- Oct 2024
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Baez, John C., and Mike Stay. “Physics, Topology, Logic and Computation: A Rosetta Stone.” Quantum Physics; Category Theory. arXiv:0903.0340 [Quant-Ph] 813 (March 2, 2009): 95–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12821-9_2.
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- Sep 2024
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www.mikeperham.com www.mikeperham.com
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Let your operating system handle daemons, respawning and logging while you focus on your application features and users.
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www.npr.org www.npr.org
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Breaking down former President Donald Trump’s rambling linguistic style by [[Steve Inskeep]]
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github.com github.com
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This looks at Caffeinate::Mailing records where send_at has past, skipped_at is nil, and the associated Caffeinate::CampaignSubscription is has empty ended_at and unsubscribed_at values.
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- Aug 2024
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pressbooks.etsmtl.ca pressbooks.etsmtl.ca
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1.4.9. Porte NON-OU-exclusif ou Équivalence (XNOR) La porte Équivalence produit une sortie 1 lorsque ses entrées ont la même valeur (et sont donc équivalentes). Comme pour les portes XOR, les portes XNOR à plus de trois entrées peuvent s’interpréter de différentes façons. Figure 11 : Porte XNOR
Porte logique XNOR Logic gate XNOR
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- Jul 2024
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boffosocko.com boffosocko.com
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Discussed as part of "storytelling vs. logic" at FoTL
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- Jun 2024
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coevolving.com coevolving.com
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a rule set
Everything law, natural laws, logical calculi and cellular automata and beyond.
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- Apr 2024
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Local file Local file
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Why, by making him uncapable of Othello’s place:knocking out his brains.
If Iago is reason, and Roderigo seeks reason, and Iago is the cause of all this destruction, then it should be said that the human need for reason (which crushes emotion) is what brings downfall. Logic is what has cut off Othello's motivation (heart). Iago is the personalization of human reason
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- Mar 2024
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m.khan.co.kr m.khan.co.kr
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논리적으로 말하기, 논리적으로 사고하기
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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since when do rapists accept a "no"?<br /> rape logic: yes means yes. no means yes.
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- Jan 2024
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greattransition.org greattransition.org
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Bee-and-Flower Logic
for - Bee and Flower Logic - subconscious unity? - uniting without consciously uniting - agreement through actions, not words
- Identify the types of strategic congruences
- that do not require
- people or organizations to be or
- think the same: “bee-and-flower logic.”
- The bee does not consciously know it is “exchanging a service for a product” (my pollen distribution for your pollen).
- The flower does not know it is exchanging a product for a service (my pollen for your transport).
- However, they sustain each other despite never entering into an agreement.
- Cosmolocalism, for example, relies on this logic,
- as people do not need to agree on an analysis or vision to share in the fruits of the virtuous cycle.
- Let us look for all the places this bee-and-flower logic can be enacted.
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
- Sep 2023
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delong.typepad.com delong.typepad.com
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But the last question, What of it?, requires considerable restraint on the part of the reader. It is here that the situationwe described earlier may occur-namely, the situation in whichthe reader says, "I cannot fault the author's conclusions, butI nevertheless disagree with them." This comes about, of course,because of the prejudgments that the reader is likely to haveconcerning the author's approach and his conclusions.
How to protect against these sorts of outcomes? Relation to identity and cognitive biases?
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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Business logic in theory occupies the middle tier of a 3-tier architecture.
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- Aug 2023
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Thanks Sascha for an excellent primer on the internal machinations of our favorite machines beyond the usual focus on the storage/memory and indexing portions of the process.
Said another way, a zettelkasten is part of a formal logic machine/process. Or alternately, as Markus Krajewski aptly demonstrates in Paper Machines (MIT Press, 2011), they are early analog storage devices in which the thinking and logic operations are done cerebrally (by way of direct analogy to brain and hand:manually) and subsequently noted down which thereby makes them computers.
Just as mathematicians try to break down and define discrete primitives or building blocks upon which they can then perform operations to come up with new results, one tries to find and develop the most interesting "atomic notes" from various sources which they can place into their zettelkasten in hopes of operating on them (usually by juxtaposition, negation, union, etc.) to derive, find, and prove new insights. If done well, these newly discovered ideas can be put back into the machine as inputs to create additional newer and more complex outputs continuously. While the complexity of Lie Algebras is glorious and seems magical, it obviously helps to first understand the base level logic before one builds up to it. The same holds true of zettelkasten.
Now if I could only get the
printf
portion to work the way I want... -
https://zettelkasten.de/posts/reading-is-searching/
Not a bad piece, but likely obvious for those with any work in formal logic or mathematics. For those without it who are working in nascent zettelkasten, a good introduction.
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- Jul 2023
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I'm using LaTeX to create my Zettel notes. .t3_158gy35._2FCtq-QzlfuN-SwVMUZMM3 { --postTitle-VisitedLinkColor: #9b9b9b; --postTitleLink-VisitedLinkColor: #9b9b9b; --postBodyLink-VisitedLinkColor: #989898; }
reply to u/AndreSanch at https://www.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/158gy35/im_using_latex_to_create_my_zettel_notes/
This sort of thing has certainly been done before by many. Be careful of going overboard.
