McConnell said it’s up to the Republican candidates in various Senate battleground races to explain how they view the hot-button issue.   (function () { try { var event = new CustomEvent( "nsDfpSlotRendered", { detail: { id: 'acm-ad-tag-mr2_ab-mr2_ab' } } ); window.dispatchEvent(event); } catch (err) {} })(); “I think every Republican senator running this year in these contested races has an answer as to how they feel about the issue and it may be different in different states. So I leave it up to our candidates who are quite capable of handling this issue to determine for them what their response is,” he said.

eracles, being the eldest, matched his brothers, as a game, in a running-race, and crowned the winner with a branch of wild olive, of which they had such a copious supply that they slept on heaps of its leaves while still green

Heracles, being the eldest, matched his brothers, as a game, in a running-race, and crowned the winner with a branch of wild olive, of which they had such a copious supply that they slept on heaps of its leaves while still green.

fter the reign of Oxylus, who also celebrated the games, the Olympic festival was discontinued until the reign of Iphitus. When Iphitus, as I have already related,17 renewed the games, men had by this time forgotten the ancient tradition, the memory of which revived bit by bit, and as it revived they made additions to the games.

Mount Typaeum. It is a law of Elis to cast down it any women who are caught present at the Olympic games,

Grown-ups love figures. When you tell them that you have made a new friend, they never ask you any questions about essential matters. They never say to you, “What does his voice sound like? What game does he love best? Does he collect butterflies?” Instead, they demand: “How old is he? How many brothers has he? How much does he weigh? How much money does his father make?” Only from these figures do they think they have learned anything about him. (de Saint-Exupéry, 1943, p. 17-18)

The scientists, burying their oldprofessional competition in the demand of a commoncause

occasional head-to-head competi­tion drove costs down and spurred rapid diffusion

​​“The reality is PBMs have been a bit of a scapegoat for drug companies, who’ve intentionally diverted attention away from them and towards PBMs, saying they’re the ones causing high drug prices,” Purvis says. “But really, drug manufacturers are the only ones who can set and raise drug prices.” ​

To create an empathy map, learning designers categorize interview notes based on what the interviewee was saying, doing, thinking, and feeling.

Regulation theory,Gramscian hegemony and critical state theory – supplemented by PoliticalEcology

ly, detoured along the coastline and went through the mouthof the Huai River to block Fuchai’s way back to the south. Gojian led the Centraltroops 中軍 through the Wusong River 吳松江, a tributary of the Yangtze River,and sacked the capital of the Wu State.

6 Under this system, the statesin the south, in particular the States of Wu and Yue, were considered the mostperipheral. In order to counter this geographical disadvantage, they developeda new communication network based on water ways to challenge the north bothpolitically and militarily, and the results were game changing.97

the good hockey players go to where the 00:40:58 puck is and great hockey players go to where the puck is going to be and he didn't mean tracking the puck he meant get to that place in the rink where somebody can pass you the puck that you 00:41:10 can shoot a goal he was better at anybody at knowing where that place would be and his teammates would feed him in bingo and so the thirty year Wayne Gretzky game is to have a glimmer 00:41:23 of an idea take it out thirty years where there is no possibility of incremental II think worrying about how am I going to get from where I am now to this idea right that is the the idea 00:41:38 killer of all time how is this incremental to the present and the answer is forget it don't worry about now the president is the least interesting time to live in

From the podium of a national women’s rights convention in 1866—alongside icons Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton—Harper called-out her white sisters who talked a big game about their own oppression and disenfranchisement but were complicit in the racial oppression of their African American counterparts. “Talk of giving women the ballot-box? Go on,” she proclaimed. “I tell you that if there is any class of people who need to be lifted out of their airy nothings and selfishness, it is the white women of America.” After Harper’s withering j’accuse, Susan B. Anthony moved to rename their National Woman Suffrage Association the American Equal Rights Association, which would demand universal suffrage regardless of race.

{1842-01: there were cards,

Many new technologies emerged in the 1980s. Several of the developments at the time were new audiovisual materials, such as television and illustrative aids, but most notable among these technologies were the Walkman, the videocassette recorder, video game consoles, and the personal computer. Each of these unique technologies had been used by the U.S. military and other government organizations for educational purposes in decades past, and with the radical general change characteristic of the 1980s, these technologies were rapidly becoming more accessible to the private and education sectors. This availability meant more developments were on the horizon for the field of educational technology. Researchers began avidly testing the utility of these potential learning tools and sought to give guidance for how they might best be used in learning across various institutions (Gagnon, 1985; Levie, 1982).

Other important topics researched in the 2000s were (a) blended learning, (b) mobile learning, gamification, and Facebook, and (c) pedagogy.

Educators and researchers began examining how incorporating game elements (i.e., gamification) into educational situations could impact learning

She analyzed the comparisons of students participating in game-based curricula as opposed to those who were not and found that the students in game-based learning exceeded the performance of those in the original format.

Pipes Puzzles is a is a Unity Asset flip, what Valve calls a "fake game". The "developer", beans rolls (aka Simple Logic Games, beats rolls, Crewxaa etc), took a Unity pack for making a Pipe Mania ripoff, changed the name, and dumped the result onto Steam. They're attempting to scam people into buying this, so they can get your money for someone else's work. You can see the same game published by McGeeMind on Amazon's app store.beans rolls have shown a repeat pattern of unethically dumping other people's work onto Steam as a cheap, nasty cash grab. Here's some examples so you can see for yourself: "Starveling WayE" = 2D Roguelike Tutorial developed by Unity Technologies "Sniper GameE" = Advanced Sniper Starter Kit developed by Hardworker Studio "Air StrikeE" = Air Strike Starter Kit developed by Hardworker Studio "Bouncy CubeE" = Bouncy Cube 2d developed by Game HUB "BranchesE" = Branches developed by SgLib Games "Hit ConfirmedE" = Bullet developed by Lucas Lopes "InsipidE" = Color Picket Game developed by Daniel Buckley "Down The HillE" = Emoji Down The Hill developed by SgLib Games "Connect the DotsE" = Flow Free developed by bupisource.com "Connect the Dots 3DE" = J Connect Kit developed by Jun "Math GameE" = Math Game - Brain Workout developed by App Advisory "Moon DefenseE" = Moon Defense Game Kit - FREE developed by Azureda Games "Neon ArenaE" = Neon Space Fighter developed by Aleksa Racovic "vision\memory\mazeE" = Procedural Mazes developed by Denis Mustakimov "Winding RoadE" = Shape Change Complete Game developed by Ragendom "Spinner BreakerE" = Spin Breakout developed by SgLib Games "Pick The LockE" = Stop The Lock developed by App Advisory "Twin BallsE" = Twin Balls developed by SgLib Games "Wall to WallE" = Wall to Wall developed by soloo studio "Wavy TripE" = Wavy Trip developed by SgLib "Badlands RacerE" = X-Racer developed by Deer CatThe products that result from asset flips aren't "real" games. They lack depth and content, because they're just simplistic copies of demos or tutorials. In this case, "Color Picket Game" is just a basic demo/tutorial for making a minimalist color matching game, and doesn't have any merit as a proper, fully fledged PC game, so a copy+paste of it can't be recommended.

in-class assessments that will often (though not always) mirror the format of the AP examination. These may include both multiple choice questions and short essay assignments, but other assessment styles are also fair game.

For all life is a building-up, a line of force—and injustice. Thus, if you see a group of children growing listless, you need but impose on them constraints—the rules of a game—and presently you will see them playing merrily together.

If we are alone, we actually see a hill as higher. If we are accompanied by another, we perceive a hill as lower.

conscientiousness shows a correlation with most measures of job performance

TikTok for news has increased fivefold among 18–24s across all markets over just three years, from 3% in 2020 to 15%

in shaping, we reward successive approximations of a target behavior

floating game

The atheist just rolls his eyes. “No, man, all that was was a couple Eskimos happened to come wandering by and showed me the way back to camp.”

But I need a man to play the same game for us." "I am willing to do it," Huang Gai answered. "

Studying in Canada University can have a significant impact on your future employment prospects. Whether you are looking to build your career in Canada, abroad, or at home, a Canadian qualification may be a game-changer.

It should, at the very least, tag the tile as "done", and not expose it as a playable tile again.

key-value-pairs to pass to the Wikidata API

yes=1,

low=1

add it permanently,

callback parameter

Things can become so familiar. that we no longer perceive them at all.

“There’s a lot of places you can watch a game and get a hamburger. And the Ale House wasn’t better than any of them,” he says.

.

A classmate, Sebastien Jean, 17, who is black and Hispanic, remembers that his elementary school teachers were all white, so he started acting what felt like white, absorbing what he called the “Caucasianness of it." “I sort of lost my flavor,” he said.

adequate amount of standard writing

In the case of climate change, game theory helps us understand the obstacles to its solution. Recall the way we modelled the climate change game as a prisoners’ dilemma in which two countries (the US and China) can either restrict carbon emissions or continue with business as usual (see Figure 4.17). Complete self-interest makes the business as usual scenario the dominant strategy equilibriumdominant strategy equilibrium An outcome of a game in which every player plays his or her dominant strategy.close.

the idea that creating single avatars, and identities, that are interoperable and can be used across multiple virtual environments will improve overall user experience, and thus help grow user numbers

funding will be used in three basic areas: to continue hiring (the company has offices in NYC); to expand the platform with more developer tools, including those for monetization and to build more services for creators using Ready Player Me (it offers both an SDK and API)

5 million avatars from across some 3,000 partners

$56 million in funding to grow its business

built a popular platform for creating dynamic, animated avatars to use across virtual worlds built and operated by others

Ready Player Me

The GameStorm conceptualization tool in action during the Make Your Own Game activity

There are only about 35 legal choices for each chess move, but the choices multiply exponentially to yield something like 1050 possible board positions—too many for even a computer to search exhaustively

There are only about 35 legal choices for each chess move, but the choices multiply exponentially to yield something like 1050 possible board positions—too many for even a computer to search exhaustively. That’s why it took until 1997 for a computer, Deep Blue, to defeat the human world chess champion.

Consider, for example, the oft-repeated legend of the Grand Vizier in Persia who invented chess. The King, so the legend goes, was delighted with the new game, and invited the Vizier to name his own reward. The Vizier replied that, being a modest man, he desired only one grain of wheat on the first square of a chessboard, two grains on the second, four on the third, and so on, with twice as many grains on each square as on the last. The innumerate King agreed, not realizing that the total number of grains on all 64 squares would be 264-1, or 18.6 quintillion—equivalent to the world’s present wheat production for 150 years.

