Keš, city, 115, 11; 123, 22. kešda-azag, a relic, 132, 27. ki, kin for gim = kima, 120, 6. KI-AG-MAL, râmu, 194 n. 4. Kidurkazal, daughter of Ninkasi, 145. ki-malla, to bend. tig-zu ki-ma-al-la nu-gí-gí, “Thy neck wearies not in bending,” 168, 2. [Correct the translation.] ki-in-gin, ki-en-gin, Sumer, 115, 24; 134, 19; 189, 17. KI-SAR, ḳaḳḳara tašabbiṭ, 199, 29. Kish, city, 129, 30; 166, 12. é kiš-(ki)-šú, so read, No. 5 Obv. 8. Kullab, city, 149, 14; 173, 1. kunin, gunin, reed basket, 150 n. 3. kurgal, “great mountain,” title of Sumer, 114, 11. Of Enlil, 114, 19; 182, 5. KURUN-NA, (amelu), 196, 34. KUŠ-KU-MAL, 194, 11. L. la’aṭu, gore. Prt. ilûdu, 219, 12:17. labu, panther, 215, 29:32. Lagash, city, 181, 23:26. Laḫama, goddess of Chaos, 113, 5. Laws, promulgated by Dungi, 138, 31. Libit-Ishtar, king, 141. libšu, garment, 214, 27:29; 215, 26. Ligirsig, a god, 113, 3. lilazag, epithet of a deified king, 141, 1. Lillaenna, goddess, 192, 5. limēnu, be evil. II¹ ulammenu-inni, 197, 7. Lugal-dīg, god, 197, 5. lu’ûtu, pollution, 195, 19. M. Magan, land, 112, 2:5. mai̭ālu, couch, 218, 22. malāšu, shear, 195, 20. Mamit, 200, 41. mandatu, form, 195, 21. mal-gar (gi), a musical instrument, 191, 10. mangu, disease, 195, 19. Marduk, god, 151. markasu, leader, 150. masû, seize, 195 n. 5. mašû, to forget, 216, 7. Me-azag, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. meḫru, fellow, 218, 21. Meḫuš, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. Meluḫḫa, land, 112, 6. Meslam, temple in Cutha, 167, 15. mesû, a tree, 159, 23. muk, now, but now, 217, 26. Mulgenna, Saturn, 137, 18. Mulmul, gods, 142. N. nâdu, water bottle, 198, 17. nadîtu, temple devotee, 188, 7. nagû, shout. Prs. inangu, 215, 19. nâku, embrace, 218, 26. namaštû, cattle, etc., 213, 12:17; 214, 1; 219, 14. Namtar, god, 197, 3; 132, 24. Nangt, goddess, 192, 7. [225] Nannar, god, 115, 12; 116, 23; 133, 38; 137, 11; 150, 2. Nergal, god, 131, 6. Nidaba, goddess, 191. ni-gál, cattle, 121, 6. nimir = ligir, 174, 4. ninda, linear measure, 133, 41. Ningal, goddess, No. 19, 5; 148, 3; 151, 3. Ningišzida, god, 133, 34. Nin-isinna, goddess, 122, 16; 191, 15. Ninkasi, goddess, 144. Ninki, goddess, 149, 16. Ninlil, goddess, 116, 20; 123, 20; 137, 12; 146, 14. Ninmada, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. Ninmaḫ, goddess, 116, 22. Ninmenna, epithet of Damgalnunna, 190, 27. Ninsun, goddess, 219, 30; 208 n. 6; 129; 131, 16 (?). Nintudri, goddess, 123, 26. Nintudra, 137, 16. Creatress of man and woman, 192. Ninul, goddess, 149, 16. Ninurašâ, god, 191, 12; 146, 12. Ninzuanna, goddess, 122, 13. Nippur, city, 112, 8; 122, 18:19; 160, 3; 169, 21; 180, 11; 149, 18; 158, 7; 165, 16. NI-SUR (amelu), 196, 35. Nudimmud, god, 199, 25. No. 20, 10. nugiganna, epithet of Innini, 185, 2. nûn apsi, unclean fish, 195 n. 11. Nunamnirri, god, 190, 28; 146, 13; 180, 10:13:17. nun-ùr, epithet of Amurrû, 119, 3. Nusiligga, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. Nusku, god, 146, 7; 163, 13. P. Pabilsag, god. Son and consort of Gula, 173 n. 3; 176, 5. A form of Tammuz. pananumma, formerly, 217, 25. Panunnaki, goddess, consort of Marduk, 163, 9. patāḳu, fashion, break, 214, 4. paturru, a weapon, 200, 37. Pleiades, 142. R. ratātu, demolish, 219, 19. Rimat ilatNinsun, 208 n. 6; 219, 29. Ruškišag, goddess, 132, 28. RU-TIG, an epithet, 141, 2. S. sa-bar; sa-sud-da, liturgical note, 182, 31. šabšiš, cruelly, 215, 30. Sagilla, temple, 158, 15. E-sagila, 160, 5; 166, 5; 166, 11. šaḫātu, be astounded, 216, 10. Arabic saḫiṭa. ṣai̭āḫatu, desire, comfort, 216, 18. šakāpu, fell. I² išsakpu, 215, 30. ṣalûtu, enmity, 199, 27. Šamaš, god, 197, 4:8; 198, 10:13; 199, 25:31. Šamaš-šum-ukin, king. Incantations for, 193–200; 199, 23. Samsuiluna, king, 151. SAR-DI-DA, a relic, 133, 37. Serpent adversary, 183, 21; 148, 12. Seven, sacred number. Seven gods, 196, 30. Ship, in legend, 113, 2. Silsirsir, a chapel. Sin, god. Hymn to, No. 19. sippu, threshold, 219, 13:18. [226] Sippar, city, 158, 10; 160, 5; 166, 19. sirgidda, long song, 140, 54. Siriš, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. Siriškaš, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. Siriškašgig, daughter of Ninkasi, 144. sirsagga, first melody, 117, 28; 139, 48. ŠU-AN = kat ili, 194, 12. See also ŠU-dINNINI, 194, 12. ŠU-NAM-ERIM-MA, 194, 13. ŠU-NAM-LU-GAL-LU, 194, 13. subura, earth, 175, 3. su-ud, sú-ud-ám, epithet of goddess of Šuruppak, 177, 10 and note 4. šuḫuru, hair (?), 215, 23. sukkal-zid, title of Nebo, 163, 10. Šulpae, god, No. 16 II 22. Sumer, land, 113, 21; 114, 11; 136, 2. sumugan, title of Girra, 177, 12 and note; 179, 3. T. Tablet of fates, 132 n. 3. Tammuz, ancient ruler, 208. Liturgy to, 191. Other references, 126; 208; 131, 20. tapāšu, seize, capture, II² uttappiš, 215, 31. temēru, cook, 196, 35. Tigris, river, 183, 12. Tummal, land, 190, 9; 191, 10. U. ud, spirit, word, 150, 1:4; 158, 16; 159, 17:24. ul-al-tar, 191 n. 6. ulinnu, girdle cord, 195, 20. Ulmaš, temple of Anunit, 158, 13; 166, 3. Ur, city, 134, 21; 137, 6. Lamentation for, 150. Other references, No. 19, 4:7:8:16:28: Rev. 5; 151, 3. Ur-azag, king of Isin (?), 140 n. 2. Ur-Engur, king of Ur, 126 ff. urinu, spear (?), 173, 3. ursaggal, epithet for Ninurašā, 165, 11. For Enbilulu, 170, 5. ušumgal, 117, 33. Z. zâbu, flow. li-zu-bu, 198, 16. Cf. gàm = za’ibu, miṭirtu, words for canal, SAI. 691–3. zag-sal, liturgical note, 103 f. No. 21 end. za-am, 138, 34; 139, 38; 140, 56. zênu, be enraged, II¹ uzinu-inni, 197, 6. ZI-TAR-RU-DA = nikis napišti, 194 n. 6. [124] Description of Tablets Number in this volume. 1 Museum number. 7771 Description. Dark brown unbaked tablet. Three columns. Lower edge slightly broken. Knobs at left upper and left lower corners to facilitate the holding of the tablet. H. 7 inches: W. 6½; T. 1½. Second tablet of the Epic of Gilgamish. [125] Autograph Plates Plate LXIII. Plate LXIV. Plate LXV. Plate LXVI. Plate LXVII. Plate LXVIII. Plate LXIX. Tablet of the Gilgamish Epic (Obverse) Plate LXX. Tablet of the Gilgamish Epic (Reverse) *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EPIC OF GILGAMISH ***
Comparing this version of the Babylonian text, there is a greater focus on when Gilgamesh was with Enkidu on how he was a great companion for him. Dreams are seen as divine in Mesopotamian culture so it is interesting that Gilgamesh was able to foreshadow the presence of Enkidu ahead of time. Because of this dream, it shows that it was a part of destiny for Gilgamesh to find his equal and was a journey for his own identity to become what it is now. Not to mention, Enkidu becoming tame as time went along and reforming into societal norms shows that outsiders can be assimilated and that is what is needed in many nations in order for them to be successful and functional. One instance of us vs them situation would be for Enkidu. He was a wild man at first which was very different from "them" which were the Uruk people as they were calm and controlled. The transition for Enkidu to becoming like the others were crucial if he wanted to be a companion of Gilgamesh and also become a figure that would be respected by others. It also points to the fact that people need to be like others to some extent in order to be liked and respected. Because Enkidu and Gilgamesh are the only prominent characters that are also male, it suggests that during this time period that females were inferior to some extent and did not hold the same respect or regard because they were unable to showcase their own skills or talents. This may have affected the way that the text is written because the perspective of males can contrast those of women because they tend to be more caring and honest. Not to mention, the other translations of the text mention more about Gilgamesh's longing for immortality so the absence or lack of information on that aspect creates a more biased view of Enkidu and alters the way that Gilgamesh is viewed as well. The low point of the text has to be more in the beginning when the people are complaining about the rule of Gilgamesh because he does not contain the same qualities of a good leader that he obtains later on. With that being the case, the text reaches a high point when Gilgamesh sees Enkidu as an equal to himself and embraces him as a companion which allows him to be a much better leader and also allows the people in his land to feel better as a result. CC BY Ajey Sasimugunthan (contact)
sublime object loses its aura and dissolves into an ordinary thing, because its seductiveappearance can be sustained only through distance.“If we get too near [the sublime object]”,Žižek (2008) explains, then“it loses its sublime features and becomes an ordinary vulgarobject
yowza! All that glitters is not gold. This reminds me of the edict to never meet your heroes -- they often turn out to be regular people (and the crushing feeling of disappointment when you find out that they might not deserve that pedestal you put them up on).