If you don't already have a list of most of the common LaTeX math symbols, here's a good starter list, but make sure that your assigned meaning to them from an argumentation perspective is either "standard" or you've written it down for later use/memory. (There's nothing worse than a 10 year old note whose symbols you no longer remember.)
If you haven't done a course in philosophy or logic (something along the lines of Elements of Logic), then that may also help you in terms of many of the common uses/meanings, though there are a variety of meanings to various symbols through time, so take care.
Scribes and scholars over time have used a variety of symbols and annotations to mean various things, some of which were standardized in various contexts. For more on this take a look at some of Evina Stein's work and research on historic texts. Some of this might include:
Steinová, Evina. “Nota and Require. The Oldest Western Annotation Symbols and Their Dissemination in the Early Middle Ages.” Scribes and the Presentation of Texts (from Antiquity to c. 1550). Proceedings of the 20th Colloquium of the Comité International de Paléographie Latine, 2021, 473–89. https://doi.org/10.1484/M.BIB-EB.5.124987.<br /> ———. Notam Superponere Studui: The Use of Annotation Symbols in the Early Middle Ages. Brepols, 2019.<br /> Steinova, Evina. “Technical Signs in Early Medieval Manuscripts Copied in Irish Minuscule.” In The Annotated Book in the Early Middle Ages: Practices of Reading and Writing, edited by M. J. Teeuwen and I. Van Renswoude, 37–85. Brepols, 2017.
For those interested in scratching the surface of some possibilities and history, I might recommend:
Scheinerman, Edward R. Mathematical Notation: A Guide for Engineers and Scientists. CreateSpace, 2011.
Your note about Forte, while cute and clever doesn't necessarily mean that he's an old man, however, so take care about your propositions and what you draw from them or else your system won't hold up for long.
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The distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge thus broadly corresponds to the distinction between empirical and nonempirical knowledge.
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The terms “a priori” and “a posteriori” are used primarily to denote the foundations upon which a proposition is known. A given proposition is knowable a priori if it can be known independent of any experience other than the experience of learning the language in which the proposition is expressed, whereas a proposition that is knowable a posteriori is known on the basis of experience.
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- Apr 2023
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analogoffice.net analogoffice.net
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It’s like the old joke about the kid shoveling out the manure pile, because he’s sure there’s a pony in there, somewhere.
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- Feb 2023
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forum.obsidian.md forum.obsidian.md
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I’ve also begun adopting a style loosely based on the approach to introductory signals used in legal writing, where things like See: [[something]] and See also: [[something]] and But see: [[something]] each have slightly different meanings. This gives me a set of supporting, comparison, and contradictory signals I can use when placing links as well.
Shorthand notations or symbols in one's notes can be used to provide help in structuring arguments. Small indicators like "see: x", "see also: y", or "but see: z" can be used for adding supporting, comparison, or contradictory material respectively.
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medium.com medium.com
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The variable x initially has the type unknown: the type of all values. The predicate typeof x === "number" extracts dynamic information about the value bound to x, but the type-checker can exploit this information for static reasoning. In the body of the if statement the predicate is assumed to be true; therefore, it must be the case the value bound to x is a number. TypeScript exploits this information and narrows the type of x from unknown to number in the body of if statement.
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- Jan 2023
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Local file Local file
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It is necessary that the student be alert to reason as the speakerreasons. It is very dangerous to jot down the results of reasoning if youhave not followed it in your own mind.
Dramatically important in mathematics, but also in every other area.
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- Dec 2022
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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If an educated citizenry makes democracy possible, attacking schools becomes a proxy war to limit democracy.
This is a hasty generalization and ignores the fact that WITHOUT inclusive curriculums strides have been made toward equity. While I agree with the basic premise of this article, there are a few weak points in the argumentation itself.
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As a result, these Freedom Schools made citizens.
I think the Author may be committing a begging the question fallacy here. Each type of school creates citizens, but the difference is the quality of awareness within the children entering society post education. This statement is circular within the argument.
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According to PEN America, a nonprofit dedicated to protecting free expression, legislatures in 36 states have proposed 137 bills that would limit teaching about race, gender and American history.
I would argue that there is a fair amount of cognitive dissonance present on the side introducing these bills. Their lived experience and perception of themselves conflicts with the reality that they are white supremacists and are actively suppressing BIPOC history in an effort to reconcile their perceptions of how they live.
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math.stackexchange.com math.stackexchange.com
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My freely downloadable Beginning Mathematical Logic is a Study Guide, suggesting introductory readings beginning at sub-Masters level. Take a look at the main introductory suggestions on First-Order Logic, Computability, Set Theory as useful preparation. Tackling mid-level books will help develop your appreciation of mathematical approaches to logic.
This is a reference to a great book "Beginning Mathematical Logic: A Study Guide [18 Feb 2022]" by Peter Smith on "Teach Yourself Logic A Study Guide (and other Book Notes)". The document itself is called "LogicStudyGuide.pdf".
It focuses on mathematical logic and can be a gateway into understanding Gödel's incompleteness theorems.
I found this some time ago when looking for a way to grasp the difference between first-order and second-order logics. I recall enjoying his style of writing and his commentary on the books he refers to. Both recollections still remain true after rereading some of it.
