YLI.1928-1936.doc

Ἡ κρίση του κοινοβουλευτισμού στη διάρκεια του Μεσοπολέμου ανάγεται σε δύοσημαίνοντα φαινόμενα του πρώτου τετάρτου του 20ού αιώνα. Πρώτον, στο κίνημαστο Γουδί το 1909, το οποίο σηματοδότησε τη δυναμική είσοδο του στρατού στηνκεντρική πολιτική σκηνή της χώρας. Μόνο με την πάροδο των χρόνων και τημεσολάβηση κι άλλων παραγόντων η ανάμειξη αυτή θα λάβει ευρύτερες διαστάσεις,με τάσεις χειραφέτησης και αυτονόμησης του στρατεύματος απὀ τους πολιτικούς τουπάτρωνες. Δεύτερον, ο Εθνικός Διχασμός του 1915-1917, αποτελεί μια μεγάληιστορική τομή, χωρίς την οποία η ανάλυση του Μεσοπολέμου είναι αδύνατη.

Η μια είναι ο Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλοςπου λόγω της βαθιάς πίστης του στις αρχές της κοινοβουλευτικής δημοκρατίας οδηγήθηκε στηναπόφαση της διάλυσης της Βουλής των Λαζάρων και στη διενέργεια εκλογών τις οποίες και έχασε απότη βασιλική πτέρυγα με τις τραγικές συνέπειες που αυτή η διαδικασία προκάλεσε στην πορεία τηςΜικρασιατικής Εκστρατείας.

Ο Καραμανλής και το επιτελείο του συνειδητά προσπάθησαν και επέτυχαν να υπερβούν την κρίση των θεσμών συνολικά, δηλαδή την κληρονομιά και του Εθνικού Διχασμού και του εμφυλίου πολέμου. Η νομιμοποίηση του ΚΚΕ έλυνε προβλήματα του εμφυλίου πολέμου· η επίλυση του Πολιτειακού με το δημοψήφισμα της 8ης Δεκεμβρίου 1974 (το μόνο έντιμο της ελληνικής πολιτικής ιστορίας) έκλεινε ένα κεφάλαιο του Εθνικού Διχασμού.

Από την άλλη πλευρά, η δικτατορία του 1967-74 δεν ήταν κεραυνός εν αιθρία. Αποτέλεσε την κορύφωση της «κρίσης των θεσμών», η οποία ξεκίνησε με την έναρξη του Εθνικού Διχασμού το 1915, συνέχισε με τις διαδοχικές αναρριπίσεις του, και περιέλαβε επίσης τον εμφύλιο πόλεμο στη δεκαετία του 1940, ο οποίος προκάλεσε νέες πολιτικές και ψυχολογικές επιβαρύνσεις στη μετεμφυλιακή εποχή.

Η κοινοβουλευτική δημοκρατία έπεσε το 1967, ενώ δεν αντιμετώπιζε δομικό κίνδυνο, π.χ. ένα μαζικό κόμμα που προωθούσε δικτατορία του ενός ή του άλλου τύπου. Επεσε επειδή τελμάτωσε μέσα σε μια ανούσια πολιτική πόλωση και έχασε τον έλεγχο των εξελίξεων. Το ίδιο όμως είχε συμβεί το 1936.

... στο παλάτι επικρατούσε και μεγάλη ανασφάλεια. Οι αλλεπάλληλες εκθρονίσεις είχαν δημιουργήσει στους Γλίξμπουργκ ευερέθιστα αντανακλαστικα. Κυρίαρχο ήταν το σύνδρομο του Ελευθερίου Βενιζέλου. Όταν καποιος πολιτικός αποκτούσε δημοτικότητα και ισχύ, αυτόματως θεωρούνταν στο παλάτι υποψήφιος θύτης της δυναστείας. Και αυτό εξελισσόταν σε αυτοεκπληρούμενη προφητεία. Αυτό κρύβεται πίσω από τη ρήξη των ανακτόρων με τον Παπάγο, τον Μαρκεζίνη, τον Καραμανλή, τον Γεώργιο Παπανδρέου. Και φυσικά η βασιλική απαίτηση για απ'ευθείας ανάμιξη στη διακυβέρνηση της χώρας μόνο με αδύνατους πρωθυπουργος μπορούσε να ικανοποιηθεί.