Who Can Name the Bigger Number?by Scott Aaronson [Author's blog] [This essay in Spanish] [This essay in French] [This essay in Chinese] In an old joke, two noblemen vie to name the bigger number. The first, after ruminating for hours, triumphantly announces "Eighty-three!" The second, mightily impressed, replies "You win." A biggest number contest is clearly pointless when the contestants take turns. But what if the contestants write down their numbers simultaneously, neither aware of the other’s? To introduce a talk on "Big Numbers," I invite two audience volunteers to try exactly this. I tell them the rules: You have fifteen seconds. Using standard math notation, English words, or both, name a single whole number—not an infinity—on a blank index card. Be precise enough for any reasonable modern mathematician to determine exactly what number you’ve named, by consulting only your card and, if necessary, the published literature. So contestants can’t say "the number of sand grains in the Sahara," because sand drifts in and out of the Sahara regularly. Nor can they say "my opponent’s number plus one," or "the biggest number anyone’s ever thought of plus one"—again, these are ill-defined, given what our reasonable mathematician has available. Within the rules, the contestant who names the bigger number wins. Are you ready? Get set. Go. The contest’s results are never quite what I’d hope. Once, a seventh-grade boy filled his card with a string of successive 9’s. Like many other big-number tyros, he sought to maximize his number by stuffing a 9 into every place value. Had he chosen easy-to-write 1’s rather than curvaceous 9’s, his number could have been millions of times bigger. He still would been decimated, though, by the girl he was up against, who wrote a string of 9’s followed by the superscript 999. Aha! An exponential: a number multiplied by itself 999 times. Noticing this innovation, I declared the girl’s victory without bothering to count the 9’s on the cards. And yet the girl’s number could have been much bigger still, had she stacked the mighty exponential more than once. Take , for example. This behemoth, equal to 9387,420,489, has 369,693,100 digits. By comparison, the number of elementary particles in the observable universe has a meager 85 digits, give or take. Three 9’s, when stacked exponentially, already lift us incomprehensibly beyond all the matter we can observe—by a factor of about 10369,693,015. And we’ve said nothing of or . Place value, exponentials, stacked exponentials: each can express boundlessly big numbers, and in this sense they’re all equivalent. But the notational systems differ dramatically in the numbers they can express concisely. That’s what the fifteen-second time limit illustrates. It takes the same amount of time to write 9999, 9999, and —yet the first number is quotidian, the second astronomical, and the third hyper-mega astronomical. The key to the biggest number contest is not swift penmanship, but rather a potent paradigm for concisely capturing the gargantuan. Such paradigms are historical rarities. We find a flurry in antiquity, another flurry in the twentieth century, and nothing much in between. But when a new way to express big numbers concisely does emerge, it’s often a byproduct of a major scientific revolution: systematized mathematics, formal logic, computer science. Revolutions this momentous, as any Kuhnian could tell you, only happen under the right social conditions. Thus is the story of big numbers a story of human progress. And herein lies a parallel with another mathematical story. In his remarkable and underappreciated book A History of π, Petr Beckmann argues that the ratio of circumference to diameter is "a quaint little mirror of the history of man." In the rare societies where science and reason found refuge—the early Athens of Anaxagoras and Hippias, the Alexandria of Eratosthenes and Euclid, the seventeenth-century England of Newton and Wallis—mathematicians made tremendous strides in calculating π. In Rome and medieval Europe, by contrast, knowledge of π stagnated. Crude approximations such as the Babylonians’ 25/8 held sway. This same pattern holds, I think, for big numbers. Curiosity and openness lead to fascination with big numbers, and to the buoyant view that no quantity, whether of the number of stars in the galaxy or the number of possible bridge hands, is too immense for the mind to enumerate. Conversely, ignorance and irrationality lead to fatalism concerning big numbers. Historian Ilan Vardi cites the ancient Greek term sand-hundred, colloquially meaning zillion; as well as a passage from Pindar’s Olympic Ode II asserting that "sand escapes counting." ¨ But sand doesn’t escape counting, as Archimedes recognized in the third century B.C. Here’s how he began The Sand-Reckoner, a sort of pop-science article addressed to the King of Syracuse: There are some ... who think that the number of the sand is infinite in multitude ... again there are some who, without regarding it as infinite, yet think that no number has been named which is great enough to exceed its multitude ... But I will try to show you [numbers that] exceed not only the number of the mass of sand equal in magnitude to the earth ... but also that of a mass equal in magnitude to the universe. This Archimedes proceeded to do, essentially by using the ancient Greek term myriad, meaning ten thousand, as a base for exponentials. Adopting a prescient cosmological model of Aristarchus, in which the "sphere of the fixed stars" is vastly greater than the sphere in which the Earth revolves around the sun, Archimedes obtained an upper bound of 1063 on the number of sand grains needed to fill the universe. (Supposedly 1063 is the biggest number with a lexicographically standard American name: vigintillion. But the staid vigintillion had better keep vigil lest it be encroached upon by the more whimsically-named googol, or 10100, and googolplex, or .) Vast though it was, of course, 1063 wasn’t to be enshrined as the all-time biggest number. Six centuries later, Diophantus developed a simpler notation for exponentials, allowing him to surpass . Then, in the Middle Ages, the rise of Arabic numerals and place value made it easy to stack exponentials higher still. But Archimedes’ paradigm for expressing big numbers wasn’t fundamentally surpassed until the twentieth century. And even today, exponentials dominate popular discussion of the immense. Consider, for example, the oft-repeated legend of the Grand Vizier in Persia who invented chess. The King, so the legend goes, was delighted with the new game, and invited the Vizier to name his own reward. The Vizier replied that, being a modest man, he desired only one grain of wheat on the first square of a chessboard, two grains on the second, four on the third, and so on, with twice as many grains on each square as on the last. The innumerate King agreed, not realizing that the total number of grains on all 64 squares would be 264-1, or 18.6 quintillion—equivalent to the world’s present wheat production for 150 years. Fittingly, this same exponential growth is what makes chess itself so difficult. There are only about 35 legal choices for each chess move, but the choices multiply exponentially to yield something like 1050 possible board positions—too many for even a computer to search exhaustively. That’s why it took until 1997 for a computer, Deep Blue, to defeat the human world chess champion. And in Go, which has a 19-by-19 board and over 10150 possible positions, even an amateur human can still rout the world’s top-ranked computer programs. Exponential growth plagues computers in other guises as well. The traveling salesman problem asks for the shortest route connecting a set of cities, given the distances between each pair of cities. The rub is that the number of possible routes grows exponentially with the number of cities. When there are, say, a hundred cities, there are about 10158 possible routes, and, although various shortcuts are possible, no known computer algorithm is fundamentally better than checking each route one by one. The traveling salesman problem belongs to a class called NP-complete, which includes hundreds of other problems of practical interest. (NP stands for the technical term ‘Nondeterministic Polynomial-Time.’) It’s known that if there’s an efficient algorithm for any NP-complete problem, then there are efficient algorithms for all of them. Here ‘efficient’ means using an amount of time proportional to at most the problem size raised to some fixed power—for example, the number of cities cubed. It’s conjectured, however, that no efficient algorithm for NP-complete problems exists. Proving this conjecture, called P¹ NP, has been a great unsolved problem of computer science for thirty years. Although computers will probably never solve NP-complete problems efficiently, there’s more hope for another grail of computer science: replicating human intelligence. The human brain has roughly a hundred billion neurons linked by a hundred trillion synapses. And though the function of an individual neuron is only partially understood, it’s thought that each neuron fires electrical impulses according to relatively simple rules up to a thousand times each second. So what we have is a highly interconnected computer capable of maybe 1014 operations per second; by comparison, the world’s fastest parallel supercomputer, the 9200-Pentium Pro teraflops machine at Sandia National Labs, can perform 1012 operations per second. Contrary to popular belief, gray mush is not only hard-wired for intelligence: it surpasses silicon even in raw computational power. But this is unlikely to remain true for long. The reason is Moore’s Law, which, in its 1990’s formulation, states that the amount of information storable on a silicon chip grows exponentially, doubling roughly once every two years. Moore’s Law will eventually play out, as microchip components reach the atomic scale and conventional lithography falters. But radical new technologies, such as optical computers, DNA computers, or even quantum computers, could conceivably usurp silicon’s place. Exponential growth in computing power can’t continue forever, but it may continue long enough for computers—at least in processing power—to surpass human brains. To prognosticators of artificial intelligence, Moore’s Law is a glorious herald of exponential growth. But exponentials have a drearier side as well. The human population recently passed six billion and is doubling about once every forty years. At this exponential rate, if an average person weighs seventy kilograms, then by the year 3750 the entire Earth will be composed of human flesh. But before you invest in deodorant, realize that the population will stop increasing long before this—either because of famine, epidemic disease, global warming, mass species extinctions, unbreathable air, or, entering the speculative realm, birth control. It’s not hard to fathom why physicist Albert Bartlett asserted "the greatest shortcoming of the human race" to be "our inability to understand the exponential function." Or why Carl Sagan advised us to "never underestimate an exponential." In his book Billions & Billions, Sagan gave some other depressing consequences of exponential growth. At an inflation rate of five percent a year, a dollar is worth only thirty-seven cents after twenty years. If a uranium nucleus emits two neutrons, both of which collide with other uranium nuclei, causing them to emit two neutrons, and so forth—well, did I mention nuclear holocaust as a possible end to population growth? ¨ Exponentials are familiar, relevant, intimately connected to the physical world and to human hopes and fears. Using the notational systems I’ll discuss next, we can concisely name numbers that make exponentials picayune by comparison, that subjectively speaking exceed as much as the latter exceeds 9. But these new systems may seem more abstruse than exponentials. In his essay "On Number Numbness," Douglas Hofstadter leads his readers to the precipice of these systems, but then avers: If we were to continue our discussion just one zillisecond longer, we would find ourselves smack-dab in the middle of the theory of recursive functions and algorithmic complexity, and that would be too abstract. So let’s drop the topic right here. But to drop the topic is to forfeit, not only the biggest number contest, but any hope of understanding how stronger paradigms lead to vaster numbers. And so we arrive in the early twentieth century, when a school of mathematicians called the formalists sought to place all of mathematics on a rigorous axiomatic basis. A key question for the formalists was what the word ‘computable’ means. That is, how do we tell whether a sequence of numbers can be listed by a definite, mechanical procedure? Some mathematicians thought that ‘computable’ coincided with a technical notion called ‘primitive recursive.’ But in 1928 Wilhelm Ackermann disproved them by constructing a sequence of numbers that’s clearly computable, yet grows too quickly to be primitive recursive. Ackermann’s idea was to create an endless procession of arithmetic operations, each more powerful than the last. First comes addition. Second comes multiplication, which we can think of as repeated addition: for example, 5´3 means 5 added to itself 3 times, or 5+5+5 = 15. Third comes exponentiation, which we can think of as repeated multiplication. Fourth comes ... what? Well, we have to invent a weird new operation, for repeated exponentiation. The mathematician Rudy Rucker calls it ‘tetration.’ For example, ‘5 tetrated to the 3’ means 5 raised to its own power 3 times, or , a number with 2,185 digits. We can go on. Fifth comes repeated tetration: shall we call it ‘pentation’? Sixth comes repeated pentation: ‘hexation’? The operations continue infinitely, with each one standing on its predecessor to peer even higher into the firmament of big numbers. If each operation were a candy flavor, then the Ackermann sequence would be the sampler pack, mixing one number of each flavor. First in the sequence is 1+1, or (don’t hold your breath) 2. Second is 2´2, or 4. Third is 3 raised to the 3rd power, or 27. Hey, these numbers aren’t so big! Fee. Fi. Fo. Fum. Fourth is 4 tetrated to the 4, or , which has 10154 digits. If you’re planning to write this number out, better start now. Fifth is 5 pentated to the 5, or with ‘5 pentated to the 4’ numerals in the stack. This number is too colossal to describe in any ordinary terms. And the numbers just get bigger from there. Wielding the Ackermann sequence, we can clobber unschooled opponents in the biggest-number contest. But we need to be careful, since there are several definitions of the Ackermann sequence, not all identical. Under the fifteen-second time limit, here’s what I might write to avoid ambiguity: A(111)—Ackermann seq—A(1)=1+1, A(2)=2´2, A(3)=33, etc Recondite as it seems, the Ackermann sequence does have some applications. A problem in an area called Ramsey theory asks for the minimum dimension of a hypercube satisfying a certain property. The true dimension is thought to be 6, but the lowest dimension anyone’s been able is prove is so huge that it can only be expressed using the same ‘weird arithmetic’ that underlies the Ackermann sequence. Indeed, the Guinness Book of World Records once listed this dimension as the biggest number ever used in a mathematical proof. (Another contender for the title once was Skewes’ number, about , which arises in the study of how prime numbers are distributed. The famous mathematician G. H. Hardy quipped that Skewes’ was "the largest number which has ever served any definite purpose in mathematics.") What’s more, Ackermann’s briskly-rising cavalcade performs an occasional cameo in computer science. For example, in the analysis of a data structure called ‘Union-Find,’ a term gets multiplied by the inverse of the Ackermann sequence—meaning, for each whole number X, the first number N such that the Nth Ackermann number is bigger than X. The inverse grows as slowly as Ackermann’s original sequence grows quickly; for all practical purposes, the inverse is at most 4. ¨ Ackermann numbers are pretty big, but they’re not yet big enough. The quest for still bigger numbers takes us back to the formalists. After Ackermann demonstrated that ‘primitive recursive’ isn’t what we mean by ‘computable,’ the question still stood: what do we mean by ‘computable’? In 1936, Alonzo Church and Alan Turing independently answered this question. While Church answered using a logical formalism called the lambda calculus, Turing answered using an idealized computing machine—the Turing machine—that, in essence, is equivalent to every Compaq, Dell, Macintosh, and Cray in the modern world. Turing’s paper describing his machine, "On Computable Numbers," is rightly celebrated as the founding document of computer science. "Computing," said Turing, is normally done by writing certain symbols on paper. We may suppose this paper to be divided into squares like a child’s arithmetic book. In elementary arithmetic the 2-dimensional character of the paper is sometimes used. But such use is always avoidable, and I think it will be agreed that the two-dimensional character of paper is no essential of computation. I assume then that the computation is carried out on one-dimensional paper, on a tape divided into squares. Turing continued to explicate his machine using ingenious reasoning from first principles. The tape, said Turing, extends infinitely in both directions, since a theoretical machine ought not be constrained by physical limits on resources. Furthermore, there’s a symbol written on each square of the tape, like the ‘1’s and ‘0’s in a modern computer’s memory. But how are the symbols manipulated? Well, there’s a ‘tape head’ moving back and forth along the tape, examining one square at a time, writing and erasing symbols according to definite rules. The rules are the tape head’s program: change them, and you change what the tape head does. Turing’s august insight was that we can program the tape head to carry out any computation. Turing machines can add, multiply, extract cube roots, sort, search, spell-check, parse, play Tic-Tac-Toe, list the Ackermann sequence. If we represented keyboard input, monitor output, and so forth as symbols on the tape, we could even run Windows on a Turing machine. But there’s a problem. Set a tape head loose on a sequence of symbols, and it might stop eventually, or it might run forever—like the fabled programmer who gets stuck in the shower because the instructions on the shampoo bottle read "lather, rinse, repeat." If the machine’s going to run forever, it’d be nice to know this in advance, so that we don’t spend an eternity waiting for it to finish. But how can we determine, in a finite amount of time, whether something will go on endlessly? If you bet a friend that your watch will never stop ticking, when could you declare victory? But maybe there’s some ingenious program that can examine other programs and tell us, infallibly, whether they’ll ever stop running. We just haven’t thought of it yet. Nope. Turing proved that this problem, called the Halting Problem, is unsolvable by Turing machines. The proof is a beautiful example of self-reference. It formalizes an old argument about why you can never have perfect introspection: because if you could, then you could determine what you were going to do ten seconds from now, and then do something else. Turing imagined that there was a special machine that could solve the Halting Problem. Then he showed how we could have this machine analyze itself, in such a way that it has to halt if it runs forever, and run forever if it halts. Like a hound that finally catches its tail and devours itself, the mythical machine vanishes in a fury of contradiction. (That’s the sort of thing you don’t say in a research paper.) ¨ "Very nice," you say (or perhaps you say, "not nice at all"). "But what does all this have to do with big numbers?" Aha! The connection wasn’t published until May of 1962. Then, in the Bell System Technical Journal, nestled between pragmatically-minded papers on "Multiport Structures" and "Waveguide Pressure Seals," appeared the modestly titled "On Non-Computable Functions" by Tibor Rado. In this paper, Rado introduced the biggest numbers anyone had ever imagined. His idea was simple. Just as we can classify words by how many letters they contain, we can classify Turing machines by how many rules they have in the tape head. Some machines have only one rule, others have two rules, still others have three rules, and so on. But for each fixed whole number N, just as there are only finitely many distinct words with N letters, so too are there only finitely many distinct machines with N rules. Among these machines, some halt and others run forever when started on a blank tape. Of the ones that halt, asked Rado, what’s the maximum number of steps that any machine takes before it halts? (Actually, Rado asked mainly about the maximum number of symbols any machine can write on the tape before halting. But the maximum number of steps, which Rado called S(n), has the same basic properties and is easier to reason about.) Rado called this maximum the Nth "Busy Beaver" number. (Ah yes, the early 1960’s were a more innocent age.) He visualized each Turing machine as a beaver bustling busily along the tape, writing and erasing symbols. The challenge, then, is to find the busiest beaver with exactly N rules, albeit not an infinitely busy one. We can interpret this challenge as one of finding the "most complicated" computer program N bits long: the one that does the most amount of stuff, but not an infinite amount. Now, suppose we knew the Nth Busy Beaver number, which we’ll call BB(N). Then we could decide whether any Turing machine with N rules halts on a blank tape. We’d just have to run the machine: if it halts, fine; but if it doesn’t halt within BB(N) steps, then we know it never will halt, since BB(N) is the maximum number of steps it could make before halting. Similarly, if you knew that all mortals died before age 200, then if Sally lived to be 200, you could conclude that Sally was immortal. So no Turing machine can list the Busy Beaver numbers—for if it could, it could solve the Halting Problem, which we already know is impossible. But here’s a curious fact. Suppose we could name a number greater than the Nth Busy Beaver number BB(N). Call this number D for dam, since like a beaver dam, it’s a roof for the Busy Beaver below. With D in hand, computing BB(N) itself becomes easy: we just need to simulate all the Turing machines with N rules. The ones that haven’t halted within D steps—the ones that bash through the dam’s roof—never will halt. So we can list exactly which machines halt, and among these, the maximum number of steps that any machine takes before it halts is BB(N). Conclusion? The sequence of Busy Beaver numbers, BB(1), BB(2), and so on, grows faster than any computable sequence. Faster than exponentials, stacked exponentials, the Ackermann sequence, you name it. Because if a Turing machine could compute a sequence that grows faster than Busy Beaver, then it could use that sequence to obtain the D‘s—the beaver dams. And with those D’s, it could list the Busy Beaver numbers, which (sound familiar?) we already know is impossible. The Busy Beaver sequence is non-computable, solely because it grows stupendously fast—too fast for any computer to keep up with it, even in principle. This means that no computer program could list all the Busy Beavers one by one. It doesn’t mean that specific Busy Beavers need remain eternally unknowable. And in fact, pinning them down has been a computer science pastime ever since Rado published his article. It’s easy to verify that BB(1), the first Busy Beaver number, is 1. That’s because if a one-rule Turing machine doesn’t halt after the very first step, it’ll just keep moving along the tape endlessly. There’s no room for any more complex behavior. With two rules we can do more, and a little grunt work will ascertain that BB(2) is 6. Six steps. What about the third Busy Beaver? In 1965 Rado, together with Shen Lin, proved that BB(3) is 21. The task was an arduous one, requiring human analysis of many machines to prove that they don’t halt—since, remember, there’s no algorithm for listing the Busy Beaver numbers. Next, in 1983, Allan Brady proved that BB(4) is 107. Unimpressed so far? Well, as with the Ackermann sequence, don’t be fooled by the first few numbers. In 1984, A.K. Dewdney devoted a Scientific American column to Busy Beavers, which inspired amateur mathematician George Uhing to build a special-purpose device for simulating Turing machines. The device, which cost Uhing less than $100, found a five-rule machine that runs for 2,133,492 steps before halting—establishing that BB(5) must be at least as high. Then, in 1989, Heiner Marxen and Jürgen Buntrock discovered that BB(5) is at least 47,176,870. To this day, BB(5) hasn’t been pinned down precisely, and it could turn out to be much higher still. As for BB(6), Marxen and Buntrock set another record in 1997 by proving that it’s at least 8,690,333,381,690,951. A formidable accomplishment, yet Marxen, Buntrock, and the other Busy Beaver hunters are merely wading along the shores of the unknowable. Humanity may never know the value of BB(6) for certain, let alone that of BB(7) or any higher number in the sequence. Indeed, already the top five and six-rule contenders elude us: we can’t explain how they ‘work’ in human terms. If creativity imbues their design, it’s not because humans put it there. One way to understand this is that even small Turing machines can encode profound mathematical problems. Take Goldbach’s conjecture, that every even number 4 or higher is a sum of two prime numbers: 10=7+3, 18=13+5. The conjecture has resisted proof since 1742. Yet we could design a Turing machine with, oh, let’s say 100 rules, that tests each even number to see whether it’s a sum of two primes, and halts when and if it finds a counterexample to the conjecture. Then knowing BB(100), we could in principle run this machine for BB(100) steps, decide whether it halts, and thereby resolve Goldbach’s conjecture. We need not venture far in the sequence to enter the lair of basilisks. But as Rado stressed, even if we can’t list the Busy Beaver numbers, they’re perfectly well-defined mathematically. If you ever challenge a friend to the biggest number contest, I suggest you write something like this: BB(11111)—Busy Beaver shift #—1, 6, 21, etc If your friend doesn’t know about Turing machines or anything similar, but only about, say, Ackermann numbers, then you’ll win the contest. You’ll still win even if you grant your friend a handicap, and allow him the entire lifetime of the universe to write his number. The key to the biggest number contest is a potent paradigm, and Turing’s theory of computation is potent indeed. ¨ But what if your friend knows about Turing machines as well? Is there a notational system for big numbers more powerful than even Busy Beavers? Suppose we could endow a Turing machine with a magical ability to solve the Halting Problem. What would we get? We’d get a ‘super Turing machine’: one with abilities beyond those of any ordinary machine. But now, how hard is it to decide whether a super machine halts? Hmm. It turns out that not even super machines can solve this ‘super Halting Problem’, for the same reason that ordinary machines can’t solve the ordinary Halting Problem. To solve the Halting Problem for super machines, we’d need an even more powerful machine: a ‘super duper machine.’ And to solve the Halting Problem for super duper machines, we’d need a ‘super duper pooper machine.’ And so on endlessly. This infinite hierarchy of ever more powerful machines was formalized by the logician Stephen Kleene in 1943 (although he didn’t use the term ‘super duper pooper’). Imagine a novel, which is imbedded in a longer novel, which itself is imbedded in an even longer novel, and so on ad infinitum. Within each novel, the characters can debate the literary merits of any of the sub-novels. But, by analogy with classes of machines that can’t analyze themselves, the characters can never critique the novel that they themselves are in. (This, I think, jibes with our ordinary experience of novels.) To fully understand some reality, we need to go outside of that reality. This is the essence of Kleene’s hierarchy: that to solve the Halting Problem for some class of machines, we need a yet more powerful class of machines. And there’s no escape. Suppose a Turing machine had a magical ability to solve the Halting Problem, and the super Halting Problem, and the super duper Halting Problem, and the super duper pooper Halting Problem, and so on endlessly. Surely this would be the Queen of Turing machines? Not quite. As soon as we want to decide whether a ‘Queen of Turing machines’ halts, we need a still more powerful machine: an ‘Empress of Turing machines.’ And Kleene’s hierarchy continues. But how’s this relevant to big numbers? Well, each level of Kleene’s hierarchy generates a faster-growing Busy Beaver sequence than do all the previous levels. Indeed, each level’s sequence grows so rapidly that it can only be computed by a higher level. For example, define BB2(N) to be the maximum number of steps a super machine with N rules can make before halting. If this super Busy Beaver sequence were computable by super machines, then those machines could solve the super Halting Problem, which we know is impossible. So the super Busy Beaver numbers grow too rapidly to be computed, even if we could compute the ordinary Busy Beaver numbers. You might think that now, in the biggest-number contest, you could obliterate even an opponent who uses the Busy Beaver sequence by writing something like this: BB2(11111). But not quite. The problem is that I’ve never seen these "higher-level Busy Beavers" defined anywhere, probably because, to people who know computability theory, they’re a fairly obvious extension of the ordinary Busy Beaver numbers. So our reasonable modern mathematician wouldn’t know what number you were naming. If you want to use higher-level Busy Beavers in the biggest number contest, here’s what I suggest. First, publish a paper formalizing the concept in some obscure, low-prestige journal. Then, during the contest, cite the paper on your index card. To exceed higher-level Busy Beavers, we’d presumably need some new computational model surpassing even Turing machines. I can’t imagine what such a model would look like. Yet somehow I doubt that the story of notational systems for big numbers is over. Perhaps someday humans will be able concisely to name numbers that make Busy Beaver 100 seem as puerile and amusingly small as our nobleman’s eighty-three. Or if we’ll never name such numbers, perhaps other civilizations will. Is a biggest number contest afoot throughout the galaxy? ¨ You might wonder why we can’t transcend the whole parade of paradigms, and name numbers by a system that encompasses and surpasses them all. Suppose you wrote the following in the biggest number contest: The biggest whole number nameable with 1,000 characters of English text Surely this number exists. Using 1,000 characters, we can name only finitely many numbers, and among these numbers there has to be a biggest. And yet we’ve made no reference to how the number’s named. The English text could invoke Ackermann numbers, or Busy Beavers, or higher-level Busy Beavers, or even some yet more sweeping concept that nobody’s thought of yet. So unless our opponent uses the same ploy, we’ve got him licked. What a brilliant idea! Why didn’t we think of this earlier? Unfortunately it doesn’t work. We might as well have written One plus the biggest whole number nameable with 1,000 characters of English text This number takes at least 1,001 characters to name. Yet we’ve just named it with only 80 characters! Like a snake that swallows itself whole, our colossal number dissolves in a tumult of contradiction. What gives? The paradox I’ve just described was first published by Bertrand Russell, who attributed it to a librarian named G. G. Berry. The Berry Paradox arises not from mathematics, but from the ambiguity inherent in the English language. There’s no surefire way to convert an English phrase into the number it names (or to decide whether it names a number at all), which is why I invoked a "reasonable modern mathematician" in the rules for the biggest number contest. To circumvent the Berry Paradox, we need to name numbers using a precise, mathematical notational system, such as Turing machines—which is exactly the idea behind the Busy Beaver sequence. So in short, there’s no wily language trick by which to surpass Archimedes, Ackermann, Turing, and Rado, no royal road to big numbers. You might also wonder why we can’t use infinity in the contest. The answer is, for the same reason why we can’t use a rocket car in a bike race. Infinity is fascinating and elegant, but it’s not a whole number. Nor can we ‘subtract from infinity’ to yield a whole number. Infinity minus 17 is still infinity, whereas infinity minus infinity is undefined: it could be 0, 38, or even infinity again. Actually I should speak of infinities, plural. For in the late nineteenth century, Georg Cantor proved that there are different levels of infinity: for example, the infinity of points on a line is greater than the infinity of whole numbers. What’s more, just as there’s no biggest number, so too is there no biggest infinity. But the quest for big infinities is more abstruse than the quest for big numbers. And it involves, not a succession of paradigms, but essentially one: Cantor’s. ¨ So here we are, at the frontier of big number knowledge. As Euclid’s disciple supposedly asked, "what is the use of all this?" We’ve seen that progress in notational systems for big numbers mirrors progress in broader realms: mathematics, logic, computer science. And yet, though a mirror reflects reality, it doesn’t necessarily influence it. Even within mathematics, big numbers are often considered trivialities, their study an idle amusement with no broader implications. I want to argue a contrary view: that understanding big numbers is a key to understanding the world. Imagine trying to explain the Turing machine to Archimedes. The genius of Syracuse listens patiently as you discuss the papyrus tape extending infinitely in both directions, the time steps, states, input and output sequences. At last he explodes. "Foolishness!" he declares (or the ancient Greek equivalent). "All you’ve given me is an elaborate definition, with no value outside of itself." How do you respond? Archimedes has never heard of computers, those cantankerous devices that, twenty-three centuries from his time, will transact the world’s affairs. So you can’t claim practical application. Nor can you appeal to Hilbert and the formalist program, since Archimedes hasn’t heard of those either. But then it hits you: the Busy Beaver sequence. You define the sequence for Archimedes, convince him that BB(1000) is more than his 1063 grains of sand filling the universe, more even than 1063 raised to its own power 1063 times. You defy him to name a bigger number without invoking Turing machines or some equivalent. And as he ponders this challenge, the power of the Turing machine concept dawns on him. Though his intuition may never apprehend the Busy Beaver numbers, his reason compels him to acknowledge their immensity. Big numbers have a way of imbuing abstract notions with reality. Indeed, one could define science as reason’s attempt to compensate for our inability to perceive big numbers. If we could run at 280,000,000 meters per second, there’d be no need for a special theory of relativity: it’d be obvious to everyone that the faster we go, the heavier and squatter we get, and the faster time elapses in the rest of the world. If we could live for 70,000,000 years, there’d be no theory of evolution, and certainly no creationism: we could watch speciation and adaptation with our eyes, instead of painstakingly reconstructing events from fossils and DNA. If we could bake bread at 20,000,000 degrees Kelvin, nuclear fusion would be not the esoteric domain of physicists but ordinary household knowledge. But we can’t do any of these things, and so we have science, to deduce about the gargantuan what we, with our infinitesimal faculties, will never sense. If people fear big numbers, is it any wonder that they fear science as well and turn for solace to the comforting smallness of mysticism? But do people fear big numbers? Certainly they do. I’ve met people who don’t know the difference between a million and a billion, and don’t care. We play a lottery with ‘six ways to win!,’ overlooking the twenty million ways to lose. We yawn at six billion tons of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere each year, and speak of ‘sustainable development’ in the jaws of exponential growth. Such cases, it seems to me, transcend arithmetical ignorance and represent a basic unwillingness to grapple with the immense. Whence the cowering before big numbers, then? Does it have a biological origin? In 1999, a group led by neuropsychologist Stanislas Dehaene reported evidence in Science that two separate brain systems contribute to mathematical thinking. The group trained Russian-English bilinguals to solve a set of problems, including two-digit addition, base-eight addition, cube roots, and logarithms. Some subjects were trained in Russian, others in English. When the subjects were then asked to solve problems approximately—to choose the closer of two estimates—they performed equally well in both languages. But when asked to solve problems exactly, they performed better in the language of their training. What’s more, brain-imaging evidence showed that the subjects’ parietal lobes, involved in spatial reasoning, were more active during approximation problems; while the left inferior frontal lobes, involved in verbal reasoning, were more active during exact calculation problems. Studies of patients with brain lesions paint the same picture: those with parietal lesions sometimes can’t decide whether 9 is closer to 10 or to 5, but remember the multiplication table; whereas those with left-hemispheric lesions sometimes can’t decide whether 2+2 is 3 or 4, but know that the answer is closer to 3 than to 9. Dehaene et al. conjecture that humans represent numbers in two ways. For approximate reckoning we use a ‘mental number line,’ which evolved long ago and which we likely share with other animals. But for exact computation we use numerical symbols, which evolved recently and which, being language-dependent, are unique to humans. This hypothesis neatly explains the experiment’s findings: the reason subjects performed better in the language of their training for exact computation but not for approximation problems is that the former call upon the verbally-oriented left inferior frontal lobes, and the latter upon the spatially-oriented parietal lobes. If Dehaene et al.’s hypothesis is correct, then which representation do we use for big numbers? Surely the symbolic one—for nobody’s mental number line could be long enough to contain , 5 pentated to the 5, or BB(1000). And here, I suspect, is the problem. When thinking about 3, 4, or 7, we’re guided by our spatial intuition, honed over millions of years of perceiving 3 gazelles, 4 mates, 7 members of a hostile clan. But when thinking about BB(1000), we have only language, that evolutionary neophyte, to rely upon. The usual neural pathways for representing numbers lead to dead ends. And this, perhaps, is why people are afraid of big numbers. Could early intervention mitigate our big number phobia? What if second-grade math teachers took an hour-long hiatus from stultifying busywork to ask their students, "How do you name really, really big numbers?" And then told them about exponentials and stacked exponentials, tetration and the Ackermann sequence, maybe even Busy Beavers: a cornucopia of numbers vaster than any they’d ever conceived, and ideas stretching the bounds of their imaginations. Who can name the bigger number? Whoever has the deeper paradigm. Are you ready? Get set. Go. References Petr Beckmann, A History of Pi, Golem Press, 1971. Allan H. Brady, "The Determination of the Value of Rado’s Noncomputable Function Sigma(k) for Four-State Turing Machines," Mathematics of Computation, vol. 40, no. 162, April 1983, pp 647- 665. Gregory J. Chaitin, "The Berry Paradox," Complexity, vol. 1, no. 1, 1995, pp. 26- 30. At http://www.umcs.maine.edu/~chaitin/unm2.html. A.K. Dewdney, The New Turing Omnibus: 66 Excursions in Computer Science, W.H. Freeman, 1993. S. Dehaene and E. Spelke and P. Pinel and R. Stanescu and S. Tsivkin, "Sources of Mathematical Thinking: Behavioral and Brain-Imaging Evidence," Science, vol. 284, no. 5416, May 7, 1999, pp. 970- 974. Douglas Hofstadter, Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern, Basic Books, 1985. Chapter 6, "On Number Numbness," pp. 115- 135. Robert Kanigel, The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan, Washington Square Press, 1991. Stephen C. Kleene, "Recursive predicates and quantifiers," Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 53, 1943, pp. 41- 74. Donald E. Knuth, Selected Papers on Computer Science, CSLI Publications, 1996. Chapter 2, "Mathematics and Computer Science: Coping with Finiteness," pp. 31- 57. Dexter C. Kozen, Automata and Computability, Springer-Verlag, 1997. ———, The Design and Analysis of Algorithms, Springer-Verlag, 1991. Shen Lin and Tibor Rado, "Computer studies of Turing machine problems," Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, vol. 12, no. 2, April 1965, pp. 196- 212. Heiner Marxen, Busy Beaver, at http://www.drb.insel.de/~heiner/BB/. ——— and Jürgen Buntrock, "Attacking the Busy Beaver 5," Bulletin of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science, no. 40, February 1990, pp. 247- 251. Tibor Rado, "On Non-Computable Functions," Bell System Technical Journal, vol. XLI, no. 2, May 1962, pp. 877- 884. Rudy Rucker, Infinity and the Mind, Princeton University Press, 1995. Carl Sagan, Billions & Billions, Random House, 1997. Michael Somos, "Busy Beaver Turing Machine." At http://grail.cba.csuohio.edu/~somos/bb.html. Alan Turing, "On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem," Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Series 2, vol. 42, pp. 230- 265, 1936. Reprinted in Martin Davis (ed.), The Undecidable, Raven, 1965. Ilan Vardi, "Archimedes, the Sand Reckoner," at http://www.ihes.fr/~ilan/sand_reckoner.ps. Eric W. Weisstein, CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics, CRC Press, 1999. Entry on "Large Number" at http://www.treasure-troves.com/math/LargeNumber.html. Back to Writings page Back to Scott's homepage Back to Scott's blog

