https://zettels.info/en/int/default.asp
A digital note taking product
ᔥ[[Frank Berzbach]] in Künstliche Intelligenz aus Holz - sciencegarden - Magazin für junge Forschung at 2002-06-30<br /> (accessed:: 2023-02-10 06:59:08)<br /> where he referred to it as "A free online Zettelkasten by Joachim Richter"
http://www.verzetteln.de/synapsen/<br /> Markus Krajewski's digital zettelkasten product.
ᔥ[[Frank Berzbach]] in Künstliche Intelligenz aus Holz - sciencegarden - Magazin für junge Forschung at 2001-06-30 (accessed:: 2023-02-10 06:53:55)
Does austerity have a hidden agenda? by David Brancaccio and Ariana Rosas
listened to on 2023-02-08
A Luhmann web article from 2001-06-30!
Berzbach, Frank. “Künstliche Intelligenz aus Holz.” Online magazine. Magazin für junge Forschung, June 30, 2001. https://sciencegarden.net/kunstliche-intelligenz-aus-holz/.
Interesting to see the stark contrast in zettelkasten method here in an article about Luhmann versus the discussions within the blogosphere, social media, and other online spaces circa 2018-2022.
ᔥ[[Daniel Lüdecke]] in Arbeiten mit (elektronischen) Zettelkästen at 2013-08-30 (accessed:: 2023-02-10 06:15:58)
Wer sich also solch einen hölzernen Lebenspartner aufzieht, wird nach einigen Jahren immer interessantere Antworten auf seine Fragen bekommen …
google translate:
So if you raise such a wooden life partner, you will get more and more interesting answers to your questions after a few years...
I love the idea of rearing a zettelkasten as a "wooden life partner".
Der Zettelkasten weiß tendenziell immer weniger als man selbst, aber immer soviel, wie wir auf Karten geschrieben haben.
google translate:
The Zettelkasten always tends to know less than you do, but always as much as we have written on cards.
Neben den Methoden herkömmlicher Recherche werden daher normalerweise Zettelkästen angelegt, in denen auf Karteikarten notiert ist, was ständig zitiert werden muss. Studenten erproben dies oft zum ersten mal intensiv für ihre Diplomarbeit. Nach Schlagworten und Autoren werden Notizen alphabetisch geordnet und was in den Kasten einsortiert wurde, kann man auch wieder herausholen.
Google translate:
In addition to the methods of conventional research, card boxes are usually created in which index cards are used to record what needs to be constantly quoted. Students often try this out intensively for their diploma thesis for the first time. Notes are sorted alphabetically according to keywords and authors, and what has been sorted into the box can also be taken out again.
An indication from 2001 of the state of the art of zettelkasten written in German. Note that the description is focused more on the index card or slip-based version of a commonplace book sorted alphabetically by keywords and authors primarily for quoting. Most students trying the method for the first time are those working on graduate level theses.
Arbeiten mit Zettelkästen – das Netzkartenprinzip<br /> by Daniel Lüdecke
https://yellowchicken.wordpress.com/2018/07/21/personal-knowledge-base-features/
Interesting blogpost from 2018-07-21 as the rise in PKM and Zettelkasten was just about to take off. Provides a list of some of what was available in and around the space at the time.
bookmark tool in the vein of pinboard, pinterest, etc.
Umberto Eco und das Verzetteln gegen das Verzetteln - Edyssee<br /> by Esther Debus
Luhmanns Arbeitsweise im elektronischen Zettelkasten<br /> by Daniel Lüdecke
translation: Luhmann's way of working in the electronic zettelkasten
https://strengejacke.wordpress.com/2015/10/16/neue-zettelkasten-version-erschienen/
Interesting to see Daniel posting about improving more Luhmann-esque facing features two weeks after a presentation at a digital humanities conference on the topic.
Luhmann talks about the Zettelkasten<br /> by Daniel Lüdecke
Daniel Lüdecke apparently subtitled a Luhmann interview, but it seems to have disappeared since his 2007-07-06 post.
Lüdecke, Daniel. “Introduction to Luhmann’s Zettelkasten - Thinking and Its Technical Implementation.” Presented at the Trier Digital Humanities Autumn School 2015, Trier University, October 1, 2015. https://strengejacke.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/introduction-into-luhmanns-zettelkasten-thinking.pdf..
“The Zettelkastenis much more effortand time consumingthan writing books.”Niklas Luhmann, Shortcuts, p.26
Branching and note sequences allow “story telling”
In electronic Zettelkasten, no text limits for notes, however itis also recommended to keep notes short
Note the recommendation to keep notes short without any stated reason why this should/ought to be done.
Categories mean determination of internal structure less flexibility, especially “in the long run“ of knowledgemanagement and storage
The fact that Luhmann changed the structure of his zettelkasten with respect to the longer history of note taking and note accumulation allowed him several useful affordances.