It both serves as an intro to and recommended reading list for the following: - classical logics - first- & second-order - modal logics - model theory<br /> - non-classical logics - intuitionistic - relevant - free - plural - arithmetic, computability, and incompleteness - set theory (naïve and less naïve) - proof theory - algebras for logic - Boolean - Heyting/pseudo-Boolean - higher-order logics - type theory - homotopy type theory
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www.logicmatters.net www.logicmatters.net
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for settling in a finite number of steps, whether a relevant object hasproperty P.Relatedly, the answer to a question Q is effectively decidable ifand only if there is an algorithm which gives the answer, again by adeterministic computation, in a finite number of steps.
Missing highlight from preceding page:
A property \( P \) is effectively decidible if and only if there is an algorithm (a finite set of instructions for a deterministic computation) ...
Isn't this related to the idea of left & right adjoints in category theory? iirc, there was something about the "canonical construction" of something X being the best solution to a particular problem Y (which had another framing like, "Problem Y is the most difficult problem for which X is a solution")
Different thought: the Curry-Howard-Lambek correspondance connects intuitionistic logic, typed lambda calculus, and cartesian closed categories.
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- Nov 2022
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“In order to talk to each other, we have to have words, and that’s all right. It’s a good idea to try to see the difference, and it’s a good idea to know when we are teaching the tools of science, such as words, and when we are teaching science itself,” Feynman said.
Maths, Logic, Computer Science, Chess, Music, and Dance
A similar observation could be made about mathematics, logic, and computer science. Sadly, public education in the states seems to lose sight that the formalisms in these domains are merely the tools of the trade and not the trade itself (ie, developing an understanding of the fundamental/foundational notions, their relationships, their instantiations, and cultivating how one can develop capacity to "move" in that space).
Similarly, it's as if we encourage children that they need to merely memorize all the movements of chess pieces to appreciate the depth of the game.
Or saying "Here, just memorize these disconnected contortions of the hand upon these strings along this piece of wood. Once you have that down, you've experienced all that guitar, (nay, music itself!) has to offer."
Or "Yes, once, you internalize the words for these moves and recite them verbatim, you will have experienced all the depth and wonder that dance and movement have to offer."
However, none of these examples are given so as to dismiss or ignore the necessity of (at least some level of) formalistic fluency within each of these domains of experience. Rather, their purpose is to highlight the parallels in other domains that may seem (at first) so disconnected from one's own experience, so far from one's fundamental way of feeling the world, that the only plausible reasons one can make to explain why people would waste their time engaging in such acts are 1. folly: they merely do not yet know their activities are absurd, but surely enough time will disabuse them of their foolish ways. 2. madness: they cannot ever know the absurdity of their acts, for "the absurd" and "the astute" are but two names for one and the same thing in their world of chaos. 3. apathy: they in fact do see the absurdity in their continuing of activities which give them no sense of meaning, yet their indifference insurmountably impedes them from changing their course of action. For how could one resist the path of least resistance, a road born of habit, when one must expend energy to do so but that energy can only come from one who cares?
Or at least, these 3 reasons can surely seem like that's all there possibly could be to warrant someone continuing music, chess, dance, maths, logic, computer science, or any apparently alien craft. However, if one takes time to speak to someone who earnestly pursues such "alien crafts", then one may start to perceive intimations of something beyond their current impressions
The contorted clutching of the strings now seems... coordinated. The pensive placement of the pawns now appears... purposeful. The frantic flailing of one's feet now feels... freeing. The movements of one's mind now feels... marvelous.
So the very activity that once seemed so clearly absurd, becomes cognition and shapes perspectives beyond words
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webapps.stackexchange.com webapps.stackexchange.com
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You can do searches that exclude certain labels. That is, searches like this will do what you expect: (label:MyLabel1 AND NOT label:inbox AND NOT label:MyBadLabel1) That search will show you only messages that: Do have MyLabel1 And do not have label inbox And do not have label MyBadLabel1 The tricks are: to get yourself out of conversation mode! (As @Ruben says above.) to use UPPER CASE for the logic operators (AND NOT will work, and not won't) If you leave "conversation mode" on, you will get confusing results. For example, doing that search above (with conversation mode on), will likely return messages that do NOT match your search. It may be a bit weird. Here's the deal: Conversations are collections of messages that all have the same Subject. When "conversation mode" is on, searches return entire conversations as results. So what should gmail search do if a conversation contains both a message that matches, and a message that does not match your search? You are probably expecting it to return conversations only if all messages in that conversation match. But that is not correct. Instead, Gmail search will return conversations even if only a single message in that conversation matches. So that means that if you do the same search above with "conversation mode" on, the results are likely to include messages that do not match your search!
