1988 Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances was adopted by consensus at a conference in Vienna in 1988. The Convention aimed to provide more effective weapons against the illicit drug trade, which had become a growing concern due to the influence of organized crime groups. The Convention is an instrument of international criminal law, designed to globally harmonize national criminal laws and enforcement actions to decrease illicit drug trafficking by criminalization and punishment.

1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances expanded the scope of international drug control to include synthetic drugs

1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs marked a shift in the international community's approach to drug control, moving beyond simply regulating the production and trade of drugs to focus on individual drug users.

the outbreak of World War II and the subsequent transfer of the League's drug control bodies to the United States marked a shift in the balance of power, paving the way for the United States to play a crucial role in shaping the emerging post-war world order, including international drug control.

1990s and 2000s saw a shift towards a more nuanced approach to drug control, with a greater emphasis on harm reduction and public health.

1980s, the international community continued to grapple with the issue of drug abuse and trafficking, leading to the formulation of the International Drug Abuse Control Strategy and the development of new treaties and soft law instruments.

reflected the influence of Western manufacturing countries, which sought to protect their commercial interests. The 1972 Amending Protocol to the Single Convention strengthened the international drug control system, but maintained its prohibitive ethos and supply-side focus. The Protocol expanded provisions for treatment, rehabilitation, and prevention measures, but did not fundamentally change the Single Convention.

focused on regulating the licit trade, which inevitably led to the development of an illegal market.

1936 Trafficking Convention sought to strengthen the existing transnational legal framework, but its complexity and encroachment upon legal areas considered sovereign by many states meant it failed to win widespread acceptance.

1931 Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs introduced a proscriptive manufacturing limitation system, where parties were required to provide estimates of national drug requirements to the Drug Supervisory Body (DSB).

1925 International Opium Convention established a standardized import-export certification system to regulate drug movements between parties and included cannabis within a multilateral treaty for the first time.

international drug control system began in 1909 with the Shanghai Opium Commission, which aimed to address the "opium problem." The commission's recommendations led to the first legally binding multilateral treaty in 1912, which restricted opium use to medical purposes.

The Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) focused on punishing users in the informal market, while largely ignoring the medical market. This led to a misreading of the situation, where authorities attributed the success of the medical market to the "good customers" rather than the more humane and effective policies. As a result, the medical market remained relatively invisible, and its lessons were not applied to future drug policy.

nhance the stigma of addiction and preserve his bureau's budget.

rise of heroin use

addiction as a moral failing rather than a disease. The law also led to the criminalization of drug use, with many people being arrested and imprisoned for drug-related offenses. The punitive approach to drug control was driven by a native-born Protestant desire to police and control non-white communities, and it was accompanied by public demonization of drug users and sellers.

African Americans in the South,

new drug crises were already brewing in both licit and illicit markets by the 1950s.

divide was fueled by anxieties about race, class, and sexuality,

esponse to the public health consequences of rising opioid and cocaine use in the late 19th century.

The Act was intended to gather information

Webb-Kenyon Act, which prohibited shipments of liquor to states that prohibited its sale. The prohibition movement gained strength, and in 1917, the House passed a Prohibition resolution, which eventually became part of the Constitution.

The public and congressmen believed that narcotics, including opiates and cocaine, had no value except as medicine and were associated with foreigners or alien subgroups.

n the early 20th century, the medical profession had a high rate of addiction, with around 2% of physicians being addicts.

practical significance of the law was still debated among the groups affected, and there was no general agreement on what would be the desirable or actual enforcement of the law.

The law was the result of international pressure, particularly from the Hague Convention, and was seen as a way to redeem the American government's international pledges.

law required records to be kept of all narcotics transactions, and copies of these records were to be kept by district internal revenue offices.

The AMA favored restrictive legislation, but also wanted to ensure that any bill had a maximum chance of passage. After several revisions, the Harrison Act was finally passed in December 1914.

Executive Committee to monitor the status of the legislation and make revisions.

he American Pharmaceutical Association called for a National Drug Trade Conference (NDTC) to bring together representatives from various trade associations to discuss the proposed legislation.

worked with Representative Francis Burton Harrison, a Democrat, to introduce a bill that would eliminate the use of narcotics except for medical purposes.

912, Hamilton Wright returned to the United States with the goal of increasing support for the International Opium Convention and ensuring the passage of domestic legislation to control narcotics.

The Hague Opium Convention was an international conference held in 1911-1912, where 12 nations gathered to discuss the regulation of opium and other drugs.

Dr. Wright believed that the Shanghai meeting gave the United States a moral obligation to appear with a clean slate before asking other nations to enact drastic legislation.