In older commonplacing and slip box methods, one would often store their notes by topic category or perhaps by project. This mean that after collection one had to do additional work of laying them out into some sort of outline to create arguments and then write them out for publication. This also meant that one was faced with the problem of multiple storage or copying out notes multiple times to file under various different subject headings.
Luhmann overcame both of these problems by eliminating categories and placing ideas closest to their most relevant neighbor and numbering them in a branching fashion. Doing this front loads some of the thinking and outlining work which would often be done later, though it's likely easier to do when one has the fullest context of a note after they've made it when it is still freshest in their mind. It also means that each note is linked to at least one other note in the system. This helps notes from being lost and allows a simpler indexing structure whereby one only needs to use a few index entries to get close to the neighborhood of an idea as most other related ideas are likely to be nearby within a handful or more of index cards.
Going from index to branches on the tree is relatively easy and also serves the function of reminding one of interesting prior reading and ideas as one either searches for specific notes or searches for placing future notes.
When it comes to ultimately producing papers, one's notes already have a pre-arranged sort of outline which can then be more easily copied over for publication, though one can certainly still use other cross-links and further rearranging if one wishes.
Older methods focused on broad accretion of materials into subject ordered piles while Luhmann's practice not only aggregated them, but slowly and assuredly grew them into more orderly trains of thought as he collected.
Link to: The description in Technik des wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens (section 1.2 Die Kartei) at https://hypothes.is/a/-qiwyiNbEe2yPmPOIojH1g which heavily highlights all the downsides, though it doesn't frame them that way.
“multiple storage”
Within the history of personal knowledge management, one was often faced with where to store their notes so that it would be easy to find and use them again. Often this was done using slip methods by means of "multiple storage" by making multiple copies and filing them under various headings. This copying process was onerous and breaks the modern database principle "don't repeat yourself" (DRY).
Alternate means of doing this include storing it in one place and then linking that location to multiple subject headings in an index, though this may cause issues of remembering which subject heading when there are many appropriate potential synonyms.
Modern digital methods allow one to store a note in one location and refer to it in multiple ways electronically as well as with aliases.
Niklas Luhmann's Zettelkasten<br /> http://fremdlesen.de/?p=297
Zettelkasten: Niklas hol' mir 'n Bier!<br /> Niklas Luhmann: Hatte ich doch bloss nie diessen ver-fluchten zettelkasten erfunden!
translation:
Niklas get me a beer!<br /> If only I had never invented that damn note box!
Link to: Effort of maintaining a zettelkasten: https://hypothes.is/a/ahU8YqmoEe2tL79vZF9PvQ
https://danallosso.substack.com/p/new-york-in-1687
Source: "Condition of New York in 1687", by Thomas Dongan, in E. B. O’Callaghan, The Documentary History of the State of New-York (Albany, 1850), I, 101-117. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45493/page/n561/mode/2up
I observe that they take no care of the conversion of their Slaves.
In New York in 1687, Thomas Dongan reports that people didn't convert their slaves to their own religions.
For 2023-02-10 at 11:00 AM - 12:00PM
Marcel Proust on What Writing Is<br /> by William Benton
Proust writes, with only the faintest irony, “Real life, life at last laid bare and illuminated—the only life in consequence which can be said to be really lived—is literature.”
source? Swann's Way?
Definitely from a literacy forward perspective!
stayed with me
"stayed with me" as a phrase to mean an idea so powerful and compelling that one regularly revisits it in their mind at various intervals without spending time on memorizing or actively trying to remember it.
CAA Raises Eight to Agent by Mia Galuppo
Kate Arenson, Jessica Brown, Sydney Chance, Emmett Gordon, Ron Jordan, Sydney Lipsitz, Peter Morton and Andi Wong have been upped.
read on Fri 2022-12-09 7:10 AM
You have reached your destination: Google elegantly says goodbye to Waze by Omer Kabir
read on Sun 2022-12-11 7:13 AM
The racist origins of Georgia’s runoff elections by Steven F. Lawson
Read Sat 2022-12-10 7:43 AM
There was a lot of talk about this run off, but this was the only article I saw referencing the historical political reasons why there was a runoff.