Just the mere fact that you can understand so much already puts you ahead of individuals that start from zero. MERAJI: So here we are at takeaway number one. You're ahead of the game, and you probably know a lot more than you give yourself credit for.

"We have a very full house," she says. "There's always a computer on and there's always an Xbox playing, and there's always a TV left on."

2014 stod de så pass nära att Ulf Hansen var en av gästerna på en privat maskeradfest hemma hos Jimmie Åkesson och Louise Erixon. Alltså bara ett drygt år efter att Hansen visat sitt stöd för Hells Angels. Efter det kom Ulf Hansen allt närmare partiet. Hans bakgrund verkade inte vara ett problem. Inte heller den rasism han spred på nätet.  I mars 2015 postade Ulf Hansen ett inlägg med en länk till vit makt-filmen The End Game – Full White Genocide documentary. Konspirationsteorin om att det pågår ett folkmord på vita är central i vit makt-miljön och populariserades av den amerikanska terroristen David Lane. I anslutning till klippet som Ulf Hansen spred länkades till flera rasideologiska och antisemitiska sajter.

This is the paradox of Yellowstone, and of most other national parks we have added since: wilderness contained, nature under management, wild animals obliged to abide by human rules. It’s the paradox of the cultivated wild. At a national park in Africa—Serengeti in Tanzania, for instance, or Masai Mara game reserve in Kenya, Kruger in South Africa—you wouldn’t face such ambiguity. You would view the dangerous beasts, the lions and elephants and leopards and buffalo, from the safety of your Land Rover or your safari van, seldom if ever strolling through their habitat on foot. But in America we’ve chosen to do things differently, and Yellowstone, because it’s the first national park, an iconic place known throughout the world, which millions of people visit each year, is where the paradox is most powerfully played out.

And I sit here in my straight leg jeans that prompted my partner to say that I look like “Diane Lane in an ‘80s movie” (compliment!) and/or that I’m about to go out and farm, I’m reminded of how uncomfortable I felt in skinny jeans for the first time — but also how outmoded my flared low-rise had come to feel. None of this jean discourse is really about fashion, or figuring out what you like. Same, much of the time, when it comes to other forms of bodily discipline, particularly with food and exercise. There’s always a “choice” about what kind of maintenance you want to pursue, but it’s a severely delimited one. So much of this maintenance is about not falling behind, particularly as a woman. To fall behind is not only to lose a grip on your class status, but your visibility and value within society at large. It’s not just middle class a woman is communicating with “appropriate” clothes and body and grooming. It’s vitality, participation, and gameness in a game in which you’re always already losing.

in-game assets

Every Game is free and funded entirely by the Citizens’ active participation in The City.

Sports are fully monetized while maintaining the “spirit of the game.” Even as the massive economies around professional sports continue to grow, play itself remains free.

The business of video games assures us a game is “competitive,” then gives any player the chance to cheat through purchase pathways: powerful weapons, stronger armor, better stats.

Modern games insist they are “free,” then flood us with microtransactions: paywalls, purchasable “bonus” content, loot boxes, subscriptions, extra lives.

Outside of game publishers, web3 is different because there are pockets of standalone communities with NFT collections. These communities desire additional utility for their assets and gaming is a logical step in that direction. Adding NFT avatars within gameplay in a cosmetic manner (similar to Fortnite crossover IP) can work, but it’s not the reason why someone would play a blockchain game in the first place. We would argue this adds more value to the corresponding NFT community, rather than the game itself. 

A common counterargument from web3 advocates is that Steam is a closed economy and restricts users from cashing out to USD. While true, we would argue that CS:GO users increasingly prefer trusted third-party sites like Dmarket and Skinport which not only enable open economies but removes the $1,800 item listing cap from Steam.4

The auction house directly affected gameplay and changed the psychology around handling assets.

Players would acquire assets and hold them without utilizing them in-game, defeating the purpose of the asset’s origination in the first place.

When assets are on-chain, users can trade the assets with anyone; users don’t have to play the corresponding game or even have it downloaded to take advantage of on-chain assets. If the game shuts down, the assets will remain in your wallet forever.

Typically, in web2 games, users buy assets in a game and for the most part, can’t sell them back or trade them. An example of this is buying skins in Valorant because once purchased, you can’t trade those skins.

On-chain tournament crowdfunding.E.g., on-chain Dota 2 CompendiumE.g., sell an event battle pass which can be leveled with sweat equity and/or tokens -> assets earned from leveling up the battle pass have (i) a price ceiling during the event and (ii) scarcity created post-event

Interoperability can also break the immersion of games. I won’t go too deep into this, but my general belief is that immersion is driven by fidelity, a compelling narrative, and the ability to enter a flow state in gaming (further discussion here). However, if you transpose assets between games, you quickly unbundle the cohesive, spatial presence of the player such that they no longer feel like the character they are playing as, start losing interest in in-game choices, and ultimately become less emotionally attached to the experience as a whole. 

This can take several forms (individually or in combination): replacing in-game assets to fit a new theme, adding new gameplay mechanics, an extension of the base game, etc.