the heroicentrepreneur reminds us: not only should you have faith in yourself, you should have faiththat you can overcome your limitations. Not only should you believe that it can be done, youshould believe that everything can be done. And not only should you never give up, youshould be willing to sacrifice everything, even if it involves risking your life, in order toensure that you succeed.
you can see this principle over and over again in entrepreneurial narratives. It's embodied in the "Nothing is Impossible" meme I posted to the "Memes" section in this week's lesson (because taking these memes seriously is another way of "traversing the fantasy". Also, linking to Branson's "learning to swim" story, this reminds me of a crucial scene in the 1997 film Gattaca (involving swimming). You can check it out in the forum for this week...
sublime object loses its aura and dissolves into an ordinary thing, because its seductiveappearance can be sustained only through distance.“If we get too near [the sublime object]”,Žižek (2008) explains, then“it loses its sublime features and becomes an ordinary vulgarobject
yowza! All that glitters is not gold. This reminds me of the edict to never meet your heroes -- they often turn out to be regular people (and the crushing feeling of disappointment when you find out that they might not deserve that pedestal you put them up on).
the heroicentrepreneur reminds us: not only should you have faith in yourself, you should have faiththat you can overcome your limitations. Not only should you believe that it can be done, youshould believe that everything can be done. And not only should you never give up, youshould be willing to sacrifice everything, even if it involves risking your life, in order toensure that you succeed.
you can see this principle over and over again in entrepreneurial narratives. It's embodied in the "Nothing is Impossible" meme I posted to the "Memes" section in this week's lesson (because taking these memes seriously is another way of "traversing the fantasy". Also, linking to Branson's "learning to swim" story, this reminds me of a crucial scene in the 1997 film Gattaca (involving swimming). You can check it out in the forum for this week...
hould we not welcome the cracks that might appear in the operations of biopolitics at its fullest oper-ation?
Even with all of the criticisms he's outlined, Szeman ends on a conditional but hopeful note. This reminds me of a song lyric:
Leonard Cohen sang "Ring the bells that still can ring Forget your perfect offering There is a crack, a crack in everything That's how the light gets in."
Which leads me to my final note...
"If I fall, what mattereth that? my father hath seventy and eight sons like unto me; but thou art alone, and if thy head shall fall, what other is worthy of the crown?"
Giwe's unwavering loyalty and honor for Kay-Khosrow is admirable and shows why he is well respected. He sacrifices his own life for Kay and does his best to convince him on why his survival is important for the better of the kingdom. This shows the importance of leadership and why Giwe is willing to sacrifice himself because he knows that the empire will not be successful without a good leader in place. His selflessness is also inspiring for a lot of readers as people tend to forget that being selfless can be admirable. As humans, we want the attention and credit for achievements so to see someone else give up their pride for a larger cause, it is very admirable and encourages other people to do the same in similar situations. Similar to Giwe, there are people on the frontlines and in war who put themselves out there for a similar reason as they want to protect the people in their country and are fighting for something much bigger than themselves. While not everyone is fighting for something bigger than them, Giwe reminds us to work for something bigger than us and to have a positive impact on other people because that is what we should do as people. Not to mention, Kay-Khosrow is successful in enacting revenge over Afrasiyab showing that good will always triumph over evil and continuing the legacy of his father. CC BY Ajey Sasimugunthan (contact)
The idea of growing wiser vs. growing tall is likely not meant for the individual but for society as a whole or the world at large. The full context of the song. But it might have double meaning and refer to both individual and society.
Reminds me of Taleb's concept of Epistemic Arrogance (overvaluing that which we know)
We save our lives in such unlikely ways.
I think this could be used in any modern retelling. It reminds me of the stories about wives with abusive husbands, and how they find ways to save themselves or their kids a few more days. It also reminds me of Penelope undoing her weaving at night to buy herself more time so she doesn't have to marry one of the suitors. https://images.app.goo.gl/opoy7veftayuQDkv5
As he passed the juvenile fiction section, a cheap paperback flung itself off the return cart and thudded into his kneecap
This reminds me of the type of magic in A Deadly Education, but instead of hiding useful books they throw them at people.
To avoid losing all lands to white people, these Native Americans believed, required literacy.
Reminds me of NAGPRA; Native Americans forced to fight for their rightfully owned land and property, and adopt "civilized" white customs.
I listen to this video when I need inspiration and confidence. It reminds me of what is important, that we can change the world, and how I would like it to change.
She was dead, as it happened, but her daughter saw to me.Cleaned my wounds, sewed me up, and fed me porridge and potionsuntil I was strong enough to ride again. And she sewed up the rentsin my cloak as well, with some scarlet silk from Asshai that hergrandmother had pulled from the wreck of a cog washed up on theFrozen Shore. It was the greatest treasure she had, and her gift tome.” He swept the cloak back over his shoulders. “But at theShadow Tower, I was given a new wool cloak from stores, black andblack, and trimmed with black, to go with my black breeches andblack boots, my black doublet and black mail. The new cloak had nofrays nor rips nor tears ... and most of all, no red. The men of theNight’s Watch dressed in black, Ser Denys Mallister reminded mesternly, as if I had forgotten. My old cloak was t for burning now,he said.“I left the next morning ... for a place where a kiss was not acrime, and a man could wear any cloak he chose.”
the beginning kinda reminds me of robb and jeyne but red is such a specific color..
Jon felt utterly alone as he stood there in hisblacks, awaiting the pleasure of the turncloak who called himselfKing-beyond-the-Wall. When his eyes had adjusted to the smoky redgloom, he saw six people, none of whom paid him any mind. A darkyoung man and a pretty blonde woman were sharing a horn ofmead. A pregnant woman stood over a brazier cooking a brace ofhens, while a grey-haired man in a tattered cloak of black and redsat crosslegged on a pillow, playing a lute and singing:
kinda reminds me sansa meeting the tyrells like metting a king while she met a queen, a blonde women and a pregnant one
No son is left with hisfather, for Gilgamesh takes them all, even the children; yet the king should be a shepherd tohis people. His lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warrior's daughter nor the wifeof the noble
The reader immediately figures out that Gilgamesh is an oppressive leader and tends to abuse his power. There are many rumors and people often talk about his poor leadership and how he takes advantage of others. As a result, people call for the gods to create a change in hopes of changing his behavior. Enkidu is created as a result to be an equal to Gilgamesh and keep his power in check. It reminds me of why checks and balances exist within the US government. If each of the three branches of government were not able to keep each other in check, then the President might be able to get away with some things that may result in bad consequences as a result. In a similar fashion, Gilgamesh does not have any checks and balances in which someone keeps him in check resulting in the people suffering as a result and why Enkidu is also created as a result. CC BY Ajey Sasimugunthan (contact)
Brienne looked at her with those blue and beautiful eyes. “As ladies die inchildbed. No one sings songs about them.”“Children are a battle of a different sort.” Catelyn started across the yard.“A battle without banners or warhorns, but no less fierce. Carrying a child,bringing it into the world ... your mother will have told you of the pain ...”
reminds me of aemma
The three dogs on our banner are thethree that died, in the yellow of autumn grass. A hound will die for you, butnever lie to you. And he’ll look you straight in the face.”
reminds me of cerebres
f the gods hadn’t taken your wits, you would have beena great knight.”“Hodor?” Hodor blinked at him with guileless brown eyes, eyes innocentof understanding.
he kinda reminds me of the fool
Arya could revealherself to Lady Whent, and the knights would escort her home and keep hersafe. That was what knights did; they kept you safe, especially women.Maybe Lady Whent would even help the crying girl.
reminds me of sansa :(
Among thebrotherhood of the Night’s Watch, there was an unspoken pact never to probetoo deeply into such matters. Men came to the Wall from all of the SevenKingdoms, and old loves and loyalties were not easily forgotten, no matterhow many oaths a man swore ... as Jon himself had good reason to know.Even Sam—his father’s House was sworn to Highgarden, whose Lord Tyrellsupported King Renly. Best not to talk of such things.
kinda reminds me of school in a way
naturalistic observation
The example that went with this about the microphones reminds me of videos I see on social media where sports players get mic'd up and either their team doesn't know or someone secretly mic's them up and they don't know. This video I linked is of Zach Pickens from the Chicago Bears mic'd up at a game without knowing. I think this could be an example of naturalistic observation if they were trying to study something in particular. For example, they could be measuring how many times someone says a certain phrase in a day. https://www.tiktok.com/@espn/video/7278120784881585450?is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc&web_id=7392717372652783135
( ~ 6:25-end )
Steps for designing a reading plan/list: 1. Pick a topic/goal (or question you want to answer) & how long you want to take to achieve this. 2. Do research into the books necessary to achieve this goal. Meta-learning, scope out the subject. The number of books is relative to the goal and length of the goal. 3. Find the books using different tools such as Google & GoodReads & YouTube Recommendations (ChatGPT & Gemini are also useful). 4. Refine the book list (go through reviews, etc., in Adlerian steps, do an Inspectional Read of everything... Find out if it's truly useful). Also order them into a useful sequence for the syntopical reading project. Highlight the topics covered, how difficult they are, relevancy, etc. 5. Order the books (or download them)
Reminds me a bit of Scott Young's Metalearning step, and doing a skill decomposition in van Merriënboer et al.'s 10 Steps to Complex Learning
( ~ 5:00 )
The first stage of learning a complex skill is creating relevance, not in the sense of making knowledge relevant to your life; but rather in seeing what is relevant to learn at this point in the learning career.
Building a map...
The actions are exploration and challenge. Exploration = getting diverse opinions from others and learning the theory & variables. Challenge = open-mindedness for other beliefs and assumptions.
Reminds me of 10 Steps to Complex Learning for curriculum design, where doing a skill decomposition is one of the first steps in designing the curriculum, and either being an expert or having access to experts is paramount.