The resolutions included calls for the gradual suppression of opium smoking, the reexamination of national laws, and the control of morphine and other opium derivatives. The commission also recommended that nations not export opium to countries whose laws prohibit its importation. The meeting was significant because it marked the beginning of an American tradition in narcotic control, which emphasized the enactment of strict domestic legislation as an example to other nations.

he Shanghai Opium Commission was a meeting of 13 nations, including the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, that convened on February 1, 1909, to discuss the opium problem.

Dr. Wright launched a national survey to collect information on the use of opium and its derivatives in the United States, and the State Department requested federal anti-narcotic legislation before the Shanghai meeting. This led to the passage of the first federal antinarcotic legislation in 1909, which banned the importation of smoking opium.

in the United States, there was growing concern about the opium trade and its impact on China.

The US government faced opposition from anti-opium groups,

The US acquired the Philippines in 1898, following the Spanish-American War, and with it, an opium problem.

and its management in state-buildin

worshiped Pan Hu, a legendary figure, as part of their New Year's celebrations.

he treatment is anecdotal

"Miao albums" that were compiled by officials responsible for governing frontier areas during the late Yongzheng or early Qianlong periods. These albums contained illustrations and texts describing the customs and practices of different ethnic minority groups in southwest China.

Qing Imperial Illustrations of Tributary Peoples was based on direct observation,

China saw a rise in ethnographic representation of different peoples, including the development of a systematic ethnography of ethnic minority groups.

including external characteristics, social activities, and mental constitution.

closely tied to colonization as part of European expansion.

Eckhout's works are examples of this term because they are products of the period in which the genre of the ethnographic portrait was created.

Albert Eckhout, which occupy a transitional space between the national type of the 16th and 17th centuries and the racial categories that developed in the 18th and 19th centuries.

7th century, the representation of skin color began to take on more importance, and engravings of Africans and Americans started to suggest differences in complexion.

The chapter also explores the development of anthropology and ethnography as academic disciplines, which began to take shape in the 19th century.

embarking on the search for a completely different economic and social system. But what can this look like?

the way the brain works is the brain believes what it what it imagines

everything is part of a lar system right now that begins to open up into the realm of soul and what do we mean by Soul

we go from first person to second person to third person to Fourth to fifth to sixth person perspective those are actual cognitive structures

Emerson is, “I cannot remember the books I’ve read any more than the meals I have eaten; even so, they have made me.”

co-constitution of masculinities and militaries is a key factor in their power.

hy military masculinities are the sites where boundary-making activity takes place, and Belkin suggests that it may be because nation-states and militaries are closely tied, and the military occupies an important symbolic position in nation-states.

male-male rape in military culture, which is both taboo and a means of socialization.

militarized masculinities may not just suppress the taboo or obscene but also incite and produce it.

militarized masculinities are about violence, but this violence is sanitized and legitimized, distinguishing it from other forms of violence.

hat intersectionality should be used to challenge the hegemonic position of men (and some women) in national military contexts, and to acknowledge the structural inequalities in global peacekeeping economies.

zebras unite

TLDR

China Sea as the edge of the world and is used to imagine the margins of the world as a realm of marvels and unknown dangers.

Benjamin's travelogue is a product of his imagination, influenced by biblical authority and rumors, rather than actual geographical knowledge.

Jewish utopia in the Arabian Peninsula, where 300,000 Jews live in 40 cities and 200 villages, free from the rule of gentiles.

universal Jewish community that despite its dispersion among various Muslim and Christian regimes still managed to preserve a strong sense of unity and cohesion

"a day's journey" to indicate close social interactions among Jewish communities,

rather a way to link places along a real but somewhat abstracted route.

medieval understanding of travel writing.

mprecise unit of "a day's journey" and the parasang, an ancient Persian unit of measurement

geography is experienced through human movement on specific routes.

literary grid that allows the author to reflect on the medieval world from a Jewish perspective.

The regime's discourse was directed not only at domestic audiences but also at international ones, particularly in the West, where it sought to project its strength and legitimacy through civilizational language that focused on barbarizing the opposition.

discourse of racial militarism to justify its brutal crackdown on opposition groups, particularly those with Islamic affiliations.

ecular militarism also plays a role in othering and excluding those who seek a greater role for religion in political and public life.

reinforce a masculinist nationalism through militarism

Syria's militarist state has been shaped by its experience of colonization, and its militarism is directly connected to the country's anticolonialism

The ideal masculine identity was tied to militarism

Racial militarism played a significant role in shaping insider-outsider boundaries of national identity, with militarism performing an exclusionary function within the nation-state.

