Cattell, J. McKeen. “Methods for a Card Index.” Science 10, no. 247 (1899): 419–20.

Columbia professor of psychology calls for the creation of a card index of references to reviews and abstracts for areas of research. Columbia was apparently doing this in 1899 for the psychology department.

What happened to this effort? How similar was it to the system of advertising cards for books in Germany in the early 1930s described by Heyde?

Rotzel, Grace. “Card File.” The English Journal 6, no. 10 (December 1917): 691–691. https://doi.org/10.2307/801092.

Follow up note to prior article indicating some sorter term benefits of filing student work and taking notes on it for helping to create improvement over time.

Sutherland, Lois Gilbert. “The English Teacher’s Card File.” The English Journal 6, no. 2 (1917): 111–12. https://doi.org/10.2307/801508.

Lois Gilbert Sutherland suggests using a card index system for multiple uses in the classroom including notes, administration, and general productivity.

There are so many parallels from this to how people are using platforms like Obsidian, Roam Research, and Notion in 2022.

Breitenbach, H. P. “The Card Index for Teachers.” The School Review 20, no. 4 (1912): 271–72.

Apparently in 1912, the card index was little known to teachers... this isn't the sort of use case I was expecting here...

The general gist of this short note is an encouraging one to suggest that instead of traditional grade books, which are still used heavily in 2022, teachers should use rolodex like cards for keeping attendance and notes on a student's progress.

Presumably this never caught on. While some elementary teachers still use older paper gradebooks, many others have transferred to digital LMS platforms.

Goutor, Jacques. The Card-File System of Note-Taking. Approaching Ontario’s Past 3. Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1980. http://archive.org/details/cardfilesystemof0000gout

Goutor recommends cross-referencing or linking ideas between cards "at the bottom of the note-card, as soon as the note itself is completed." Links shouldn't be trusted to memory and should be noted as soon as possible. Further he recommends periodically sorting through cards and adding adding additional cross references as one ruminates. While he indicates that cross-referencing may seem "cumbersome at first sight, experience will show that it enhances the usefulness of the card file when the time comes to retrieve the information it contains." (p32-33)

Beyond this he doesn't indicate any additional benefits of creativity or serendipity that have been seen in similar treatises.

Goutor breaks down the post-processing of notes into two phases: "coding" (tagging or categorization) and "cross-referencing". (p31).

On page 24, Goutor cross references one note to another, but only does so at the level of the bigger book or text and not at the level of the individual notes themselves.

Was this on purpose?

Mills, C. Wright. The Sociological Imagination. 40th anniversary edition. Oxford University Press, 2000.

Khinchin, Aleksandr Yakovlevich. Continued Fractions. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.

Brown, Peter C., Henry L. Roediger III, and Mark A. McDaniel. Make It Stick: The Science of Successful Learning. Belknap Press, 2014. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674729018

Gladwell, Malcolm. “Million-Dollar Murray.” The New Yorker, February 5, 2006. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/02/13/million-dollar-murray (.pdf copy available at https://housingmatterssc.org/million-dollar-murray/)

Sword, Helen. “‘Write Every Day!’: A Mantra Dismantled.” International Journal for Academic Development 21, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 312–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2016.1210153

Throughout Rewriting: How To Do Things With Texts (Utah State University Press, 2006) Joseph Harris presents highlighted sidebar presentations he labels "Intertexts".

They simultaneously serve the functions of footnotes, references, (pseudo-)pull quotes, and conversation with his own text. It's not frequently seen this way, but these intertexts serve the function of presenting his annotations of his own text to model these sorts of annotations and intertextuality which he hopes the reader (student) to be able to perform themselves. He explicitly places them in a visually forward position within the text rather than hiding them in the pages' footnotes or end notes where the audience he is addressing can't possibly miss them. In fact, the reader will be drawn to them above other parts of the text when doing a cursory flip through the book upon picking it up, a fact that underlines their importance in his book's thesis.

This really is a fantastic example of the marriage of form and function as well as modelling behavior.

cc: @remikalir

Harris, Joseph. Rewriting: How To Do Things With Texts. Logan: Utah State University Press, 2006. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/9248

Courtney, Jennifer Pooler. “A Review of Rewriting: How to Do Things with Texts.” The Journal of Effective Teaching 7, no. 1 (2007): 74–77.

Review of: Harris, Joseph. Rewriting: How To Do Things With Texts. Logan: Utah State University Press, 2006. https://muse.jhu.edu/book/9248.

Sword, Helen. “‘Write Every Day!’: A Mantra Dismantled.” International Journal for Academic Development 21, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 312–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2016.1210153.

Preliminary thoughts prior to reading:<br /> What advice does Boice give? Is he following in the commonplace or zettelkasten traditions? Is the writing ever day he's talking about really progressive note taking? Is this being misunderstood?

Compare this to the incremental work suggested by Ahrens (2017).

Is there a particular delineation between writing for academic research and fiction writing which can be wholly different endeavors from a structural point of view? I see citations of many fiction names here.

Cross reference: Throw Mama from the Train quote

A writer writes, always.

Bjorn, Genevive A., Laura Quaynor, and Adam J. Burgasser. “Reading Research for Writing: Co-Constructing Core Skills Using Primary Literature.” Impacting Education: Journal on Transforming Professional Practice 7, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 47–58. https://doi.org/10.5195/ie.2022.237

Found via:

#AcademicTwitter I survived crushing reading loads in grad school by creating a straightforward method for analyzing primary literature, called #CERIC. Saved my sanity and improved my focus. @PhDVoice. Here’s the free paper - https://t.co/YehbLQNEqJ

— Genevive Bjorn (@GeneviveBjorn) September 11, 2022

I'm curious how this is similar to the traditions of commonplace books and zettelkasten from a historical perspective.

