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  1. Nov 2022
    1. εν είναιλοιπόν αλήθεια ότι στη Νεότερη Ελλάδα η βασιλεία επιβλήθηκε τάχα απόξένες δυνάμεις σε έναν λαό με δήθεν προαιώνια αντιβασιλικά γονίδια.Αρχικά, η αποδοχή της υπήρξε σχεδόν καθολική, για προφανείς λόγους. Ηβασιλεία εξασφάλιζε την απαραίτητη υποστήριξη Μεγάλων Δυνάμεων γιατην ανεξαρτησία του νεοελληνικού κράτους, αλλά και για τη μελλοντικήτου επέκτα-ση. Αποτελούσε επίσης εγγύηση εσωτερικής σταθερότητας και αποτροπήςανεξέλεγκτων εμφυλίων συγκρούσεων, όπως αυτές που συνόδευσαν τονΑγώνα της Ανεξαρτησίας.

      Η αμερόληπτη ματιά του Μαυρογορδάτου για το θεσμό τηε βασιλείας στη Ελλάδα, και το αν ειχε στήριξη.

      Δες κ παρακάτω.

    2. κόμη και αν εξαιρεθούν οι περίοδοι ξένης κυριαρχίας (ρωμαϊκής,φραγκικής, οθωμανικής), ο Ελληνισμός έζησε το μεγαλύτερο διάστημα υπόβασιλεία (ομηρική, μακεδονική, ελληνιστική, βυζαντινή).4

      Καινοτόμος διαπίστωση για την σχεση του ελληνισμού με το θεσμό της βασιλείας.

    3. Το 1955, η άνοδος του Κωνσταντίνου Καραμανλή στηνπρωθυπουργία συμβολίζει την ουσιαστική ολοκλήρωση αυτής τηςδιαδικασίας

      Η άνοδος του Καραμανλή το 1955 συμβολίζει το οριστικό σβησιμο του χωρισμού Παλιάς/Νέας Ελλάδας του ΕΔ.

    4. Με άλλα λόγια, ο πόλεμος καιη δική της ουδετερότητα πρόσφεραν στην Τουρκία τη χρυσή ευκαιρία ναανατρέψει μονομερώς την προϋπάρχουσα ισορροπία, δημιουργώνταςτετελεσμένα γεγονότα τόσο στη Δυτική Θράκη όσο και στην Πόλη.

      Που οφειλεται η ανατροπή της ισοροπιας στους πληθυσμούς που εξαιρεθηκαν της βενιζελικής ανταλλαγής του 1923?

    5. Μόνο μέσα από τη θύελλα ενός νέου πολέμου και μίας νέας εμφύλιαςσύρραξης και μέσα από την κοσμογονία της μεταπολεμικήςανασυγκρότησης ξεπεράστηκε ουσιαστικά ο Διχασμός του 1915 ως κρίσηεθνικής ολοκλήρωσης. Οι πρόσφυγες επιτέλους αφομοιώθηκαν. Τα παιδιάκαι τα εγγόνια τους δεν γνώρισαν το ρατσιστικό μίσος που αντιμετώπισανοι γονείς τους. Οι αλλοεθνείς μειονότητες χάθηκαν σχεδόν όλες (εκτός απόμία). Οι μεταπολεμικές οικονομικές και πολιτικές ανακατατάξεις εξάλειψαντο παλιό χάσμα ανάμεσα στην Παλαιά Ελλάδα και τις Νέες Χώρες. Η ίδιαη διάκριση, άλλωστε, ξεχάστηκε.

      O ΕΔ διερκεσε μεχρι ton Β'ΠΠ.

    6. Για τον μεγάλο όγκο της, την κρίσιμη ώρα, η έλλειψηαφομοίωσης σήμανε την απουσία όχι μόνο πρακτικών δυνατοτήτωνδιαφυγής, αλλά και έμπρακτης αλληλεγγύης εκ μέρους του χριστιανικούπληθυσμού. Εντελώς αντίθετα, στην Παλαιά Ελλάδα όχι μόνο οχριστιανικός πληθυσμός αλλά και οι αρχές (με επικεφαλής την ΟρθόδοξηΕκκλησία και την Αστυνομία Πόλεων) έκαναν το παν για να κρύψουν καινα σώσουν τους Ισραηλίτες συμπολίτες τους. Η «επιταγή» της αφομοίωσηςείχε, τελικά, αντίκρισμα και εξαργυρώθηκε στο ακέραιο.

      Γιατι σώθκαν οι εβραίοι της Αθηνας, αλλα όχι της Θεσσαλονίκης?

    7. ΟΣοφούλης προφανώς δεν συνειδητοποιούσε τι έκανε όταν υπέγραφεαμέριμνα το περιβόητο συμφωνητικό με τον Στυλιανό Σκλάβαινα,επικεφαλής της κοινοβουλευτικής ομάδας του ΚΚΕ («ΠαλλαϊκούΜετώπου»), τον Φεβρουάριο του 1936. Το συμφωνητικό, που δεν ήταν κανπροορισμένο να μείνει μυστικό, περιείχε ολόκληρο κυβερνητικόπρόγραμμα, σε αντάλλαγμα για την κοινοβουλευτική υποστήριξη του ΚΚΕσε μελλοντική κυβέρνηση των Φιλελευθέρων.77 Όχι μόνο επιβεβαίωνεπανηγυρικά το φάσμα του «βενιζελοκομμουνισμού» (δίνοντας τροφή στηδεξιά προπαγάνδα για τις επόμενες δεκαετίες), αλλά και νομιμοποιούσεέμμεσα την αριστερή στροφή των Βενιζελικών μαζών – ακριβώς αυτό πουέπρεπε να φοβάται η Βενιζελική ηγεσία.

      Για το βενιζελοκομμουνισμο, και πως η Συμφωνία Σκλάβαινα ηταν η αιτία της αποδοχής των αστών Δικτατορίας του Μεταξα 1936

    8. Από την πλευρά του, το ΚΚΕ ήταν επιτέλους έτοιμο να αρπάξει τηνιστορική στιγμή. Εκτός από τη θεαματική προσέγγιση του προσφυγικούκόσμου ως συνόλου,81 το κόμμα έδωσε επίσης συγκεκριμένη μορφή στομέτωπο εργατών και αγροτών υπό την ηγεμονία της εργατικής τάξης – έναόραμα που συνεχώς του διέφευγε από την ίδρυσή του. Ήταν η μεταφοράτων αγροτικών του οργανώσεων στο «Ενιαίο» ΑΚΕ και, στη συνέχεια, ησυγκρότηση «Λαϊκού Μετώπου» μαζί του.82 Στο μέσο της κρίσης αστικήςηγεμονίας, οι Βενιζελικές έως τότε μάζες προσφύγων και νέωνμικροϊδιοκτητών, καθώς και γενικότερα οι προδομένοι Δημοκρατικοί, θαπρομήθευαν τις δυνάμεις και τους συμμάχους που χρειάζονταν για ναεφαρμοστεί με επιτυχία αυτό το σχέδιο.Μόνο στο φως αυτής της διαφαινόμενης προοπτικής και όχι με τον μύθοτης δήθεν άμεσης κομμουνιστικής εξέγερσης, μπορούν να ερμηνευθούντόσο η δικτατορία του Μεταξά όσο και οι αδύναμες φωνές διαμαρτυρίαςτων αστικών κομμάτων.

      Για την αιτια της Δικτατορίας του Μεταξα που ηταν η ανοδος της Αριστερα/ΚΚΕ

    9. ντίθετα, ο Αντιβενιζελισμός, παρά την πομπώδη εθνικιστική ρητορείακαι τον βυζαντινό ρομαντισμό που περιέβαλλε τον βασιλέα Κωνσταντίνοτον «ΙΒ ́», προτίμησε στον Α ́ Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο την ουδετερότητα, πουκατέληξε να σημαίνει στην πράξη εγκατάλειψη των αλυτρώτων στη μοίρατους. Η ουδετερότητα παρουσιάστηκε από τον Αντιβενιζελισμό σανκαλύτερη τάχα μέθοδος για τη σωτηρία των Ελλήνων της Τουρκίας, με τηναποφυγή ανοικτής σύγκρουσης μαζί της. Αυτή την εξήγηση έδωσε οΤσαλδάρης και το 1930.63 Αλλά, με δεδομένη την πραγματική κατάστασητο 1914-15 και τη μαζική εφαρμογή της τουρκικής πολιτικής εκτοπίσεων,μία τέτοια εξήγηση φαίνεται αφελής και ανεδαφική στην καλύτερηπερίπτωση, αν όχι εντελώς παραπλανητική και φαρισαϊκή.

      Για τη δικαιολογία του βασιλια για την Ουδετερότητα σε σχεση με τη ΜΑσία.

    1. Abrams, Douglas. “Historian Barbara W. Tuchman on the ‘Art of Writing’ (Part II).” Precedent 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 18–21. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2581159

      Interesting view of writing and a short collection of reasonable writing advice. Perhaps a bit too much focus on other writers given the title of the piece. Not sure it was all brought together in the nice bow it may have otherwise had, but interesting nonetheless.

    1. rofessor Leon used a variety of sources, andconducted extensive research in the historical archives of the Greek, French,English and German foreign ministries. He was also the main author of a chap-ter on Greece and WWI in the multi-volume History of the Greek Nation.18

      Για τον Λεονταρίτη ως κυριο συγγραφέα του ΙτΕΕ ΙΕ' .

    2. A Ten Years’ War

      Aspects of the Greek Historiography on the First World War

      Iakovos Michailidis

      • academia.edu
      • cite: Michailidis, Iakovos. “A Ten Years’ War Aspects of the Greek Historiography on the First World War.” Balcanica 49 (2018): 171–181. Web.