ο Τσερέπης είπε ότι αποστρέφεται τη βία («η καρδία του δεν γνωρίζει παρά την αγάπην»), αλλά έπρεπε να «απαλλάξει την Ελλάδα από την τυραννία». Είχε «αντιπάθεια προς τον Βενιζέλον, όστις εσυκοφάντει την χώραν του παρά την Αντάντ, κάμνων να πιστευθή ότι υπήρχον γερμανόφιλοι εν Ελλάδι, και ότι μόνος αυτός και οι φίλοι του ήσαν ανταντόφιλοι».

Originally blogs were called weblogs: a log of activity that you wrote to the web. Peter Merholz jokingly split the term into two words to make it an activity: we blog. Ev Williams started to use it as a verb and a noun: to blog. And the rest is history.

Sweet’s big error was a failure to clearly distinguish between professional history and popular myths and consider the purposes and uses of the two.

το 1945, σε δημοσκόπηση που πραγματοποιήθηκε στη Γαλλία, το 57% των ερωτηθέντων πίστευε πως η Σοβιετική Ένωση είχε τον πιο καθοριστικό ρόλο στην νίκη του ναζισμού, ποσοστό που μειώθηκε το 1994 στο 25% και στο 23% το 2015, ενώ αντίστοιχα αυξήθηκε σημαντικά το ποσοστό των ΗΠΑ – από 20% το 1945 σε 54% το 2015 (Πηγή: δημοσκοπήσεις IFOP 1945, 1994, 2004, 2015).

Θανάσιμη απειλή αποτελούσαν δύο υπερσύγχρονα θωρηκτά που η Τουρκία περίμενε να παραλάβει από βρετανικά ναυπηγεία το καλοκαίρι του 1914.

Η πρώτη είναι απόρροια της γεωπολιτικήςσημασίας της Ελλάδας για την προαγωγή των αξονικών στρατηγικών συμφερόντωντων αντιμαχόμενων δυνάμεων - Αντάντ - Κεντρικές δυνάμεις -, με αποτέλεσμα τηνκατάφωρη παραβίαση της ελληνικής εδαφικής κυριαρχίας και τη μετατροπή της ελλη-νικής εδαφικής επικράτειας σε κέντρο ανεφοδιασμού - επιμελητείας - εγκατάστασηςξένων στρατιωτικών δυνάμεων.

Η αιτιολόγησηαυτής της πτυχής είναι διττή και συνομολογείται από την έσχατη αναγκαιότητα τηςεκάστοτε κρατικής οντότητας για εσωτερική τάξη και εξωτερική ασφάλεια, καθώς καιαπό την ιδιαιτερότητα της ελληνικής περίπτωσης, που συνίσταται στην εγκαθίδρυσηενός κράτους δυνάστη από τους πολιτικούς θεσμούς της κομματοκρατίας.54 Απότοκοείναι η εξάρτηση από τη Δύση ν’ αναδεικνύεται σε κύριο μέσο εξωτερικής πολιτι-κοοικονομικής-στρατιωτικής εξισορρόπησης τόσο για την ενίσχυση της εσωτερικήςνομιμοποίησης των ελλαδικών κυβερνήσεων, όσο και για την ανάσχεση των άμεσωνεξωτερικών-εσωτερικών απειλών τους.

Αιχμή της αντιπαράθεσης που διατρέχει όλη την μεσοπολεμική περίοδο το καθεστωτικό πρόβλημα. Σε πρώτη φάση το καθεστωτικό φαίνεται να λήγει με το δημοψήφισμα του 1924 και την εγκαθίδρυση της Β΄ Ελληνικής Αβασίλευτης Δημοκρατίας. Δημοψήφισμα που αναγνώρισε και τμήμα της φιλοβασιλικής οικογένειας με επικεφαλής τον αρχηγό του Κόμματος των Ελευθεροφρόνων Ιωάννη Μεταξά.

