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IMPROVE YOUR "DOUGH"

Describing the from-scratch conditions of virtual organizing, Finholt et al. write that the “absence of prior structure means group members must develop new structures for sharing information, for example, norms or rules for reporting progress and division of labor” [8p. 292]

relief. Virtual organizations are “geographically distributed [organizations] whose members are bound by a ... common interest or goal, and who communicate and coordinate their work through information technology”[1]

B, Dm from the end of the vein xylem to the gas-exchange epidermis plotted against 1/Kleaf. Means for both parameters are shown for single-vein (white circles) and multivein (red triangles) leaves plotted together, excluding the species with lignified sclereids in the mesophyll.

A, Kleaf versus Amax in leaves of bryophytes (black), lycopods (white), ferns (green), conifers (red), angiosperms (blue), and gymnosperms with lignified sclereids in the mesophyll (brown).

Dentro de esta propuesta, bien llamada ‘investigación desde la acción colectiva’ (IAC), “las comunidades hacen parte de la producción del conocimiento como investigadoras y los investigadores e investigadoras hacen parte de las acciones colectivas [de transformación social]”

El concepto de territorio, como es utilizado por los movimientos que describí antes, es una abreviatura para el sistema de relaciones cuya recreación continua re/crea a su vez la ‘comunidad’ en cuestión.

os movimientos sociales, que pueden sufrir cambios estructurales y adoptar diversas estructuras en respuesta a las interacciones con el entorno pero tienen que mantener una organización básica con el fin de permanecer como las unidades que son. La interacción histórica entre unidades autopoiéticas (mundos, uno podría decir) a menudo adquiere un carácter recurrente, estableciendo un patrón de cambios estructurales mutuamente congruentes que permite a las unidades respectivas mantener su organización (interacciones pluriversales).

El punto de partida es, de nuevo, aparentemente sencillo: que cada comunidad practica el diseño de sí misma. Este fue, puede argumentarse, el caso en las comunidades tradicionales (que producían las normas con las que vivían sus vidas, en gran medida de forma endógena) y lo es, todavía en muchas comunidades, tanto en el Sur Global como en el Norte Global, que abordan el diseño de sí mismas frente a las manifestaciones de las crisis, cada vez más profundas, y la inescapable mediación tecno-económica de sus mundos.

The draft Plan of Implementation for the World Summit on Sustainable Development,recognizes poverty eradication as the greatest global challenge facing the world today andan indispensable requirement for sustainable development.

It is this practice of judicious, critical, ingenuous reading that we mustadopt in order to understand the ways in which Austen uses the texts of otherwriters to create her own fiction*in order, that is, to rethink the meaningof‘‘influence’’as it pertains to this central figure in the history of women’swriting.

Education generates habits of application, order and the love of virtue; and controuls, by the force of habit, any innate obliquities in our moral organization.

Hacker and maker spaces arise from grassroots networks through a shared interest in maintaining a semi-permanent space for solo and collaborative work. They generally employ democratic and meritocratic conventions rather than ''top-down" organizational practices. These conventions evolve over time as they are reflexively modified by members through communication (McPhee & Zaug, 2009) and practices (Cox, 2005; Wenger, 1998) in and around physical space. This loose organizational structure and plurality of participant identities results in a tremendous variety of spaces that are best thought of as having a family resemblance (Wittgenstein, 1953) of organizational conventions and shared histories rather than consistency in interests or ideology. Some are firmly entrenched in information security (infosec) while others maintain a focus on artistic endeavors involving welding and woodwork. Several have arisen with an overtly feminist orientation and push back against the often male-dominant nature of these spaces.

Hacker and maker spaces (HMSs) are open-access workshops devoted to creative and technical work. Their growing numbers (over 500 worldwide) make them a significant grassroots movement supporting informal learning. Scholars have found pedagogical benefits of tinkering and hacking, but the cultural contexts from which these practices arise remain under-studied.