The construction of the "Other" was also racialized

militarism, which was used to facilitate the transition from one epoch of human development to the next.

militarism is not only shaped by colonialism but also perpetuates racial hierarchies and civilizational anxiety.

The Periplus also describes the route from China to India, where silk was shipped by land via Bactria to Barygaza and then via the Ganges River to Limyrike. This passage provides evidence of connections between China and Rome during the first century of the Common Era. The trade links were significant, with many travelers focusing on trade, particularly silk, which formed an important part of the economies of several societies.

Zhang Qian's journey provided the Chinese with valuable information about the lands and peoples of Central Asia, and his report to Emperor Wudi helped to establish trade networks between China and Central Asia.

diplomatic mission to the Yuezhi nomads in modern-day Uzbekistan, led by an official named Zhang Qian. Zhang Qian's journey was a significant one, as it marked the beginning of Chinese travel to Central Asia.

Chinese princesses were sent to marry the Xiongnu leaders as part of the treaty agreement.

Peace and Friendship" accords, established a framework for relations between the Chinese and the Xiongnu that lasted for about 150 years.

he first emperor of the Han dynasty, Liu Bang, was a former official who had once been in charge of policing a section of the imperial highway system.

imperial courier network

The construction of a network of five great tree-lined 'fast roads' that converged on his capital at Xianyang linked the city to the eastern, southern, and northern regions of the empire.

The Chinese took an important lead in promoting travel, with formal state policy involved in promoting travel

Copyright of Library Quarterly

Rebekah Willett: assistant professor, School of Library and Information Studies, University ofWisconsin–Madison. Willett has conducted research on children’s media cultures, focusing onissues of gender, play, literacy, and learning. Her most recent research examines maker-focusedprogramming in the Madison Public Library system, with a specific focus on learning throughmaking. Her publications include work on playground games, amateur camcorder cultures, youngpeople’s online activities, and children’s story writing. Before moving to Madison, Willett was alecturer at the Institute of Education, University of London, and a researcher in the Centre for theStudy of Children, Youth and Media. E-mail: rwillett@wisc.edu

As the makerspace movement in public librariesprogresses, these tensions and questions potentially offer space for dialogue about aims, pur-poses, and best practices in relation to making and makers.

. In thediscursive construction of creativity, the analysis reveals an emphasis on productive outcomesof creative efforts, positioning makers as designers, engineers, and the like, and raising ques-tions about other kinds of making that might be ignored in makerspaces. Finally, when dis-cussing learning, the analysis argues that polarized accounts present in the data set positionformal educational content, styles, and pedagogies in negative ways and oversimplify thedistinctions between formal and informal learning settings.

Using discourse analysis, the article identifies “interpretative repertoires” (Gil-bert and Mulkay 1984) and linguistic resources that are employed by the authors of profes-sional journal articles and blogs and that characterize makerspaces in particular ways. In atheory of discourse, librarians who identify themselves within these discursive constructsbecome subjects of those discourses, thus reproducing particular ways of thinking aboutmakerspaces

this article reveals howcommon themes are being discursively constructed in relation to the future of public libraries,maker cultures, and informal learning. The analysis highlights tensions and questions thatemerge through the discursive construction of making, makers, and makerspaces in the field oflibrary and information studies. The article employs discourse analysis to examine professionallibrary journal articles and blog posts published from 2011–14 that focus on makerspaces inpublic libraries.

The analysis in this article reveals how key themes—the future of public libraries, DIY andmaker cultures, and informal learning—are being constructed in current discussions aboutmakerspaces in public libraries

This industrial religion, evolving from monastic systems to modern enterprises, highlights the continuity between religious structures and capitalist production

Street was not satisfied with an autonomous model of literacy and proposed instead an ideological model.

Unfortunately, $ method_name -s doesn't work in Pry, but I hope that some day it will get fixed. Just a ref to issue: pry/pry#1756

Monitors changes in the file system by polling.

Deep learning is a type of machine learning that teaches computers to perform tasks by learning from examples, much like humans do. Imagine teaching a computer to recognize cats: instead of telling it to look for whiskers, ears, and a tail, you show it thousands of pictures of cats. The computer finds the common patterns all by itself and learns how to identify a cat. This is the essence of deep learning. In technical terms, deep learning uses something called "neural networks," which are inspired by the human brain. These networks consist of layers of interconnected nodes that process information. The more layers, the "deeper" the network, allowing it to learn more complex features and perform more sophisticated tasks.