Eco, Umberto. How to Write a Thesis. Translated by Caterina Mongiat Farina and Geoff Farina. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2015. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/how-write-thesis

Finally a concrete statement about actively cross-linking ideas on note cards together!

Automatic reference cards!

When did they stop doing this!!!

Allosso, Dan, and S. F. Allosso. How to Make Notes and Write. Minnesota State Pressbooks, 2022. https://minnstate.pressbooks.pub/write/.

Annotatable .pdf copy for Hypothes.is: https://docdrop.org/pdf/How-to-Make-Notes-and-Write---Allosso-Dan-jzdq8.pdf/

Nota Bene:

These annotations are of a an early pre-release draft of the text. One ought to download the most recent revised/final/official draft at https://minnstate.pressbooks.pub/write/.

Dow, Earle Wilbur. Principles of a Note-System for Historical Studies. Century Company, 1924.

Jones, Christopher P. “Zettelkasten.” Edited by R. Merkelbach and J. Stauber. The Classical Review 50, no. 1 (2000): 170–72.

Nothing at all about the titular word zettelkasten, but rather a negative review of a book on inscriptions...

Fickert, Kevin-Steven. “Die Geschichte des Zettelkatalogs : eine historisch-kritische Betrachtung eines Verzeichnismediums und seiner Regelwerke.” Fachhochschule Stuttgart Hochschule der Medien, 2003. https://hdms.bsz-bw.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/141

via Ton Zijlstra

Allosso, Dan, and S. F. Allosso. How to Make Notes and Write. Minnesota State Pressbooks, 2022. https://minnstate.pressbooks.pub/write/.

Allosso, Dan. US History and Primary Source Anthology, Vol. 1. 2 vols. Minnesota State Pressbooks, 2022. https://minnstate.pressbooks.pub/ushistory1/

Jahraus, Oliver, Armin Nassehi, Mario Grizelj, Irmhild Saake, Christian Kirchmeier, and Julian Müller, eds. Luhmann-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung. Springer, 2012. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-476-05271-1

Seward, Samuel Swayze. Note-Taking. Boston, Allyn and Bacon, 1910. http://archive.org/details/cu31924012997627

Dutcher, George Matthew. “Directions and Suggestions for the Writing of Essays or Theses in History.” Historical Outlook 22, no. 7 (November 1, 1931): 329–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/21552983.1931.10114595

an example within this essay of a cross reference from one note to another showing the potential linkages of individual notes within one's own slipbox.

missing some textual context here for full quote...

Dutcher is recommending arranging notes and cards by topical headings in a commonplace sort of method. He does recommend a sub-arrangement of placing them in logical order for one's writing however. He goes even further and indicates one may "make cross references for notes which may be needed for use in more than one place." Which provides an early indication of linking or cross linking cards to multiple places within in one's card index. (Has this cross referencing (linking) idea appeared in the literature specifically before, or is this an early instantiation of this idea?)

Scheper, Scott P. Antinet Zettelkasten: The Secret Knowledge Development System Evolved By History’s Greatest Minds. Advanced Reader Copy. Greenlamp, 2022.

Gross, Ronald. The Independent Scholar’s Handbook. Ten Speed Press, 1993. http://archive.org/details/the-independent-scholars-handbook-how-to-turn-your-interest-in-any-subject-into-.

Chomsky, Noam. Language and Mind. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791222.

Historical Hypermedia: An Alternative History of the Semantic Web and Web 2.0 and Implications for e-Research. .mp3. Berkeley School of Information Regents’ Lecture. UC Berkeley School of Information, 2010. https://archive.org/details/podcast_uc-berkeley-school-informat_historical-hypermedia-an-alte_1000088371512. archive.org.

https://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/events/2010/historical-hypermedia-alternative-history-semantic-web-and-web-20-and-implications-e.

https://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/audio/2010-10-20-vandenheuvel_0.mp3

Interface as Thing - book on Paul Otlet (not released, though he said he was working on it)

• W. Boyd Rayward 1994 expert on Otlet
• Otlet on annotation, visualization, of text
• TBL married internet and hypertext (ideas have sex)
• V. Bush As We May Think - crosslinks between microfilms, not in a computer context
• Ted Nelson 1965, hypermedia

t=540

• Michael Buckland book about machine developed by Emanuel Goldberg antecedent to memex
• Emanuel Goldberg and His Knowledge Machine: Information, Invention, and Political Forces (New Directions in Information Management) by Michael Buckland (Libraries Unlimited, (March 31, 2006)
• Otlet and Goldsmith were precursors as well

four figures in his research: - Patrick Gattis - biologist, architect, diagrams of knowledge, metaphorical use of architecture; classification - Paul Otlet, Brussels born - Wilhelm Ostwalt - nobel prize in chemistry - Otto Neurath, philosophher, designer of isotype

Paul Otlet

• wrote bibliography on law
• book: Something on Bibliography #wanttoread
• universal decimal classification system
• mundaneum
• Le Corbusier - architect worked with Otlet for building for Mundaneum; See: https://socks-studio.com/2019/05/05/the-shape-of-knowledge-the-mundaneum-by-paul-otlet-and-henri-la-fontaine/

Otlet was interested in both the physical as well as the intangible aspects of the Mundaneum including as an idea, an institution, method, body of work, building, and as a network.<br /> (#t=1020)

Early iPhone diagram?!?