I came here looking for a way to exclude certain emails from searches in Gmail. I was trying to make sure some emails that were archived don't show up, and this approach works (but the Boolean operators must be capitalized):
(label:label_I_want AND NOT label:label_I_dont)
If the unwanted label msgs are a part of a conversation thread containing the wanted msgs, then I'll need to turn this off first:
Go to the main Settings page, look for the “Conversation View” section, select the option to turn it off, and save changes. If you change your mind, you can always go back. source
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www.miclog.com www.miclog.com
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Info Select was on this list of DEVONthink Windows alternatives. Looks like "personal information management" preceded the boom of "personal knowledge management"
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- Oct 2022
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www.reddit.com www.reddit.com
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His social theory, developed over thirty years, owes a massive intellectual debt to the work of the English philosopher and mathematician George Spencer-Brown. Spencer-Brown's work of algebraic locic, Laws of Form (1969), was a minor cult hit in the 1970s
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Local file Local file
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Dialectic, that is to say, embraced Logic andDisputation.
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davidbclear.medium.com davidbclear.medium.com
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This is a pretty good example of a strawman argument. The author uses the correct exponential growth formula to describe a precise 1% improvement rate. But that's not what the 1% improvement idea is about. For instance, consider https://nextbigideaclub.com/magazine/get-1-better-every-day/19161/ or https://betterhumans.pub/continuous-improvement-how-to-get-1-better-every-day-from-today-a8128c942c61 The argument isn't based on a strict interpretation of 1%.
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Local file Local file
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On this point, for instance, thebook on John Dewey's technique of thought by Bogos-lovsky, The Logic of Controversy, and C.E. Ayers' essayon the gospel of technology in Philosophy Today andTomorrow, edited by Hook and Kallen.
The Technique of Controversy: Principles of Dynamic Logic by Boris B. Bogoslovsky https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Technique_of_Controversy/P-rgAwAAQBAJ?hl=en
What was Dewey's contribution here?
The Gospel of Technology by C. E. Ayers https://archive.org/details/americanphilosop00kall/page/24/mode/2up
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- Aug 2022
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sites.google.com sites.google.com
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We should all transition from thinking about logic as a field of great dead white men and as a field of “geniuses”, to recognizing those men for the flawed creatures they were, whose “genius” relied on the subjugation of many women and BIPOC around them, and ensuring that the Wikipedia, SEP, etc., pages for these logicians acknowledge that.
This is the wrong approach, because it imposes modern norms on past times. It's illogical and superficial.
It would be appropriate, though, to carefully review the histories of past logicians and to document more fully the roles that others played in their work, with a clinical and factual dispassion, and with the intention of being accurate and attributing progress to whoever actually did the work.
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add more diversity to, e.g., the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, by including more entries on Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) folks, and also by acknowledging the work of BIPOC folks in entries which are already present, to compile a list of resources about less studied logics, and to track the number of female and BIPOC participants in logic events. One notable resource that started to develop over the course of the day was a collection of some lived experiences of BIPOC logicians.
The only reason there wouldn't be enough BIPOC representation in SEP is if people were knowingly excluding that work because they were BIPOC.
Of course, sometimes you have to know an author is BIPOC to be able to appreciate why their point of view may be different than typical. It can provide context.
But even then, one must intentionally exclude people because of their background. How can one do that systemically and sleep at night?
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Teaching suggestions for diversifying logic courses and suggestions for how to make logic more accessible for students from a wide variety of backgrounds included getting rid of genius culture and stereotypes in logic, focusing on logic as a practical tool which requires practice to get good at, using low-cost materials, implementing mastery grading and providing mentorship opportunities.
Oh, come on. "Genius culture" exists in all academia to one degree or another. To say that logic is somehow more susceptible to this than other disciplines is stunningly arrogant and cloistered thinking.
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Local file Local file
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It seems that one of the innovations of the Port-RoyalGrammar of 1660 – the work that initiated the tradition of philosophical gram-mar – was its recognition of the importance of the notion of the phrase as agrammatical unit.
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the Port-RoyalGrammar and Logic,
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- Jul 2022
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gist.github.com gist.github.com
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5.5 Logic, reason, and common sense are your best tools for synthesizing reality and understanding what to do about it.
5.5 Logic, reason, and common sense are your best tools for synthesizing reality and understanding what to do about it.
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historyofphilosophy.net historyofphilosophy.net
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Jan Westerhoff on Nāgārjuna
Title: JAN WESTERHOFF ON NĀGĀRJUNA Author:Adamson, Peter & Negary, Jardin (???) Date: 23 July 2017
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historyofphilosophy.net historyofphilosophy.net
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No Four Ways About It: Nāgārjuna’s Tetralemma
Title: 46. NO FOUR WAYS ABOUT IT: NĀGĀRJUNA’S TETRALEMMA Author:
insightful explanation of Nagarjuna's tetralemma!
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- Jun 2022
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www.simplypsychology.org www.simplypsychology.org
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Since one cannot prove that it is inaccurate, you cannot discount its possibility.
False. Per Hitchens's Razor, "what can be asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence."
Put simply, the responsibility for proving a claim rests with those making the claim. One may safely discount the possibility of anything that cannot be proven.
See also "Russel's Teapot".
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- Mar 2022
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github.com github.com
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Capybara can get us part of the way there. It allows us to work with an API rather than manipulating the HTML directly, but what it provides isn't an application specific API. It gives us low-level API methods like find, fill_in, and click_button, but it doesn't provide us with high-level methods to do things like "sign in to the app" or "click the Dashboard item in the navigation bar".