Forster’sAct in 1870, which mandated education for all children up to the age of 10 inBritain.

Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis intheir classic Schooling in Capitalist America

Σε στρατηγικό επίπεδο, η νικηφόρα μάχη του Σκρα ντι Λέγκεν, η οποία σημειωτέον υπήρξε η πρώτη καταγραφείσα διάρρηξη σε ένα από τα τρία ως τότε μεγάλα μέτωπα, σε αρκετά μεγάλο εύρος ρήγματος, σε δύσβατο ορεινό έδαφος, έπεισε και τους τελευταίους από τους Συμμάχους για την αναγκαιότητα της υπάρξεως και ενισχύσεως του Μακεδονικού Μετώπου. Σε διπλωματικό, τέλος επίπεδο, αμέσως σχεδόν μετά τη διάσπαση του μετώπου, ο ένας μετά τον άλλο οι σύμμαχοι των Κεντρικών Αυτοκρατοριών συνθηκολόγησαν! (11)

Η διεθνής πολιτική του διακρίθη-κε πάντοτε για ένα βασικό της χαρακτηριστικό: ο Βενιζέλος απέφευγε συστηματικάσυγκρούσεις στις οποίες η Ελλάδα θα καλείτο να αναμετρηθεί μόνη της με χώρεςισχυρότερες. Αυτό έκανε και πριν τον Αύγουστο του 1914, όταν προσπάθησε με κάθετρόπο (ακόμη και προτείνοντας εθελούσια ανταλλαγή πληθυσμών) να αποφύγει μιααναμέτρηση με την Πύλη.9

Και ορισμένες από αυτές τις αποφάσεις θα ήταν αναπόφευκτα επώδυνες: ήτανπολύ πιθανόν να μην αποδειχθεί δυνατή η ικανοποίηση του συνόλου των ελληνικώνδιεκδικήσεων∙ και οι περιοχές που θα χάνονταν - ειδικά εάν διαλυόταν η ΟθωμανικήΑυτοκρατορία - θα χάνονταν, πιθανότατα, για πάντα, αν μη τι άλλο λόγω της ένδειαςτων μέσων που διέθετε το ελληνικό κράτος και της ιδιότυπης γεωγραφικής διασποράςτων ελληνικών κοινοτήτων

στην ατυχέστερη και λιγότερο μελετημένη ιστορική περίοδο της διχοτόμησής της.

Milton,for example, wrote more or less lengthy headings, or "Arguments," as he called them, for each book of Paradise Lost.

primary source uh press books thing

(note: this is not the reason why Jenkins uses Tini, they use it for signal reaping, but it was used in the RabbitMQ image for that reason).

Well, actually, some ligatures do have legacy codes, but solely for backwards compatibility with outdated encodings from the long-gone, dark ages of eight-bit computing. E.g. f_f can have the U+FB00 LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FF code point. If ‘eight-bit’ does not tell you anything, please erase everything you read within these parentheses from your memory immediately, keep calm and continue reading.

Tout introduced original research into the undergraduate programme, culminating in the production of a Final Year thesis based on primary sources.[7]

To στοιχείο της βίας και της μνησικακίας είναι παρόν σεόλα τα κείμενα αυτά που απευθύνονταν στον Βασιλιά καιδημοσίευε η Νέα Ημέρα. Η εκδικητική διάθεση απέναντιστους βενιζελικούς και στους Αγγλογάλλους και ηβούληση της ρήξης με την πολιτική της συναίνεσης και τωνυποχωρήσεων είναι σαφής

ΟΜαυρογορδάτος υποστηρίζει ότι ο μύθος πως οιΕπίστρατοι ήσαν δημιούργημα του Επιτελείουσυντηρήθηκε όχι μόνον από την συγκεκριμένη καταδίκηκαι τους ισχυρισμούς πολλών μαρτύρων στρατιωτικών– -στις δύο δίκες παρά την απουσία θετικών αποδείξεωναλλά και από την κυρίαρχη στο πεδίο της ιστοριογραφίαςκαι της συλλογικής μνήμης βενιζελική εκδοχή της ιστορίας.του Εθνικού Διχασμού

Μαυρογορδάτος Γ. (2000) «Οι Επίστρατοι: ένας Φασισμός πρόδρομος αλλά ατελής»,Ιστορικά, 57 (2000), 20-25.