Differentiation doesn’t suggest that a teacher can be all things to all individuals all the time. It does, however, mandate that a teacher create a reasonable range of approaches to learning much of the time, so that most students find learning a fit much of the time.”7
I absolutely resonate with this quote! I think as teachers, it can be extremely overwhelming to feel like you have to play every single role for a child. Instead, this quote reminds us that we can have a range of approaches to learning and try different things. This makes me feel so much better about becoming a teacher because it reminds me that differentiated instruction does not have to be overcomplicated, it just means we offer different means of learning to our students!
CHEROKEE B
i dont want to be rude, but this reminds me of the rooster from Loony Tunes.
I was not alarmed. Because the sky-people were weak against our diseases—the Earth is so much wilder than their land—they always wrapped themselves thus.
This reminds me of The 100 where the "sky-people" went back to Earth, they were weak against certain diseases and didn't know how to survive a much more wild environment than what they were used to. They ended up having to adapt and survive by learning on their own or by watching the Grounders.
Before the exodus, for many years, all the world blew poisons into the sky. Forests died. The world grew warmer. Since the exodus the forests had returned and the world begun to cool, but the old poisons were still there, dormant.
This line reminds me of a current problem occurring in this modern day: climate change. Global warming is the warming of the Earth and this has caused many drastic changes in different environments, creating many problems such as the melting of icebergs which rises sea levels.
Expect me not to show cause why I seek or why I exclude company.
This reminds me of a discussion that has been happening in leftist spaces, essentially the question of: is it our job to educate those around us out of their bigotry, or can we cast them off because they may not or will not learn? I believe Emerson does not want to have to allow every person into his space, especially if he feels that the other person has not truly thought through their positions in a critical way the way he has. He has put in the work, therefore if he decides not to spend time with someone who has not nurtured or harvested their own thoughts, then he is under no obligation to open his doors to them.
ausintofortyeybelieve
The idea of "pausing to consider what they believe" reminds me of the Brene Brown survey from the previous module. One of the recommendations and action steps I reflected on. If you have a firm understanding of your core beliefs as a leader you can avoid these types of ineffective communications.
“She reminds me of the mother, not the father,” Lord PetyrBaelish said quietly. “Look at her. The hair, the eyes. She is the veryimage of Cat at the same age.”
yes but no since its coming from you
this is how to make pepper pot;this is how to make a good medicine for a cold; this is how to make a good medicine to throw away a child before it even becomes a child;
This quote reminds me of something my mother often mentions. Women are expected to cook, clean, and care for the ill. The last line reminds me of home remedies women did to not have a child due to the lack of access to medicine to end a pregnancy safely.
this is how you smile to someone you don't like too much;this is how you smile at someone you don't like at all;this is how you smile to someone you like completely;
This part advises the daughter that no matter what her feelings are towards someone, negative or positive, the daughter must smile and not show any signs that others may frown upon. This reminds me of the idea that women must be perfect and/or not complain.
A common thread with most long-duration, slow-growth companies is that they havebecome so ‘mission critical’ to their customers that tight integration develops betweenproducer and consumer
Reminds me of the relationship between eukaryotes and mitochondria
We have intentionally eliminated hierarchy to keep the team flat –everyone has the same title: Investor.
Reminds me of Benchmark VC
We have each chosen specific keyword
Comment by onewheeljoe: This reminds me of Paul Allison's LRNG playlist in which youth have to choose keywords associated with their own inquiry questions.
But why say more? All men live enveloped in whale-lines. All are born with halters round their necks; but it is only when caught in the swift, sudden turn of death, that mortals realize the silent, subtle, ever-present perils of life. And if you be a philosopher, though seated in the whale-boat, you would not at heart feel one whit more of terror, than though seated before your evening fire with a poker, and not a harpoon, by your side.
Philosophical/metaphysical leap at the end (as he often provides). He suggests that as mortals we are all constantly subject to danger and death; our domestic safety is an illusion. Just when I was thanking my stars that I never have to encounter whale line in the midst of a hunt, he reminds us that if we open ourselves to the true precariousness of life and limb, we would recognize the ubiquitous risk of life itself. (This reminds me in some ways of Montaigne's "To Philosophize Is to Learn How to Die": through practice they get to a point where they can shrug at such immediate terror as the line.)
Yet habit—strange thing! what cannot habit accomplish?—Gayer sallies, more merry mirth, better jokes, and brighter repartees, you never heard over your mahogany, than you will hear over the half-inch white cedar of the whale-boat, when thus hung in hangman’s nooses
Reminds me of what Meursault remembers Maman saying as he sits in his prison cell, that you can get used to anything.
I’se ordered here
This shows Fleece is acting under orders, against his will. It reminds me of Jim humoring Tom and Huck because he has to. This might tend to seem like the portrayal here of Fleece reinforces racial stereotypes, but as Wyn said with the novel James it seems to me that Fleece's performance here is underscored by a whole different internal perspective on Stubb's abuse. He is putting on the show Stubb demanded.
trash chair at the curb
reminds me of people leaving stuff in the streets for the world of nyc to take for itself.
And they— you can see them just stand up straight and get intensely, brutally excited. I care about that. And that matters. And I can feel that it matters because they’re there in the room with them.
This reminds me of something I read a while ago online, about likes on an Instagram post. If you were to go out one day and one person complements you or your outfit, that one compliment would probably make your day. If you post something on Instagram and it gets 10 likes, you probably would be upset. At least most people would be.
Nowadays, people including myself, just randomly like posts on Instagram. Especially if they are posted by people I follow, I will like it without really paying attention to it. I despise snakes and if a celebrity I follow were to post their pet snake, I would probably like it and scroll away really quickly. But in real life if a friend were to show me a their snake, I would very obviously show that I do not like their snake.
Sometimes people online like things to just like things. Sometimes a post moved them, sometimes it did not. I think one sure way to tell is if they comment. I only comment if a post really moves me. Unless it is a friend's post on instagram in which case I will comment "so beautiful heart eyes emoji". 99.999% of the time, I do mean it but there are times when I don't.
And they— you can see them just stand up straight and get intensely, brutally excited. I care about that. And that matters. And I can feel that it matters because they’re there in the room with them.But on Twitter, if you tweet something out and one lone person out there— it moves them, it changes them, it changes their world— that’s not going to register. What that’s going to look like is your tweet got one lonely like and you’re going to feel like a failure.
This reminds me of something I read a while ago online, about likes on an Instagram post. If you were to go out one day and one person complements you or your outfit, that one compliment would probably make your day. If you post something on Instagram and it gets 10 likes, you probably would be upset. At least most people would be.
Nowadays, people including myself, just randomly like posts on Instagram. Especially if they are posted by people I follow, I will like it without really paying attention to it. I despise snakes and if a celebrity I follow were to post their pet snake, I would probably like it and scroll away really quickly. But in real life if a friend were to show me a their snake, I would very obviously show that I do not like their snake.
Sometimes people online like things to just like things. Sometimes a post moved them, sometimes it did not. I think one sure way to tell is if they comment. I only comment if a post really moves me. Unless it is a friend's post on instagram in which case I will comment "so beautiful heart eyes emoji". 99.999% of the time, I do mean it but there are times when I don't.
we are pointed to the meaning-making capacity of geometric abstraction, and to the epistemological possibilities of more immersive—and more prolonged—visualization experiences
Meaning-making here approaches raw materiality at the edge of the conceptual cliff. This reminds me of arguments about human culture reaching the molecular level. See Wark's Molecular Red for example. Not an uncommon frame within eco-criticism. That there is no corner of the planet left without our material influence, and we could add, our meaning-making, intended or not. In this view, to reconfigure the world is to make meaning, and meaning is to be found in the combination of our agency and the resulting configurations. A neat idea.
for there must have been something strange which you have been doing? All this great fame and talk about you would never have arisen if you had been like other men: tell us, then, why this is, as we should be sorry to judge hastily of you."
This reminds me of many historical or philisophy lessons that go over how people are often deemed as weird or outcasts time and time again for going against the grain of society, or going against the norms.
pen thoughts
The pen is thinking. Reminds me of Tom Waits' song "The Piano has been drinking"
My son is roughly a year old, which means he is starting to walk. He still can’t make it across the room, but he can take a few steps. He has a peculiar habit of eating bananas while standing. This usually means he holds a large chunk of banana in one hand while using the other to hold on to the table. Sometimes, overcome by banana-eating euphoria, he will let go of the table he’s using for stability, and he’ll just stand. Then he notices what he has done, and he promptly falls down. It is reckless to attribute complex thoughts to a developing child, but it seems like he is able to stand until he remembers that he can’t. It’s like his conscious thoughts are preventing him from walking around the room.
Reminds me of Dragon Ball's concept of Ultra-Instinct, where the best way to fight is to rely on complete intuition and let go of all thought.
We are active users of technology - I am teaching and you are learning online. When we're submerged in this kind of environment, it's sometimes easy to forget that what's known as the digital divide still exists.
It is really easy to forget about the rest of the world when you grow up in an advanced economy comparted to a developing one. I am definitely guilty of this. Phones and internet access is taken for granted and can effect our views on society as a whole. This reminds me of a video that interviewed advanced economy children and developing and they were asked if they had a wish what would they ask for. The advanced kids said money, or a nice car or house, while the developing kids said to see a family member that had passed away or to have plentiful amounts of food. Upbringing is extremely important when it comes to views on many topics.
By prioritiz-ing a full longitudinal approach to Adler’s life, his intellectual cir-cle, and iterations of the great books idea, one can the see humanweaknesses of great books advocates even while acknowledging theirdreams, goals, and motivations.
the word "dreams" here along with great books and classical education reminds me of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s education on the classics as seen in his zettelkasten.
Surely his cultural up brining along with his religious training and his great books education empowered him to critically eye and change the culture around him.
Movie Notes: Look for Modernity, what does it mean to be Modern/Traditional? Uyghur Identity - Chinese, presence of Islam/Muslimness
That notebook was – had been – my notes and journal for my herocareer. The testing and training I’d done with my powers, pages of crossedout name ideas, even the measurements I was using for my costume inprogress.
this UNFORTUNATELY reminds me of deku's notebook from mha lol it got thrown in water by his bully
t5
I think this reflects how time may change but the functionality of society still lingers. Recalling that much of tech is dependent on exploiting cheap labor, in dangerous conditions, and in other countries, this is similar to Leopold and how he was “committing crimes against humanity” and abusing them for labor. This also reminds me of how tech companies prioritize profit and take an excessive amount of user data that could ultimately cause harm to users while the companies earn more and more profit.