Garena’s strong relationship with a large network of cybercafés has enabled AirPay to rapidly establish a wide network of AirPay counters. As of June 30, 2017, 73.3% of cybercafés within the Garena network, or 50.0 thousand in total, also operated as AirPay counters. In addition, AirPay processes transactions of prepaid game credits on our Garena platform in Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand. During the month of June 2017, AirPay processed approximately 40% of the aggregate gross billings for our digital entertainment business across AirPay’s three largest markets, namely Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia. AirPay also provides the payment processing for Shopee in Vietnam and Thailand, with all incoming payments to Shopee accounts under Shopee Guarantee as well as the outgoing payments from Shopee accounts to Shopee seller accounts operationally handled by AirPay. This payment processing service is an initial step in our long-term plan to further integrate AirPay with the Shopee platform and make the e-wallet function an integral payment option for Shopee users, creating a large captive user base for AirPay.

An AirPay counter is a physical over-the-counter retail location that maintains a balance in its AirPay e-wallet account, which is used to purchase electronic and physical goods and credits, such as prepaid game credits and mobile top-up, food, beverage and other convenience store items, from suppliers or service providers. The AirPay counter then sells those electronic and physical goods and credits to consumers who pay the counters in cash. AirPay counters also provide utility bill and other payment forwarding services to consumers for cash payments. AirPay counters can be found at a variety of convenient locations in Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines, including cybercafés, small local shops, book stores, food and beverage merchants, sim card stores, accommodation providers and convenience stores. AirPay counters also serve as important cash AirPay 柜台是一个实体的柜台零售点，在其 AirPay 电子钱包账户中保持一个余额，用于从供应商或服务提供商处购买电子和实体商品及信用，例如预付游戏信用和移动充值、食品、饮料和其他便利店物品。空中支付柜台然后出售这些电子和实物商品和信贷的消费者谁支付的柜台现金。AirPay 的柜台还为消费者提供水电费账单和其他现金支付转账服务。在泰国、越南、印尼和菲律宾的多个便利地点，都可以找到空中支付柜台，包括网吧、本地小型商店、书店、食品和饮料商店、智能卡商店、住宿供应商和便利店。AirPay 柜台也是重要的现金来源   163 Table of Contents 目录 access points for the platform. By allowing consumers to pay cash to top up their accounts on the AirPay App, AirPay counters act as a “reverse ATM” providing important avenues for the AirPay App to reach the large unbanked populations in GSEA. 平台的接入点。通过允许消费者在 AirPay 应用程序上支付现金以充实自己的账户，AirPay 柜台就像一台“反向自动取款机”，为 AirPay 应用程序接触到 GSEA 大量无银行账户的人群提供了重要渠道。

An AirPay counter is a physical over-the-counter retail location that maintains a balance in its AirPay e-wallet account, which is used to purchase electronic and physical goods and credits, such as prepaid game credits and mobile top-up, food, beverage and other convenience store items, from suppliers or service providers. The AirPay counter then sells those electronic and physical goods and credits to consumers who pay the counters in cash. AirPay counters also provide utility bill and other payment forwarding services to consumers for cash payments. AirPay counters can be found at a variety of convenient locations in Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines, including cybercafés, small local shops, book stores, food and beverage merchants, sim card stores, accommodation providers and convenience stores. AirPay counters also serve as important cash AirPay 柜台是一个实体的柜台零售点，在其 AirPay 电子钱包账户中保持一个余额，用于从供应商或服务提供商处购买电子和实体商品及信用，例如预付游戏信用和移动充值、食品、饮料和其他便利店物品。空中支付柜台然后出售这些电子和实物商品和信贷的消费者谁支付的柜台现金。AirPay 的柜台还为消费者提供水电费账单和其他现金支付转账服务。在泰国、越南、印尼和菲律宾的多个便利地点，都可以找到空中支付柜台，包括网吧、本地小型商店、书店、食品和饮料商店、智能卡商店、住宿供应商和便利店。AirPay 柜台也是重要的现金来源   163 Table of Contents 目录 access points for the platform. By allowing consumers to pay cash to top up their accounts on the AirPay App, AirPay counters act as a “reverse ATM” providing important avenues for the AirPay App to reach the large unbanked populations in GSEA.

recognize the chaos, panic and precarity the show captures so convincingly. In “The Bear,” work is a dumb, sadistic game that has left Carmy with unchecked PTSD. Intrusive thoughts and flashbacks fracture his consciousness; he even cooks in his sleep, almost setting his house on fire.

But it turns out that we’re not so unique after all. In fact, compared to some species, humans are late to the game. Ants began farming fungi a staggering 65 million years ago, soon after the days of the dinosaurs. Ambrosia beetle and termite species have also raised such crops for eons—as evidenced by a 25 million-year-old fossilized nest. Damselfish cultivate gardens of algae, and some ants have even developed a form of animal husbandry that includes shepherding stocks of aphids and mealy bugs.

The usual characteristics used todefine a game are not shared by every game.

at I call the game of school.

Supported types are:

Example JSONP:

action=tiles&num=1&lang=en&callback=xyz

The result is a history game design model and level design for History Multimedia Interactive Educational Game (HMIEG). The model consists of four main elements: interaction, knowledge, engine and level. The history educational game design model integrates the pedagogical elements and game design features to ensure HMIEG can be used as a history learning tool effectively.

Twine was created by a web developer named Chris Klimas in 2009. While in graduate school at the University of Baltimore’s Interaction Design and Information Architecture program, Klimas began writing what he calls “hypertext fiction”—playing with interactivity and narrative outside a game. In order to make life easier for himself, he invented a set of tools that turned source code into interactive HTML. He showed them around to some friends, but no one seemed particularly interested, mostly because they were heavy on programming language and hard to comprehend.

We implement changes into the game before burning the next ROM for the next weeks round of regression and testing.

It would completely change how I view mint.com. It would become a powerful mechanism for opening up my own access to my own financial data which is currently being locked away by my banks, credit card companies and other providers. All I get is a crappy UI from those places. Mint's UI is much better, but an API would completely change the game.

You play as Regency-era occultists. None of the play happens in meatspace, it’s all play-by-post. Literal post, as in tree-corpses letters. Each turn takes a month. You can write multiple letters in a turn, to the GM and other players.

When you awake you realize that you lost more of yourself in those moments

Poetry for Neanderthals (2020) A single-syllable word game in which you must speak good or get hit with stick!

Magie's game was becoming increasingly popular around the Northeastern United States. College students attending Harvard, Columbia, and University of Pennsylvania, left-leaning middle class families, and Quakers were all playing her board game. Three decades after The Landlord's Game was invented in 1904, Parker Brothers published a modified version, known as Monopoly. Charles Darrow claimed the idea as his own, stating that he invented the game in his basement. Magie spoke out against them and reported that she had made a mere $500 from her invention and received none of the credit for Monopoly.[7] In January 1936, an interview with Magie appeared in a Washington, D.C. newspaper, in which she was critical of Parker Brothers. Magie spoke to reporters about the similarities between Monopoly and The Landlord's Game. The article published spoke to the fact that Magie spent more money making her game than she received in earnings, especially with the lack of credit she received after Monopoly was created. After the interviews, Parker Brothers agreed to publish two more of her games but continued to give Darrow the credit for inventing the game itself.[11] Darrow was known as the inventor of Monopoly until Ralph Anspach discovered Magie's patents and her relation to the Monopoly game while fighting a legal battle with the Parker Brothers because of his Anti-Monopoly game. Subsequently, her invention of The Landlord's Game has been given more attention and research. Despite the fact that Darrow and the Parker Brothers capitalized on and were credited with her idea, she posthumously received credit for one of the most popular board games.[3]

Or they employ some novel production technique to achieve a clever end, like using DALL-E to create images for use in a stop-motion video.

A red metal imp hangs from the green-painted front door, as a knocker, do not touch it; it will bite your fingers. Walk through the house. Take nothing. Eat nothing.

Mute (m)You're signed outVideos you watch may be added to the TV's watch history and influence TV recommendations. To avoid this, cancel and sign in to YouTube on your computer.CancelConfirmWhy this ad?Up nextLiveUpcomingCancelPlay NowSwitch cameraShareInclude playlistAn error occurred while retrieving sharing information. Please try again later.AnnotationsPlayback speedNormalSubtitles/CC (1)OffQualityAuto 720p0:0028:2721:34 / 28:27•Watch full videoLive•Scroll for details cleaned by Adblock for Youtube™ Share /* Branding Styles */ #ab4yt-brand { display: block; height: 20px; position: absolute; top: 2px; right: 3px; z-index: 9; color: #666; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 17px; text-decoration: none; font-weight: normal; -webkit-animation: fadeInOut 14s; animation: fadeInOut 14s; } #ab4yt-brand>#ab4yt-fb-share { background-color: #4e69a2; color: white; padding: 1px 3px; border-radius: 2px; } @-webkit-keyframes fadeInOut { 0% { opacity: 0; } 5% { opacity: 1; } 95% { opacity: 1; } 100% { opacity: 0; } } @keyframes fadeInOut { 0% { opacity: 0; } 5% { opacity: 1; } 95% { opacity: 1; } 100% { opacity: 0; } } .abyt-uix-button { display: inline-block; height: 28px; border: solid 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); padding: 0 10px; outline: 0; font-weight: 500; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; word-wrap: normal; line-height: normal; vertical-align: middle; cursor: pointer; border-radius: 2px; box-shadow: 0 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.05); } .abyt-uix-button{ border-color: #d3d3d3; background: #f8f8f8; color: #333; } Let's Build A Video Game With Unity and TensorFlow

untamed by narrative and unbound by books.

Summarization of Methods for Smart Contract Vulnerabilities Detection

queers in love at the end of the world is a hypertext game built on the Twine platform in which the player experiences fleeting intimacy in a ten-second narrative. In the upper left of the browser window, a timer counting down the seconds prompts the reader to move quickly, advancing the narrative by clicking highlighted action words with little time to deliberate or savor the moments chosen before "Everything is wiped away.

dys4ia and a lot of the games loosely grouped with it were all made on Twine, a programming language for making hypertext games that was created in 2009 by Chris Klimas and intended for writers looking to experiment with literature. Skeptics argue that these creations are too simplistic and linear to be considered “games.”

Oracle-governance attacks in Maker

Andy and I always liked trying to find opportunities that others had missed.  Fill holes in a sense

In the 80s and early 90s the best sellers on home systems were dominated by CAGs and their cousins (like “walk to the right and punch” or “walk to the right and shoot”).