(roughly) armchair to do the things in the web of life (Nelson quote) (get full quote and source for use) (circa 19:30)

compares Otlet to TBL

Michael Buckland 1991 <s>internet of things</s> coinage - did I hear this correctly? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things lists different coinages

Turns out it was "information as thing"<br /> See: https://hypothes.is/a/kXIjaBaOEe2MEi8Fav6QsA

sugane brierre and otlet<br /> "everything can be in a document"<br /> importance of evidence

The idea of evidence implies a passiveness. For evidence to be useful then, one has to actively do something with it, use it for comparison or analysis with other facts, knowledge, or evidence for it to become useful.

transformation of sound into writing<br /> movement of pieces at will to create a new combination of facts - combinatorial creativity idea here. (circa 27:30 and again at 29:00)<br /> not just efficiency but improvement and purification of humanity

put things on system cards and put them into new orders<br /> breaking things down into smaller pieces, whether books or index cards....

Otlet doesn't use the word interfaces, but makes these with language and annotations that existed at the time. (32:00)

Otlet created diagrams and images to expand his ideas

Otlet used octagonal index cards to create extra edges to connect them together by topic. This created more complex trees of knowledge beyond the four sides of standard index cards. (diagram referenced, but not contained in the lecture)

Otlet is interested in the "materialization of knowledge": how to transfer idea into an object. (How does this related to mnemonic devices for daily use? How does it relate to broader material culture?)

Otlet inspired by work of Herbert Spencer

space an time are forms of thought, I hold myself that they are forms of things. (get full quote and source) from spencer influence of Plato's forms here?

Otlet visualization of information (38:20)

S. R. Ranganathan may have had these ideas about visualization too

atomization of knowledge; atomist approach 19th century examples:S. R. Ranganathan, Wilson, Otlet, Richardson, (atomic notes are NOT new either...) (39:40)

Otlet creates interfaces to the world - time with cyclic representation - space - moving cube along time and space axes as well as levels of detail - comparison to Ted Nelson and zoomable screens even though Ted Nelson didn't have screens, but simulated them in paper - globes

Katie Berner - semantic web; claims that reporting a scholarly result won't be a paper, but a nugget of information that links to other portions of the network of knowledge.<br /> (so not just one's own system, but the global commons system)

Mention of Open Annotation (Consortium) Collaboration:<br /> - Jane Hunter, University of Australia Brisbane & Queensland<br /> - Tim Cole, University of Urbana Champaign<br /> - Herbert Van de Sompel, Los Alamos National Laboratory annotations of various media<br /> see:<br /> - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311366469_The_Open_Annotation_Collaboration_A_Data_Model_to_Support_Sharing_and_Interoperability_of_Scholarly_Annotations - http://www.openannotation.org/spec/core/20130205/index.html - http://www.openannotation.org/PhaseIII_Team.html

trust must be put into the system for it to work

coloration of the provenance of links goes back to Otlet (~52:00)

Creativity is the friction of the attention space at the moments when the structural blocks are grinding against one another the hardest. —Randall Collins (1998) The sociology of philosophers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (p.76)

Van Acker, Wouter, and Pieter Uyttenhove, eds. Analogous Spaces: Conference Reader. Ghent University. University library, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-770404.

"OCLC Prints Last Library Catalog Cards.” OCLC, October 1, 2015. 44280170. OCLC News Releases 2015 - US. https://cdm15003.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15003coll6/id/386.

Lima, Manuel. The Book of Trees: Visualizing Branches of Knowledge, 2014. https://papress.com/products/the-book-of-trees-visualizing-branches-of-knowledge.

Langlois, Charles Victor, and Charles Seignobos. Introduction to the Study of History. Translated by George Godfrey Berry. First. New York: Henry Holt and company, 1898. http://archive.org/details/cu31924027810286.

Suggested by footnote in Beatrice Webb's My Apprenticeship.

Bernheim, Ernst. Lehrbuch der historischen Methode und der Geschichtsphilosophie: mit Nachweis der wichtigsten Quellen und Hilfsmittel zum Studium der Geschichte. Leipzig : Duncker & Humblot, 1908. http://archive.org/details/lehrbuchderhist03berngoog.

Title translation: Textbook of the historical method and the philosophy of history : with reference to the most important sources and aids for the study of history

A copy of the original 1889 copy can be found at https://digital.ub.uni-leipzig.de/mirador/index.php

Peirce, Charles Sanders. “How to Make Our Ideas Clear.” Popular Science Monthly 12, no. Jan. (January 1878): 286–302.

see also: - https://cspeirce.omeka.net/items/show/3

Zinn, Howard. A Young People’s History of the United States. Seven Stories, 2009. https://www.sevenstories.com/books/2852-a-young-people-s-history-of-the-united-states.

Kidd, Alison. “The Marks Are on the Knowledge Worker.” In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 186–91. CHI ’94. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1145/191666.191740.

Orwell, George. Nineteen eighty-four. (Mariner, 2008) ISBN 978-0-15-603584-2

First!

What I really mean is: <br /> I'm bookmarking this for my digital notebook https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1474022220915128

“Something fruitful for all of us”: Social annotation as a signature pedagogy for literature education<br /> Jeffrey Clapp, Matthew DeCoursey, Sze Wah Sarah Lee, et al.<br /> First Published March 29, 2020<br /> https://doi.org/10.1177/1474022220915128

There's always something suspicious about journal articles about social annotation when there's no public sign of social annotation on them.

We've remedied this problem...

The Reading Brain in the Digital Age: The Science of Paper versus Screens https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/reading-paper-screens/ by Ferris Jabr Scientific American 2013-04-11 A good overview of reading practices, reading user interfaces, and research literature relevant to it. Lots of abstracts from research which I ought to look at more closely, and thus didn't make note of as much as I'd rather delve into the primary sources.