Μαργαρίτης Γ. (2001) «Στρατιωτικός Σύνδεσμος: Πρόγραμμα-Προθέσεις», Ιστορικά, 92(2001), 6-13.

Thus Paxson was not content to limit historians to the immediateand the ascertainable. Historical truth must appear through some-thing short of scientific method, and in something other than scien-tific form, linked and geared to the unassimilable mass of facts.There was no standard technique suited to all persons and purposes,in note-taking or in composition. "The ordinary methods of his-torical narrative are ineffective before a theme that is in its essen-tials descriptive," he wrote of Archer B. Hulbert's Forty- Niners(1931) in 1932. "In some respects the story of the trails can notbe told until it is thrown into the form of epic poetry, or comes un-der the hand of the historical novelist." 42

I am not much like Turner ; but I believe that I am like him in that Iam aware that in history you cannot prove an inference. You cannotprove causation, much as you crave to do it. You may present sequencesof events, whose relationship suggests a link-up of cause and consequence ;

the writer of "scissors and paste history" ;

The Verdict of History," he scrawled on anote : "There is none — . . . Apart from verif of facts There is noverdict only onesided testimony." "

"Say what one may of historical philos-ophy," he wrote in 1926, "history is a matter of facts; and theestablishment of facts, desiccated as they may be, is the chief func-tion of the genuine historian."

He was impressed by the difference between written history and(though he did not use the phrase) what Charles A. Beard called"history as actuality"

Turner's sectionalism essays are collected in The Significance of Sections in American History, which won the Pulitzer Prize in History in 1933. Turner's sectionalism thesis had almost as much influence among historians as his frontier thesis, but never became widely known to the general public as did the frontier thesis. He argued that different ethnocultural groups had distinct settlement patterns, and this revealed itself in politics, economics and society.

His best known publication is his essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," the ideas of which formed the frontier thesis. He argued that the moving western frontier exerted a strong influence on American democracy and the American character from the colonial era until 1890.

Our company tends to draw a lot of detailed, realistic characters, and it turned out that lot of the designers had privately been waiting for an opportunity to draw characters in this style, but were reluctant to say so.

Macaulay claimed that his memory was good enough to enable him to write out the whole of Paradise Lost. But when preparing his History of England, he made extensive notes in a multitude of pocketbooks of every shape and colour.

In his splendid recent autobiography, History of a History Man, Patrick Collinson reveals that when as a young man he was asked by the medievalist Geoffrey Barraclough at a job interview what his research method was, all he could say was that he tried to look at everything which was remotely relevant to his subject: ‘I had no “method”, only an omnium gatherum of materials culled from more or less everywhere.’

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who shockedthe world with Émile: or On Education ([1762] 1993).

Learning became firmly subject centred rather than child centred.

Theodulf, bishop of Orléans, hadordered that ‘the priests establish schools in every town and village.

A historical perspective on the sciencesbrings into view controversies, and some beliefs and methodological con-victions that retrospectively turn out to be false—among Blumenberg’scharacteristically colorful picks are Augustine writing that “the stars werecreated for the consolation of people obliged to be active at night,” and“Linnaeus’s opinion that the song of the birds at the first light of morningwas instituted as consolation for the insomnia of the old.”84

In “collaboration with his Zettelkasten,”61 Blumenberg worked to por-tray these tensions between different and changing historical meanings ofscientific inquiry.