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  2. Local file Local file
    1. Κατά τρόπο ειρωνικό, η επιτυχία της χώρας κατά τους Βαλκανικούς Πολέμουςαφενός επέλυσε - ανέλπιστα ευνοϊκά - το πρόβλημα των άμεσων προτεραιοτήτων στηνΚρήτη και τη Μακεδονία. Παρέμεναν όμως ανοικτά τα μέτωπα στη Βόρεια Ήπειρο,Θράκη, Ανατολικό Αιγαίο, Ιωνία, Πόντο, Κύπρο, μαζί με τον κίνδυνο μιας νέας βουλ-γαρικής προσπάθειας στην κατεύθυνση της ελληνικής Μακεδονίας

      Συνοψη του προβληματος των Εθνικισμών που συνετριψαν τους ελληνες (όπως και τους εβραιους) της; διασπορας).

    2. Ωστόσο, η συνταγματική κρίση, αν και καθαυτή μείζονος σημασίας,δεν ήταν - και δεν μπορούσε να είναι - το αίτιο του Διχασμού. Η συνταγματική κρίσηπροϋπέθετε μια διαφωνία σχετική με το μείζον αγαθό του salus populi.

      Δεν ηταν αμιγώς συνταγματική η θρυαλίδα, ούτε περιοριζεται σε αυτη.

    3. υτά τα δεδομένα άρχισαν να αλλάζουν δραματικά στον 19ο αιώνα, οπότε επήλθεη άνοδος των άλλων βαλκανικών εθνικισμών.7 Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, ο ελληνικός κόσμος,και ειδικά η ηγεσία του ελληνικού κράτους βρέθηκε σε μια πολύ δύσκολη θέση: ηγεωγραφική περιοχή που ενδιέφερε ήταν αχανής (τουλάχιστον για τα μέσα που δι-έθετε το μικρό ελληνικό κράτος), οι πιθανοί αντίπαλοι πολλαπλοί, και σε περίπτωσηαπώλειας μιας περιοχής, αυτή δεν επανέκαμπτε σε μια αυτοκρατορική οντότητα, αλλάπεριερχόταν σε ένα άλλο έθνος - κράτος, με τους Έλληνες στην θέση μιας προνομιού-χου (και άρα συνήθως στοχοποιημένης) μειονότητας, της οποίας η επιβίωση δύσκολαθα εξασφαλιζόταν.

      MUST: Γιατι ηττηθηκε ο ελληνικος εθνικισμος από τους γειτονικους? Γιατι εκαλυπτε περισσοτερες εκτασεις.

    4. Η διεθνής πολιτική του διακρίθη-κε πάντοτε για ένα βασικό της χαρακτηριστικό: ο Βενιζέλος απέφευγε συστηματικάσυγκρούσεις στις οποίες η Ελλάδα θα καλείτο να αναμετρηθεί μόνη της με χώρεςισχυρότερες. Αυτό έκανε και πριν τον Αύγουστο του 1914, όταν προσπάθησε με κάθετρόπο (ακόμη και προτείνοντας εθελούσια ανταλλαγή πληθυσμών) να αποφύγει μιααναμέτρηση με την Πύλη.9

      Για την πολιτική ιδιοφυια του Βενιζελου να αποφευγει στρατιωτικές αναμετρήσεις χωρίς "πλατες".

    5. Και ορισμένες από αυτές τις αποφάσεις θα ήταν αναπόφευκτα επώδυνες: ήτανπολύ πιθανόν να μην αποδειχθεί δυνατή η ικανοποίηση του συνόλου των ελληνικώνδιεκδικήσεων∙ και οι περιοχές που θα χάνονταν - ειδικά εάν διαλυόταν η ΟθωμανικήΑυτοκρατορία - θα χάνονταν, πιθανότατα, για πάντα, αν μη τι άλλο λόγω της ένδειαςτων μέσων που διέθετε το ελληνικό κράτος και της ιδιότυπης γεωγραφικής διασποράςτων ελληνικών κοινοτήτων

      Η Μεγαλη Ιδέα ηταν υπονομευμενη από τους γειτονικούς εθνικισμους, επρεπε να διαλεξουμε.

    1. Το 1945-46, κατά τη λευκή τρομοκρατία, η Αριστερά κατήγγειλε ότι είχε 1.298 νεκρούς απότη δράση των ακροδεξιών συμμοριών25 –αριθμός επίσης τεράστιος σε σύγκριση μετις προγενέστερες εμπειρίες της ελληνικής κοινωνίας

      Μονο 1298 νεκτροι στη Λευκή τρομοκρατία??

    2. Ο ίδιος ο Εθνικός διχασμός του 1915-17, κατά τονοποίο δημιουργήθηκαν ακόμη και δύο αντιτιθέμενα μεταξύ τους ελληνικά κράτη,πραγματοποιήθηκε με ξένη στρατιωτική επέμβαση στην Αθήνα και έλαβαν χώρα πο-λιτικές δολοφονίες, είχε όμως σχετικά λίγα θύματα: σύμφωνα με επίσημες πηγές,στα Νοεμβριανά (την πλέον πολύνεκρη, και όχι μόνον ενδοελληνική, σύγκρουση τηςπεριόδου του Εθνικού διχασμού) οι νεκροί ήταν 117
      • 117 θυματα στα Νοεμβριανά, από Λεόν.
    3. το φαινόμενο της βίας του 1943-44 ήταν πρωτόγνωρο στην ελλη-νική ιστορία

      Δεν ειχε προηγουμενο η βία της Κατοχής& Εμφυλίου. Ακολουθούν νούμερα.

    4. Οι νεκροί στο κίνημα του 1935 ήταν 9ή 10, εάν συνυπολογιστούν και οι τρεις που εκτελέστηκαν μετά την παραπομπή τουςστο στρατοδικείο20

      Θυματα ελαχιστα στη δικτατορία του Βενιζέλου. ΑΛΛΑ μετρησε τους αεροπορικούς βομβαρδισμούς σε Δραμα??

    5. Η Προσληψη της Αριστερας Απο τους Αντιπαλους της, 1949-1967:

      Παρατηρησεις για τη Λειτουργια του Ελληνικου Αντικομμουνισμου

    1. anticommunism.pdf

      Η Προσληψη της Αριστερας Απο τους Αντιπαλους της, 1949-1967:

      Παρατηρησεις για τη Λειτουργια του Ελληνικου Αντικομμουνισμου

    2. YLI.1928-1936.doc

      Το πολιτικό σύστημα στην εποχή του ύστερου Εθνικού Διχασμού, 1929-1936

      Ευάνθης Χατζηβασιλείου

  3. Local file Local file
    1. Η κατάρρευση της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας του Μεσοπολέμου: Από τις εκλογές της 26ης Ιανουαρίου 1936 έως την 4η Αυγούστου.

      Ενδιαφερουσα ιστοροριογραφικη αποψη για αντικειμενικοτητα πηγών, πχ ημερολογιο/αρχειο Μεταξα.

      • academia.edu: note: pdf there has broken OCR, use my Ντούρος-ΑπόΤιςΕκλογέςΤης26ηςΙανουαρίου1936ΈωςΤην4η Αυγούστου.pdf.
      • Μεταπτυχιακό ΕΚΠΑ: Δ.Ντούρου, 2016
      • Επιμελητής: Γ.Πλουμίδης
    2. Ἡ κρίση του κοινοβουλευτισμού στη διάρκεια του Μεσοπολέμου ανάγεται σε δύοσημαίνοντα φαινόμενα του πρώτου τετάρτου του 20ού αιώνα. Πρώτον, στο κίνημαστο Γουδί το 1909, το οποίο σηματοδότησε τη δυναμική είσοδο του στρατού στηνκεντρική πολιτική σκηνή της χώρας. Μόνο με την πάροδο των χρόνων και τημεσολάβηση κι άλλων παραγόντων η ανάμειξη αυτή θα λάβει ευρύτερες διαστάσεις,με τάσεις χειραφέτησης και αυτονόμησης του στρατεύματος απὀ τους πολιτικούς τουπάτρωνες. Δεύτερον, ο Εθνικός Διχασμός του 1915-1917, αποτελεί μια μεγάληιστορική τομή, χωρίς την οποία η ανάλυση του Μεσοπολέμου είναι αδύνατη.

      Ενδιαφερον παραθεμα για εισαγωη σε συνεπειες Γουδί(1909) & ΕΔ.

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    1. Η Εναρξη Του Ψυχρου Πολεμου, 1941-1950:

      Στρατηγικα Ή Ιδεολογικα Αιτια

      • docplayer
      • scribd
      • Επιμελητές: Παναγιωτης Ηφαιστος, Κωνσταντινος Κολιοπουλος, Ευανθης Χατζηβασιλειου
      • συγγραφεις: Μποτσιου, Σφηκας, Κουρκουβέλας, Σακκάς, Ευαγόρου, Χουρχούλης, Κούμας, Χασιώτης, Αποστολόπουλος, Μικέλης, Κλάψης, Χατζηβασιλείου, Λίτσας
      • H.pdf
    1. Η Εναρξη Του Ψυχρου Πολεμου, 1941-1950:

      Στρατηγικα Ή Ιδεολογικα Αιτια

      • docplayer
      • scribd
      • Επιμελητές: Παναγιωτης Ηφαιστος, Κωνσταντινος Κολιοπουλος, Ευανθης Χατζηβασιλειου
      • συγγραφεις: Μποτσιου, Σφηκας, Κουρκουβέλας, Σακκάς, Ευαγόρου, Χουρχούλης, Κούμας, Χασιώτης, Αποστολόπουλος, Μικέλης, Κλάψης, Χατζηβασιλείου, Λίτσας
      • H.pdf
    1. Η Εναρξη Του Ψυχρου Πολεμου, 1941-1950:

      Στρατηγικα Ή Ιδεολογικα Αιτια

      • docplayer
      • scribd
      • Επιμελητές: Παναγιωτης Ηφαιστος, Κωνσταντινος Κολιοπουλος, Ευανθης Χατζηβασιλειου
      • συγγραφεις: Μποτσιου, Σφηκας, Κουρκουβέλας, Σακκάς, Ευαγόρου, Χουρχούλης, Κούμας, Χασιώτης, Αποστολόπουλος, Μικέλης, Κλάψης, Χατζηβασιλείου, Λίτσας
      • H.pdf
    2. Η μια είναι ο Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλοςπου λόγω της βαθιάς πίστης του στις αρχές της κοινοβουλευτικής δημοκρατίας οδηγήθηκε στηναπόφαση της διάλυσης της Βουλής των Λαζάρων και στη διενέργεια εκλογών τις οποίες και έχασε απότη βασιλική πτέρυγα με τις τραγικές συνέπειες που αυτή η διαδικασία προκάλεσε στην πορεία τηςΜικρασιατικής Εκστρατείας.