Most of the research cited here is preliminary to early e-reading devices and has small sample sizes. Better would be to see how subsequent studies have fared with larger and more diverse groups.

There should be a total of 19 references, but this version has 26 due to duplicate references. I have fixed this in a newer version.

There should be a total of 19 references, but this version has 26 due to duplicate references. I have fixed this in a newer version.

Brine, Kevin R., Ellen Gruber Garvey, Lisa M. Gitelman, Steven J. Jackson, Virginia Jackson, Markus Krajewski, Mary Poovey, et al. “Raw Data” Is an Oxymoron. Edited by Lisa M. Gitelman. Infrastructures. MIT Press, 2013. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/raw-data-oxymoron.

https://interactions.acm.org/archive/view/may-june-2011/between-the-lines-the-social-life-of-marginalia1

Danzico, Liz. “Between the Lines: The Social Life of Marginalia.” Interactions 18, no. 3 (May 2011): 12–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/1962438.1962443.

A short synopsis article about marginalia with some simple questions. She's read a fair amount in the space from the 2010s given references, but little I hadn't encountered before. The Robin Sloan tidbit was interesting as well as the etymology of marginalia, though these will need better references.

Nelson, Sarah E. “Persephone’s Seeds: Abortifacients and Contraceptives in Ancient Greek Medicine and Their Recent Scientific Appraisal.” Pharmacy in History 51, no. 2 (2009): 57–69.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/41112420

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2937996

Dayton, Cornelia Hughes. “Taking the Trade: Abortion and Gender Relations in an Eighteenth-Century New England Village.” The William and Mary Quarterly 48, no. 1 (1991): 19–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937996.

Villar-Onrubia, Daniel, and Victoria I. Marín. “Independently-Hosted Web Publishing.” Internet Policy Review 11, no. 2 (April 26, 2022). https://doi.org/10.14763/2022.2.1665.

https://policyreview.info/glossary/independently-hosted-web-publishing

Fun to see the IndieWeb wiki cited in academic literature.

Forte, Tiago. Building a Second Brain: A Proven Method to Organize Your Digital Life and Unlock Your Creative Potential. Atria Books, 2022. https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Building-a-Second-Brain/Tiago-Forte/9781982167387.

Accurate climate models require a thorough understanding of how much light is reflected by clouds and the Earth's surface. These studies shed light on how land cover and clouds impact the global energy balance.

Experimental and theoretical investigations of the effect of aerosols, particularly those released during volcanic eruptions, have allowed for the reliable modeling of cooling periods throughout history.

The development of box diffusion models provided a useful, tunable way to represent the exchange of heat between the atmosphere and ocean in climate models.

Experimental studies are vital to the construction of accurate climate models. These studies include measurements of the absorption of radiation by gases, aerosols, and the Earth's surface to supply parameters for programs that predict energy flows through the atmosphere.

Hansen, Manabe, and others performed extensive work creating models to represent the atmosphere and predict its response to the emission of greenhouse gases.

Principe, Lawrence M. (2013, July 8). History of Science: Antiquity to 1700 (Vol. 1200) [.mp3]. https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/history-of-science-antiquity-to-1700

See also: https://hypothes.is/a/dN4iQHyFEeyOQtNdg7aedw and related notes.

Note the phrase "Card Index" in the title of this article in lieu of the more common German zettelkasten.

Eddy, Matthew Daniel (anticipated 2022). Media and the Mind: Art, Science, and Notebooks as Paper Machines, 1700-1830. University of Chicago Press. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo173084820.html

T.J. Johnson and colleagues studied several mixer designs by fabricating a series of slanted wells within a microchannel using a UV excimer laser. These wells generated a high degree of lateral transport within the channel to help induce rapid mixing between two confluent streams undergoing electroosmotic flow.

The authors demonstrated chaotic mixing in a twisted pipe with a circular cross-section.

Because there are many possible solutions to a problem; it is important to choose the design requirements and success criteria for the proposed solution. Here the authors describe their design criteria for thoroughly mixing a solution.

Here the authors describe the exact steps that they use to create the devices. The techniques (photolithography) and materials (PDMS) described are commonly used in the fabrication of microfluidic devices.

This paper is the first to report the use of PDMS in the fabrication of microdevices and discusses its pros and cons. The paper introduced soft lithography based on PDMS as a novel fabrication method for microfluidic devices, which is commonly used in academic research and industry.

This paper shows an alternative form of fluid mixing in microfluidic channels. This method uses curved channels with serpentine geometry to mix fluids by generating chaotic flow similar to the one presented in this paper.

This article outlines a common use of microfluidics, that is the miniaturization of assays to run many of them in parallel at the same time ((high throughput assays). This paper addresses one of the main problems in assay miniaturization, which is efficient mixing of assay components.

Here the authors list where the funding for the research came from. A lot of academic research is funded through government grants (DARPA, NSF, NIH, Military, etc.).

Prior studies conducted by Pierre et al. have embedded permanent magnets into the soft robot that allow for the generation of a magnetic field. This actuation method allows for faster movement.

Rafsanjani et al. utilized Japanese paper folding techniques to create a soft robot mimicking the crawling motion of a snake.

Park et al. created a biohybrid system that enables an artificial animal to swim with light stimulation. The device was inspired by batoids (like sting rays), where the researchers reverse-engineered the animal’s musculoskeletal structure and used optical signals to enable steering and turning maneuvers.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02346-4

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02346-4

Oddly this article doesn't cover academia.edu but includes ResearchGate which has a content-sharing partnership with the publisher SpringerNature.