The authorities in Moscow recognize this and are trying to gain controlover a most dangerous situation in their view

Der Nachlass ist aber nicht nur ein wissenschaftshistorisches Dokument, sondern auch wegen der Rückseiten interessant: Jungius verwendete Predigttexte und Erbauungsliteratur, Schülermitschriften und alte Briefe als Notizpapier. Zudem wurde vieles im Nachlass belassen, was ihm irgendwann einmal zugeordnet wurde, darunter eine Reihe von Manuskripten fremder Hand, z. B. zur Astronomie des Nicolaus Reimers.

image courtesy hawkexpress on flickr

A youngman or woman who cannot read very well is hindered in hispursuit of the American dream

There was no awareness that any kind of coherent history of the periods before the development of writing was possible at all. In the words of the Danish scholar Rasmus Nyerup (1759–1829): Everything which has come down to us from heathen-dom is wrapped in a thick fog; it belongs to a space of time which we cannot measure. We know that it is older than Christendom, but whether by a couple of years or a couple of centuries, or even by more than a millennium, we can do no more than guess.

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by each State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one; Connecticut five; New York six; New Jersey four; Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one; Maryland six; Virginia ten; North Carolina five; South Carolina five; and Georgia three.

The major presentation in the Jefferson Building, The African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship, explores black America's quest for equality from the early national period through the twentieth century. The Library's materials, gathered over the two hundred years of its existence, tell the story of the African American experience through nine chronological periods that document the courage and determination of blacks, faced with adverse circumstances, who overcame immense odds to fully participate in all aspects of American society. The exhibit includes the work of abolitionists in the first half of the nineteenth century, depictions of the long journey following the Civil War towards equality in employment, education and politics, strategies used to secure the vote, recognition of outstanding black leaders, and the contributions of sports figures, black soldiers, artists, actors, writers and others in the fight against segregation and discrimination.

The history of recessions in the United States shows that they are a natural, though painful, part of the business cycle. The National Bureau of Economic Research determines when a recession starts and ends.1 The Bureau of Economic Analysis measures the gross domestic product (GDP) that defines recessions.2 The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports on the unemployment rate.3Bureau of Labor Statistics. "How the Government Measures Unemployment." Unemployment often peaks after a recession ends because it is a lagging economic indicator.4 Most employers wait until they are sure the economy is back on its feet again before hiring permanent employees.5 There have been 19 noteworthy recessions throughout U.S. history.

Lamenting that ‘I have only two eyes, and, unfortunately cannot use themso as to read two books at the same time’,

Deutsch wrote often of history’s ‘scientific’ nature and inductive approach, leading toan almost positivistic method. ‘From individual facts’, he wrote, ‘one ascends to prin-ciples’, continuing: ‘Facts have to be arranged in a systematic manner . . . First we mustknow, and afterward we may reason’. This ‘systematic’ arrangement, he believed, sepa-rated the historian from the mere annalist or chronicler (Deutsch, 1900b: 166).

Walter Benjamin termed the book ‘an outdated mediationbetween two filing systems’

Jason Lustig is a Harry Starr Fellow in Judaica at Harvard University’s Center for Jewish Studies, and the Gerald Westheimer Early Career Fellow at the Leo Baeck Institute. He completed his PhD at UCLA in 2017, where his dissertation examined 20th-century struggles over Jewish archives and the control of culture and memory in Germany, the USA and Israel/Palestine.

Indeed, Deutsch’s index is massive but middling, especially when placed alongside those of Niklas Luhmann, Paul Otlet, or Gershom Scholem.

Gotthard Deutsch (1859–1921) taught at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati from 1891 until his death, where he produced a card index of 70,000 ‘facts’ of Jewish history.

He argued that God gazes over history in its totality and finds all periods equal.