What is Natural Language Processing? Natural language processing (NLP) is a field of computer science and a subfield of artificial intelligence that aims to make computers understand human language. NLP uses computational linguistics, which is the study of how language works, and various models based on statistics, machine learning, and deep learning. These technologies allow computers to analyze and process text or voice data, and to grasp their full meaning, including the speaker’s or writer’s intentions and emotions. NLP powers many applications that use language, such as text translation, voice recognition, text summarization, and chatbots. You may have used some of these applications yourself, such as voice-operated GPS systems, digital assistants, speech-to-text software, and customer service bots. NLP also helps businesses improve their efficiency, productivity, and performance by simplifying complex tasks that involve language.

Now we understand why there has to be an inner reality which is made of qualia and an outer reality which is made a lot of symbols, shareable symbols, what we call matter.

I think it's it's critical for us uh when for for for for people to realize that when we reimagine what the self is and take away take take us away from this this notion of a of a subst you know some kind of monatic substance and all that um it's different than what you said before which is uh that well it's you know every everything is equally illusory I mean there's there's nothing at that point well if it's that that's a deeply destabilizing concept for a lot of people

when we experience peace what we are experiencing whether we realize it or not is is the background of awareness the background of consciousness who who's whose nature is peace and its peace is present not just in the absence of objective experience it's present during objective experience just as the screen remains present during the movie but we lose contact with it when we lose ourselves in the content of experience

whichecosystem services are most relevant for the re/insurance industry – for risk assessment,underwriting and investment allocation? Figure 1 shows those services we identified as mostrelevant to re/insurance

we go from not  understanding it to apathy in the span of an afternoon which is another issue. Um, so so  what should we do?

per Espen Stokes is the author of what we think about when we try not to think about global warming

he’s spent years grappling with barriers to retrofit existing cities.

human beings are good at getting distracted at mentally drifting away doing something else and thereby thereby understanding the world and give meaning to stuff

the brain is Islam Islam is it is lousy and it is selfish and still it is working yeah look around you working brains wherever you look and the reason for this is that we totally think differently than any kind of digital and computer system you know of and many Engineers from the AI field haven't figured out that massive difference that massive difference yet

omogeneous first-order LDE:

the information about how bad things have been has not been meaningfully connected to the levers of power there just isn't there's this you know there's been no connection between those two worlds at all um they've sort 00:55:06 of been operating in parallel

I am disinterested and uninterested in this debate.

how was it that our symbols became so dislocated 00:09:34 from physical uh materiality and the biophysical reality that we've created an economy that's destroying the biosphere

we leave it up to each image maintainer to make the appropriate judgement on what's going to be the best representation / most supported solution for the upstream project they're representing

My suggestion is that what is missing

the tragedy of human life

NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq)→NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)(5)

Butno matter how the form may vary, the fact that an organism hasconscious experience at all means, basically, that there is somethingit is like to be that organism

- In Ernest Becker's book, The Birth and Death of Meaning, Becker provides a summary of the ego from a Freudian perspective that is salient to Nagel's work
    - The ego creates time and humans, occupying a symbolosphere are timebound creatures that create the sense of time to order sensations and perceptions
    - The ego becomes the central reference point for the construct of time
- If the anthropocene is a problem
- and we wish to migrate towards an ecological civilization in which there is greater respect for other species, 
    - a symbiocene
- this means we need to empathize with other species 
- If our species is timebound but the majority of other species are not, 
    - then we must bridge that large gap by somehow experiencing what it's like to be an X ( where X can be a bat or many other species)

Jim Crow laws

I think the above answers what you actually wanted to know, but to go ahead and answer the question you explicitly asked...

the various social movements that are driving and advocating for change have a variety of definitions of the problem

In my experience, client software usually honors Reply-To, but I have only been exposed to a small fraction of the wide array of client software that people might use.

one of the greatest martial arts artists ever was bruce lee who i actually read a lot of his writings

we hear a lot 00:04:00 of these stories that 'We are nothing but' and so the question of what we are is important and fascinating, but it's not nearly as important as, "What do we do next?"

Instance methods Instances of Models are documents. Documents have many of their own built-in instance methods. We may also define our own custom document instance methods. // define a schema const animalSchema = new Schema({ name: String, type: String }, { // Assign a function to the "methods" object of our animalSchema through schema options. // By following this approach, there is no need to create a separate TS type to define the type of the instance functions. methods: { findSimilarTypes(cb) { return mongoose.model('Animal').find({ type: this.type }, cb); } } }); // Or, assign a function to the "methods" object of our animalSchema animalSchema.methods.findSimilarTypes = function(cb) { return mongoose.model('Animal').find({ type: this.type }, cb); }; Now all of our animal instances have a findSimilarTypes method available to them. const Animal = mongoose.model('Animal', animalSchema); const dog = new Animal({ type: 'dog' }); dog.findSimilarTypes((err, dogs) => { console.log(dogs); // woof }); Overwriting a default mongoose document method may lead to unpredictable results. See this for more details. The example above uses the Schema.methods object directly to save an instance method. You can also use the Schema.method() helper as described here. Do not declare methods using ES6 arrow functions (=>). Arrow functions explicitly prevent binding this, so your method will not have access to the document and the above examples will not work.