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- Dec 2021
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Local file Local fileTopology1
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Order RelationsA relation C on a set A is called an order relation (or a simple order, or a linear order)if it has the following properties:(1) (Comparability) For every x and y in A for which x = y, either xCy or yCx.(2) (Nonreflexivity) For no x in A does the relation xCx hold.(3) (Transitivity) If xCy and yCz, then xCz.Note that property (1) does not by itself exclude the possibility that for some pair ofelements x and y of A, both the relations xCy and yCx hold (since “or” means “oneor the other, or both”). But properties (2) and (3) combined do exclude this possibil-ity; for if both xCy and yCx held, transitivity would imply that xCx, contradictingnonreflexivity.EXAMPLE 7. Consider the relation on the real line consisting of all pairs (x, y) of real
Link to idea from The Dawn of Everything about comparative anthropology.
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learn-us-east-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com learn-us-east-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com
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‘Noble’ savages are, ultimately, just as boring as savageones; more to the point, neither actually exist. Helena Valero washerself adamant on this point. The Yanomami were not devils, sheinsisted, neither were they angels. They were human, like the rest ofus.
This is an interesting starting point for discussing the ills of comparative anthropology which will tend to put one culture or society over another in some sort of linear way and an expectation of equivalence relations (in a mathematical sense).
Humans and their societies and cultures aren't always reflexive, symmetric, or transitive. There may not be an order relation (aka simple order or linear order) on humanity. We may not have comparability, nonreflexivity, or transitivity.
(See page 24 on Set Theory and Logic in Topology by James R. Munkres for definition of "order relation")
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- Nov 2021
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alexanderpruss.blogspot.com alexanderpruss.blogspot.com
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I do think that if you in fact have a losing ticket, then you know it. And if you have winning ticket then you can justifiably, but incorrectly, think you know you have a losing ticket.I think the only good way to deny knowledge in lottery cases is to demand infallibility from knowledge, which than loses us pretty much all ordinary knowledge.
This is exactly my problem with "knowledge" and it's inherent vagueness. I think it's far better for us all to admit that we have virtually no knowledge and instead only have beliefs of varying strengths.
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- Oct 2021
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www.heise.de www.heise.de
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Johannes Schmidt vom Niklas Luhmann-Archiv bemerkte hierzu, dass der Kasten in vielerlei Hinsicht einer unscharfen Logik folge. Man stelle sich einen Botaniker vor, dessen Klassifikationssystem durch einen unerwarteten Pflanzenfund ins Wanken gerät. Ähnlich mussten Schmidt und seine CCeH-Mitstreiter Martina Gödel, Patrick Sahle und Sebastian Zimmer immer wieder aufgrund von überraschenden Zettelmerkmalen ihr Datenmodell nachbessern und modifizieren.
Machine translation
Johannes Schmidt from the Niklas Luhmann Archive remarked that the box follows a fuzzy logic in many respects. Imagine a botanist whose classification system is shaken by an unexpected plant find. Similarly, Schmidt and his CCeH colleagues Martina Gödel, Patrick Sahle and Sebastian Zimmer had to repeatedly improve and modify their data model due to surprising note features.
The form and shape of Niklas Luhmann's zettelkasten was not as static as some may have supposed.
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www.quantamagazine.org www.quantamagazine.org
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General relativity implies that information gets destroyed; quantum theory says it’s preserved. Hence the paradox.
Isn't this an example of the law of the excluded middle? If LoEM doesn't exist (in Gisin's theory), then could there be information that isn't either created or destroyed?
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- Sep 2021
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘there is a literature on arguments from ignorance (viewed from a Bayesian perspective) that can help here, I think https://t.co/tg1Jlrlldg’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 3 September 2021, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1432409133957869572
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- Jul 2021
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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Minto is the originator of the MECE principle pronounced "ME-see",[6][3] a grouping principle for separating a set of items into subsets that are mutually exclusive (ME) and collectively exhaustive (CE).[7] MECE underlies her Minto Pyramid Principle,[3] which suggests that people's ideas should be communicated in a pyramid format in which summary points are derived from constituent and supporting sub-points:[8] Grouping together low-level facts they see as similar Drawing an insight from having seen the similarity Forming a new grouping of related insights, etc. Minto argues that one "can’t derive an idea from a grouping unless the ideas in the grouping are logically the same, and in logical order.”[3]
Saw this mentioned/described in the first session of Roam Book Club 5 [video].
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plfa.github.io plfa.github.io
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The keyword data tells us this is an inductive definition, that is, that we are defining a new datatype with constructors
Inductive, since multiple constructors are generalized to a type. And as seen in this example, data types can also facilitate mathematical induction.
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developer.mozilla.org developer.mozilla.org
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All safe methods are also idempotent, but not all idempotent methods are safe. For example, PUT and DELETE are both idempotent but unsafe.
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- Jun 2021
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bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com
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Crocker-Buque, T., & Mounier-Jack, S. (2018). Vaccination in England: A review of why business as usual is not enough to maintain coverage. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1351. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6228-5
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psyarxiv.com psyarxiv.com
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Aarts, A. A. (2021). Psychological Science replicates just fine, thanks. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/h4byg
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docs.gitlab.com docs.gitlab.com
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Do add business logic to helpers or utilities, so you can test them separately from your component.