LA City Council members walk out as embattled colleague tries to return amid outrage over leaked audio<br /> by Lara Korte and Alexander Nieves<br /> 12/09/2022 04:18 PM EST
read on Fri 2022-12-09 5:16 PM
How the TSA's Instagram became a must-follow account, thanks to a sticky-note trick by Natasha Piñon
read on Fri 2022-12-09 7:28 AM
Sinema switches to independent, shaking up the Senate<br /> by Burgess Everett
read on Fri 2022-12-09 7:09 AM
Goals! King Charles and Queen Camilla Meet Ryan Reynolds and Rob McIlhenney at Wrexham Stadium by Janine Henni
read on Fri 2022-12-09 7:03 AM
Disbanding the POSSE by Colin Devroe
read on Thu 2022-12-08 7:07 AM
APA Leaders Talk Growth and Dealing With DOJ on CAA-ICM Acquisition by Cynthia Littleton
read on Thu 2022-12-08 6:55 AM
Twitter Notifications Keep Breaking in Wake of Elon Musk's Mass Layoffs<br /> by Matt Novak
Read Wed 2022-12-07 6:55 AM
Welsh in the Rhondda - it was our language too
read on Tue 2022-12-06 9:57 PM
read Tue 2022-12-06 9:45 PM
His pamphlet La Operina (1522) is thought to be the first European writing manual aimed at a general adult audience.
Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi (b. 1475, d. 1527),
https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2023/02/knights-hospitaller.html
https://www.edwinwenink.xyz/posts/59-writing_not_collecting/
recording something does not prevent you from losing it. You lose it when you don’t actively use it.
a very simple principle for note-taking: notes are things where I explain something to myself.
What we ultimately should care about is being able to use our knowledge to produce something new, whatever that may be. To not merely reproduce you must understand the material. And understanding requires application, a hermeneutic principle that particularly Gadamer worked out extensively. If you really want to measure your level of understanding, you should try to apply or explain something to yourself or someone else.
This points to perhaps the most dangerous pitfall of note-taking. It’s very tempting to convince yourself you are learning just because you are writing down - in the sense of passively recording - what someone else says or writes.
Digital gardening is the Domestic Cozy response to the professional personal blog; it's both intimate and public, weird and welcoming.
https://www.edwinwenink.xyz/about/
Here’s a basic hermeneutic insight for you: interpretation requires a form of application which renews the interpretandum by engaging it in a new context. Yes, “something in it anarchives” itself, but that’s also the seed for the old to enter into something new and to stay “alive”.
This weblog is a mnemonic device.
Blogs as digital commonplace books
It is to burn with a passion. It is never to rest, interminably, from searching for the archive right where it slips away. It is to run after the archive, even if there’s too much of it, right where something in it anarchives itself. It is to have a compulsive, repetitive, and nostalgic desire for the archive, an irrepressible desire to return to the origin, a homesickness, a nostalgia for the return to the most archaic place of absolute commencement (Derrida, Archive Fever 1995, 57)
Ha, I've been here before...
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1E8b-aY6R-CUMgXe0UTCsdyHWHDatBa1DaQBvdcuA_Kk/edit
AI in Education Resource Directory
<small><cite class='h-cite via'>ᔥ <span class='p-author h-card'>Hypothesis</span> in Liquid Margins 38: The rise of ChatGPT and how to work with and around it : Hypothesis (<time class='dt-published'>02/09/2023 16:11:54</time>)</cite></small>
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WpCeTyiWCPQ9MNCsFeKMDQLSTsg1oKfNIH6MzoSFXqQ/preview<br /> Policies related to ChatGPT and other AI Tools
<small><cite class='h-cite via'>ᔥ <span class='p-author h-card'>Hypothesis</span> in Liquid Margins 38: The rise of ChatGPT and how to work with and around it : Hypothesis (<time class='dt-published'>02/09/2023 16:11:54</time>)</cite></small>
Educator considerations for ChatGPT<br /> https://platform.openai.com/docs/chatgpt-education
<small><cite class='h-cite via'>ᔥ <span class='p-author h-card'>Hypothesis</span> in Liquid Margins 38: The rise of ChatGPT and how to work with and around it : Hypothesis (<time class='dt-published'>02/09/2023 16:11:54</time>)</cite></small>
<small><cite class='h-cite via'>ᔥ <span class='p-author h-card'>Hypothesis</span> in Liquid Margins 38: The rise of ChatGPT and how to work with and around it : Hypothesis (<time class='dt-published'>02/09/2023 16:11:54</time>)</cite></small>
<small><cite class='h-cite via'>ᔥ <span class='p-author h-card'>Hypothesis</span> in Liquid Margins 38: The rise of ChatGPT and how to work with and around it : Hypothesis (<time class='dt-published'>02/09/2023 16:11:54</time>)</cite></small>
What are the differences and affordances in moving from cadavre exquis to Eno/Schmidt's Oblique Strategies to ChatGPT?
https://web.hypothes.is/event/liquid-margins-38-hypothesis-on-chatgpt-tbd/
ChatGPT could be used as a writing prompt for writers to leverage for their work in much the same way that [[Benjamin Franklin]] rewrote existing works or the major plot point in the movie [[Finding Forrester]] in which Jamal used William's work as a springboard for his own.