Additionally, it reiterates the need to define "What isn't a Work Item?"

Smarter user improvements: When users sign in to an app or site using their social network, site owners can analyze data from that platform to establish user preferences. Developers can then use this insight to create customizable user experiences and build features that are in demand.

That may be a broken window

descend

I think we are a victim of behavioural norms and so many of the apps that I use have this pattern. That's not to say it's the right behaviour, but it may be hard to break the pattern for users.

Ask a scientist what the world is made out of, and he or she may talk about atoms or molecules, or quantum mechanical wave functions, or possibly strings or vacuum fluctuations, depending on the level on which one want to focus. Diverse as those answers may be, they all have in common that they borrow elements from descriptions of building blocks of nature, as used already within contemporary physics. Now propose to a scientist that everything could be seen as `made out of experience', or at least, for starters, as `given in experience.'

From this self-critical and controlled reasoning which is applied objectively andmethodically to the world, it makes sure to construct an "objectivity" which transcends the

the answer to the question what is experience is rather simple my experience is made of the sensations 00:10:43 feelings emotions thoughts and actions that i live instant after instant

Even though I commented earlier i have to side with Chris. A ZK is best suited for argumentative and essay like work, not creative one like poetry.Maybe this is something that we need to discuss as a community as hole: it’s seems that a lot of people try to fit their needs to a system that (in my opinion) it’s neither intended or works for those kinds of projects.

Speed is great but if it doesn't conform to the specification, that's not a great case for using it for future development

Inspection at Your ASC: Through the Eyes of a Surveyor

Marking methods protected by default is a mitigation for one of the major issues in modern SW development: failure of imagination.

to recover loss of observability

Solution: Store emails with case sensitivity Send emails with case sensitivity Perform internal searches with case insensitivity

Robustness principle suggests that we accept case sensitive emails

those who got the updated booster had one-tenth the risk of being hospitalized compared with those who are unvaccinated

Extending the life of electronic products and re-using electrical components brings an even larger economic benefit, as working devices are certainly worth more than the materials they contain. A circular electronics system - one in which resources are not extracted, used and wasted, but re-used in countless ways - creates decent, sustainable jobs and retains more value in the industry.

were almost wholly conducted by women;

On July 19-20, 1848, 68 women and 32 men attended the First Women’s Rights Convention which was held in the upstate New York town of Seneca Falls

the artist managed to harness his grief to produce a vast painting more a mural in conception than a canvas in which like the victorian age itself he demanded 00:04:31 new answers to the riddle of existence he wrote the title boldly on the image three childlike questions simple yet profound where do we come from 00:04:46 what are we where are we going the work is a sprawling panorama of enigmatic figures amid scenery

the issues I've always had with it: No support. As in, no one in Google's support organization has any clue about what this app does. No support group discussions as far as I can tell ("Smart Lock" is too generic to really find anything). That's not surprising, because while I've figured out how it works/what it does in my use case, there's really no clear documentation on it - like what it even does, really.

Approaching this project, I felt committed to writing a story that could stand on its own; a story that achieved the same things I want ANY of my stories to achieve; a story to which the response might be not, “I see what you did there”, but: “I loved this!”

A Complete Guide to Scatter Plots

个人学习可能取决于他人行为的主张突出了将学习环境视为一个涉及多个互动参与者的系统的重要性

Economists explain that markets work bestwith “perfect information.” And visibilityfeeds this market by translating and sharingskills. But the price of transparency in themodern age is invaded privacy, as well as biasinherent in automated products and services

Evrone always encourages the developers to work on what they love and contribute back to the software world by writing open-source, that's how Cuprite Ruby driver for Capybara was born.

and the link sometimes isn’t always supported by Gmail

Imagine what happens when subscribers change activities, interests, or focus. As a result, they may no longer be interested in the products and services you offer. The emails they receive from you are now either ‘marked as read’ in their inbox or simply ignored. They neither click the spam reporting button nor attempt to find the unsubscribe link in the text. They are no longer your customers, but you don’t know it.

partnerships, networking, and revenue generation such as donations, memberships, pay what you want, and crowdfunding