      Σ.Λίτσας: Γιατι εκλογές το 1920 πως οδηγησαν στη Μικρασιατικη.

    1. Η κατάρρευση της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας του Μεσοπολέμου:

      Από τις εκλογές της 26ης Ιανουαρίου 1936 έως την 4η Αυγούστου.

      Ενδιαφερουσα ιστοροριογραφικη αποψη για αντικειμενικοτητα πηγών, πχ ημερολογιο/αρχειο Μεταξα.

    1. Ο Καραμανλής και το επιτελείο του συνειδητά προσπάθησαν και επέτυχαν να υπερβούν την κρίση των θεσμών συνολικά, δηλαδή την κληρονομιά και του Εθνικού Διχασμού και του εμφυλίου πολέμου. Η νομιμοποίηση του ΚΚΕ έλυνε προβλήματα του εμφυλίου πολέμου· η επίλυση του Πολιτειακού με το δημοψήφισμα της 8ης Δεκεμβρίου 1974 (το μόνο έντιμο της ελληνικής πολιτικής ιστορίας) έκλεινε ένα κεφάλαιο του Εθνικού Διχασμού.

      Πως συνέδεσαν οι ενέργειες του Καραμανλη ΕΔ, Χούντα, το ΚΚΕ και το Πολιτειακό.

    2. Από την άλλη πλευρά, η δικτατορία του 1967-74 δεν ήταν κεραυνός εν αιθρία. Αποτέλεσε την κορύφωση της «κρίσης των θεσμών», η οποία ξεκίνησε με την έναρξη του Εθνικού Διχασμού το 1915, συνέχισε με τις διαδοχικές αναρριπίσεις του, και περιέλαβε επίσης τον εμφύλιο πόλεμο στη δεκαετία του 1940, ο οποίος προκάλεσε νέες πολιτικές και ψυχολογικές επιβαρύνσεις στη μετεμφυλιακή εποχή.

      Για τη συνδεση ΕΔ μεχρι Χουντα.

    3. Η κοινοβουλευτική δημοκρατία έπεσε το 1967, ενώ δεν αντιμετώπιζε δομικό κίνδυνο, π.χ. ένα μαζικό κόμμα που προωθούσε δικτατορία του ενός ή του άλλου τύπου. Επεσε επειδή τελμάτωσε μέσα σε μια ανούσια πολιτική πόλωση και έχασε τον έλεγχο των εξελίξεων. Το ίδιο όμως είχε συμβεί το 1936.

      Για τη συνδεση των 2 μεγαλων Δικτατοριών, Μεταξα & Συνταγματαρχών.

    1. ... στο παλάτι επικρατούσε και μεγάλη ανασφάλεια. Οι αλλεπάλληλες εκθρονίσεις είχαν δημιουργήσει στους Γλίξμπουργκ ευερέθιστα αντανακλαστικα. Κυρίαρχο ήταν το σύνδρομο του Ελευθερίου Βενιζέλου. Όταν καποιος πολιτικός αποκτούσε δημοτικότητα και ισχύ, αυτόματως θεωρούνταν στο παλάτι υποψήφιος θύτης της δυναστείας. Και αυτό εξελισσόταν σε αυτοεκπληρούμενη προφητεία. Αυτό κρύβεται πίσω από τη ρήξη των ανακτόρων με τον Παπάγο, τον Μαρκεζίνη, τον Καραμανλή, τον Γεώργιο Παπανδρέου. Και φυσικά η βασιλική απαίτηση για απ'ευθείας ανάμιξη στη διακυβέρνηση της χώρας μόνο με αδύνατους πρωθυπουργος μπορούσε να ικανοποιηθεί.

      H επιροη του ΕΔ στην πτωση των Γλυξμπουργκ & αλλα στην εξαρτηση της χωρας.

    1. ο Τσερέπης είπε ότι αποστρέφεται τη βία («η καρδία του δεν γνωρίζει παρά την αγάπην»), αλλά έπρεπε να «απαλλάξει την Ελλάδα από την τυραννία». Είχε «αντιπάθεια προς τον Βενιζέλον, όστις εσυκοφάντει την χώραν του παρά την Αντάντ, κάμνων να πιστευθή ότι υπήρχον γερμανόφιλοι εν Ελλάδι, και ότι μόνος αυτός και οι φίλοι του ήσαν ανταντόφιλοι».

      Πως το μισος οδηγησε τον επιδοξο δολοφόνο του Βενιζέλου.

      • πηγές: Γιάννης Σιατούφης (ερανιστής?)
    1. Originally blogs were called weblogs: a log of activity that you wrote to the web. Peter Merholz jokingly split the term into two words to make it an activity: we blog. Ev Williams started to use it as a verb and a noun: to blog. And the rest is history.
    1. A Ten Years’ War

      Aspects of the Greek Historiography on the First World War

      Iakovos Michailidis

      • academia.edu
      • cite: Michailidis, Iakovos. “A Ten Years’ War Aspects of the Greek Historiography on the First World War.” Balcanica 49 (2018): 171–181. Web.
      • my-H
    1. Μικρασιατική Εκστρατεία: Βαθύτερα αίτια της στρατιωτικής μας ήττας, Μέρος 5ο – A’

      Βελισάριος (blog, Dec 2012)

      Για το στρατιωτικο σκελος της ήττας.

    1. Όψεις της Ευρώπης στον ελληνικό Διχασμό

      Λίνα Λούβη (Νοε 2015), Αρλογική διημερίδα

      η φοβική ματιά των ελληνων για την ευρώπη (Γερμανία για βενιζελικούς, Γαλλία για παλάτι) μέσα από τον Τύπο των παραταξεων

      • academia.edu
      • argogiko site
      • cite: ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ, ΑΡΓΟΛΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΕΙΑΚΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΘΗΚΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ. “Όψεις Της Ευρώπης Στον Ελληνικό Διχασμό. Λίνα Λούβη, Αναπληρώτρια Καθηγήτρια, Τμήμα Πολιτικής Επιστήμης Και Ιστορίας, Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο.” Αργολική Αρχειακή Βιβλιοθήκη Ιστορίας & Πολιτισμού (2018)
    1. Όψεις της Ευρώπης στον ελληνικό Διχασμό

      Λίνα Λούβη (Νοε 2015), Αρλογική διημερίδα

      η φοβική ματιά των ελληνων για την ευρώπη (Γερμανία για βενιζελικούς, Γαλλία για παλάτι) μέσα από τον Τύπο των παραταξεων

      • academia.edu
      • argogiko site
      • cite: ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ, ΑΡΓΟΛΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΕΙΑΚΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΘΗΚΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ. “Όψεις Της Ευρώπης Στον Ελληνικό Διχασμό. Λίνα Λούβη, Αναπληρώτρια Καθηγήτρια, Τμήμα Πολιτικής Επιστήμης Και Ιστορίας, Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο.” Αργολική Αρχειακή Βιβλιοθήκη Ιστορίας & Πολιτισμού (2018)
    1. το 1945, σε δημοσκόπηση που πραγματοποιήθηκε στη Γαλλία, το 57% των ερωτηθέντων πίστευε πως η Σοβιετική Ένωση είχε τον πιο καθοριστικό ρόλο στην νίκη του ναζισμού, ποσοστό που μειώθηκε το 1994 στο 25% και στο 23% το 2015, ενώ αντίστοιχα αυξήθηκε σημαντικά το ποσοστό των ΗΠΑ – από 20% το 1945 σε 54% το 2015 (Πηγή: δημοσκοπήσεις IFOP 1945, 1994, 2004, 2015).

      Stillpeople do not know what Putin wrote about WWII.

  4. Local file Local file
    1. Όψεις της Ευρώπης στον ελληνικό Διχασμό

      Λίνα Λούβη (Νοε 2015), Αρλογική διημερίδα

      η φοβική ματιά των ελληνων για την ευρώπη (Γερμανία για βενιζελικούς, Γαλλία για παλάτι) μέσα από τον Τύπο των παραταξεων

      • academia.edu
      • argogiko site
      • cite: ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ, ΑΡΓΟΛΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΕΙΑΚΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΘΗΚΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ. “Όψεις Της Ευρώπης Στον Ελληνικό Διχασμό. Λίνα Λούβη, Αναπληρώτρια Καθηγήτρια, Τμήμα Πολιτικής Επιστήμης Και Ιστορίας, Πάντειο Πανεπιστήμιο.” Αργολική Αρχειακή Βιβλιοθήκη Ιστορίας & Πολιτισμού (2018)

    Tags

    Annotators

    1. Θανάσιμη απειλή αποτελούσαν δύο υπερσύγχρονα θωρηκτά που η Τουρκία περίμενε να παραλάβει από βρετανικά ναυπηγεία το καλοκαίρι του 1914.

      Podcast του Μαυρογορδάτου για τα περιγημα Γερμανικά "δωρα" στην Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία που σκοπό είχαν την κυριαρχία του στο Αιγαίο.

    1. Η πρώτη είναι απόρροια της γεωπολιτικήςσημασίας της Ελλάδας για την προαγωγή των αξονικών στρατηγικών συμφερόντωντων αντιμαχόμενων δυνάμεων - Αντάντ - Κεντρικές δυνάμεις -, με αποτέλεσμα τηνκατάφωρη παραβίαση της ελληνικής εδαφικής κυριαρχίας και τη μετατροπή της ελλη-νικής εδαφικής επικράτειας σε κέντρο ανεφοδιασμού - επιμελητείας - εγκατάστασηςξένων στρατιωτικών δυνάμεων.