The soldiers claim the authority to act as archivistsdetermining the value of documents and deciding their fate.
Also reminds me of the fate of Dutch Jews in WW2, who were proportionally the highest percentage of Jews in Europe to be processed in concentration and work camps due to the meticulous Dutch citizen archives, which were appropriated by the nazis
Before we talk about public criticism and shaming and adults, let’s look at the role of shame in childhood. In at least some views about shame and childhood1, shame and guilt hold different roles in childhood development [r1]: Shame is the feeling that “I am bad,” and the natural response to shame is for the individual to hide, or the community to ostracize the person. Guilt is the feeling that “This specific action I did was bad.” The natural response to feeling guilt is for the guilty person to want to repair the harm of their action. In this view [r1], a good parent might see their child doing something bad or dangerous, and tell them to stop. The child may feel shame (they might not be developmentally able to separate their identity from the momentary rejection). The parent may then comfort the child to let the child know that they are not being rejected as a person, it was just their action that was a problem. The child’s relationship with the parent is repaired, and over time the child will learn to feel guilt instead of shame and seek to repair harm instead of hide.
The distinction between shame and guilt in childhood development is a crucial one, and it reminds me of my own experiences growing up. I distinctly remember instances where I felt deep shame, believing I was inherently bad because of a mistake or wrongdoing. These moments often led to feelings of isolation and a desire to hide from others, which aligns with the idea that shame causes a person to want to hide or be ostracized. On the other hand, when I understood that my actions, not my identity, were the problem, I felt guilt and a strong urge to make amends. This distinction in emotional responses highlights the importance of how parents and caregivers address children’s misbehavior. By focusing on the action rather than the child's identity, parents can help foster a healthier development of guilt over shame. This can lead to children growing up with a better capacity for empathy and responsibility, as they learn to rectify their mistakes rather than internalize them as flaws in their character. I wonder how different parenting styles across cultures impact the balance between teaching shame and guilt, and what long-term effects this might have on children's development into adulthood.
Question about the email invite, and this is going to be very granular. What does the language in that invite look like? And maybe it’s too much time in Japan, but I’m very sensitive to, overly sensitive, probably, to a lot of social etiquette stuff. Which will tie back to Calendly, so I don’t leave that dangling as an orphan topic. Briefly, we’ll touch on that. Is it — maybe not speculating is the best way to go. What does the email invitation look like? Does it come from you or does it come from your assistant who is writing in your voice? What does that look like?
The social etiquette piece reminds me of what Ross Fubini was saying today about a new etiquette forming around "signing up" for time with friends
Research on sexual harassment points ro w;-iysthat girls especially feel pressure to conform to gcndereJ norms or feel thehostility of gender dynamics particularly keenly
This sort of reminds me of the dress code issues mentioned in last weeks lectures. When we discussed that female students are always at fault on what they are wearing and not what the male students are thinking. Society has always had scenarios like these come up, causing innocent individuals to be the victim.
allow sexual harassment and bullying to con-tinue have a negative impact on all students
I agree with this. It reminds me of my high school, that allotted some of our advisory/homeroom time to learning about consent, sexual harassment and bullying, which I appreciated. However, it tended to be somewhat heteronormative, and the LGBTQ+ population at my school tended to be more of a target for harassment than their cis, straight peers. I know a lot of them didn't feel protected, which is why I think we should spend more time in classrooms talking about discrimination-based bullying and harassment, while taking more precautions to protect these populations.
Whileat times hunters do view animals as munificent benefactors to be lovedand respected, at other times they think of them as powerful spiritualbeings who must be overcome and dominated through magic and cun-ning if humans are to survive
reminds me of the differing levels of care given to naming termites vs wasps : not all living things are necessarily seen as benefactors to be protected !
When tasks are done through large groups of people making relatively small contributions, this is called crowdsourcing. The people making the contributions generally come from a crowd of people that aren’t necessarily tied to the task (e.g., all internet users can edit Wikipedia), but then people from the crowd either get chosen to participate, or volunteer themselves. When a crowd is providing financial contributions, that is called crowdfunding (e.g., patreon [p1], kickstarter [p2], gofundme [p3]). Humans have always collaborated on tasks, and crowds have been enlisted in performing tasks long before the internet existed [p4]. What social media (and other internet systems) have done is expand the options for how people can collaborate on tasks.
Reading about crowdsourcing and crowdfunding in this chapter reminds me of how technology has truly revolutionized collaboration. It's fascinating to see how platforms like Patreon, Kickstarter, and GoFundMe have democratized funding for creative projects and charitable causes, allowing individuals to directly support initiatives they believe in. However, I wonder about the potential drawbacks of relying too heavily on these platforms. While they offer unprecedented access to resources and support, there's also the risk of oversaturation and the challenge of standing out among countless other projects vying for attention. How can creators navigate this landscape effectively to ensure their endeavors are successful?
There have been many efforts to use computers to replicate the experience of communicating with someone in person, through things like video chats, or even telepresence robots [p5]]. But there are ways that attempts to recreate in-person interactions inevitably fall short and don’t feel the same.
This passage reminds me of an experience I had. Advances in technology have really allowed us to talk face to face through video calls and such. But sometimes it also spreads false information or scams, for example, when I used to talk to someone on a video call, they would automatically do an ai face swap, and the person I was talking to wasn't actually a real person but just had the same face and voice.
understand it from within.
This reminds me of the sociological concept of "verstehen" which is "to understand deeply" or "to understand by participation and interpretation".
Long-standing social injustices and prejudices have ledto skepticism among people of color regarding healthcare. Numerous research abuses, such as the TuskegeeSyphilis Study,13 the story of Henrietta Lacks and HeLacells,14 and radiation studies on prisoners, have left deep-seated doubt in the minds of many about the safety andbenefits of research.12 This sentiment persists today, dur-ing the pandemic, as 30% to 50% of minorities distrust theCOVID-19 vaccine and aren’t considering vaccination.
I selected this section because it discusses how unjust treatment and racism in healthcare have led many people of color to question the safety and efficacy of medical research. It discusses some awful events from the past, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, in which African American men were treated cruelly. These instances have raised concerns that individuals will not be treated equitably in medical research or have access to therapies. When we talk about designing for equity and inclusion, it means making sure that everyone, no matter their background, gets fair treatment and has access to the same opportunities. This text reminds me that we must work hard to make healthcare equitable for all. Whether I'm now working in healthcare or intend to, it's critical to listen to people's concerns and ensure that everyone feels involved and treated with respect.
“In waiting areas, you may not want your back to the door or passageway and be able to see people coming and going,” Martin said, noting that it’s important for designers to think about how they can provide opportunities to reduce stress, especially in hospitals.
This text intrigues me as it reminds me of this other video that I have once watched in Youtube about Disneyland's architectural layout which plays with people's psychology and sense of place. I was not aware on how even waiting areas could make someone uncomfortable if done wrong. This is similar to that one Disney Youtube video that I've watched where it mentions that the roads to the Disney Castle was made purposely bigger in order to create a sense of excitement and thrill, whilst the road on the way out of Disneyland was made smaller and more narrow as visitors are exiting the amusement park. This was done in order to create a sense of compactness and sadness, so they would return back to the park in future times. This made me realize that in the fields of architecture, psychological factors also play an important role in creating an entire experience for the consumer. By taking into consideration the design for inclusion, a higher possibility of business revenue could be generated. The more thoughtful the product is, the more inclusive it becomes like the Disneyland park, which includes everyone who steps into the theme park for a magical experience, despite of their cultural difference, social backgrounds, etc.
“One of the important things to do as a designer is to normalize all the elements of being a human that change from day to day,” Rudd said.
I chose this article since it attracted me when I first looked. I think that this is a commitment with every major in today's world because we have to catch up with the current trends with humans. This quote reminds me of my first day at EvCC as an international student. I saw an LGBT boy, and he wore so weird for me, and I was pretty scared at that time. However, once studying my first class, I remembered my instructor used to say that LGBT is not a disease, it's a human right. Therefore, I already changed my mind after that. I think that normalizing all the elements of being a human that changes from day to day is also an important aspect for me in my business major.
Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.
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Reply to the Reviewers
We sincerely thank the Referees for providing important and constructive comments. We have addressed their concerns point-by-point as described below.
Associated to Reviewer#1's comments
*- Diploid embryos are used as controls. Gynogenetic diploids seem to be better controls to ensure that the observed phenotypes are not related to loss of heterozygosity. To limit the amount of work, the use of gynogenetic diploids could be restricted to spindle polarity and centrosome number experiments. *
Response 1-1
__[Experimental plan] __Following the reviewer's suggestion, we will conduct immunostaining of a-tubulin and centrin (for visualizing the spindles and centrioles, respectively) in gynogenetic diploids that will be generated by applying heat shock to gynogenetic haploid embryos during the 1st - 2nd cleavage stage. We will observe the head area of gynogenetic diploid larvae at 3-dpf when the haploid counterparts suffer particularly drastic centrosome loss and spindle monopolarization.
*
*
*- As the authors discuss, it would be necessary to rescue centrosome loss to establish a causal relationship between centrosome loss and haploid viability. I certainly acknowledge that this is difficult (if not impossible), but it currently limits the significance of the results. *
Response 1-2
We agree that rescuing centrosome loss would provide an important advancement in understanding the cause of haploid syndrome in the context of our study. However, as the reviewer also pointed out in the above comment, this poses a significant technical challenge. As described in Discussion in the original manuscript, we have attempted to restore normal centrosome number through cell cycle modulations. However, we have not found a condition that rescues centrosome loss without damaging larval viability. As an alternative approach, we have also tried to induce centriole amplification by injecting mRNA encoding plk4, an essential centriole duplication inducer. However, this caused earlier embryonic death, precluding us from observing its effects on larval morphology after 1 dpf. The main challenge is that any treatment to increase centrosome number can cause centrosome overduplication, which is as deleterious to development as centrosome loss. Efforts to identify a key factor enabling the rescue of centrosome loss in haploid larvae are underway in our laboratory, which requires new explorations over several years and is beyond the scope of the present study. Reflecting on the reviewer's comment, we added a new sentence explaining the situation on this issue (line 395, page 19). To further discuss possible contributions of centrosome loss and mitotic defects to haploidy-linked embryonic defects, we also added a citation of a previous study reporting that depletion of centrosomal proteins caused mitotic defects leading to embryonic defects similar to those observed in haploid embryos in zebrafish (Novorol et al., 2013 Open Biology; line 380, page 19).