Matthews, D. (2021). Drowning in the literature? These smart software tools can help. Nature, 597(7874), 141–142. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02346-4

In an ever-increasing sphere of digital print, why can't publishers provide readers a digitally programmed selection of footnote references in texts?

This digital version of Annie Murphy Paul's book has endnotes with links from the endnotes back to the original pages, but the opposite links from the reading don't go to the endnotes in an obvious way.

I'd love to be able to turn on/off a variety of footnote options so that I can see them on the pages they appear, as pop up modals, or browse through them in the end notes after-the-fact as I choose. This would allow me to have more choice and selection from a text based on what I want to get out of it rather than relying on a publisher to make that choice for me.

Often in publishing a text written for the broad public will "hide" the footnotes at the end of the text in unintuitive ways where as more scholarly presses will place them closer to their appearance within the text. Given the digital nature of texts, it should be possible to allow the reader to choose where these items appear to suit their reading styles.

Hollier, Denis. “Notes (On the Index Card).” October 112, no. Spring (2005): 35–44. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3397642

Read: 2022-04-20 15:36

Interesting material on Barthes' use of note cards, though not in depth. Some interesting discussion on the idea of autobiography from a philosophical perspective.

The first five sections were interesting to me, the last two a bit denser and not as clear or interesting without additional context.

Wilken, Rowan. “The Card Index as Creativity Machine.” Culture Machine 11 (2010): 7–30.

file: https://culturemachine.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/373-604-1-PB.pdf

cross reference her paper:

Blair, Ann. “Note Taking as an Art of Transmission.” Critical Inquiry 31, no. 1 (September 2004): 85–107. https://doi.org/10.1086/427303.

By studying asynchronous flight systems in flies, Dickinson and Tu concluded that the resonant properties of the thorax (the midsection of an insect) determine the contraction frequency of the muscles.

Hu et al have embedded permanent magnets into the soft robot that allow for the generation of a magnetic field. This actuation method allows for faster movement, but Hu's top speed (213 mm/s) is still one-fourth of the top speed reported for the presented robot.

On a larger scale, researchers like Haldane et al. have chosen a small primate, galagos, as their model animal which is known for having the highest vertical jumping ability.

Aguilar et. al define "robophysics" as the pursuit of principles of self-generated motion.

Rogóz et al. utilizes liquid crystalline elastomers that change shape under light; specifically, a continuous wave green laser beam scans the robot body and a traveling deformation is observed. The robot can perform difficult tasks like walk up a slope and squeeze through a narrow slit, however it is hindered by damage from burning along the laser beam center.

Wang et al. chooses to use light-driven hydrogel as it allows for wires and electrodes to be avoided, and light can be controlled more easily than other actuation methods. However, the crawling gait was generated by curling and uncurling after exposure to a near infrared laser. This mechanism poses issues due to the constant laser repetition required to move the device.

In order to mimic a hop-like pattern, Kagawa et al. have used the movement style and foot path of cockroaches. Unlike the single-leg and later implemented double-leg utilized in this paper, Kagawa uses a four-legged walking machine with dimensions of 2 in x 1 in (50.8 mm x 25.4) which is significantly larger than this 10 mm x 15 mm soft robot.

Wang et al. employed worm movement patterns to show proper movement of their soft robots. Specifically the looping gait, requires front and back leg anchoring for sequential contracting and stretching. This differs from the four main postures used in this wave-like gait pattern which include aerial, front-touching, back-touching, and both-touching.

This paper is a review article focusing on the strategies, technology, and desired performance of electronic skin devices. The paper introduces transduction mechanisms that are commonly used in e-skins. They also write about technical improvements for stretchability, sensitivity, and resolution properties for tactile sensing. They also highlight recent breakthroughs and development trends for e-skin in 2015.

This paper focuses on the integration of organic field-effect transistors and rubber pressure sensors fabricated using low cost processing technology. They took pressure images with flexible active matrix drivers with organic transistors. All materials in this device are soft except for the electrodes. The maximum effective device area is 8x8 cm squared, and contains a 32x32 array of pressure sensors. The device is electrically functional, even when wrapped around a cylindrical bar with a diameter of 4 millimeters.

This paper draws inspiration from sensory (afferent) nerves to make flexible organic electronics. Afferent nerves carry sensations such as touch, pain, and temperature. The authors combined a pressure sensor, ring oscillator, and an ion gel-gated transistor to form an artificial mechanoreceptor. Their artificial nerve can collect pressure information from 1 to 80 kilopascals. It transforms the pressure information into action potentials ranging from 0 to 100 hertz. Their afferent nerve can detect movement, simultaneous pressure inputs, and distinguish braille characters.

This research group focused on using nanomeshes to design a long-lasting skin patch that reduced inflammation and irritation for the user without compromising data collection and accuracy. The fabricated patch is lightweight, ultrathin, stretchable, and has high-air permeability - all factors that promote user comfort. Overall, their device was able to detect temperature, touch, and pressure as well as acquire electromyogram recordings with minimal user discomfort.

This paper talks about a power-efficient skin-inspired mechanoreceptor with a flexible organic transistor circuit that transduces pressure into digital frequency signals directly. Their DiTact system was able to mimic human tactile perception with slow/no frequency oscillation in the absence of pressure stimulation and increasing frequency with increased with pressures applied to the device. Overall, the device was capable of evoking action potentials at frequencies up to 200 Hz for prolonged intervals.