      Για τη σημασία της Ελλαδας στους 2 σχηματισμους του Α'ΠΠ.

    2. Η αιτιολόγησηαυτής της πτυχής είναι διττή και συνομολογείται από την έσχατη αναγκαιότητα τηςεκάστοτε κρατικής οντότητας για εσωτερική τάξη και εξωτερική ασφάλεια, καθώς καιαπό την ιδιαιτερότητα της ελληνικής περίπτωσης, που συνίσταται στην εγκαθίδρυσηενός κράτους δυνάστη από τους πολιτικούς θεσμούς της κομματοκρατίας.54 Απότοκοείναι η εξάρτηση από τη Δύση ν’ αναδεικνύεται σε κύριο μέσο εξωτερικής πολιτι-κοοικονομικής-στρατιωτικής εξισορρόπησης τόσο για την ενίσχυση της εσωτερικήςνομιμοποίησης των ελλαδικών κυβερνήσεων, όσο και για την ανάσχεση των άμεσωνεξωτερικών-εσωτερικών απειλών τους.

      Γιατι τα φαυλοκοματικο ελληνικο κρατος εχει αναγκη τις εγγυήτριες δυναμεις?

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      • σελ.146: η έμφαση στη βασιλοφροσύνη και εν μερει στο ιδεολογικό κληροδότημα του μεταξικού καθεστώτος είναι εντονότερη στο λόγο των ακροδεξιών οργανώσεων σε σχέση με εκείνβν των "εθνικών οργανώσεων" εν γένει.
      • σελ.146: Η αντίθεση των "τίμιων και αγνών πατριωτών, των Νέων Ελλήνων Εθνικιστών" [της "Χ"] προς το παλαιοκομματικό συγκρότημα εξουσίας, στοοποίο συγκατατάσσονται οι βενιζελικοί, οι αντιβενιζελικοί και οι κομμουνιστές "φαυλοκράτες" πολιτικοί, ...
    1. Το ακροδεξιό κίνημα στην Ελλάδα, 1936-1949: Καταβολές, συνέχειες και ασυνέχειες», στο Η Ελλάδα '36-'49. Από τη δικτατορία στον Εμφύλιο. Τομές και συνέχειες.

      • Σελ.140-141: ο βενιζελισμός συχνά βέβαια ωςσυνοδοιπόρος του κομμουνισμού, ώς "σύνμπραξη της Μόσχας με τους βενιζελικούς κεφαλαιοκράτοες" ή τελος, ως στυλοβάτης της αβασίλευτης δημοκρατίς που συνιστούσε τον "προθάλαμο της κομμούνας".
      • σελ.144: Οργανώσεις βασιλοφρόνων - οι αγγλόφιλες Οργανώσις Βασιλοφρόνων Αγωνιστών (Ο.Β.Α.) και Εθνικοκοινωνική Επανάστασις (Ε.Ε.) του Νίκου Αντωνακέα, η Ένωσις Βασιλοφρόνων Εθνικιστών Νέων (ΕΒΕΝ) και η "Χ", ...έδρασαν επί Κατοχής, κυρίως όμως ή αποκλειστικά εναντίον του εσωτερικού εχθρού
      • Απο academia.edu
      • archive url
    1. Αιχμή της αντιπαράθεσης που διατρέχει όλη την μεσοπολεμική περίοδο το καθεστωτικό πρόβλημα. Σε πρώτη φάση το καθεστωτικό φαίνεται να λήγει με το δημοψήφισμα του 1924 και την εγκαθίδρυση της Β΄ Ελληνικής Αβασίλευτης Δημοκρατίας. Δημοψήφισμα που αναγνώρισε και τμήμα της φιλοβασιλικής οικογένειας με επικεφαλής τον αρχηγό του Κόμματος των Ελευθεροφρόνων Ιωάννη Μεταξά.

      Διαρκεια Διχασμου ως Δημοψήφισμα Αβασίλευτης, αλλα κ σύνδεσή του με Πολιτειακό

    1. 1915 – 2015: 100 Χρόνια από τον Εθνικό Διχασμό – Οι πολιτικές, πολιτειακές, κοινωνικές διαστάσεις των γεγονότων και οι μεταγενέστερες επιδράσεις.

      Αργολική βιβλιοθηκη, 7-8 Νοε 2015

    1. Forster’sAct in 1870, which mandated education for all children up to the age of 10 inBritain.
    2. Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis intheir classic Schooling in Capitalist America

      Bowles and Gintis apparently make an argument in Schooling in Capitalist America that changes in education in the late 1800s/early 1900s served the ends of capitalists rather than the people.

    1. Σε στρατηγικό επίπεδο, η νικηφόρα μάχη του Σκρα ντι Λέγκεν, η οποία σημειωτέον υπήρξε η πρώτη καταγραφείσα διάρρηξη σε ένα από τα τρία ως τότε μεγάλα μέτωπα, σε αρκετά μεγάλο εύρος ρήγματος, σε δύσβατο ορεινό έδαφος, έπεισε και τους τελευταίους από τους Συμμάχους για την αναγκαιότητα της υπάρξεως και ενισχύσεως του Μακεδονικού Μετώπου. Σε διπλωματικό, τέλος επίπεδο, αμέσως σχεδόν μετά τη διάσπαση του μετώπου, ο ένας μετά τον άλλο οι σύμμαχοι των Κεντρικών Αυτοκρατοριών συνθηκολόγησαν! (11)

      Για την σπουδαία σημασία της μαχης του Σκρα, 1η σαρωτική νικη της Αντάντ στον Α'ΠΠ, αλλα και στρατηγικά, αφού συνθηκολόγησαν εξαιτίας της.

    1. στην ατυχέστερη και λιγότερο μελετημένη ιστορική περίοδο της διχοτόμησής της.

      Λανθασμενη αντυπωση των ελληνων πως ο Εθνικός Διχασμός διχάζει ακόμη τους ιστορικούς

    1. primary source uh press books thing

      US History and Primary Source Anthology, volume 1<br /> https://minnstate.pressbooks.pub/ushistory1/

    1. (note: this is not the reason why Jenkins uses Tini, they use it for signal reaping, but it was used in the RabbitMQ image for that reason).
    1. Leeson, R. A. Travelling Brothers: The Six Centuries’ Road from Craft Fellowship to Trade Unionism. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1979.

      https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/4467218-travelling-brothers

      Suggested by Jerry Michalski on 2022-11-02

    1. Well, actually, some ligatures do have legacy codes, but solely for backwards compatibility with outdated encodings from the long-gone, dark ages of eight-bit computing. E.g. f_f can have the U+FB00 LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FF code point. If ‘eight-bit’ does not tell you anything, please erase everything you read within these parentheses from your memory immediately, keep calm and continue reading.
    1. Tout introduced original research into the undergraduate programme, culminating in the production of a Final Year thesis based on primary sources.[7]

      Thomas F. Tout, one of the founders of the Historical Association, was one of the first professors to introduce original research into the undergraduate program in the early 1900s.

    1. Δεσποινα Παπαδημητρίου, «Οι επίστρατοι στα χρόνια του πρώτου πολέμου:πολιτική βία και 'ακροδεξιές' συμπεριφορές» (2014)

    2. To στοιχείο της βίας και της μνησικακίας είναι παρόν σεόλα τα κείμενα αυτά που απευθύνονταν στον Βασιλιά καιδημοσίευε η Νέα Ημέρα. Η εκδικητική διάθεση απέναντιστους βενιζελικούς και στους Αγγλογάλλους και ηβούληση της ρήξης με την πολιτική της συναίνεσης και τωνυποχωρήσεων είναι σαφής

      Η σχεση των [[Επίστρατων]] με τη βια εχει ιδια συσπειρωτική λειτουργία με αυτη των οπαδών τηε [ΧΑ].

    3. ΟΜαυρογορδάτος υποστηρίζει ότι ο μύθος πως οιΕπίστρατοι ήσαν δημιούργημα του Επιτελείουσυντηρήθηκε όχι μόνον από την συγκεκριμένη καταδίκηκαι τους ισχυρισμούς πολλών μαρτύρων στρατιωτικών– -στις δύο δίκες παρά την απουσία θετικών αποδείξεωναλλά και από την κυρίαρχη στο πεδίο της ιστοριογραφίαςκαι της συλλογικής μνήμης βενιζελική εκδοχή της ιστορίας.του Εθνικού Διχασμού

      Τελικά οι [[Επιστρατοι]] δεν ηταν δημιούργημα του [[Μεταξα]]?

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    1. Παπαδημητρίου-Απο τον Λαο των Νομιμοφρονων στο Έθνος των Εθνικοφρόνων (2009)

      Περιεχομενα, Εισαγωγη

    Tags

    Annotators

    1. Μαυρογορδάτος Γ. (2000) «Οι Επίστρατοι: ένας Φασισμός πρόδρομος αλλά ατελής»,Ιστορικά, 57 (2000), 20-25.

      6σείλιδη μελέτη Μαυρογορδάτου στους Επίστρατους, "Ιστορικά" (2000).

    2. Μαργαρίτης Γ. (2001) «Στρατιωτικός Σύνδεσμος: Πρόγραμμα-Προθέσεις», Ιστορικά, 92(2001), 6-13.

      Μελέτη του Γ.Μαργαρίτη στους [[Επίστρατους]].

  7. Oct 2022
    1. Thus Paxson was not content to limit historians to the immediateand the ascertainable. Historical truth must appear through some-thing short of scientific method, and in something other than scien-tific form, linked and geared to the unassimilable mass of facts.There was no standard technique suited to all persons and purposes,in note-taking or in composition. "The ordinary methods of his-torical narrative are ineffective before a theme that is in its essen-tials descriptive," he wrote of Archer B. Hulbert's Forty- Niners(1931) in 1932. "In some respects the story of the trails can notbe told until it is thrown into the form of epic poetry, or comes un-der the hand of the historical novelist." 42

      This statement makes it appear as if Paxson was aware of the movement in the late 1800s of the attempt to make history a more scientific endeavor by writers like Bernheim, Langlois/Seignobos, and others, but that Pomeroy is less so.