Leopold von Ranke (German: [fɔn ˈʁaŋkə]; 21 December 1795 – 23 May 1886) was a German historian and a founder of modern source-based history.[3][4] According to Caroline Hoefferle, "Ranke was probably the most important historian to shape [the] historical profession as it emerged in Europe and the United States in the late 19th century".[5] He was able to implement the seminar teaching method in his classroom and focused on archival research and the analysis of historical documents. Building on the methods of the Göttingen School of History,[6] he was the first to establish a historical seminar. Ranke set the standards for much of later historical writing, introducing such ideas as reliance on primary sources (empiricism), an emphasis on narrative history and especially international politics (Außenpolitik). Ranke also had a great influence on Western historiography. He was ennobled in 1865, with the addition of a "von" to his name.

It is argued that Droysen, not Dilthey, is the true father of the method of historical understanding or Verstehen.

On January 27, 2010, at a special press event billed as "Come see our latest creation," Steve Jobs unveiled the iPad.

level 1tristanjuricek · 4 hr. agoI’m not sure I see these products as anything more than a way for middle management to put some structure behind meetings, presentations, etc in a novel format. I’m not really sure this is what I’d consider a zettlecasten because there’s really no “net” here; no linking of information between cards. Just some different exercises.If you actually look at some of the cards, they read more like little cues to drive various processes forward: https://pipdecks.com/products/workshop-tactics?variant=39770920321113I’m pretty sure if you had 10 other people read those books and analyze them, they’d come up with 10 different observations on these topics of team management, presentation building, etc.

He started work at COMSAT, where he had access to funding from the Department of Defense, some of which was earmarked for the ARPANET. “It was a sandbox,” he later told an interviewer. “We just were told, ‘Do good deeds.’ But the good deeds were things like develop electronic mail, and protocols.”

E veryone seriously concerned with teaching complainsthat most students do not know how to do indepen-dent work. They do not know how to read, they do notknow how to take notes, they do not know how to set up aproblem nor how to research it. In short, they do not knowhow to work intellectually.

"roundels are the oldest evidence of architecture in the whole of Europe," Řídký told Radio Prague International earlier this year.

Hi L0ki,as we depend on retailers with affiliate programs to run the site without ads, and Amazon being one of them, yes, we are following their rules so we can use API and their affiliate program.As Tomas said, we are also trying to get the history back, though we noticed we aren't the only site being affected by this.As for ignoring their API and doing it the hard way - that could be possible I guess but really not preferable.And we also understand anybody not wanting to buy from Amazon anymore (as some already told us), but to be fair, if the game is available anywhere else (and I have yet to randomly find a game which is available only at Amazon), you can always check the game info on ITAD to compare the price to other retailers.

If it's not, it should be illegal for them to forbid you from showing price history. This is restricting access to information, and it's probably supposed to benefit them from shady sales (increasing the base price just before a sale, so that the "X % off" is higher).

"We are not allowed to show you Amazon history"? What prompted this? Fill me in if I missed something :).EDIT: Camelcamelcamel can still show Amazon price history, so a bit befuddled here.

I would be interested to know what the legality of this is either way. I mean, do they really have any legal right to compel you not to list their price history? However, just knowing that Amazon doesn't want you to do this will make me less likely to purchase from them in the future. Anti-consumer behavior pisses me off. Edit: If this is related to API access couldn't you just manually scrape prices off the site instead and hammer their server? Or is this more related to not wanting to bite the hand that feeds you so to speak related to the funding you can get through referral links?

The song, known as the Black national anthem, was played more than 20 minutes before “The Star-Spangled Banner,” which was written by slaveholder Francis Scott Key and includes lyrics about the capture of escaped slaves who fought for the British during the War of 1812.