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- May 2021
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librarianshipwreck.wordpress.com librarianshipwreck.wordpress.com
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Prominence as a critic tends to reinforce itself. The person who appears on news shows is the person who gets to star in a documentary is the person who gets to testify before the Senate is the person who gets invited back onto the news shows, and so forth.
Another specific example of this has been noted by Zeynep Tufekci of an economist becoming the face of criticism of the education space being open or closed during the coronavirus pandemic. The woman, who had no background in public health or epidemiology, became the public face of the argument about whether schools should be open or closed.
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- Apr 2021
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Jacobson, R. M., Targonski, P. V., & Poland, G. A. (2007). A taxonomy of reasoning flaws in the anti-vaccine movement. Vaccine, 25(16), 3146–3152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.046
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- Mar 2021
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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Two of the predominant types of relationships in knowledge-representation systems are predication and the universally quantified conditional.
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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In autoepistemic logic, which rejects the law of excluded middle, predicates may be true, false, or simply unknown
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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While propositional logic can only express facts, autoepistemic logic can express knowledge and lack of knowledge about facts.
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The autoepistemic logic is a formal logic for the representation and reasoning of knowledge about knowledge.
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stackoverflow.com stackoverflow.com
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An array is from a logical point of view not an object - although JavaScript handles and reports them as such. In practice however, it is not helpful to see them equal, because they are not.
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arrays are not objects from a logical point of view. I'm speaking about program logic. It is sometimes necessary to check if an array is a "real" array and definitely not an "real" object. That's what Array.isArray() is for. Imagine you have a function which accepts an object or an array of objects.
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guides.rubyonrails.org guides.rubyonrails.org
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These methods should be used with caution, however, because important business rules and application logic may be kept in callbacks. Bypassing them without understanding the potential implications may lead to invalid data.
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- Feb 2021
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github.com github.com
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Provides a bunch of primitives to write declarative business logic
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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Since an inverse is the contrapositive of the converse, inverse and converse are logically equivalent to each other.
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trailblazer.to trailblazer.to
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Trailblazer strikes when it comes to organizing business code.
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trailblazer.to trailblazer.to
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An endpoint links your routing with your business code. The idea is that your controllers are pure HTTP routers, calling the respective endpoint for each action. From there, the endpoint takes over, handles authentication, policies, executing the domain code, interpreting the result, and providing hooks to render a response.
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github.com github.com
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In Trailblazer, models are completely empty. They solely contain associations and finders. No business logic is allowed in models.
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Operations encapsulate business logic and are the heart of a Trailblazer architecture.
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github.com github.com
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ActiveInteraction plays nicely with Rails. You can use interactions to handle your business logic instead of models or controllers.
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github.com github.com
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simplify complex business logic
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I will continue to use form objects and push changes into the repo when I feel they are universally relevant and valuable.
new tag?:
- code that is universally relevant/valuable
- non - _-specific logic
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we get the benefit of isolating request specific logic without cramming it into a ActiveRecord model that will be used in multiple controllers/actions
request-specific logic
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aeon.co aeon.co
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quibble
quibble:a slight objection or criticism about a trivial matter.
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- Jan 2021
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www.physixfan.com www.physixfan.com
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JOINING RULE: If x and y are theorems, then < x∧y> is a theorem. SEPARATION RULE: If < x∧y> is a theorem, then both x and y are theorems. DOUBLE-TILDE RULE: The string '~~' can be deleted from any theorem can also be inserted into any theorem, provided that the result string is itself well-formed. FANTASY RULE: If y can be derived when x is assumed to be a theorem then < x⊃y> is a theorem. CARRY-OVER RULE: Inside a fantasy, any theorem from the "reality" c level higher can be brought in and used. RULE OF DETACHMENT: If x and < x⊃y> are both theorems, then y is a theorem. CONTRAPOSITIVE RULE: <x⊃y> and <~y⊃~x> are interchangeable DE MORGAN'S RULE: <~x∧~y> and ~< x∨y> are interchangeable. SWITCHEROO RULE: <x∨y> and <~x⊃y> are interchangeable
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atomiks.github.io atomiks.github.io
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"Headless Tippy" refers to Tippy without any of the default element rendering or CSS. This allows you to create your own element from scratch and use Tippy for its logic only.
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- Dec 2020
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rupress.org rupress.org
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umor cells rely on glutamine to fulfill their metabolic demands and sustain proliferation. The elevated consumption of glutamine can lead to intratumoral nutrient depletion, causing metabolic stress that has the potential to impact tumor progression
理论论据
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- Nov 2020
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Local file Local file
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github.com github.com
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We all know that real business logic does not belong in the presentation layer, but what about simple presentation-oriented things like coloring alternate rows in table or marking the selected option in a <select> dropdown? It seems equally wrong to ask the controller/business logic code to compute these down to simple booleans in order to reduce the logic in the presentation template. This route just lead to polluting the business layer code with presentation-oriented logic.
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Templates with logic versus "logic-less" templates is a hotly debated point among template language designer and users. Dust straddles the divide by adopting a "less logic" stance.