      How scientific can history be as an area of study? There is the descriptive from which we might draw conclusions, but how much can we know when there are not only so many potential variables, but we generally lack the ability to design and run discrete experiments on history itself?

      Recall Paxson's earlier comment that "in history you cannot prove an inference". https://hypothes.is/a/LIWSoFlLEe2zUtvMoEr0nQ

      Had enough time elapsed up to this writing in 1953, that the ideal of a scientific history from the late 1800s had been borne out not to be accomplished?

    2. I am not much like Turner ; but I believe that I am like him in that Iam aware that in history you cannot prove an inference. You cannotprove causation, much as you crave to do it. You may present sequencesof events, whose relationship suggests a link-up of cause and consequence ;

      you may carry on the inquiry for a lifetime without discovering other events inconsistent with the hypothesis which has caught your eye. But you can never get beyond a circumstantial case. . . .<br /> "A Footnote to the Safety-Valve," August 15, 1940, Paxson Papers (University of California Library, Berkeley)

    3. the writer of "scissors and paste history" ;

      One cannot excerpt their way into knowledge, simply cutting and pasting one's way through life is useless. Your notes may temporarily serve you, but unless you apply judgement and reason to them to create something new, they will remain a scrapheap for future generations who will gain no wisdom or use from your efforts.

      relate to: notes about notes being only useful to their creator

    4. The Verdict of History," he scrawled on anote : "There is none — . . . Apart from verif of facts There is noverdict only onesided testimony." "

      Note, n.d. (probably made during the 1920's), unsorted, Paxson File.

    5. "Say what one may of historical philos-ophy," he wrote in 1926, "history is a matter of facts; and theestablishment of facts, desiccated as they may be, is the chief func-tion of the genuine historian."

      Review of John B. Black, The Art of History; A Study of Four Great His- torians of the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1926), New York Herald Tribune Books, December 12, 1926, p. 12.

    6. He was impressed by the difference between written history and(though he did not use the phrase) what Charles A. Beard called"history as actuality"
    1. Turner's sectionalism essays are collected in The Significance of Sections in American History, which won the Pulitzer Prize in History in 1933. Turner's sectionalism thesis had almost as much influence among historians as his frontier thesis, but never became widely known to the general public as did the frontier thesis. He argued that different ethnocultural groups had distinct settlement patterns, and this revealed itself in politics, economics and society.

      Was sectionalism discussed or mentioned in Colin Woodard's American Nations (2011) as part of an underlying piece of his thesis about American history? It seems applicable.

    2. His best known publication is his essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," the ideas of which formed the frontier thesis. He argued that the moving western frontier exerted a strong influence on American democracy and the American character from the colonial era until 1890.
    1. Our company tends to draw a lot of detailed, realistic characters, and it turned out that lot of the designers had privately been waiting for an opportunity to draw characters in this style, but were reluctant to say so.

      Apparently many artists at Capcom in the 1990s secretly wanted to draw chibi characters but were afraid to say so. I addressed the humorous anecdote from this 1996 interview here.

    1. Macaulay claimed that his memory was good enough to enable him to write out the whole of Paradise Lost. But when preparing his History of England, he made extensive notes in a multitude of pocketbooks of every shape and colour.

      By what method did Macaulay memorize Paradise Lost?

    2. In his splendid recent autobiography, History of a History Man, Patrick Collinson reveals that when as a young man he was asked by the medievalist Geoffrey Barraclough at a job interview what his research method was, all he could say was that he tried to look at everything which was remotely relevant to his subject: ‘I had no “method”, only an omnium gatherum of materials culled from more or less everywhere.’

      How does a medievalist reference "omnium gatherum" without an explicit mention of even florilegia which generally translates as "gatherings of flowers" as their method?!

    1. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who shockedthe world with Émile: or On Education ([1762] 1993).

      Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Émile, or On Education. Translated by Alan Bloom. 1762. Reprint, Basic Books, 1979. https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/jean-jacques-rousseau/emile/9780465019311/

    2. Learning became firmly subject centred rather than child centred.

      What would schooling look like if it had been historically developed as child-centered rather than subject-centered.

    3. Theodulf, bishop of Orléans, hadordered that ‘the priests establish schools in every town and village.
    1. Helbig, Daniela K. “Life without Toothache: Hans Blumenberg’s Zettelkasten and History of Science as Theoretical Attitude.” Journal of the History of Ideas 80, no. 1 (2019): 91–112. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhi.2019.0005

    2. A historical perspective on the sciencesbrings into view controversies, and some beliefs and methodological con-victions that retrospectively turn out to be false—among Blumenberg’scharacteristically colorful picks are Augustine writing that “the stars werecreated for the consolation of people obliged to be active at night,” and“Linnaeus’s opinion that the song of the birds at the first light of morningwas instituted as consolation for the insomnia of the old.”84

      something poetic about these examples even if they're poor science...

    3. In “collaboration with his Zettelkasten,”61 Blumenberg worked to por-tray these tensions between different and changing historical meanings ofscientific inquiry.
    1. The authorities in Moscow recognize this and are trying to gain controlover a most dangerous situation in their view

      Intersting concepts that the instability of the narrative was seen as a threat in 1996 and a need to have control.

      China at this time started the Great Firewall. Maybe given the competing needs and lack of earlier same push?

    1. Der Nachlass ist aber nicht nur ein wissenschaftshistorisches Dokument, sondern auch wegen der Rückseiten interessant: Jungius verwendete Predigttexte und Erbauungsliteratur, Schülermitschriften und alte Briefe als Notizpapier. Zudem wurde vieles im Nachlass belassen, was ihm irgendwann einmal zugeordnet wurde, darunter eine Reihe von Manuskripten fremder Hand, z. B. zur Astronomie des Nicolaus Reimers.

      machine translation (Google):

      The estate is not only a scientific-historical document, but also interesting because of the back: Jungius used sermon texts and devotional literature, school notes and old letters as note paper. In addition, much was left in the estate that was assigned to him at some point, including a number of manuscripts by someone else, e.g. B. to the astronomy of Nicolaus Reimers.

      In addition to the inherent value of the notes which Jungius took and which present a snapshot of the state-of-the art of knowledge for his day, there is a secondary source of value as he took his notes on scraps of paper that represent sermon texts and devotional literature, school notes, and old letters. These represent their own historical value separate from his notes.


      link to https://hypothes.is/a/m2izykwGEe2TaktJuW0Qgg

    1. https://lifehacker.com/the-pile-of-index-cards-system-efficiently-organizes-ta-1599093089

      LifeHacker covers the Hawk Sugano's Pile of Index Cards method, which assuredly helped promote it to the GTD and productivity crowd.

      One commenter notices the similarities to Ryan Holiday's system and ostensibly links to https://thoughtcatalog.com/ryan-holiday/2013/08/how-and-why-to-keep-a-commonplace-book/

      Two others snarkily reference using such a system to "keep track of books in the library [,,,] Sort them out using decimal numbers on index cards in drawers or something..." and "I need to tell my friend Dewey about this! He would run with it." Obviously they see the intellectual precursors and cousins of the method, though they haven't looked at the specifics very carefully.

      One should note that this may have been one of the first systems to mix information management/personal knowledge management with an explicit Getting Things Done set up. Surely there are hints of this in the commonplace book tradition, but are there any examples that go this far?

    1. image courtesy hawkexpress on flickr

      Interesting to see the first post on zettelkasten.de in 2013 has a photo of hawkexpress' Pile of Index Cards (PoIC) in it.

      This obviously means that Christian Tietze had at least a passing familiarity with that system, though it differed structurally from Luhmann's version of zettelkasten.

    1. A youngman or woman who cannot read very well is hindered in hispursuit of the American dream

      This would seem to indicate that reading's primary importance was to fuel capitalism and production. It certainly says a lot about American culture, particularly in a book that wants to focus on syntopical reading.

    1. There was no awareness that any kind of coherent history of the periods before the development of writing was possible at all. In the words of the Danish scholar Rasmus Nyerup (1759–1829): Everything which has come down to us from heathen-dom is wrapped in a thick fog; it belongs to a space of time which we cannot measure. We know that it is older than Christendom, but whether by a couple of years or a couple of centuries, or even by more than a millennium, we can do no more than guess.

      This is particularly interesting in light of the research of Charles Darwin and Charles Lyell who within about 50 years dramatically changed the viewpoint of history.


      Orality has something to say about this now too...

    1. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by each State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one; Connecticut five; New York six; New Jersey four; Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one; Maryland six; Virginia ten; North Carolina five; South Carolina five; and Georgia three.

      George Washington believes that the states of America must pay taxes within the whole country. However, some times later all the states will have different tax rates and laws because every state is like another country. In this constitution, Indians are excluded from paying taxes as native Americans were not considered as humans at that period.

    1. The major presentation in the Jefferson Building, The African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship, explores black America's quest for equality from the early national period through the twentieth century. The Library's materials, gathered over the two hundred years of its existence, tell the story of the African American experience through nine chronological periods that document the courage and determination of blacks, faced with adverse circumstances, who overcame immense odds to fully participate in all aspects of American society. The exhibit includes the work of abolitionists in the first half of the nineteenth century, depictions of the long journey following the Civil War towards equality in employment, education and politics, strategies used to secure the vote, recognition of outstanding black leaders, and the contributions of sports figures, black soldiers, artists, actors, writers and others in the fight against segregation and discrimination.

      The author of the article tells the story of the Afro-American population from the times of slavery to the twentieth century. The non-white people had to face many difficulties and challenges to achieve the basic human and citizens' rights (right to vote, self-expression etc.).