__[Experimental plan] __Meanwhile, as a new trial to induce centriole amplification in a scalable and temporally controllable manner, we plan the following experiment, which can be conducted within the time range of the revision schedule: We will investigate the effects of low dose treatment of a plk4 inhibitor centrinone B on tissue growth and viability of haploid larvae. A recent study reported that centrinone B had complicated effects on the centriole duplication process, which is highly dose-sensitive (Tkach et al., 2022 Elife, PMID: 35758262). While it blocks centriole duplication at sufficiently high concentrations for blocking plk4 activities, it paradoxically causes centriole amplification at suboptimal conditions, presumably though over-stabilizing plk4 by blocking its autophosphorylation-dependent degradation (while its centriole duplicating function remains active). Since a previous study showed that centrinone B is also effective in zebrafish embryos (Rathbun et al., 2020 Current Biology, PMID: 32916112), we try to find optimal centrinone B treatment condition that potentially restores tissue growth or viability of haploid embryos. If we find such a rescuing condition, we will address the principle of the rescuing effects by investigating the possession of centrioles in mitotic cells in these haploid larvae.
*- Some experiments are not, or arguably, quantified/statistically analyzed. *
o Figure 2, Active caspase level. Larvae are sorted into three categories, and no statistical test is performed on the obtained contingency table. A Fisher'*s exact test here, or much better, the active caspase-3 levels should be quantified, instead of sorting larvae into categories. *
Response 1-3
We apologize that we showed only "zoomed-out" images of the immunostained embryos in the original figures (Fig. 2A), which precluded a clear presentation of the haploidy-associated aggravation of apoptosis and mitotic arrest. We could clearly distinguish cleaved caspase-3- and pH3-positive cells from non-specific background staining with an enlarged view of the same immunostaining data. Therefore, to quantitatively evaluate the extent of the haploidy-linked apoptosis and mitotic arrest, we compared the density of these cells within the right midbrain. This new quantification demonstrated a statistically significant increase in cleaved caspase-3- or pH3-positive cells in haploids compared to diploids.
In the revised manuscript, we added the enlarged views of cleaved-caspase and pH3 immunostaining (Fig. 2B) and new quantifications with statistical analyses (Fig. 2C). Accompanying these revisions, we omitted the categorization of the severeness of the apoptosis, which was pointed out to be subjective in the reviewer#2's comment (see Response 2-3). We rewrote the corresponding section of the manuscript to explain the new quantitative analyses (line 143, page 7).
o Same comment for 3E-F. Larvae are scored as Scarce, Mild or Severe. Looking at Fig S3A, I see one mild p53MO embryo, but the two others are not that different from 'severe' cases, which would completely change the contingency table. Again, a proper quantification would be better.
Response 1-4
We also quantified the frequency of cleaved caspase-3-positive cells in control and p53MO larvae (original Fig. 3E and F) as described in Response 1-3. While conducting the cell counting with enlarged images, we realized that staining quality within the inner larval layers of morphants was relatively poor in these experiments. This problem precluded us from counting cleaved caspase-3-positive cells within the inner larval layers. Therefore, we tentatively quantified only the surface larval layers of these morphants and found that cleaved caspase-3-positive cells were significantly reduced in haploids upon depletion of p53. We currently show this quantification in Fig. 3G of the revised manuscript. While this quantification confirmed the trend of p53MO-dependent decrease in apoptosis, we think it more appropriate to newly conduct the same experiment with better quality of the staining to apply the same standard of quantification for Fig. 3 as Fig. 2.
__[Experimental plan] __For the reason described above, we propose to re-conduct immunostaining of cleaved caspase-3 in control and p53MO-injected haploid larvae to improve the visibility of the inner layer of the larvae for better quality of the quantitation.
Meanwhile, we revised Fig. 3 by adding an enlarged view of immunostaining in Fig. 3F and omitting the subjective categorization shown in the original Fig. 3F and S3A. We plan to replace these data with new images and quantification to be obtained during the next revision. We also rewrote the main text to update these changes (line 166, page 8).
*o Figure 4D-E, no stats. *
Response 1-5
We conducted the ANOVA followed by the post-hoc Tukey test for new Fig. 4D and the Fisher exact test with Benjamini-Hochberg multiple testing correction for new Fig. 4E. Please note that statistical analyses were conducted after adding the data from original Fig. 6B-C following the reviewer's suggestion (see also Response 1-6).
*o Figure 6, Reversine treated haploid should be compared to haploid embryos (on the graphs and statistically). If no specific controls have been quantified for this experiment, data could be reused from previous figures, provided this is stated. *
Response 1-6
The live imaging data shown in original Fig. 4C-E and Fig. 6A-C were obtained within the same experimental series conducted in parallel at the same period under the same experimental condition. In the original manuscript, we separated them into two different figures according to the logical flow. However, following the reviewers' comments (see also Response 2-1), we realized it more appropriate to show them as a single figure panel as in the original experimental design. Therefore, we moved the reversine-treated haploid data from the original Fig. 6A-C to Fig. 4C-E to facilitate direct comparison among conditions with statistical analyses (see also Response 1-5).
*o Rescue by p53MO and Reversine, it would be nice to also include diploid measurements on the graphs, so that the reader can appreciate the extent of the rescue. *
Response 1-7
Following the reviewer's comment, we added control MO-injected or DMSO-treated diploid larval data in the corresponding graphs in Fig. 3I and 6G, respectively. Please refer to Response 2-6 for further discussion on the extent of the rescue.
Minor comments:
*- Lines 221-223, authors claim that centriole loss and spindle monopolarization commence earlier in the eyes and brain than in skin. I am note sure I see this in Fig. S5. It could as well be that the defect is less pronounced in skin. *
Response 1-8
We rewrote the manuscript to include the possible interpretation suggested by the reviewer on the result (line 225, page 11).
- Lines 227-229, authors claim that 'The developmental stage when haploid larvae suffered the gradual aggravation of centrosome loss corresponded to the stage when larval cell size gradually decreased through successive cell divisions'. I did not get that. Doesn'*t cell size decrease since the first division? Fig 5D shows that cell size decreases all along development. *
Response 1-9
We agree that the original sentence implies, against our intention, that cell size does not decrease before the developmental stage mentioned here. To correct this problem, we rewrote the corresponding part of Discussion as below (line 230, page 11):
"Since the first division, embryonic cell size continuously reduces through successive cell divisions during early development (Menon et al., 2020). Cell size reduction continued at the developmental stage when we observed the gradual aggravation of the centrosome loss in haploid larvae."
*- Some correlations are used to draw conclusions: *
o Line 301-303. "The correlation between centrosome loss and spindle monopolarization indicates that haploid larval cells fail to form bipolar spindle because of the haploidy-linked centrosome loss."*. As stated by the authors, this is a correlation only. I agree it points in this direction. *
Response 1-10
We added a note to the corresponding sentence to draw readers' attention to the discussion on the limitation of the study with respect to the lack of centrosome rescue experiment (line 332, page 16).
O Line 305-308. "*Interestingly, centrosome loss occurred almost exclusively in haploid cells whose size became smaller than a certain border (Fig. 5), indicating that cell size is a key determinant of centrosome number homeostasis in the haploid state." This one is more problematic. There is no causal link established between cell size and centrosome number homeostasis. It could very well be that some unidentified problem induces both a reduction in cell size and the loss of centrioles. *
Response 1-11
To avoid an over-speculative description, we deleted the subsentence "indicating that cell size is a key determinant of centrosome number homeostasis in the haploid state." (line 336, page 17). We also added a new sentence, "Alternatively, it is also possible that other primary causes, such as the lack of second active allele producing sufficient protein pools induced cell size reduction and centrosome loss in parallel without causality between them." to discuss the possibility raised by the reviewer (line 348, page 17), in association with another comment from the reviewer #3 (see also Response 3-3).
*I have concerns regarding the significance of the reported findings. Haploid zebrafish embryos show numerous developmental defects (some as early as gastrulation, as previously shown by the authors, Menon 2020), and they die by 4 dpf. That they experience massive apoptosis at day 3 does not seem very surprising, and that inhibiting p53 transiently improves the phenotype is not a big surprise. *
Response 1-12
Many reports have revealed tissue-level developmental abnormalities in haploid embryos since the discovery of haploid lethality in vertebrates more than 100 years ago. This has stimulated speculation of underlying causes of haploid intolerance for decades. However, there have been surprisingly few descriptions of cellular abnormalities underlying these tissue defects, precluding an evidence-based understanding of the principle that limits developmental ability in haploid embryos. Our findings of the haploidy-linked p53 upregulation and mitotic defects illustrate what happens in the dying haploid embryos at a cellular level. These findings would provide an evidence-based frame of reference for understanding why vertebrates cannot develop in the haploid state and also provide clues to controlling haploidy-linked embryonic defects in future studies. We added a new section in Discussion to discuss the importance of addressing the haploidy-linked defects at a cellular level (line 276, page 14).
*This reminds me of the non-specific effects of morpholino injection, which can be partially rescued by knocking down p53. *
Response 1-13
We believe the reviewer refers to the previous findings that different morpholinos generally have off-target effects activating p53-mediated apoptosis (e.g., Robu et al., 2007 PLoS Genet, PMID:17530925). However, p53 upregulation and apoptosis aggravation were also observed in uninjected haploid embryos free from morpholinos' artificial effects (Fig. 2, Fig. 3A, and B). To further address this issue, we plan to compare the frequency of cleavage caspase-3-positive cells between uninjected and control MO-injected haploids after revising the immunostaining of morphants in the original Fig. 3E-F (see Response 1-4 for details).