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- Oct 2020
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I think logic-less templates are overrated. We already have logic in components with
{#if}
so I don't see what the concern is about logic in templates. -
Arguably, it leans into JSX land—including logic in the templates.
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Also a vote against, for the simple reason that logicless templates would be the ultimate goal for me.
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one of the reasons people sometimes balk at mustache-like syntax is just that: logic in the templates.
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tech.ebayinc.com tech.ebayinc.com
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Writing a logic-less template requires a bloated view model with comprehensive getters for the raw data. As a result, a messy and difficult-to-maintain view model usually accompanies logic-less templates.
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Full-of-logic, logic-less, and less-logic solutions
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that does not mean that I am advocating the other extreme–i.e., a templating language that allows a lot of logic. I find such templating languages, especially those that allow the host programming languages to be used inside the template, to be hard to read, hard to maintain, and simply a bad choice.
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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Mustache is described as a "logic-less" system because it lacks any explicit control flow statements, like if and else conditionals or for loops
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Here, when x is a Boolean value then the section tag acts like an if conditional, but when x is an array then it acts like a foreach loop.
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numinous.productions numinous.productions
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A second caution relates to elaborative encoding. The mnemonic techniques are, as you have likely realized, an example of elaborative encoding in action, connecting the things we want to memorize (say, our shopping list) to something which already has meaning for us (say, our memory palace). By contrast, when an expert learns new information in their field, they don’t make up artificial connections to their memory palace. Instead, they find meaningful connections to what they already know.
This was essentially the logical memory method espoused by Peter Ramus in the mid-1500's. He's a major source of the reason we don't use a broader number of methods within the art of memory in modern society. We need to remedy this error. I feel like the authors are woefully unaware of a lot of history and psychology here.
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- Jul 2020
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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In logic, functions or relations A and B are considered dual if A(¬x) = ¬B(x), where ¬ is logical negation. The basic duality of this type is the duality of the ∃ and ∀ quantifiers in classical logic. These are dual because ∃x.¬P(x) and ¬∀x.P(x) are equivalent for all predicates P in classical logic
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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However, all the machinery of propositional logic is included in first-order logic and higher-order logics. In this sense, propositional logic is the foundation of first-order logic and higher-order logic.
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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Willard Van Orman Quine insisted on classical, first-order logic as the true logic, saying higher-order logic was "set theory in disguise".
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Argument Quality in Real World Argumentation. (2020). Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(5), 363–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.01.004
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- Jun 2020
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www.scientificamerican.com www.scientificamerican.com
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US, A. B., The Conversation. (n.d.). Coronavirus Responses Highlight How Humans Have Evolved to Dismiss Facts That Don’t Fit Their Worldview. Scientific American. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/coronavirus-responses-highlight-how-humans-have-evolved-to-dismiss-facts-that-dont-fit-their-worldview/
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ftalphaville.ft.com ftalphaville.ft.com
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Financial Times. ‘Making Sense of Nonsensical Covid-19 Strategy’. Accessed 3 June 2020. http://ftalphaville.ft.com/2020/06/01/1591001732000/Making-sense-of-nonsensical-Covid-19-strategy/.
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- May 2020
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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For instance, cor does not distribute over cand: compare (A cand B) cor C with (A cor C) cand (B cor C); in the case ¬A ∧ C , the second expression requires B to be defined, the first one does not
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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In the context of first-order logic, a distinction is maintained between logical validities, sentences that are true in every model, and tautologies, which are a proper subset of the first-order logical validities.
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
- Apr 2020
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www.jianshu.com www.jianshu.com
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内涵:某一词项的含义,即该词项所指对象共同具有的特有属性。外延:某一词项所指的对象。
知乎:
水果是对部分可以食用的植物果实和种子的统称。这个是内涵。 它的外延包括了一切符合定义的事物,如:苹果,梨子,香蕉
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stackoverflow.com stackoverflow.com
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the security risk argument doesn't make sense. Numerous social media and forum sites support HTML and they don't seem particularly prone to security issues.
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- Mar 2020
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www.pmcarpenter.com www.pmcarpenter.com
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Whenever I'm so substantively shaky or incoherent as to make my case unpersuasively the first time around, I figure I should live with the consequences. And whenever I find criticism flawed, I figure readers — perceptive as they are — will see the flaw as well, therefore there's no need for me to rub it in.
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- Jan 2020
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marxdown.github.io marxdown.github.io
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the phenomenal form
In Fowkes, the 'form of appearance' or the Erscheinungsform.
Exchange value is the 'form of appearance' of something contained in it, yet distinguishable from it--this 'third thing' will turn out to be 'socially necessary labor time'.
Book Two of Hegel's Science of Logic, the Doctrine of Essence, begins with a chapter on 'Der Schein,' which appears in A.V. Miller's translation as "Illusory Being" (Hegel, Science of Logic, trans. by A.V. Miller, pp. 393-408).
Here, Hegel describes "schein" as "reflected immediacy, that is immediacy which is only by means of its negation and which when contrasted with its mediation is nothing but the empty determination of the immediacy of negated determinate being," (p. 396).
Hegel goes on to remark that "Schein" is "the phenomenon [Phänomen] of skepticism, and the Appearance [Erscheinung] of idealism," (p. 396).