    1. The history of recessions in the United States shows that they are a natural, though painful, part of the business cycle. The National Bureau of Economic Research determines when a recession starts and ends.1 The Bureau of Economic Analysis measures the gross domestic product (GDP) that defines recessions.2 The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports on the unemployment rate.3Bureau of Labor Statistics. "How the Government Measures Unemployment." Unemployment often peaks after a recession ends because it is a lagging economic indicator.4 Most employers wait until they are sure the economy is back on its feet again before hiring permanent employees.5 There have been 19 noteworthy recessions throughout U.S. history.

      The Bureaus apply such measurements as GDP and unemployment rate to analyze the main reasons of the US recessions throughout the history.

    1. Lamenting that ‘I have only two eyes, and, unfortunately cannot use themso as to read two books at the same time’,
    2. Deutsch wrote often of history’s ‘scientific’ nature and inductive approach, leading toan almost positivistic method. ‘From individual facts’, he wrote, ‘one ascends to prin-ciples’, continuing: ‘Facts have to be arranged in a systematic manner . . . First we mustknow, and afterward we may reason’. This ‘systematic’ arrangement, he believed, sepa-rated the historian from the mere annalist or chronicler (Deutsch, 1900b: 166).

      This scientific viewpoint of history was not unique to the time and can be seen ensconced in popular books on historical method of the time, including Bernheim and Langlois/Seignobos.

    3. Walter Benjamin termed the book ‘an outdated mediationbetween two filing systems’

      reference for this quote? date?

      Walter Benjamin's fantastic re-definition of a book presaged the invention of the internet, though his instantiation was as a paper based machine.

    1. Jason Lustig is a Harry Starr Fellow in Judaica at Harvard University’s Center for Jewish Studies, and the Gerald Westheimer Early Career Fellow at the Leo Baeck Institute. He completed his PhD at UCLA in 2017, where his dissertation examined 20th-century struggles over Jewish archives and the control of culture and memory in Germany, the USA and Israel/Palestine.
    2. Indeed, Deutsch’s index is massive but middling, especially when placed alongside those of Niklas Luhmann, Paul Otlet, or Gershom Scholem.

      Curious how Deutsch's 70,000 facts would be middling compared to Luhmann's 90,000? - How many years did Deutsch maintain and collect his version?<br /> - How many publications did he contribute to? - Was his also used for teaching?

      Otlet didn't create his collection alone did he? Wasn't it a massive group effort?

      Check into Gershom Scholem's collection and use. I've not come across his work in this space.

    3. Gotthard Deutsch (1859–1921) taught at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati from 1891 until his death, where he produced a card index of 70,000 ‘facts’ of Jewish history.

      Gotthard Deutsch (1859-1921) had a card index of 70,000 items relating to Jewish history.

    1. He argued that God gazes over history in its totality and finds all periods equal.

      Leopold von Ranke's argument that God gazes over history and finds all periods equal is very similar to a framing of history from the viewpoint of statistical thermodynamics: it's all the same material floating around, it just takes different states at different times.

      link to: https://hyp.is/jqug2tNlEeyg2JfEczmepw/3stages.org/c/gq_title.cgi?list=1045&ti=Foucault%27s%20Pendulum%20(Eco)

    2. Leopold von Ranke (German: [fɔn ˈʁaŋkə]; 21 December 1795 – 23 May 1886) was a German historian and a founder of modern source-based history.[3][4] According to Caroline Hoefferle, "Ranke was probably the most important historian to shape [the] historical profession as it emerged in Europe and the United States in the late 19th century".[5] He was able to implement the seminar teaching method in his classroom and focused on archival research and the analysis of historical documents. Building on the methods of the Göttingen School of History,[6] he was the first to establish a historical seminar. Ranke set the standards for much of later historical writing, introducing such ideas as reliance on primary sources (empiricism), an emphasis on narrative history and especially international politics (Außenpolitik). Ranke also had a great influence on Western historiography. He was ennobled in 1865, with the addition of a "von" to his name.
    1. Goutor only mentions two potential organizational patterns for creating output with one's card index: either by chronological order or topical order. (p34) This might be typical for a historian who is likely to be more interested in chronologies and who would have likely noted down dates within their notes.

    1. On January 27, 2010, at a special press event billed as "Come see our latest creation," Steve Jobs unveiled the iPad.

      Fuck. I forgot the iPad and I have the same goddamned birthday.

    1. level 1tristanjuricek · 4 hr. agoI’m not sure I see these products as anything more than a way for middle management to put some structure behind meetings, presentations, etc in a novel format. I’m not really sure this is what I’d consider a zettlecasten because there’s really no “net” here; no linking of information between cards. Just some different exercises.If you actually look at some of the cards, they read more like little cues to drive various processes forward: https://pipdecks.com/products/workshop-tactics?variant=39770920321113I’m pretty sure if you had 10 other people read those books and analyze them, they’d come up with 10 different observations on these topics of team management, presentation building, etc.

      Historically the vast majority of zettelkasten didn't have the sort of structure and design of Luhmann's, though with indexing they certainly create a network of notes and excerpts. These examples are just subsets or excerpts of someone's reading of these books and surely anyone else reading any book is going to have a unique set of notes on them. These sets were specifically honed and curated for a particular purpose.

      The interesting pattern here is that someone is selling a subset of their work/notes as a set of cards rather than as a book. Doing this allows different sorts of reading and uses than a "traditional" book would.

      I'm curious what other sort of experimental things people might come up with? The "novel" Cain's Jawbone, for example, could be considered a "Zettelkasten mystery" or "Zettelkasten puzzle". There's also the subset of cards from Roland Barthes' fichier boîte (French for zettelkasten), which was published posthumously as Mourning Diary.

    1. He started work at COMSAT, where he had access to funding from the Department of Defense, some of which was earmarked for the ARPANET. “It was a sandbox,” he later told an interviewer. “We just were told, ‘Do good deeds.’ But the good deeds were things like develop electronic mail, and protocols.”

      Early ARPANET: Do Good Deeds

    1. E veryone seriously concerned with teaching complainsthat most students do not know how to do indepen-dent work. They do not know how to read, they do notknow how to take notes, they do not know how to set up aproblem nor how to research it. In short, they do not knowhow to work intellectually.
  8. Sep 2022
    1. Hi L0ki,as we depend on retailers with affiliate programs to run the site without ads, and Amazon being one of them, yes, we are following their rules so we can use API and their affiliate program.As Tomas said, we are also trying to get the history back, though we noticed we aren't the only site being affected by this.As for ignoring their API and doing it the hard way - that could be possible I guess but really not preferable.And we also understand anybody not wanting to buy from Amazon anymore (as some already told us), but to be fair, if the game is available anywhere else (and I have yet to randomly find a game which is available only at Amazon), you can always check the game info on ITAD to compare the price to other retailers.
    2. If it's not, it should be illegal for them to forbid you from showing price history. This is restricting access to information, and it's probably supposed to benefit them from shady sales (increasing the base price just before a sale, so that the "X % off" is higher).
    3. "We are not allowed to show you Amazon history"? What prompted this? Fill me in if I missed something :).EDIT: Camelcamelcamel can still show Amazon price history, so a bit befuddled here.
    4. I would be interested to know what the legality of this is either way. I mean, do they really have any legal right to compel you not to list their price history? However, just knowing that Amazon doesn't want you to do this will make me less likely to purchase from them in the future. Anti-consumer behavior pisses me off. Edit: If this is related to API access couldn't you just manually scrape prices off the site instead and hammer their server? Or is this more related to not wanting to bite the hand that feeds you so to speak related to the funding you can get through referral links?
    1. The song, known as the Black national anthem, was played more than 20 minutes before “The Star-Spangled Banner,” which was written by slaveholder Francis Scott Key and includes lyrics about the capture of escaped slaves who fought for the British during the War of 1812.

      Do you believe that we should countinue with the current national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner" or should we change it to "Lift Every Voice" ? Is it wrong that we are singing a song written by a slaveholder towards our country ?

    1. we can kind of make an assumption that 00:04:22 complex brains and by extension complex intelligence should also be somewhat common in terms of evolutionary success and assuming that it's evolutionary preferential or basically that evolves many times throughout the history of the 00:04:35 planet we can then make a conjecture that it should exist somewhere out there where life exists on other planets okay just to rephrase this if we truly believe that extraterrestrial intelligence exists out there and that 00:04:48 it kind of evolved in the same way that it evolved here on planet earth it's pretty safe to assume that it might have evolved several times on the planet because we're making an assumption here that this is an evolutionary advantage 00:05:00 that all planets that potentially have life on them are going to end up with some kind of a species that's going to become super intelligent and that's going to be self-aware able to use technology and essentially kind of communicate in the same way that we 00:05:13 communicate using for example radio waves

      !- in other words : there should be signs of complex intelligence like ours in the paleontological records

    1. you can think about the invention of powerful representations and the invention of powerful media to host powerful 00:11:27 representations as being one of the big drivers of last 2,000 years of the intellectual progress of humanity because each representation allows us to think thoughts that we couldn't think before we kind of 00:11:39 continuously expand our think about territory so you can think of this as tied to you know the grand meta-narrative of the scent of humanity moving away from myth and superstition 00:11:51 and ignorance and towards a deeper understanding of ourselves in the world around us I bring this up explicitly because I think it's good for people to acknowledge the motivation for their 00:12:02 work and this is this story of the intellectual progress of humanity is something that I find very motivating inspiring and is something that I feel like I want to contribute to but I think 00:12:16 that if this if you take this as your motivation you kind of have to be honest with yourself that that there definitely has been ascent we have improved in many 00:12:27 ways but there are also other ways in which our history has not been ascent so we invent technology we media technology 00:12:39 to kind of help us make this this climb but every technology is a double-edged sword every technology enables us has a potential de navels in certain ways while debilitating us in other ways and 00:12:51 that's especially true for representations because the way the reputations work is they draw on certain capabilities that we have so if we go all in in a particular medium like we 00:13:03 did with print so the capabilities that are not well supported in that medium they get neglected in they atrophy and we atrophy I wish I knew who drew the picture 00:13:20 because it's it's a wonderful depiction of what I'm trying to express here and even a little misleading because the person the last stage they're kind of hunched over is tiny rectangle we reach 00:13:31 that stage accomplish that stage with the printing press and cheap paper book based knowledge the invention of paper-based bureaucracy paper-based 00:13:44 working we invented this lifestyle this way of working where to do knowledge work meant to sit at a desk and stare at your little tiny rectangle make a little motions of your hand you know started 00:13:56 out as sitting at a desk staring at papers or books and making little motions with a pen and now it's sitting at a desk staring at a computer screen making a little motions with your on a keyboard but it's basically the same 00:14:08 thing we've this is what it means to do knowledge work nowadays this is what it means to be a thinker it means to be sitting and working with symbols on a little tiny rectangle to the extent that 00:14:20 again it almost seems inseparable you can't separate the representation for what it actually is and and this is basically just an accident of history this is just the way that our media 00:14:32 technology happen to evolve and then we kind of designed a way of knowledge work for that media that we happen to have and I think so I'm going to make the claim that this style of knowledge work 00:14:47 this lifestyle is inhumane

      !- for : symbolic representation - language - the representation is closely tied to the media - a knowledge worker sits at a desk and plays with symbols in a small area all day! - This is actually inhumane when you think about it

    1. I've been spelunking through your posts from roughly the decade from 2005 onward which reference your interest in index cards. Thanks for unearthing and writing about all the great index card material from that time period. Have you kept up with your practices?