"The scientist," he declared late in life,"is always working to discover the order and organization of the universe,and is thus playing a game against the arch enemy, disorganization. Isthis devil Manichean or Augustinian? Is it a contrary force opposed toorder or is it the very absence of order itself?"

If this cybernetic conception seems to differ from more familiar con-ceptions of the Other, it should. The cybernetic Enemy Other has littleto do with the racialized Other so horrifyingly invoked by Blamey, andexamined, for example, by Edward Said in Oriental~sm.~'There is nosense in which Wiener sees the German bomber pilot as a racially lesserbeing. Nor is the German pilot an Other in being simply invisible. Finally,I take it to go without need of much elaboration that the servomechanicalpilot is not Emmanuel Levinas's Other, where the recognition of the in-eradicable humanity outside of oneself is the fundamental move in theestablishment of an ethical p h i l o s ~ p h y . ~ ~No, Wiener's conception of theEnemy Other is more like his depiction of the game players in von Neu-mann's theory: "perfectly intelligent, perfectly ruthless operators" (C, p.159).This is a theoretical representation in which information, statistics,and strategies are applied to moves and countermoves in a world of op-posing but fundamentally like forces.

we track Lyotard's postmod-ernist and game-theoretical worldview back deep into the heart of theManichean sciences. As we study the development of postwar science,then, it seems to me of utmost importance not to seize uncritically thecentral metaphors of operational analysis, game theory, and cyberneticsand make them our own while claiming all the while a new "postmodern"periodization

game theory postulated a logical but cunning opponent; it was designedprecisely to analyze an antagonist who played against us and would bluffto win

On the Allied side, three closely related sciences engaged this calcu-lating Enemy Other: operations research, game theory, and cybernetics.Each had its own prototypical war problem. Operations research focused,for example, on maximizing efficiency in locating and destroyingGerman U-boats in the North Atlantic and along the coast of the Arneri-cas.Wame theory, though it had mathematical roots in the interwaryears, exploded into view with John von Neumann and Oscar Morgen-stern's masterwork of 1944, Theory of Games and Economic B e h a v i ~ r ; ~strate-gists picked up the technique as a way of analyzing what two opposingforces ought to do when each expected the other to act in a maximallyrational way but were ignorant both of the opponent's specific intentionsand of the enemy's choice of where to bluff. Wiener, the spokesman andadvocate of cybernetics, in a distinction of great importance to him, di-vided the devils facing us in two sorts. One was the "Manichean devil""who is determined on victory and will use any trick of craftiness or dis-simulation to obtain this victory." Wiener's rational Manichean devilcould, for example, change strategy to outwit us. By contrast, the other,the "Augustinian devil" (and Wiener counted the forces of nature as such)was characterized by the "evil" of chance and disorder but could notchange the rules.'

GLB-Bilibili-SIG Komo Game

As mentioned above, games such as World of Warcraft and Dream Western Journey have been popular for nearly 19 years, some MMORPG games in Roblox also have lasted around 10 years. Trading is at the essence of MMORPG games, emphasizing the concepts of assets and in-game economy.

Even though I’m an amateur researcherMeaning I do it as part of my job as a designer and writer, but in a rather a naive way compared to anyone writing a PhD., I still spend a good chunk of time hunting down and reading academic publications.

The ideas expressed in Creative Experience continueto have an impact. Follett’s process of integration, for example, forms the basisof what is now commonly referred to as a ‘‘win-win’’ approach to conflictresolution; and her distinction between ‘‘power-with’’ and ‘‘power-over’’ hasbeen used by so many distinguished thinkers that it has become a part of ourpopular vocabulary. ≤

Would be more of a neutral rating for me but seeing that I have only two options (or no review at all), I'll go with the upvote for encouragement as they do appear to be putting some effort into the game.

These methods of interaction and your storyline of yours will definitely make the game interesting. You are all set to make a text-based game by yourself. Go get started and show your skills.

Lizzie Fleming said Maria was sure to get the ring

She felt a soft wet substance with her fingers and was surprised that nobody spoke or took off her bandage.

To study the effects of regular walking during a golf game on various health and fitness indicators in middle-aged men.

コロナ禍の影響もあってか、ゲーム産業全体としては安定的に拡大しており、中でもF2Pモデルによる売上がゲーム業界を席巻している。これまでで最もDAUが多いWeb3ゲームのひとつであるSTEPNのDAU(Daily Active User)は、PCの1/20、Mobileの1/200程しかないが、22Q2に稼ぎ出した売上はあの「原神」の約1/3にものぼる。ユーザー数の差異を鑑みると、Gamefiがかつて類を見ない程の収益力を兼ね備えていることが見て取れる。

niceties some a perceived shortness of timeced for order to get through,From is experience inre . From his experience inaden ve Monty Roberts (1997) has observed thea 7 act like you only have a few minutes” it5 vou ha y to gecomplish a change, whereas “if you actve all day,” it may take only a few minutes. Incounseling, this most ofnN, ten takes iyour client’s readiness.

Media is a game of intent and attention. The most valuable platforms dominate one or the other. Few win at both. On the internet, our intent is funneled into commercial action.

Patrician IV is an overhauling upgrade to Patrician III; so if you have not played the previous games in the Patrician series, starting with IV is really all you need. Also, the game of Patrician is very straightforward and addicting, so playing previous versions won't offer you anything unseen in Patrician IV.

Onto the game itself.

The humor comes, not from jokes, but from the creative connections that are made as the scene unfolds. Hence the need to support one another, as the following Harold principles stress: Respect choices made by others. There are no bad ideas. There are no mistakes — everything is justified. Treat others as if they are poets, geniuses and artists, and they will be. Avoid preconceived notions. The best way to look good is to make your fellow players look good.Players are urged to stay in the moment and not be distracted by the ego that assumes it knows the best direction for the scene to go: What is happening now will be the key to discovery. Nothing is ignored. Follow the unexpected twist. Take the unusual and active choice to forward the action. The action begins with the disruption of a routine. Be specific — avoid generalities. Listen and remember. Look for the game within your scene and play it. Listen to your inner voice. Reflect each other’s ideas.