Sönke Ahrens uses block references in Roam Research as zettels (or atomic notes), but puts them into larger pages almost as if he was pre-building larger project pages, as described in his book.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_circle

Some timber circle sites to look into: - Secotan in North Carolina circa 1585 - Poverty Point - Hopewell timber circles (Moorehead Circle and Stubbs Earthworks) in Ohio - Cahokia

Christie Taylor (2019). ‘Relearning the star stories of Indigenous peoples’. Science Friday. 6 September 2019. www.sciencefriday.com/articles/indigenous-peoples-astronomy/

Referenced in chapter 1 notes from Hamacher, Duane. The First Astronomers: How Indigenous Elders Read the Stars. Allen & Unwin, 2022. https://www.allenandunwin.com/browse/books/academic-professional/cultural-studies/The-First-Astronomers-Duane-Hamacher-with-Elders-and-Knowledge-Holders-9781760877200.

Here, Burns and other collaborators developed and integrated a device that can analyze DNA through microfabricated channels, heaters, temperature sensors, and fluorescence detectors. This work was one of the first demonstrations of lab-on-a-chip systems for analyzing biological samples.

Hamacher, Duane. The First Astronomers: How Indigenous Elders Read the Stars. Allen & Unwin, 2022, https://www.allenandunwin.com/browse/books/academic-professional/cultural-studies/The-First-Astronomers-Duane-Hamacher-with-Elders-and-Knowledge-Holders-9781760877200.

<small><cite class='h-cite via'>ᔥ <span class='p-author h-card'>Gordon Brander</span> in "Slouching toward Xanadu: a roundup of block reference mechanisms https://t.co/CxSm0bZjHu" (<time class='dt-published'>02/24/2022 17:12:12</time>)</cite></small>

Discussion of some prior art leading up to Google's text fragment links.

The artificial skin developed in this article had the ability to sense stimuli in highly variable external environments. It also had the ability to sense skin moisture and temperature.

This article provides a comprehensive summary of giant magneto-impedance. It covers the fundamental understanding of GMI phenomena, properties of GMI materials, and application of GMI based magnetic sensors. This is a helpful summary to further understand the effect of GMI and application in the current paper.

This report demonstrates the first energy-harvesting electronic-skin (EHES) device capable of differentiating and generating energy from stimuli such as normal pressure, lateral strain, bending, and vibration. The authors use the stretchability of their device to measure the change in capacitance and film resistance due to lateral strain. The EHES had a high pressure sensitivity compared to previous capacitive sensors, and was capable of harvesting different mechanical stimuli with voltage and current generation in the range of 10 volts.

This paper is interested in developing a brain-computer interface to provide control of a robotic upper limb as well as laying out a road map of resources and procedures for implanted neuroprosthetic devices. Motor BCI's have the potential to assist people with disabling injuries and lost limbs. This is complex and expensive research, and there have been very few clinical trials with implanted BCIs in people with motor impairments.

This paper reports on a stretchable electronic skin that is designed to be worn like a glove. The glove monitors live finger movement and registers distributed pressure along the entire length of the finger. The sensory skin is made of elastic materials and does not impede hand movement. Capacitive pressure sensors with stretchable gold thin-film electrodes and porous silicone foam display high sensitivity across the dynamic pressure range of human skin. Pressure sensors in the glove are distributed along the grasping region of the finger, with strain sensors along the back of the finger. The glove is successfully used in grasping and manipulation tasks.

Schmidt, J. F. (2018). Niklas Luhmann’s Card Index: The Fabrication of Serendipity. Sociologica, 12(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/8350

Annotating with Hypothes.is? https://docdrop.org/pdf/Niklas-Luhmanns-Card-Index_-Th---Schmidt-Johannes-F.K_-0rcv9.pdf/

This work lists numerous papers in the field of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, three of which discuss the use of active mixers in microdevices for applications such as heat transfer mechanisms/analysis and flow cooling in microtechnology.

This book explores fluid mixing from a kinematic viewpoint and provides mechanisms of mixing including stretching and folding that occur in nature and technology.

Given these values, the Reynolds number for the microchannel flow described in this work would be less than 100, which indicates laminar flow and dominant viscous forces. It is nearly impossible to generate chaotic flows, which facilitates mixing, in microchannels.

A microchemical reactor was developed to safely and efficiently fluorinate toluene (a reactive substance found in paint products) as an alternative means to macroscale methods, which could not effectively perform this task.

Statistics of axial dispersion through a twisted pipe with diffusive and non-diffusive tracer chaotic advection were analyzed.

Amanda Lenhart and Kellie Owens, Good Intentions, Bad Inventions: The Four Myths of Healthy Tech (New York: Data & Society Research Institute, 2020), http://datasociety.net/pubs/Good-Intentions-Bad-Inventions.pdf.

Landing page for the article at Data & Society: https://datasociety.net/library/good-intentions-bad-inventions/

The Lost Arts of Memory by Daniel J. Boorstin The Wilson Quarterly, Spring 1984 104-113

How to Mark a Book by Mortimer J. Adler, Ph.D. from The Saturday Review of Literature, July 6, 1941

https://stevenson.ucsc.edu/academics/stevenson-college-core-courses/how-to-mark-a-book-1.pdf

Manfred Kuehn's original translation can be found archived here: https://web.archive.org/web/20150825031821/http://scriptogr.am/kuehnm

It was published to the web on/around December 22, 2012 at 12:30 PM as indicated by the timestamp in a comment by him on his website. See: https://web.archive.org/web/20201021193426/https://takingnotenow.blogspot.com/2007/12/luhmann-on-learning-how-to-read.html

Capitalized this is a direct reference to Microsoft Word, but I can't help thinking of John 1 "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." presumably as the first Word.

Luhmann, Niklas. "Kommunikation mit Zettelkästen." Öffentliche Meinung und sozialer Wandel/Public Opinion and Social Change. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1981. 222-228.

https://luhmann.surge.sh/communicating-with-slip-boxes

Note the 1981 original publication date.