*The observation of mitotic arrest and mitotic defects and the observation that haploid cells often lack a centrosome is interesting. However, I felt that the manuscript suggested that these observations were novel and could explain the haploid syndrome specifically in non-mammalian embryos, when the authors reported the same observations in human haploid cells as well as in mouse haploid embryos (Yaguchi 2018). To me, this manuscript mainly confirms that their previous observation is not mammalian specific, but at least conserved in vertebrates. *
Response 1-14
As we originally wrote (line 341, page 17 in the original manuscript), we think these haploidy-linked cellular defects are conserved among mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates. To improve the clarity of our interpretation, we rewrote a corresponding part of the manuscript (line 50, page 2).
*While I am no expert at centrosome duplication, I find the observation that haploidy leads to centrosome loss very intriguing, but have the impression that this manuscript falls short of improving our understanding of this phenomenon. *
Response 1-15
We express our gratitude to the reviewer for being interested in our findings. We hope the revisions made in the manuscript and the new results provided by the planned experiments will strengthen the contribution of this study to our understanding of haploidy-linked cellular defects.
*
*
Associated to Reviewer#2's comments
- Lack of proper controls in many experiments. For example, in the experiments where the authors treated haploids with reversine to suppress the SAC, there was no no-treatment control (Fig. 6A-C).
Response 2-1
We addressed the same point in__ Response 1-6__. In the original manuscript, we separately presented control and experimental conditions in the same experiment series in Fig. 4 and Fig. 6. We rejoined them in Fig. 4 as in the original experimental design. Please refer to __Response 1-6 __for further details.
Response 2-2
In this experiment, we treated haploid larvae with either DMSO or reversine from 0.5 to 3 dpf, isolated cells from the larvae at 3 dpf, and subjected them to flow cytometry. Both DMSO- and reversine-treated larval cells were from 3-dpf larvae. Therefore, this experiment does not have the problem noted by the reviewer. To improve the clarity of the description of the experimental design, we rewrote the corresponding part of the figure legend (line 646, page 34).
- Subjective and inadequate data quantification. In the immunostaining experiments to detect caspase-3 and pH3, the authors either did not quantify at all and only showed single micrographs that might or might not be representative (for pH3), or only did very subjective and unconvincing quantification (for caspase-3). Objective measurements of fluorescence intensity could have been done, but the authors instead chose to categorize the staining into arbitrary categories with unclear standards. In example images they showed in the supplementary data, it is not obvious at all why some of the samples were classified as "mild" and others as "*severe" when their staining did not appear to be very different. *
Response 2-3
We apologize that we showed only "zoomed-out" images of the immunostained embryos in the original figures (Fig. 2A, 3E, and 6F), in which the distribution of individual cleaved caspase-3- or pH3-positive cells could not be clearly recognized. We added the enlarged view of identical immunostaining where these cells were clearly visualized in a countable manner (Fig. 2B, 3F, and 6D). Following the reviewer's suggestion, we newly conducted quantification by comparing the density of these cells within the right midbrain in haploids and diploids.
This new quantification demonstrated the haploidy-linked increase in cleaved caspase-3- or pH3-positive cells and a reversine-dependent decrease in pH3-positive cells. We added these new quantifications with statistical analyses to the revised manuscript (Fig. 2C and 6E). Accompanying these revisions, we omitted the categorization of the severeness of apoptosis, which was pointed out to be subjective. We rewrote the corresponding section of the manuscript to explain the new quantitative analyses (line 143, page 7; line 260, page 12).
While we also quantified cleaved caspase-3-positive cells in control and p53MO larvae in the original Fig. 3E, we realized that the staining quality of the inner larval layers of these morphants was relatively poor and could not apply the same standard of quantification as Fig. 2. Though we confirmed a statistically significant reduction in cleaved caspase-3-positive cells upon p53 depletion by quantified limited number of confocal sections (shown in Fig. 3G, please see also Response 1-4 for details), we decided to re-conduct this experiment for improving the staining quality to apply the same criteria of quantification for Fig 3 as Fig. 2 (Experimental plan is provided in Response 1-4).
Please note that we also tried to evaluate the extent of apoptosis and mitotic arrest based on the fluorescence intensity of organ areas. However, background staining outside the dead cell area precluded the precise quantification.
Additionally, the authors claimed that "*clusters of apoptotic cells" were only present in haploids but not diploids or p53 MO haploids, but they did not show any quantification. From the few example images (Fig.S3A), apoptotic clusters can be seen in p53 MO treated fish. Also, in some cases, the clusters were visible only because those fish were mounted in an incorrect orientation. For example, in Fig. S3A, control #2, that fish was visualized from its side, thus exposing areas around its eye that contained such clusters. These areas are not visible in other images where the fish were visualized from the top. *
__Response 2-4 __
We agree that the definition of "apoptotic clusters" was ambiguous in the original manuscript. We also agree that the visuals of the clusters could be affected by sample conditions, making them less reliable criteria for judging the severity of apoptotic upregulation in larvae. Following the reviewer's suggestion, we newly conducted apoptotic cell counting (Response 2-3), which recapitulated more reliably ploidy- or condition-dependent changes in the extent of apoptosis. Therefore, we decided to omit the description of the clusters in the new version of the manuscript.
*- Subpar data quality. Aside from issues with qualification, the IF data was not convincing as staining appeared to be inconsistent and uneven, with potential artefacts. *
Response 2-5
We apologize that the zoomed-out images in the original figures did not appropriately demonstrate the specific visualization of individual apoptotic or mitotic cells. As described in Response 2-3, we added enlarged views of the immunostaining to the revised manuscript, in which these individual cells are clearly distinguished from non-specific background staining (Fig. 2B, 3F, and 6D). Because of the poorer staining of inner layers of control and p53 morphants, we plan to re-conduct immunostaining for Fig. 3 and Fig. S3 (please refer to Response 1-4 for further detail). The current version of immunostaining and quantification in these figures will be replaced in the next revision.
- Unsupported and overstated claims. There were many overstatements. For one, in line 268, the authors claimed that "*the haploidy-linked mitotic stress with SAC activation is a primary constraint for organ growth in haploid larvae", while what they were actually showed was that reversine treatment, which suppresses the SAC, was partially rescued 2 out of the 3 growth defects they assessed, to such a small extent that the difference between haploid and haploid rescue was only Response 2-6
Following the reviewer's comment, we added control MO-injected or DMSO-treated diploid larval data in the corresponding graphs in Fig. 3I and 6G, respectively. We newly estimated the relative extent of the recovery in Results (line 174, page 8; line 268, page 13).
Reflecting the estimation, we rewrote the manuscript to discuss that haploidy-linked cell death or mitotic defects are a partial cause of organ growth retardation but that there could be other unaddressed cellular defects that also contribute to the growth retardation (line 305, page 15). We also discussed the possibility that incomplete resolution of cell death by p53MO or mitotic defects by reversine treatment may have limited their rescue effects on organ growth retardation (line 303, page 15). We also toned down several descriptions in our manuscript (lines 48 and 50, page 2; line 111, page 5; line 271, page 13; line 298, page 15; line 403, page 20) to achieve a more balanced interpretation on the potential contributions of cell death and mitotic defects to the formation of haploid syndrome.
In association with this issue, we also discussed the difficulty of assuming a priori "fully-rescued" haploid larval size in this context. This is because even normally developing haploid larvae in haplodiplontic species tend to be much smaller than their diploid counterparts. We newly cited a few cases of haplodiplontic species where haploids are smaller than or the same in size as diploids (line 307, page 15).
*With so many fundamental flaws, the data seem unreliable and the paper does not meet publishable standards. *
Response 2-7
We express our gratitude to the reviewer for providing important suggestions to improve the quality of analyses, data presentations, and interpretations in this study. We sincerely hope that one-by-one verifications of the points raised by the reviewer have improved the credibility of the paper and made it suitable for publication.
*The low quality of the analysis makes the significance low. *
*Reviewers have expertise in vertebrate embryogenesis and ploidy manipulation. *
Response 2-8
We hope that by addressing and solving the concerns pointed out by the reviewer, we could have clarified the significance of the study.
Associated to Reviewer#3's comments
*There seem to be a discrepancy between the microscopic images from Figure 2A and the quantification of pH3 positive cells using flow cytometry in Figure 4. According to the flow cytometric results the proportion of pH3 positive cells is about 3 times higher in haploid larvae compared to the control. The increase in mitotic cells in the imaging results however seems much more drastic. It would be helpful if the authors explain here. *
Response 3-1
Following comments provided by other reviewers (see also Response 1-2, 1-4, and__ 2-3__), we newly compared the frequency of pH3 positive cells between the immunostained haploid and diploid larvae. In this new analysis, pH3-positive cells were 6.4 times more frequent in haploids than in diploids, which is a more substantial difference than the one estimated based on the flow cytometric analysis.
The apparent discrepancy between the immunostaining and flow cytometric quantification would arise because pH3-positive mitotic cells tended to be more localized on the surface than in the inner region of larvae. This inevitably results in higher pH3-positive cell density in immunostaining, in which only larval surface is analyzed. To discuss this point, we newly conducted pH3 immunostaining in haploid larvae made transparent using RapiClear reagent and showed a vertical section of 3-d reconstituted larval image of pH3 immunostaining in Fig. S4E. We rewrote the manuscript to add our interpretation of this issue (line 652, page 34).
*Mitotic slippage that the authors observe to be increased in the haploid larvae to up to 5% of cells should result in an increase in the number of aneuploid cells. I am wondering why this is not recapitulated in the analyses of the DNA content in Figure S1. *
Response 3-2
A possible interpretation would be that the limited viability of newly formed aneuploid progenies precluded the detection of these populations in flow cytometric analyses. We discussed the possible generation of aneuploid progenies with our interpretation of their absence in the flow cytometric analyses in Discussion (line 293, page 14).
*Discussion: *
*I find the explanation of centrosomal loss due to depletion of centrosomal protein pools in the cytoplasm during drastic cell reduction interesting. I wonder if the reduction in size is not necessarily caused by the reduction in cells, but rather the result of the absence of a second active allele that produces centrosomal proteins? *
Response 3-3
We added the possible interpretation provided by the reviewer to the corresponding part of Discussion, in association with another comment from reviewer #1 (line 348, page 17; see also Response 1-11).
Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):
*Overall, I find the study interesting even to a broader audience since diploid development is a fundamental feature of most animals. The authors also manage to discuss their findings on the consequences of haploidy in this bigger context of the restricted diploid development in animals. The study is very well-written even to non-experts. *
Response 3-4
We express our gratitude to the reviewer for providing positive comments on the significance of our findings. We sincerely hope that one-by-one verifications of the points raised by the reviewer further improve the quality of the paper.
I am not an expert of the literature describing previous characterizations of the consequences associated with haploid cell development in animals, which is why I cannot comment on the novelty of their study. Based on my expertise on centromeres and genome organisation I can however assess the results regarding the mitotic defects observed in haploid larvae (see comments).
Response 3-5
We sincerely thank the reviewer for providing constructive suggestions and critiques based on the expertise.
Note: This preprint has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.
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Summary:
Yaguchi et al. investigate the causes of the "haploid syndrome" in the zebrafish embryo, the old observation that haploid embryos suffer from severe developmental defects and growth retardation of organs such as the brain and eyes (these defects are not simply a consequence of loss of heterozygosity, as they are rescued by forced diploidization of haploid larvae). Looking at apoptosis and proliferation, the authors show an increase in the number of apoptotic and mitotic cells in haploid larvae. Regarding apoptosis, they show an increase in p53 levels and demonstrate that knockdown of p53 limits apoptosis and leads to some phenotypic improvement. Regarding mitosis, they show an increase in mitotic delays and failures in haploid larvae. Inhibition of the spindle assembly checkpoint can reduce these defects and leads to some improvement in body axis length and eye size. Looking at the cause of the mitotic defects, the authors show that haploid cells often have monopolar spindles and loss of one centrosome, defects that appear to correlate with cell size.
Major comments:
While some experiments could be better quantified and/or statistically analyzed (see below), overall the results are convincing and clearly presented.
Minor comments:
Some correlations are used to draw conclusions:
Line 301-303. "The correlation between centrosome loss and spindle monopolarization indicates that haploid larval cells fail to form bipolar spindle because of the haploidy-linked centrosome loss.". As stated by the authors, this is a correlation only. I agree it points in this direction.
I have concerns regarding the significance of the reported findings. Haploid zebrafish embryos show numerous developmental defects (some as early as gastrulation, as previously shown by the authors, Menon 2020), and they die by 4 dpf. That they experience massive apoptosis at day 3 does not seem very surprising, and that inhibiting p53 transiently improves the phenotype is not a big surprise. This reminds me of the non-specific effects of morpholino injection, which can be partially rescued by knocking down p53. The observation of mitotic arrest and mitotic defects and the observation that haploid cells often lack a centrosome is interesting. However, I felt that the manuscript suggested that these observations were novel and could explain the haploid syndrome specifically in non-mammalian embryos, when the authors reported the same observations in human haploid cells as well as in mouse haploid embryos (Yaguchi 2018). To me, this manuscript mainly confirms that their previous observation is not mammalian specific, but at least conserved in vertebrates.
While I am no expert at centrosome duplication, I find the observation that haploidy leads to centrosome loss very intriguing, but have the impression that this manuscript falls short of improving our understanding of this phenomenon.
ranslanguaging focuses on the unbounded and agentive dynamic actions of bilinguals as they use their entire linguistic/multimodal repertoire. Bilingual readers leverage all of their meaning-making resources and all of themselves as they engage with text.
Before this reading I had not heard of this from of being bilingual before, but they us of translanguaging seems to be more accurate of defining both the cultural and social experiences of student speaking more than one language. The author describes this as bilingual readers being able to leverage all forms resources and meaning from texts to engage with bodies of writing. This reminds me of how when speaking, bilingual speakers commonly switch in and out of language in order to express certain emotions and/or expressions. Similarly, it seems when they read bilingual readers look to be able to be able engage with readings and formats to effectively make their own connections.
e book Writing on the Wall: Social Media - The First 2,000 Years [l6] describes how, before the printing press, when someone wanted a book, they had to find someone who had a copy and have a scribe make a copy. So books that were popular spread through people having scribes copy each other’s books. And with all this copying, there might be different versions of the book spreading around, because of scribal copying errors, added notes, or even the original author making an updated copy. So we can look at the evolution of these books: which got copied, and how they changed over time.
This reminds me of how in a previous chapter it was mentioned that before news became consolidated into large corporations, conspiracy theories would run rampant from random people printing their own pamphlets.
To complete the homework, Gina and Miguel sat at the dining room table, using pencils, crayons, paper, or scissors stored in the cabinet there. First, either Miguel read the instructions on his own or Gina read them in English, asking whether he understood. Then, Miguel proceeded to complete the tasks while Gina provided prompts if he hesitated, scaffolding the sounding out of words and rarely providing them. They moved through the tasks without interruption and without words of praise from Gina.
This reminds me of a personal experience, being apart of what is known as the first germination, my mom growing up would ensure that I was learning something at all times. Either that be math, geography, or reading she would be given materials that would teach me a new skill. One particular experience was when she had me learn multiplication on my own, as my mom only uses English a little and was not able to finish school. But in that instance I was not wanting to learn, but she would make sure I could not leave until I had everything right. But similar to Gina, there was no praise instead moving onto the next one.
First and foremost, design with your audience in mind
This reminds me of backwards lesson planning. Start with your goal in mind.
Clickbait: trying to give you a mystery you have to click to find the answer to (e.g., “You won’t believe what happened when this person tried to eat a stapler!”). They do this to boost clicks on their link, which they hope boosts them in the recommendation algorithm, and gets their ads more views
This reminds me of some videos to attract people to click the video through the title. There are more people who clicks, and even if they do n’t finish watching, he will increase his clicks, then he earns popularity.
Reviewer #2 (Public Review):
Summary:
The authors have developed a novel bimanual task that allows them to study how the sensorimotor control system deals with redundancy within our body. Specifically, the two hands control two robot handles that control the position and orientation of a virtual stick, where the end of the stick is moved into a target. This task has infinite solutions to any movement, where the two hands influence both tip-movement direction and stick-tilt angle. When moving to different targets in the baseline phase, participants change the tilt angle of the stick in a specific pattern that produces close to the minimum movement of the two hands to produce the task. In a series of experiments, the authors then apply perturbations to the stick angle and stick movement direction to examine how either tip-movement (task-relevant) or stick-angle (task-irrelevant) perturbations affect adaptation. Both types of perturbations affect adaptation, but this adaptation follows the baseline pattern of tip-movement and stick angle relation such that even task-irrelevant perturbations drive adaptation in a manner that results in task-relevant errors. Overall, the authors suggest that these baseline relations affect how we adapt to changes in our tasks. This work provides an important demonstration that underlying solutions/relations can affect the manner in which we adapt. I think one major contribution of this work will also be the task itself, which provides a very fruitful and important framework for studying more complex motor control tasks.
Strengths:
Overall, I find this a very interesting and well-written paper. Beyond providing a new motor task that could be influential in the field, I think it also contributes to studying a very important question - how we can solve redundancy in the sensorimotor control system, as there are many possible mechanisms or methods that could be used - each of which produces different solutions and might affect the manner in which we adapt.
Weaknesses:
I would like to see further discussion of what the particular chosen solution implies in terms of optimality.
The underlying baseline strategy used by the participants appears to match the path of minimum movement of the two hands. This suggests that participants are simultaneously optimizing accuracy and minimizing some metabolic cost or effort to solve the redundancy problem. However, once the perturbations are applied, participants still use this strategy for driving adaptation. I assume that this means that the solution that participants end up with after adaptation actually produces larger movements of the two hands than required. That is - they no longer fall onto the minimum hand movement strategy - which was used to solve the problem. Can the authors demonstrate that this is either the case or not clearly? These two possibilities produce very different implications in terms of the results.
If my interpretation is correct, such a result (using a previously found solution that no longer is optimal) reminds me of the work of Selinger et al., 2015 (Current Biology), where participants continue to walk at a non-optimal speed after perturbations unless they get trained on multiple conditions to learn the new landscape of solutions. Perhaps the authors could discuss their work within this kind of interpretation. Do the authors predict that this relation would change with extensive practice either within the current conditions or with further exploration of the new task landscape? For example, if more than one target was used in the adaptation phase of the experiment?
On the other hand, if the adaptation follows the solution of minimum hand movement and therefore potentially effort, this provides a completely different interpretation.
Overall, I would find the results even more compelling if the same perturbations applied to movements to all of the targets and produced similar adaptation profiles. The question is to what degree the results derive from only providing a small subset of the environment to explore.
Once you are a student's teacher, you are his or her teacher foreve
This passage resonates deeply with me as it captures the enduring impact of teaching. It highlights the continuous mental engagement required from teachers, both inside and outside the classroom, which I find both challenging and rewarding. The story of the former student reconnecting reminds me of the lasting relationships formed through teaching. Just like when I met my junior high school teacher on the road, I would still call her a teacher, because in my heart, she will always be my teacher.
It's a terrible feeling to become aware at an early age that not having money somehow means that you are less deserving in the classroom than students who are more privilege
This passage resonates deeply with me as it highlights the often misunderstood challenges faced by students from low-income families in the educational system. It reminds me that as a teacher, it is essential to look beyond superficial judgments about parental support and recognize the complexities of each student’s home life. The narrative also sheds light on the personal pain of being stigmatized due to poverty, urging a more empathetic and inclusive approach in schools.
Berliner (2006) chides “Genes do not have a chance to express themselves under poor envi-ronmental conditions
This passage illuminates the damaging stereotype that children in poverty are less capable, which resonates with me due to its critical examination of how societal prejudices affect educational attitudes. The analogy used by Berliner effectively illustrates that the problem lies not in the inherent abilities of the children, but in the impoverished conditions that hinder their growth. It reminds me that environmental improvements are crucial in nurturing every child’s potential.