      I noticed that at least one of your posts had a response by MK (Manfred Kuehn, maintainer of the now defunct Taking Note blog (2007-2018). Was it something you read at the time or kept up with?

      Have you been watching the productivity or personal knowledge management space since roughly 2017 where the idea of the Zettelkasten (slip box or card index) has taken off (eg. https://zettelkasten.de/, Sonke Ahren's book How to Take Smart Notes, Obsidian.md, Roam Research, etc.?) I'd be curious to hear your thoughts on them or even what your practice has meant over time.

      Thanks again.

      Cheers! -CJA

    1. https://mleddy.blogspot.com/2005/05/tools-for-serious-readers.html

      Interesting (now discontinued) reading list product from Levenger that in previous generations may have been covered by a commonplace book but was quickly replaced by digital social products (bookmark applications or things like Goodreads.com or LibraryThing.com).

      Presently I keep a lot of this sort of data digitally myself using either/both: Calibre or Zotero.

    1. Why is this important in this history of psychology?

      "The present work will, I venture to think, prove that I both saw at the time the value and scope of the law which I had discovered, and have since been able to apply it to some purpose in a few original lines of investigation. But here my claims cease. I have felt all my life, and I still feel, the most sincere satisfaction that Mr. Darwin had been at work long before me, and that it was not left for me to attempt to write 'The Origin of Species.' I have long since measured my own strength, and know well that it would be quite unequal to that task. Far abler men than myself may confess that they have not that untiring patience in accumulating and that wonderful skill in using large masses of facts of the most varied kinds, -- that wide and accurate physiological knowledge, -- that acuteness in devising, and skill in carrying out, experiments, and that admirable style of composition, at once clear, persuasive, and judicial, -- qualities which, in their harmonious combination, mark out Mr. Darwin as the man, perhaps of all men now living, best fitted for the great work he has undertaken and accomplished." This comes from the Classics in the History of Psychology Limits of Natural Selection By Chauncey Wright (1870). This shows us the importamce of the limits including in theories like this one. Natural selection indicates that the strongest will be the ones that will survive and there for will be the ones that will be able to have offsprings and make their generation endure. But thjis has a limit due to the sexual selection because it shows that the natural selection can not be impossed to people in any way or form. I see this working in psychology in a very big way because now that we are in a generation that is so ruled out by the social media this concept wants to persist and endure no matter what. I can see natural selecetion slowly decreasing amd really another type of selection evolving with the next future generations.

      Angela Cruz Cubero (Christian Cruz Cubero)

    1. So this is one of these things where the idea that you could make an internet is 100%, just from biology being so much more complex and working so well for decades.DEVON: And why is the decentralization of biological systems and of the internet so important for scalability?

      !- relationship : internet to biology - internet was designed to biomimic biological systems for redundancy, resiliency, decentralized

    2. Right? You said... No, no, bullshit. Let's write it all down and we can go check it. Let's not argue about what was said. We've got this thing called writing. And once we do that, that means we can make an argument out of a much larger body of evidence than you can ever do in an oral society. It starts killing off stories, because stories don't refer back that much. And so anyway, a key book for people who are wary of McLuhan, to understand this, or one of the key books is by Elizabeth Eisenstein. It's a mighty tome. It's a two volume tome, called the "Printing Press as an Agent of Change." And this is kind of the way to think about it as a kind of catalyst. Because it happened. The printing press did not make the Renaissance happen. The Renaissance was already starting to happen, but it was a huge accelerant for what had already started happening and what Kenneth Clark called Big Thaw.

      !- for : difference between oral and written tradition - writing is an external memory, much larger than the small one humans are endowed with. Hence, it allowed for orders of magnitude more reasoning.

    1. one of the things that's worked the best the last three or 00:10:05 four hundred years is you get simplicity by finding a slightly more sophisticated building block to build your theories out of its when you go for a simple building block that anybody can 00:10:18 understand through common sense that is when you start screwing yourself right and left because it just might not be able to ramify through the degrees of freedom and scaling you have to go through and it's this 00:10:31 inability to fix the building blocks that is one of the largest problems that computing has today in large organizations people just won't do it

      !- example : simplicity - astronomy example is perfect - paradigm shift to go to slightly more complex fundamental building block that CAN scale

    1. Such was the opinion of Mark Pattison,who said, History cannot he written from manuscripts,which is as much as to say : " It is impossible fora man to write history from documents which heis obliged to put for himself into a condition inwhich they can be used."
    2. We need not interpret in the Jewish oretymological sense the dictum of Renan : " I do notthink it possible for any one to acquire a clearnotion of history, its limits, and the amount ofconfidence to be placed in the different categoriesof historical investigation, unless he is in the habitof handling original documents." ^

      Renan, Essais de morale et de critique, p. 36

    3. There is only one argumentfor the legitimacy and honourable character ofthe obscure labours of erudition, but it is a de-cisive argument: it rests on their indispensability.No erudition, no history. " Non sunt contemnendaquasi parva" says St. Jerome, ''sine quihus magnaconstare non possunt"
    4. Every one admits nowadays that it is advisable tocollect materials on separate cards or slips of paper.

      A zettelkasten or slip box approach was commonplace, at least by historians, (excuse the pun) by 1898.

      Given the context as mentioned in the opening that this books is for a broader public audience, the idea that this sort of method extends beyond just historians and even the humanities is very likely.

    1. The book's controversial assertions that the life of Jesus should be written like the life of any historic person, and that the Bible could and should be subject to the same critical scrutiny as other historical documents caused controversy[19] and enraged many Christians,[20][21][22][23] and Jews because of its depiction of Judaism as foolish and absurdly illogical and for its insistence that Jesus and Christianity were superior.[17]

      Ernest Renan argued in Life of Jesus that Jesus should be studied and written about like any other historic person or process. His life and the history and writings around it should be open to critical scrutiny just like any other biography or autobiography.

  9. Aug 2022
    1. Fickert, Kevin-Steven. “Die Geschichte des Zettelkatalogs : eine historisch-kritische Betrachtung eines Verzeichnismediums und seiner Regelwerke.” Fachhochschule Stuttgart Hochschule der Medien, 2003. https://hdms.bsz-bw.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/141

      via Ton Zijlstra

    1. theGerman library handwriting style invented by E. Ackerknecht is recommended in order toensure equal handwriting style.

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Ackerknecht<br /> Influential historian of medicine

      <ins datetime="2022-08-24T15:44:48+00:00"> Erwin Heinz Ackerknecht (1 June 1906, in Stettin – 18 November 1988, in Zurich), the historian of medicine, did some library related work, but didn't invent this handwriting style, his father Erwin Julius Ackerknecht did. see: https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Ackerknecht</ins>


      What does this handwriting style look like?

    1. ManuelRodriguez331 · 8 hr. agotaurusnoises wrote on Aug 20, 2022: Technik des Wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens by Johannes Erich HeydeThe idea of grouping similar notes together with the help of index cards was mainstream knowledge in the 1920'er. Melvil Dewey has invented the decimal classification in 1876 and it was applied to libraries and personal note taking as well.quote: “because for every note there is a systematically related one in the immediate vicinity. [...] A good, scholarly book can grow out of the mere collection of notes — not an ingenious one, indeed" [1]The single cause why it wasn't applied more frequently was because of the limitation of the printing press. In the year 1900 only 100 scholarly journals were available in the world. There was no need to write more manuscripts and teach the art of Scientific Writing to a larger audience.[1] Kuntze, Friedrich: Die Technik der geistigen Arbeit, 1922

      reply to: https://www.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/wrytqj/comment/ilax9tc/?utm_source=reddit&utm_medium=web2x&context=3

      Index card systems were insanely popular in the early 1900's for note taking and uses of all other sorts (business administration, libraries, etc.). The note taking tradition of the slip box goes back even further in intellectual history with precedents including miscellanies, commonplace books, and florilegia. Konrad Gessner may have been one of the first to have created a method using slips of rearrangeable paper in the 1500s, but this general pattern of excerpting, note taking and writing goes back to antiquity with the concept of locus communis (Latin) and tópos koinós (Greek).

      What some intellectual historians are hoping for evidence of in this particular source is a possible origin of the idea of the increased complexity of direct links from one card to another as well as the juxtaposition of ideas which build on each other. Did Luhmann innovate this himself or was this something he read or was in general practice which he picked up? Most examples of zettelkasten outside of Luhmann's until those in the present, could be described reasonably accurately as commonplace books on index cards usually arranged by topic/subject heading/head word (with or without internal indices).