we can kind of make an assumption that 00:04:22 complex brains and by extension complex intelligence should also be somewhat common in terms of evolutionary success and assuming that it's evolutionary preferential or basically that evolves many times throughout the history of the 00:04:35 planet we can then make a conjecture that it should exist somewhere out there where life exists on other planets okay just to rephrase this if we truly believe that extraterrestrial intelligence exists out there and that 00:04:48 it kind of evolved in the same way that it evolved here on planet earth it's pretty safe to assume that it might have evolved several times on the planet because we're making an assumption here that this is an evolutionary advantage 00:05:00 that all planets that potentially have life on them are going to end up with some kind of a species that's going to become super intelligent and that's going to be self-aware able to use technology and essentially kind of communicate in the same way that we 00:05:13 communicate using for example radio waves

the greatest technology ever invented was language

you can think about the invention of powerful representations and the invention of powerful media to host powerful 00:11:27 representations as being one of the big drivers of last 2,000 years of the intellectual progress of humanity because each representation allows us to think thoughts that we couldn't think before we kind of 00:11:39 continuously expand our think about territory so you can think of this as tied to you know the grand meta-narrative of the scent of humanity moving away from myth and superstition 00:11:51 and ignorance and towards a deeper understanding of ourselves in the world around us I bring this up explicitly because I think it's good for people to acknowledge the motivation for their 00:12:02 work and this is this story of the intellectual progress of humanity is something that I find very motivating inspiring and is something that I feel like I want to contribute to but I think 00:12:16 that if this if you take this as your motivation you kind of have to be honest with yourself that that there definitely has been ascent we have improved in many 00:12:27 ways but there are also other ways in which our history has not been ascent so we invent technology we media technology 00:12:39 to kind of help us make this this climb but every technology is a double-edged sword every technology enables us has a potential de navels in certain ways while debilitating us in other ways and 00:12:51 that's especially true for representations because the way the reputations work is they draw on certain capabilities that we have so if we go all in in a particular medium like we 00:13:03 did with print so the capabilities that are not well supported in that medium they get neglected in they atrophy and we atrophy I wish I knew who drew the picture 00:13:20 because it's it's a wonderful depiction of what I'm trying to express here and even a little misleading because the person the last stage they're kind of hunched over is tiny rectangle we reach 00:13:31 that stage accomplish that stage with the printing press and cheap paper book based knowledge the invention of paper-based bureaucracy paper-based 00:13:44 working we invented this lifestyle this way of working where to do knowledge work meant to sit at a desk and stare at your little tiny rectangle make a little motions of your hand you know started 00:13:56 out as sitting at a desk staring at papers or books and making little motions with a pen and now it's sitting at a desk staring at a computer screen making a little motions with your on a keyboard but it's basically the same 00:14:08 thing we've this is what it means to do knowledge work nowadays this is what it means to be a thinker it means to be sitting and working with symbols on a little tiny rectangle to the extent that 00:14:20 again it almost seems inseparable you can't separate the representation for what it actually is and and this is basically just an accident of history this is just the way that our media 00:14:32 technology happen to evolve and then we kind of designed a way of knowledge work for that media that we happen to have and I think so I'm going to make the claim that this style of knowledge work 00:14:47 this lifestyle is inhumane

So this is one of these things where the idea that you could make an internet is 100%, just from biology being so much more complex and working so well for decades.DEVON: And why is the decentralization of biological systems and of the internet so important for scalability?

Right? You said... No, no, bullshit. Let's write it all down and we can go check it. Let's not argue about what was said. We've got this thing called writing. And once we do that, that means we can make an argument out of a much larger body of evidence than you can ever do in an oral society. It starts killing off stories, because stories don't refer back that much. And so anyway, a key book for people who are wary of McLuhan, to understand this, or one of the key books is by Elizabeth Eisenstein. It's a mighty tome. It's a two volume tome, called the "Printing Press as an Agent of Change." And this is kind of the way to think about it as a kind of catalyst. Because it happened. The printing press did not make the Renaissance happen. The Renaissance was already starting to happen, but it was a huge accelerant for what had already started happening and what Kenneth Clark called Big Thaw.

one of the things that's worked the best the last three or 00:10:05 four hundred years is you get simplicity by finding a slightly more sophisticated building block to build your theories out of its when you go for a simple building block that anybody can 00:10:18 understand through common sense that is when you start screwing yourself right and left because it just might not be able to ramify through the degrees of freedom and scaling you have to go through and it's this 00:10:31 inability to fix the building blocks that is one of the largest problems that computing has today in large organizations people just won't do it