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You will also receive a complimentary subscription to TechRepublic's News and Special Offers newsletter and the Top Story of the Day newsletter. You may unsubscribe from these newsletters at any time. All fields are required. Username must be unique. Password must be a minimum of 6 characters and have any 3 of the 4 items: a number (0 through 9), a special character (such as !, $, #, %), an uppercase character (A through Z) or a lowercase (a through z) character (no spaces). Loading Account Information TechRepublic close modal Image: Chaosamran_Studio/Adobe Stock dataLayer.push({'post_author': "Franklin Okeke"}); window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; window.googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("leader-plus-top"); }); The 12 best IDEs for programming Account Information TechRepublic close modal Share with Your Friends The 12 best IDEs for programming Check out this article I found on TechRepublic. Your email has been sent by Franklin Okeke in Developer on July 7, 2022, 7:48 AM PDT The 12 best IDEs for programming IDEs are essential tools for software development. Here is a list of the top IDEs for programming in 2022. Image: Chaosamran_Studio/Adobe Stock Software developers have battled with text editors and command-line tools that offered little or nothing in the automation, debugging and speedy execution of codes. However, the software development landscape is rapidly changing, and this includes programming tools. To accommodate the evolution in software development, software engineers came up with more sophisticated tools known as integrated development environments. To keep up with the fast pace of emerging technologies, there has been an increasing demand for the best IDEs among software development companies. We will explore the 12 best IDEs that offer valuable solutions to programmers in 2022. Jump to: What is an IDE? The importance of IDEs in software programming Standard features of an IDE Classifications of IDEs Best IDEs for programmers Factors to consider when picking an IDE What is an IDE? IDEs are software development tools developers use to simplify their programming and design experience. IDEs come with an integrated user interface that combines everything a developer needs to write codes conveniently. The best IDEs are built with features that allow developers to write and edit code with a code editor, debug code with a debugger, compile code with a code compiler and automate some software development tasks. SEE: Hiring kit: Back-end Developer (TechRepublic Premium) The best IDEs come with class browsers to examine and reference properties, object browsers to investigate objects and class hierarchy diagrams to see object-oriented programming code. IDEs are designed to increase software developer productivity by incorporating close-knit components that create a perfect playground where they can write, test and do whatever they want with their code. Why are IDEs important in software programming? IDEs provide a lot of support to software developers, which was not available in the old text editors. The best IDEs around do not need to be manually configured and integrated as part of the setup process. Instead, they enable developers to begin developing new apps on the go. Must-read developer coverage The 12 best IDEs for programming Best DevOps Tools & Solutions 2022 CI/CD platforms: How to choose the right system for your business Hiring kit: Python developer Additionally, since every feature a programmer needs is available in the same development environment, developers don’t have to spend hours learning how to use each separately. This can be extremely helpful when bringing on new developers, who may rely on an IDE to familiarize themselves with a team’s standard tools and procedures. In reality, most IDE capabilities, such as intelligent code completion and automatic code creation, are designed to save time by eliminating the need to write out entire character sequences. Other standard IDE features are designed to facilitate workflow organization and problem-solving for developers. IDEs parse code as it is written, allowing for real-time detection of human-related errors. As such, developers can carry out operations without switching between programs because the needed utilities are represented by a single graphical user interface. Most IDEs also have a syntax highlighting feature, which uses visual clues to distinguish between grammar in the text editor. Class and object browsers, as well as class hierarchy diagrams for certain languages, are additional features that some IDEs offer. All these features help the modern programmer to turn out software development projects fast. For a programming project requiring software-specific features, it’s possible to manually integrate these features or utilities with Vim or Emacs. The benefit here is that software developers can easily have their custom-made IDEs. However, for enterprise uses, the above process might take time and impact standardization negatively. Most enterprises encourage their development teams to go for pre-configured IDEs that suit their job demands. Other benefits of IDEs An IDE serves as a centralized environment for the needs of most software developers, such as version control systems, Platform-as-a-Service and debugging tools. An IDE improves workflow due to its fast code completion capabilities. An IDE automates error-checking on the fly to ensure top-quality code. An IDE has refactoring capabilities that allow programmers to make comprehensive and renaming changes. An IDE ensure a seamless development cycle. An IDE facilitates developer efficiency and satisfaction. Standard features of an IDE Text editor Almost all IDEs will offer a text editor made specifically for writing and modifying source code. While some tools may allow users to drag and drop front-end elements visually, the majority offers a straightforward user interface that emphasizes language-specific syntax. Debugger Debugging tools help developers identify and correct source code mistakes. Before the application is published, programmers and software engineers can test the various code parts and find issues. Compiler The compiler feature in IDE assists programmers in translating programming languages into machine-readable languages such as binary code. The compiler also helps to ensure the accuracy of these machine languages by analyzing and optimizing them. Code completion This feature helps developers to intelligently and automatically complete common code components. This process helps developers to save time and reduces bugs that come from typos. Programming language support Although some IDEs are pre-configured to support one programming language, others offer multi-programming language support. Most times, in choosing an IDE, users have to figure out which programming languages they will be coding in and pick an IDE accordingly. Integrations and plugins Integration capability is one feature that makes an IDE stand out. IDEs support the integration of other development tools through plugins to enhance productivity. Classifications of IDEs IDEs come in different types and according to the programming languages they support. While some support one language, others can support more than one. Multi-language IDE Multi-language IDEs are IDE types that support multiple programming languages. This IDE type is best suited for beginner programmers still at the exploration stage. An example of this type of IDE is the Visual Studio IDE. It’s popular for its incredible supporting features. For example, users can easily code in a new programming language by adding the language plugin. Mobile development IDE As the market for mobile app development grows, numerous programming tools are becoming available to help software developers build efficient mobile apps. Mobile development IDEs for the Android and iOS platforms include Android Studio and Xcode. Web/cloud-based IDE If an enterprise supports a cloud-based development environment, it may need to adopt a cloud-based IDE. One of the advantages of using this type of IDE is that it can run heavy projects without occupying any computational resources in a local system. Again, this type of IDE is always platform-independent, making it easy to connect to many cloud development providers. Specific-language IDE This IDE type is a typical opposite of the multiple-language IDE. They are specifically built to support developers who work on only one programming language. Some of these IDEs include Jcreator for Java, Idle for Python and CodeLite for C++. Best IDEs for programmers in 2022 Visual Studio Microsoft Visual Studios The Visual Studio IDE is a Microsoft-powered integrated development interface developed to help software developers with web developments. The IDE uses artificial intelligence features to learn from the edit programmer’s make to their codes, making it easy for it to complete lines of code automatically. One of the top features many developers have come to like about Visual Studio is that it aids collaborative development between teams in live development. This feature is very crucial, especially during the debugging process. The IDE also allows users to share servers, comments and terminals. Visual Studio has the capability to support mobile app, web and game development. It also supports Python language, Node.js, ASP.NET and Azure. With Visual Studio, developers can easily create a development environment in the cloud. SEE: Hiring kit: Python developer (TechRepublic Premium) With its multi-language support, Visual Studio has features that integrate flawlessly with Django and Flask frameworks. It can be used as an IDE for Python on the Mac, Windows and Linux operating systems. IntelliJ IDEA IntelliJ IDEA IntelliJ Idea has been around for years and has served as one of the best IDEs for Java programming. The IntelliJ Idea UI is designed in a sleek way that makes coding appealing to many Java developers. With this IDE, code can get indexed, providing relevant suggestions to help complete code lines. It also takes this suggestive coding further by automating several tasks that may be repetitive. Apart from supporting web, enterprise, and mobile Java programming, it is also a good option for JavaScript, SQL and JPQL programming Xcode Xcode Xcode might be the best IDE tool for Apple product developers. The tool supports iOS app development with its numerous iOS tools. The IDE supports programming languages such as Swift, C++ and Object-C. With XCode, developers can easily manage their software development workflow with quality code suggestions from the interface. Android Studio Android Studio The Android Studio is one of the best IDEs for Android app development. This IDE supports Kotlin and Java programming languages. Some important features users can get from the Android Studio are push alerts, camera integrations and other mobile technology features. Developers can also create variants and different APKs with the help of this flexible IDE, which also offers extended template support for Google Services. AWS Cloud9 IDE AWS Cloud9 The AWS Cloud9 IDE is packed with a terminal, a debugger and a code editor, and it supports popular programming languages such as Python and PHP. With Cloud9 IDE, software developers can work on their projects from almost anywhere in the globe as long as they have a computer that is connected to the internet, because it is cloud-based. Developers may create serverless applications using Cloud9 and easily collaborate with different teams in different development environments. Eclipse Eclipse Eclipse is one of the most popular IDEs. It’s a cross-platform tool with a powerful user interface that supports drag and drop. The IDE is also packed with some important features such as static analysis tools, debugging and profiling capabilities. Eclipse is enterprise development-friendly and it allows developers to work on scalable and open-source software development easily. Although Eclipse is best associated with Java, it also supports multiple programming languages. In addition, users can add their preferred plugins to the IDE to support software development projects. Zend Studio Zend Studio Zend Studio is a leading PHP IDE designed to support PHP developers in both web and mobile development. The tool features advanced debugging capabilities and a code editor with a large community to support its users. There is every possibility that PHP developers will cling to the Zend IDE for a long time as it has consistently proven to be a reliable option for server-side programming. Furthermore, programmers can take advantage of Zend Studio’s plugin integrations to maximize PHP applications’ deployment on any server. PhpStorm PhpStorm PhpStorm is another choice to consider if users use PHP for web development. Although it focuses on the PHP programming language, front-end languages like HTML 5, CSS, Sass, JavaScript and others are also supported. It also supports popular website-building tools, including WordPress, Drupal and Laravek. It offers simple navigation, code completion, testing, debugging and refactoring capabilities. PhpStorm comes with built-in developer tools that help users perform routine tasks directly from the IDE. Some of these built-in tools serve as a version control system, remote deployment, composer and Docker. Arduino IDE Arduino Arduino is another top open source, cross-platform IDE that helps developers to write clean code with an option to share with other developers. This IDE offers both online and local code editing environments. Developers who want to carry out sophisticated tasks without putting a strain on computer resources love it for how simple it is to utilize. The Arduino IDE includes current support for the newest Arduino boards. Additionally, it offers a more contemporary editor and a dynamic UI with autocompletion, code navigation and even live debugger features. NetBeans NetBeans You can’t have a list of the best IDE for web development without including NetBeans. It’s among one of the most popular options for the best IDE because it’s a no-nonsense software for Java, JavaScript, PHP, HTML 5, CSS and more. It also helps users create bug-free codes by highlighting code syntactically and semantically. It also has a lot of powerful refactoring tools while being open source. RubyMine RubyMine Although RubyMine primarily supports the Ruby, it also works well with JavaScript, CSS, Less, Sass and other programming languages. The IDE has some crucial automation features such as code completion, syntax and error-highlighting, an advanced search option for any class and symbol. WebStorm WebStorm The WebStorm IDE is excellent for programming in JavaScript. The IDE features live error detection, code autocompletion, a debugger and unit testing. It also comes with some great integrations to aid web development. Some of these integrations are GitHub, Git and Mercurial. Factors to consider when picking an IDE Programming language support An IDE should be able to support the programming language used in users’ software development projects. Customizable text editors Some IDEs offer the ability to edit the graphical user interface. Check if the preferred IDE has this feature, because it can increase productivity. Unit testing Check if the IDE can add mock objects to some sections of the code. This feature helps test code straight away without completing all the sections. Source code library Users may also wish to consider if the IDE has resources such as scripts and source code. Error diagnostics and reports For new programmers, sometimes it’s good to have an IDE that can automatically detect errors in code. Have this factor in mind if users will need this feature. Code completion Some IDEs are designed to intelligently complete lines of code, especially when it comes to tag closing. If developers want to save some coding time from tag closing, check for IDEs that offer this option. Integrations and plugins Do not forget to check the integration features before making a choice. Code search Some IDEs offer the code search option to help search for elements quickly in code. Look for IDEs that support this productivity feature. Hierarchy diagrams If users often work on larger projects with numerous files and scripts that all interact in a certain way, look for IDEs that can organize and present these scripts in a hierarchy. This feature can help programmers observe the order of file execution and the relationships between different files and scripts by displaying a hierarchy diagram. Model-driven development Some IDEs help turn models into code. If users love creating models for the IDE, consider this factor before choosing an IDE. 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Cory Bohon Published:  July 14, 2022, 7:00 AM PDT Modified:  July 29, 2022, 7:37 AM PDT Read More See more Mobility Image: Chaosamran_Studio/Adobe Stock Developer The 12 best IDEs for programming IDEs are essential tools for software development. Here is a list of the top IDEs for programming in 2022. Franklin Okeke Published:  July 7, 2022, 7:48 AM PDT Modified:  July 29, 2022, 10:40 PM PDT Read More See more Developer window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; window.googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("leader-bottom"); }); TechRepublic Premium TechRepublic Premium Industrial Internet of Things: Software comparison tool IIoT software assists manufacturers and other industrial operations with configuring, managing and monitoring connected devices. A good IoT solution requires capabilities ranging from designing and delivering connected products to collecting and analyzing system data once in the field. 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Digital discourse creates a game-like structure in our perception of reality. For everything that happens, every fact we gather, every interpretation of it we provide, we have an ongoing ledger of the “points” we could garner by posting about it online.

Many of the systems we now use online have their structural origins in the world of role-playing games.

The role-playing game is to our century what the novel was to the eighteenth: the social art form epitomizing and evangelizing a new mode of self-creation. Role-playing games became especially popular in the 1980s, fostering a moral panic over the corruption of the youth, and their influence has continued to vastly exceed that of table-top games.

Indeed, there is a case — and I am going to make it here — that the parallel can be fruitfully extended much farther.

The original leftist formulation of it was very different from anything that we get in what then becomes called left-accelerationism later. It’s almost like Lenin’s “the worse, the better”. The understanding of it is that, you know, what Deleuze and Guattari are doing, what the accelerationist current coming out of them is doing, is saying the way to destroy capitalism is to accelerate it to its limit. There’s no other strategy that has any chance of being successful.

Just like it may be not necessary to know the rules to win the game, or to possess all the propositional knowledge on a subject to operate properly

Nevertheless, only 2% of girls obtained 60 or more minutes of MVPA in baseball/softball practice compared with about 32% of boys. A possible explanation for this trend is that coaches included less physical training in girls' softball practices, devoting most of the time to skill building, game play, or other nonactive instruction. Owing to the extensive running inherent in soccer, boys' and girls' MVPA levels were very similar.

muzzle-loading firearms; * single shot, double barrel and repeating centre fire rifles; * break action shotguns/rifle combinations

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Lycos introduced Web page sum-maries in search results, rather than a simple list of link