Newman et al.'s model predicts the size of the hole in the Antarctic ozone layer based on the level of ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere.

Their model predicts that the hole is expected to fully recover around 2068 because the levels of ozone-depleting substances have been declining.

Solomon et al. used a model to identify key factors influencing chemically induced ozone depletion.

For example, they found that polar ozone loss is particularly sensitive to temperature and the presence of sulfate aerosols from volcanic eruptions.

The model's predictions are in good agreement with measured ozone-abundance data.

Kuttippurath et al. reported that from 2004 to 2013, the level of ozone-depleting substances was relatively stable. Thus, they conclude that naturally occurring climate variations produced the year-to-year variations in the ozone hole depth.

In this review paper, Solomon explains that human-made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the primary cause of the hole in the ozone layer.

Also, the paper emphasizes that more ozone depletion occurs in the Antarctic and Arctic regions due to surface chemistry on cold polar clouds.

Kuttippurath et al. reported signs of ozone-layer recovery by using September-to-November averaged data collected from 1979 to 2010.

They attributed these signs of recovery to the reduction in ozone-depleting substances.

Salby et al. demonstrate that naturally occurring changes, or variability, in the ozone layer must be taken into account to observe human-induced changes.<br> Here, they report that after accounting for the naturally occurring changes, a trend of increasing ozone levels is observed.

Salby et al. look for signs of ozone healing using September-to-November averages, but the current paper by Solomon et al. uses data from September when there is less variability.

Shepherd et al. show that in order to predict the effects of human-induced climate change, models must include more than just surface temperature conditions.

These models must also account for uncertainties arising from circulation, or the movement of air, within the atmosphere.

Typically every 4 years, the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme publish a joint assessment of the state of the ozone layer based on the latest scientific findings. The report helps to guide policy makers in making science-based policy decisions.

The 2014 assessment concludes that nearly half of the improvement in stratospheric ozone levels since the year 2000 is due to a reduction in ozone-depleting substances.

https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1459547762517688327.html

Anthony Baker experimenting with ideas from Necromant and Eleanor Konik to cross link digital notes with physical paper notes.

I've thought about doing something similar to this with my physical notebooks in the past, though hadn't done block level linking as a means of potentially pulling in and linking pieces in the future.

Often for more important linked things, I'll simply import the physical version into my digital copy at the time of first use/reference, but this could be interesting for large bodies of notes which aren't digital.

The Odyssey of Homer translated with an introduction by Richmond Lattimore (Harper, 1965)

Adobe Digital Edition October 2009 ISBN 978-0-06-176020-4

Lan et al. show that JMJD3/KDM6B demethylates H3K27. They find that this demethylation is critical to the expression of body patterning genes during animal development.

A formative study from 1979 that showed temperature directly influences sex differentiation of turtle hatchlings, rather than turtle hatchling mortality.

Pieau, Dorizzi and Richard-Mercier present what was known about temperature-dependent sex determination across species of reptiles in 1999. This review focuses on gene expression that marks temperature-dependent gonad differentiation and the regulation of hormone-producing proteins.

Navarro-Martín et al. study the mechanism underlying temperature-dependent sex determination in the European sea bass fish. They show that DNA methylation at the promoter of a gonadal aromatase (estrogen-making protein) is increased at high temperatures, causing female fish to masculinize.

This supports the idea that there are many epigenetic mechanisms that can govern temperature-dependent sex determination across species and environments.

Piferrer reviews what is known about the epigenetic mechanisms underlying sex determination in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. This includes a discussion of how environment can affect gene expression through changes in histone modifications, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNAs (RNA that does not make protein).

Wiles and Selker discuss what is known about the function and how H3K27 methylation is specifically deposited and defined across the genome.

This review provides good overview of histone modification interactions with gene expression.

Yatsu et al. profile the total gene expression of the American alligator with RNA-seq analysis of embryonic gonads at MPT and FPT during multiple timepoints of sex development.

One of the genes that was predicted as a regulator of sex development at MPT was KDM6B.

Deveson et al. reveals that a single intron change for two epigenetic-related protein transcripts (JARID2 and JMJD3/KDM6B) is specifically induced in high temperature sex reversal in female bearded dragons as opposed to normal bearded dragons. Authors propose that the intron retention changes JARID2 and JMJD3/KDM6B function and overcomes genetic sex-determining with different gene expression at extreme temperatures.

Czerwinski et al. completed sequencing for the total RNA in T.scripta embryos at MPT and FPT before gonad development and during gonad development. This allowed authors to classify male- and female-specific gene expression during sex development.

Ge et al., shows that Dmrt1 expression is necessary for and a driver of T.scripta temperature-dependent male sex determination.

This study provides evidence that ‘Alalā, an endangered native bird species in Hawaii, displays seed dispersal behaviors and promotes seed germination of various native plants. Based on these results, the authors suggest that ‘Alalā can contribute toward the restoration of native fruiting plants in Hawaiian forest communities.

Nestedness can contribute toward the robustness of a network. If species that share fewer interactions are the first to go extinct, the remaining mutualistic system has a greater chance of survival. The authors also calculate a coefficient as a parameter of a network’s robustness.

Mooney and Cleland describe the evolutionary consequences of invasive species on the invaders themselves and on native species. Modifying behavior to adapt to a new environment, competing for similar resources, predation, or creating hybrid progeny by breeding with native species are just a few examples.

Previously, the majority of network analysis was qualitative. Blüthgen et al. introduce two quantitative measurements that use the frequency of interactions to describe specialization at the species level and across a network.