In describing exchange value as the 'Erscheinungsform' of 'something contained in it, yet distinguishable from it'--which will be labor--Marx is clearly flirting with the terminology surrounding "Illusory Being" in the Science of Logic, which suggests labor as the 'thing-in-itself' of the exchange value. Exchange-value is the reflected immediacy that conceals the congealed labor that it is its essence.
The passage as a whole is suggestive of how exchange value will wend its way through Marx's demonstration, unfolding from itself determinations of itself.
Before presenting a long, difficult quotation from Hegel, I think the most straightforward way to present this reference to Hegel is to say present the argument as follows:
In Kantian idealism, we find that the 'thing-in-itself' cannot become an object of knowledge; consciousness only ever has immediate access to the form of appearance, the 'sensible form' of a 'thing-in-itself' which never presents itself to consciousness. In referring to the value form as the 'form of appearance' of something else which does not appear, Marx is saying that just as idealism subordinates the objectivity of the world to its appearance for consciousness, exchange-value represents immediately an essence that it suppresses, and implicitly, denies the possibility of knowledge of this essence.
Hegel writes, "Skepticism did not permit itself to say 'It is'; modern idealism did not permit itself to regard knowledge as a knowing of the thing-in-itself; the illusory being of skepticism was supposed to lack any foundation of being, and in idealism the thing-in-itself was not supposed to enter into knowledge. But at the same time, skepticism admitted a multitude of determinations of its illusory being, or rather its illusory being had for content the entire manifold wealth of the world. In idealism, too, Appearance [Erscheinung] embraces within itself the range of these manifold determinateness. This illusory being and this Appearance are immediately thus manifoldly determined. This content, therefore, may well have no being, no thing or thing-in-itself at its base; it remains on its own account as it is; the content has only been transferred from being into an illusory being, so that the latter has within itself those manifold determinateness, which are immediate, simply affirmative, and mutually related as others. Illusory being is, therefore, itself immediately determinate. It can have this or that content; whatever content it has, illusory being does not posit this itself but has it immediately. The various forms of idealism, Leibnizian, Kantian, Fichtean, and others, have not advanced beyond being as determinateness, have not advanced beyond this immediacy, any more than skepticism did. Skepticism permits the content of its illusory being to be given to it; whatever content it is supposed to have, for skepticism it is immediate. The monad of Leibniz evolves its ideas and representations out of itself; but it is not the power that generates and binds them together, rather do they arise in the monad like bubbles; they are indifferent and immediate over against one another and the same in relation to the monad itself. Similarly, the Kantian Appearance [Erscheinung] is a given content of perception; it presupposes affections, determinations of the subject, which are immediately relatively to themselves and to the subject. It may well be that the infinite obstacle of Fichte's idealism has no underlying thing-in-itself, so that it becomes purely a determinateness in the ego; but for the ego, this determinateness which it appropriates and whose externality it sublates is at the same time immediate, a limitation of the ego, which it can transcend but which has in it an element of indifference, so that although the limitation is in the ego, it contains an immediate non-being of the ego." (p. 396-397).
In Lenin's notebooks on Hegel's Science of Logic, these sections provoke a considerable degree of excitement. Lenin's 'Conspectus of Hegel's Science of Logic' can be accessed via Marxists.org here:
https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/cons-logic/ch02.htm
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presents
In Ben Fowkes translation in the Penguin edition, we find "The wealth of societies…appears as."
In the German edition, Marx uses the verb erscheint ('scheint' shares an etymological link to the English word, shine.)
On p. 127, Marx uses the Hegelian expression, Erscheinungsform (form of appearance). In this edition, it is rendered "the phenomenal form."
Marx uses this term to describe the way that, in order for exchange-values to present an equivalence between two distinct use-values (i.e. x corn, y silk) they must possess some common element of identical magnitude. As exchange-values, commodities "cannot be anything other than the mode of expression, the 'form of appearance' [Erscheinungsform], of a content distinguishable from it," (Karl Marx. Capital, Vol. I, p. 127)
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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xor
⊕ is the symbol for xor
xor is true when one of the two inputs is exclusively 1.
ie:
1 ⊕ 0 = 1 0 ⊕ 1 = 1 1 ⊕ 1 = 0
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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However, the "etc." cannot be interpreted as a conjunction in formal logic.
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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en.wiktionary.org en.wiktionary.org
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- Mar 2019
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nautil.us nautil.us
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Which got McCulloch thinking about neurons. He knew that each of the brain’s nerve cells only fires after a minimum threshold has been reached: Enough of its neighboring nerve cells must send signals across the neuron’s synapses before it will fire off its own electrical spike. It occurred to McCulloch that this set-up was binary—either the neuron fires or it doesn’t. A neuron’s signal, he realized, is a proposition, and neurons seemed to work like logic gates, taking in multiple inputs and producing a single output. By varying a neuron’s firing threshold, it could be made to perform “and,” “or,” and “not” functions.
I'm curious what year this was, particularly in relation to Claude Shannon's master's thesis in which he applied Boolean algebra to electronics.
Based on their meeting date, it would have to be after 1940. And they published in 1943: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02478259
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