      Perhaps it was Luhmann's familiarity with Aktenzeichen (German administrative "file numbers") prior to his academic work which inspired the dramatically different form his index card-based commonplace took? See: https://hyp.is/CqGhGvchEey6heekrEJ9WA/www.wikiwand.com/de/Aktenzeichen_(Deutschland)

      Is it possible that he was influenced by Beatrice Webb's ideas on note taking from Appendix C of My Apprenticeship (1924) which was widely influential in the humanities and particularly sociology and anthropology? Would he have been aware of the work of historians Ernst Bernheim followed by Charles Victor Langlois and Charles Seignobos? (see: https://hypothes.is/a/DLP52hqFEe2nrIMdrd4U7g) Did Luhmann's law studies expose him to the work of jurist Johann Jacob Moser (1701-1785) who wrote about his practice in his autobiography and subsequently influenced generations of practitioners including Jean Paul and potentially Hegel?

      There are obviously lots of unanswered questions...

    1. Allosso, Dan. US History and Primary Source Anthology, Vol. 1. 2 vols. Minnesota State Pressbooks, 2022. https://minnstate.pressbooks.pub/ushistory1/

    1. Zettelkasten history: Johann Siegmund Stoy and The World in a Box

      For those interested in the history of the zettelkasten, you're sure to appreciate The World in a Box: The Story of an Eighteenth-Century Picture Encyclopedia by Anke te Heesen.

      https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_World_in_a_Box/OXhsE2zYigkC?hl=en&gbpv=0

      This is a book about a box that contained the world. The box was the Picture Academy for the Young, a popular encyclopedia in pictures invented by preacher-turned-publisher Johann Siegmund Stoy in eighteenth-century Germany. Children were expected to cut out the pictures from the Academy, glue them onto cards, and arrange those cards in ordered compartments—the whole world filed in a box of images.

      As Anke te Heesen demonstrates, Stoy and his world in a box epitomized the Enlightenment concern with the creation and maintenance of an appropriate moral, intellectual, and social order. The box, and its images from nature, myth, and biblical history, were intended to teach children how to collect, store, and order knowledge. te Heesen compares the Academy with other aspects of Enlightenment material culture, such as commercial warehouses and natural history cabinets, to show how the kinds of collecting and ordering practices taught by the Academy shaped both the developing middle class in Germany and Enlightenment thought. The World in a Box, illustrated with a multitude of images of and from Stoy's Academy, offers a glimpse into a time when it was believed that knowledge could be contained and controlled.

    1. 111. RESEARC

      Dutcher suggest that there are three "purposes in reading": information, thought, and style.

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    1. Import notes on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch You can import Evernote Export files (.enex files) to Notes on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch. Each .enex file can include one or many notes. When you import an .enex file, each note from Evernote will be converted to a new note in Notes. Before you import to your Notes app, send yourself the .enex file via email or save it to iCloud Drive from your computer. Use Mail Open Mail and tap the email with the file that you want to import to Notes. Touch and hold the file, tap Share, then tap Notes. After your file downloads, you get a confirmation message. Tap Import Notes. Use the Files app Open the Files app and go to the file that you want to import to Notes. Touch and hold the file, tap Share, then tap Notes. After your file downloads, you get a confirmation message. Tap Import Notes. When you open the Notes app and select your iCloud notes, a new folder appears called Imported Notes. If you're not using Notes with iCloud, the new folder appears in the On My Device notes.

      Stumbling across obscure/obscured shit like this in these operating systems used to be legitimately fun but uh... Well, it's been a while.

      It works ridiculously well though! As in, the import process can handle far too many notes far too quickly for the device's actual ability to index them lol.

    1. neighborhood of Campelloemerged as a hub of shoe production, especially with the establishmentand growth of the Walk-Over Shoe Company, founded by the Keith family

      Walk-Over Shoes Company in Brockton's Campello Neighborhood

    1. First, it taught me that there was a history to this stuff, and it also expanded the frontiers of what I understood I was doing

      'History of stuff' not being seen is a recurring pattern. e.g. wrt Luhmann vs commonplacing, in the Roam/Obsidian wave e.g. wrt open data around 2010 when there was little realisation of efforts by re-users to get to the PSI Directive, only the new wave of coders using the fact it existed.

      It's also a repeating pattern in generations. Open Space and unconferencing e.g. needs to be retaught with every new wave of people. The open web of two decades ago needs to be explained to those now starting their professional work using online tools.

      Spaced repetition for groups/society?

      In order to expand understanding what one is actually doing / building on.

      Doet me denken aan die '90s exchange student die me ooit vroeg of ik geschiedenis studeerde ipv elektro: ik legde bij alles ook het ontwikkelingspad uit.

    1. Magie's game was becoming increasingly popular around the Northeastern United States. College students attending Harvard, Columbia, and University of Pennsylvania, left-leaning middle class families, and Quakers were all playing her board game. Three decades after The Landlord's Game was invented in 1904, Parker Brothers published a modified version, known as Monopoly. Charles Darrow claimed the idea as his own, stating that he invented the game in his basement. Magie spoke out against them and reported that she had made a mere $500 from her invention and received none of the credit for Monopoly.[7] In January 1936, an interview with Magie appeared in a Washington, D.C. newspaper, in which she was critical of Parker Brothers. Magie spoke to reporters about the similarities between Monopoly and The Landlord's Game. The article published spoke to the fact that Magie spent more money making her game than she received in earnings, especially with the lack of credit she received after Monopoly was created. After the interviews, Parker Brothers agreed to publish two more of her games but continued to give Darrow the credit for inventing the game itself.[11] Darrow was known as the inventor of Monopoly until Ralph Anspach discovered Magie's patents and her relation to the Monopoly game while fighting a legal battle with the Parker Brothers because of his Anti-Monopoly game. Subsequently, her invention of The Landlord's Game has been given more attention and research. Despite the fact that Darrow and the Parker Brothers capitalized on and were credited with her idea, she posthumously received credit for one of the most popular board games.[3]

      This is a fascinating bit of trivia, and that should be better known by the general public.

    1. On the Internet there are many collective projects where users interact only by modifying local parts of their shared virtual environment. Wikipedia is an example of this.[17][18] The massive structure of information available in a wiki,[19] or an open source software project such as the FreeBSD kernel[19] could be compared to a termite nest; one initial user leaves a seed of an idea (a mudball) which attracts other users who then build upon and modify this initial concept, eventually constructing an elaborate structure of connected thoughts.[20][21]

      Just as eusocial creatures like termites create pheromone infused mudballs which evolve into pillars, arches, chambers, etc., a single individual can maintain a collection of notes (a commonplace book, a zettelkasten) which contains memetic seeds of ideas (highly interesting to at least themselves). Working with this collection over time and continuing to add to it, modify it, link to it, and expand it will create a complex living community of thoughts and ideas.

      Over time this complexity involves to create new ideas, new structures, new insights.

      Allowing this pattern to move from a single person and note collection to multiple people and multiple collections will tend to compound this effect and accelerate it, particularly with digital tools and modern high speed communication methods.

      (Naturally the key is to prevent outside selfish interests from co-opting this behavior, eg. corporate social media.)

    1. History and Foundations of Information Science

      This series of books focuses on the historical approach or theoretical approach to information science and seeks a broader interpretation of what we consider as information (i.e., information is in the eye of the beholder, be it sets of data, scholarly publications, works of art, material objects, or DNA samples), and an emphasis upon how people access and interact with this information.

      https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/series/history-and-foundations-information-science

    1. Neurath claimed that magic was unfalsifiable and therefore disenchantment could never be complete in a scientific age.[18]
      1. Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-226-40336-6.
    1. https://multimediaman.blog/2016/09/30/how-the-index-card-launched-the-information-age/

      A quick overview of the index card and it's role in history from Linnaeus to Dewey to the Mundaneum.

    2. One year ago this month, the final order of library catalog cards was printed by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) in Dublin, Ohio. On October 2, 2015, The Columbus Dispatch wrote, “Shortly before 3 p.m. Thursday, an era ended. About a dozen people gathered in a basement workroom to watch as a machine printed the final sheets of library catalog cards to be made …”
    1. ConradCeltes, a German poet of some renown,‘born in 1459, made the great discoverythat the alphabet could be substituted in

      Mnemonics for the places or pictures used by his predecessors. The historians of Mnemonics, especially Aretin, Reventlow, and the learned and famous bibliographer, Edward Marie Oettinger, in Leipzic, to whom I owe the above-mentioned and some of the following details on the history of Mnemonics, give a dozen other names of authors on Mnemonics belonging to this epoch.*

      Edward Pick mentions Conrad Celtes in passing for having "made the great discovery that the alphabet could be substituted in Mnemonics for the places and pictures used by his predecessors. He doesn't provide a textual source for the information.

      Pick indicates that his primary sources were Edward Marie Oettinger, (Johann Christoph Freiherr von) Aretin, and (Carl Otto) Reventlow who may have more detail on Celte's potential influence on the major system as well as potential alternate names from that era.

      see also: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Maria_Oettinger<br /> - History of Mnemonics by J. Ch, Baron von Aretin

    1. Neural models more closely resemble movable type: they will change the way culture is transmitted in many social contexts.
    1. https://www.preservearticles.com/business/what-is-card-indexing-and-explain-its-advantages-and-disadvantages/1740

      This page seems to be broadly copied from the book Secretarial Practice and Company Law by Arun Kumar and Rachana Sharma (Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited, 1998) # and specifically page 529.

      It contains no other history or references that I can immediately see. The book seems to be written for a secretarial audience in India in the 1990's, and while interesting not otherwise pertinent to immediate to my historical questions.

    1. I like to imagine all the thoughts and ideas I’vecollected in my system of notes as a forest. I imagine itas three-dimensional, because the trains of thought I’vebeen working on for some time look like trees, withbranches of argument, point, and counterpoint andleaves of source-based evidence. Actually, the forest isfour-dimensional, because it changes over time, growingas I add more to it. A piece of output I make using thisforest of thoughts is like a path through the woods. It’sa one-dimensional narrative or interpretation that startsat one point, moves in a line or an arc (sometimes azig-zag) through the woods, touching some but not allof the trees and leaves. I like this imagery, because itsuggests there are many ways to move through the forest.