The phylogenetic or evolutionary relationship between species can predict the types and quantity of interaction patterns they exhibit in a network. Using a simulation of extinction events, the authors also demonstrated that the extinction of one species can result in the extinction of other species that are evolutionarily related.

The authors merged data sets from multiple studies investigating fruit-frugivore interactions and illustrated that most networks across various neotropical areas were significantly nested and modular. The authors also concluded that combining results from different studies can be useful for analyzing the ecological structures of broad regions and supporting conservation efforts.

In contrast to Foster, Chimera found that introduced birds in Hawaii dispersed predominately the seeds of non-native plants. Possible explanations could be that the non-native plants produce larger fruit that are more abundant and have a smaller seed size. These qualities are more enticing to birds and enhance the fruit's chances of getting eaten and its seeds later deposited.

Foster and colleagues investigated how often introduced fruit-eating birds on the islands of Hawaii consume and disperse seeds from native plants versus seeds from exotic plants. They found that seeds from native plants made up the majority of the introduced bird species’ diets. This supports the potential of introduced bird species playing a role in the conservation efforts of native habitats.

The authors studied the feeding behaviors of birds in the Galapagos island. They discovered that these birds ate a not just a select few, but a wide variety of plants on the Islands. They called this behavior interaction release, a survival tactic where animals expand their niches.

The Anthropocene is defined as the epoch or geological time when human activity significantly impacted the global environment. Based on the criteria for defining a new epoch and supporting geological evidence, the authors propose two possible dates to mark the beginning of the Anthropocene: 1610 and 1964.

This review summarizes current research on plant-pollinator networks, stressing the need to include more studies in tropical areas. Tropical areas have a richer diversity in plants and animals than non-tropical areas, resulting in the several network patterns such as low connectance and higher modularity. However, these patterns are overlooked when tropical areas are not equally analyzed, limiting accurate understanding of this relationships.

This statewide assessment details the forest conditions of Hawaii in hopes of developing strategies towards conservation. It includes information comparing the major changes in vegetation before and after the arrival of humans on the island.

By simulating the network patterns between plants and pollinators, the authors demonstrated that plants were more resistant to extinction with the removal of specialized pollinators versus generalized pollinators. Specialized pollinators only interact with a few plant species, whereas generalized pollinators interact with a larger range of plant species. When a generalized pollinator is lost, more plants are affected.

By simulating the network patterns between plants and pollinators, the authors demonstrated that plants were more resistant to extinction with the removal of specialized pollinators versus generalized pollinators. Specialized pollinators only interact with a few plant species, whereas generalized pollinators interact with a larger range of plant species. When a generalized pollinator is lost, more plants are affected.

Previously, the majority of network analysis was qualitative. Blüthgen et al introduce two quantitative measurements that uses the frequency of interactions to describe specialization at the species level and across a network.

This study provides evidence that ‘Alalā, an endangered, native bird species in Hawaii, displays seed dispersal behaviors and promotes seed germination of various native plants. Based on these results, the authors suggest that ‘Alalā can contribute towards the restoration of native fruiting plants in Hawaiian forest communities.

Fricke et al investigates how well mutualistic systems between plants and animals protect against coextinction. They find that the diversity in partners protects species in mutualistic interactions because they do not rely solely on one or few partners for survival.

The Anthropocene defines the epoch or geological time when human activity significantly impacted the global environment. Based on the criteria for defining a new epoch and supporting geological evidence, the authors propose two possible dates to mark the beginning of the Anthropocene: 1610 and 1964

Mooney and Cleland describe the evolutionary consequences of invasive species on the invaders themselves and on native species. Modifying behavior to adapt to a new environment, competing for similar resources, predation, or creating hybrid progeny by breeding with natives species are just a few examples.

The authors merged data sets from multiple studies investigating fruit-frugivore interactions and illustrated that most networks across various neotropical areas were significantly nested and modular. The authors also concluded that combining results from different studies can be useful for analyzing the ecological structures of broad regions, and supporting conservation efforts.

Nestedness can contribute towards the robustness of a network. If species that share fewer interactions are the first to go extinct, the remaining mutualistic system have a greater chance of survival. The authors also calculate a coefficient as a parameter of a network’s robustness.

The phylogenetic or evolutionary relationship between species can predict the types and quantity of interaction patterns they exhibit in a network. Using a simulation of extinction events, the authors also demonstrated that the extinction of one species can result in the extinction of others species that are evolutionarily related.

The authors studied the feeding behaviors of birds in the Galapagos island. They discovered that these birds ate a not just a select few, but a wide variety of plants on the island. They called this behavior interaction release, a survival tactic where animals expand their niche.

In contrast to Foster, Chimera found that introduced birds in Hawaii dispersed predominately the seeds of non-native plants. Possible explanations could be that the non-native plants produce larger fruit, that are more abundant and have a smaller seed size. These qualities are more enticing to birds and enhance the plants’ chances of getting eaten and later deposited.

Foster and colleagues investigated how often introduced, fruit-eating birds on the islands of Hawaii consume and disperse seeds from native plants versus seeds from exotic plants. They found that seeds from native plants made up the majority of the introduced bird species’ diets. This supports the potential of introduced bird species playing a role in the conservation efforts of native habitats.

Wesolowski and the team used mobile phone data to map human mobility in Pakistan in 2013, the year this country saw large dengue outbreaks. They found that human mobility within the country can predict the spread and the timing of epidemics.

The authors analyzed 335 emerging infectious disease incidents between 1940 and 2004 and found that most had originated from wildlife and low-altitude regions. They also revealed an alarming lack of reporting effort in areas that are "hotspots" of these diseases.