When creating computer programs, programmers can do things that aren’t possible with architecture (where Universal Design came out of)
This reminds me of an analogy that I've heard about the role of UX designers and software engineers. UX designers are the architects and software engineers are the construction workers that build and make that vision come to life. Both are essential for a user's experience, especially in the lens of accessibility and making sure underrepresented groups are heard.
https://www.vox.com/recode/2022/10/27/23427106/elon-musk-twitter-privacy-settings-data-direct-messages
This article talks about potential possibilities regarding everyone's data now that Elon Musk has acquired twitter. Although it doesn't give any clear answers with what will happen to our data, it does suggest that our data never really disappears even when we think we have deleted them. It reminds me of the Facebook lawsuit a few years back, and makes me wonder if these companies sell our data to the government or even other companies without our consent.
Jacob Kastrenakes. Facebook stored millions of Instagram passwords in plain text. The Verge, April 2019. URL: https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/18/18485599/facebook-instagram-passwords-plain-text-millions-users (visited on 2023-12-06).
This article sheds light on a concerning privacy breach involving Facebook and Instagram passwords. To me it's troubling to learn that paswords were stored in plain text, potentially exposing them to unauthorized access. I think it does a good job raising the question about the security practices of these platforms and the extent of the issue. The fact that this vulnerability went unnoticed for so long is worrying. To me it reminds me to stay vigilant about my online security and consider updating my passwords regularly.
So social media sites use the data they collect to try and figure out what keeps people using their site, and what can they do to convince those users they need to open it again later.
This reminds me of some video websites to recommend videos to you through your preferences. For example, if I am paying attention to a game, then I may watch a video about that game, and the website may automatically push me relevant videos. The purpose is to let me stay more on their website.
因此，社交媒体网站使用他们收集的数据来试图找出是什么让人们使用他们的网站，以及他们能做些什么来说服这些用户他们以后需要再次打开它。
This reminds me of some video websites to recommend videos to you through your preferences. For example, if I am paying attention to a game, then I may watch a video about that game, and the website may automatically push me relevant videos. The purpose is to let me stay more on their website.
The typewriter rescued him, at leastfor a time.
This reminds me of Ron Kovic and his type writer
The more they use the Web, the more they haveto fight to stay focused on long pieces of writing
This reminds me of how our generations said to have a shorter attention span than past generations because of technology.
It might be well to remember that written and interpreted historyis, of itself, a historical creation, which arose with the emergence ofruling elites
This reminds me of when people talk about how only people who live are able to talk about it and tell , so that is another example of history being interpreted or being able to be rewritten by whoever’s context it is
Is It Funny or Offensive? Comedian Impersonates FBI on Twitter, Makes MLK Assassination Joke. January 2020. URL: https://isitfunnyoroffensive.com/comedian-impersonates-fbi-on-twitter-makes-mlk-assassination-joke/ (visited on 2023-12-05).
This rumor -making incident reminds me of many Internet celebrities who want to get attention through some things. And they often show a more exciting life than ordinary people, so that more people will pay attention to them. But this is also a waste of public resources.
Trolling is when an Internet user posts inauthentically (often false, upsetting, or strange) with the goal of causing disruption or provoking an emotional reaction. When the goal is provoking an emotional reaction, it is often for a negative emotion, such as anger or emotional pain.
This reminds me of the comments issued by some people on the Internet intentionally with the elements of warfare, the purpose is to arouse people's quarrels. I don't understand what this significance is.
Film Crit Hulk goes on to say that the “don’t feed the trolls” advice puts the burden on victims of abuse to stop being abused, giving all the power to trolls. Instead, Film Crit Hulk suggests giving power to the victims and using “skilled moderation and the willingness to kick people off platforms for violating rules about abuse”
This reminds me of what advocates for uncensored free speech often parrot. That in the marketplace of ideas, truth will always emerge. However, that is clearly not true. Recently with the rebrand of Twitter under Elon, Twitter has become a cesspool of hate and bigotry.
There’s a famous phrase about the internet that you’ve probably heard: “When you don’t pay for the product, you are the product.”
This reminds me of the Adam ruins everything video- the companies make money off of us, even if their website is free.
Any design can be visualized as having two main layers: a physical layer and a pedagogical layer (see Figure 1)
This reminds me of looking at instruction and lesson planning when accounting for UDL. It is the same process with technology of how to maximize learning for all kinds of learners.
They were our role models and our mentors,
This reminds me of the last week’s reading about the importance of role model in children’s adolescence. Even though they grew up in poor, a good role model will lead their way and teach them how to confront challenge.
Catfishing: Create a fake profile that doesn’t match the actual user, usually in an attempt to trick or scam someone
This reminds me that some scammers will lure their victims by falsifying personal information. They usually disguise themselves as some special identity, such as staff of an institution, to cause trouble for their victims. In the end, these troubles are usually solved by the victims through money.
Early in the days of YouTube, one YouTube channel (lonelygirl15 [f1]) started to release vlogs (video web logs) consisting of a girl in her room giving updates on the mundane dramas of her life. But as the channel continued posting videos and gaining popularity, viewers started to question if the events being told in the vlogs were true stories, or if they were fictional. Eventually, users discovered that it was a fictional show, and the girl giving the updates was an actress. Many users were upset that what they had been watching wasn’t authentic. That is, users believed the channel was presenting itself as true events about a real girl, and it wasn’t that at all. Though, even after users discovered it was fictional, the channel continued to grow in popularity.
This reminds me of the prank era of Youtube (Mid 2010s). Lots of Youtubers got popular doing "Social Experiments", where they would often anger bystanders. These videos often had a racial undertones, and typically would be faked with actors.
https://web.archive.org/web/20240409122434/https://www.henrikkarlsson.xyz/p/go
“Him.” The disgust was plain in Sophie’s voice. “He’s—Well,he’s a bad sort, isn’t he? Reminds me of the son of my lastemployer. He was proud just like Mr. Herondale. And whateverhe wanted, he got, from the day he was born. And if he didn’t getit, well . . .” She reached up then, almost unconsciously, andtouched the side of her face, where the scar ran from mouth totemple.
poor sophie
To read a translation is like looking at a photo of a sculpture: It shows the thing, but not from every angle. Like every translator, Wilson brings out some features more clearly than others.
reminds me of 3-dimensionality mentioned in larb. find connections like this one to bring together sources
exemplified behaviors
reminds me of “Your actions speak so loudly, I can not hear what you are saying.” ― Ralph Waldo Emerson
Much of the story-line in these works centers around the most influential Anglos of Belken County and their manipulation of the political and economic system to maintain an existing Anglo-Chicano power relationship in which the Anglos have most of the advantages. These clandestine dealings are revealed to the reader through the multiple perspectives of community gossip and an omniscient narrator-manipulator-writer, revealing the social, cultural, and psychological relationships existing between the Anglos and the Chicanos of this community.
This reminds me of "A Rose For Emily" by William Faulkner in that both stories are told from the perspective of town gossip. Despite the commanding forces having different motivations (the townsfolk in "A Rose For Emily" were more focused on the social aspects rather than political), both seem to hit similar notes.
This is a society which believes that men are more easily destroyed by luxury than by hardship, and that it’s especially important that the leaders be seen to scorn luxury, for “whenever people see that he is moderate for whom it is especially possible to be insolent, then the weaker are more unwilling to do anything insolent in the open.”8 What I love about Xenophon is that unlike many Greek authors, who would deliver that line completely straight, he instead subverts (or at least balances) it with the observation that any kind of suffering is easier to bear when you’re in charge, and even easier when you’re bearing it in order to be seen to be bearing it.
for some reason this reminds me of how restrictive the performance of masculinity can be
medium of film stock renders an image that many filmmakers claim has a more organic look
This reminds me of a toy i used to have growing up, it came with a pair of bonoculars and you would insert round disk with smaller tiny slides of the "movie"
It was easy, in such situations, to decide the likely utility of posting the photo on social media based on the interest it would generate for us, without thinking about the ethics of using photos of minors without their consent.
This reminds me of some of my friends who like photography. They often take pictures on the street. Some of the photos are taken by strangers, and they post the photos online. Even though they didn't have permission, it's still not ethical.
This reminds me about a game that I am playing right now called Honor of Kings. Couple weeks ago, a new design has been added into the gameplay that I really don't like, but a lot of people like it, therefore I have to put in extra work or even modify myself to fit into the system.
violence interrupters
reminds me of how programs can get co-opted. I can see how this may go wrong
The void left by cigarettes has been filled by a new synthetic cannabinoid market. Spice,
Reminds me of the dynamics of drug busts
Many COs switched to chewing tobacco
Reminds me of the dynamics of drug busts
Metadata is information about some data. So we often think about a dataset as consisting of the main pieces of data (whatever those are in a specific situation), and whatever other information we have about that data (metadata).
This passage on the difference between data and metadata reminds us that metadata is more than just background information; it actually gives deeper meaning and context to the primary data. Like when taking a photo, the photo itself is the data, and the information about when and where it was taken is the metadata that enriches our understanding of the photo. This makes me think about how we rely on metadata to organize and interpret information in the digital age, and the privacy and data protection issues behind it.
Another word for this is composition, the arrangement of people, objects and setting within the frame of an image. And if you’ve ever pulled out your phone to snap a selfie, or maybe a photo of your meal to post on social media (I know, I’m old, but really? Why is that a thing?), you are intimately aware of the power of composition. Adjusting your phone this way and that to get just the right angle, to include just the right bits of your outfit, maybe edge Greg out of the frame just in case things don’t work out (sorry, Greg). Point is, composing a shot is a powerful way we tell stories about ourselves every day. Filmmakers, the really good ones, are masters of this technique. And once you understand this principle, you can start to analyze how a filmmaker uses composition to serve their underlying thematic intent, to help tell their story.
This reminds me of early social media stages. Early Tumblr and instagram era , When people including myself would set up a photoshoot for our daily starbucks.
if you spend all your time in point-scoring environments, you will become used to life being about scoring points. And you will begin to adopt that approach and begin to adopt those values without even realizing it
This reminds me of all the economics courses. By modeling everything within a specifc framework with accurate calculations, it is easier to manage users as they are put into separate groups according to their characteristics. The demographics include wealth, interest, race, gender…I feel that the point-scoring system has the same effect as financial models
5 second “scene” of a man sneezing.
Wow. Quite impresive. It reminds me of the first Mickey Mouse cartoon.
photoetching
Starting in the 1820's ,Photo Etching, a chemical processed used to capture images. ( Reminds me of an etch-n-sketch a doodling device used when growing up)