Recent research has focused on hackerspaces as grassroots organizations for producing ad hoc, self-made tools (Toombs etal., 2014) and as homes for emerging technical entrepreneur-ship (Lindtner etal., 2014).Founder Sho Sho Smith built HackerMoms to identify with this ethos, what she called “true creativity”: making without a purpose or necessity, without people trying to elevate themselves or their career.2 Although she has admitted that she first associated hacking with criminal activity, she soon found it essential to the kind of life she desired

There are

84 deputies

PrisonRape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA)

Bureau of Justice Statistics, Department of Justice

The Sen-tencing Projec

Vera Institute of Justice

Family, friends, coworkers, parents, & anyone else

Warner's view is related to what might be termed a hermeneutical approach to searching (cf. Boell & Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2010) as opposed to a positivist approach. The positivist view implies that searching can be done in a formal way (algorithmic) that retrieves relevant knowledge without bias in the search (and this is the assumption behind evidence-based practice). The hermeneutic approach is based on the assumption that there is a constant reinterpretation of the relevant literature, implying the need for great flexibility in search criteria and a great level of iteration in search processes—and, most important, an understanding of what is going on during the search.

A fourth level of KO in Boolean systems is generated by the searcher

A third level of KO in classical databases consists of the information retrieval thesaurus,19 ontologies, and other kinds of controlled vocabulary constructed by information specialists.

Another level of KO is the bibliographical record and its organization into fields (and the corresponding organization of data in linear and inverted files). Such records vary from database to database and from host to host.

The selection of material to the bibliography constitutes the first and most basic level of KO. Because the meaning of terms is implicitly understood in this disciplinary context and to the extent that classification and indexing is based on the principle of “literary warrant,” this selection influences the developments of thesauri and ontologies, which may thus be understood as a higher level of KO.

Given the Boolean model, the goal for KO can be understood as improving bibliographical records in ways which improve searchers' selection power.

In the Boolean model, a great range of strategies are available to increase “recall” and “precision” (sometimes termed “recall devices” and “precision devices”). To utilize such devices in optimal ways, the user has to know about the databases, search facilities, documents, genres, languages, paradigms, and so on, in which he or she is searching. This should be part of what is often termed information literacy.

The problem is not that best-match systems are being developed, but that an ideological tendency to make things “user friendly” (and the market bigger) tends to hurt the development of systems aimed at increasing the selection power of users and search experts.

But much of the popularity of contemporary search engines may also be attributed to the easy pickings afforded by the first generation of Internet full-text based systems (owing to the cheap cost of digital storage capacity after 1990): no doubt it is good to have all text on the web indexed and made searchable—and often with free access. However, when the easy pickings have been utilized, more complex strategies (and more humanistic approaches) may be needed to make further progress.

Again, though, if maximum recall is required, it is impossible in ranked retrieval to know what is omitted by new queries, whereas Boolean queries allow the user to control and modify the search until a satisfactory result has been achieved and they therefore also seem better suited to iterative searches.

For a researcher conducting human studies, writing a dissertation, finding information pertinent to patient care, or conducting an in-depth literature review, Google Scholar does not appear to be a replacement for PubMed, though it may serve effectively as an adjunct resource to complement databases with more fully developed searching features.

To understand the possibilities of Boolean search when used in its most advanced ways, it is necessary to know about bibliographical records in online databases,

As previously mentioned, the medical domain is an exception to the general trend that the study of the optimization of document searching strategies has suffered in information science.

The real advantages that the VRVO offers to science and to its sponsors are based on the fact that it is not a funded project or center, and that the difference between it and funded centers (or facilities, or projects) is intentional and generative to its ROI.

Reinventing Organizations

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common appropriation regimes do not give a complete answer to the sustainability of motivation and organization for the truly open, large-scale nonproprietary peer production projects we see on the Internet.

In fact, our work persuades us that any urban configuration that has not evolved — has not been computed step-by-step using adaptive adjustments — is probably dysfunctional and unsustainable

I propose to under-take against Quintilian, for I shall undertake to teach that his instructions on oratory were not correctly ordered, organized, described - es-pecially so since he seems to define an orator brilliantly at the start, then to divide elegantly the parts of the subjects covered by the definition and finally to delineate the property and nature of each part with extreme care and accuracy.

I detach one part from another, and breaking up the discourse, as it were, into what we call general heads, I strive to express in a few words each bit of counsel which I have to offer.4