About this time I met with an odd volume of the Spectator.[18] It was the third. I had never before seen any of them. I bought it, read it over and over, and was much delighted with it. I thought the writing excellent, and wished, if possible, to imitate it. With this view I took some of the papers, and, making short hints of the sentiment in each sentence, laid them by a few days, and then, without looking at the book, try'd to compleat the papers again, by expressing each hinted sentiment at length, and as fully as it had been expressed before, in any suitable words that should come to hand. Then I compared my Spectator with the original, discovered some of my faults, and corrected them. But I found I wanted a stock of words, or a readiness in recollecting and using them, which I thought I should have acquired before that time if I had gone on making verses; since the continual occasion for words of the same import, but of different length, to suit the measure, or of different sound for the rhyme, would have laid me under a constant necessity of searching for variety, and also have tended to fix that variety in my mind, and make me master of it. Therefore I took some of the tales and turned them into verse; and, after a time, when I had pretty well forgotten the prose, turned them back again. I also sometimes jumbled my collections of hints into confusion, and after some weeks endeavored to reduce them into the best order, before I began to form the full sentences and compleat the paper. This was to teach me method in the arrangement of thoughts. By comparing my work afterwards with the original, I discovered many faults and amended them; but I sometimes had the pleasure of fancying that, in certain particulars of small import, I had been lucky enough to improve the method of the language, and this encouraged me to think I might possibly in time come to be a tolerable English writer, of which I was extremely ambitious. My time for these exercises and for reading was at night, after work or before it began in the morning, or on Sundays, when I contrived to be in the printing-house alone, evading as much as I could the common attendance on public worship which my father used to exact of me when I was under his care, and which indeed I still thought a duty, thought I could not, as it seemed to me, afford time to practise it.
Even the greats copied or loosely plagiarized the "masters" to learn how to write.The key is to continually work at it until you get to the point where it's yours and it is no longer plagiarism.
This was also the general premise behind the plotline of the movie Finding Forrester.
Logging some keywords here for later cross referencing.
If you ask an elder about the work’s meaning, you may quickly find yourself enrolledin what Wardaman law man Yidumduma Bill Harney calls “Bush University”.
Synopsis:
A relatively basic chapter on Indigenous knowledge as it relates to astronomy and art. Several art and dance examples (including dance machines!) and descriptions of how they relate to folklore and knowledge.
Some great examples to explore, though perhaps better done via the specific references.
I do wish there was a more explicit association by means of overlay of the stories to the art for the first time Westerners.
A modern artistic style emergedwith the development of Zamiyakal (dance machines) – mechanical devices whosemotions mimic important elements of the dance to enhance their meaning, some of whichare based on ancient rituals and warfare (Fernandez and Loban, 2009).
Zugubal Mabaig (astronomers - literally translated to “Star Man“ or “ConstellationMan”
the cosmos and Islanders’ cultural identity is the reason a star is featured at the centre ofthe Torres Strait Islander flag, designed by Bernard Namok in 1992.
The close connection between
Traditions about Usal and the Zugubals are based on the story of Thoegay, a fiercewarrior, Zogo Le, and skilled navigator who commanded a ship crew of thirteen: a firstmate named Kang and a crew of twelve men, called the Zugubals. The group embarkedon a long expedition at sea on a hot day. Before long, the crew began consuming theirrations in zest. They were warned by Kang to conserve their supplies, but before longthey had consumed the water for the entire trip, including Thoegay’s. When Thoegayrealised this, he flew into a fit of rage and killed the 12 men. Because the Zugubals werealso spiritual beings, they could not die, so Thoegay cast them into the sky as two groupsof six stars: Usal (the six brightest stars of the Pleiades) and Utimal (the six brightest starsof Orion’s belt and scabbard). Thoegay then ascended into the opposite side of the sky,taking Kang and his canoe with him. He can be seen as a large constellation holding aspear in his left hand (the Southern Cross) and a Eugenia fruit in his right hand (theconstellation Corvus), standing at the bow of his celestial canoe (Scorpius) with Kang(Antares; Alpha Scorpii) sitting at the stern (Robinson 2016a).
This is a great story, but interestingly, without the appropriate art to explicitly map the idea onto, it's much harder to remember or to help those unaccustomed to these ideas. Presumably the audience of this book doesn't/wouldn't.
A simple drawing here or an overlay onto an existing image would be immensely helpful. Perhaps the Robinson reference has one? (it doesn't)
The linocut medium is especially prevalent in the Torres Strait,where a handful of pioneering artists have mastered the art of printmaking (Robinson2001)
The story on canvassymbolises the importance of traditional law, explains the transmutation of the Moon,and exposes the raw power of human emotion. T
Notice how in the story of Garnkiny, the Moon Man, and Dawool, that the power of emotion is used as a means of strengthening not only the story, but the memory of the other associated elements.
As in any science class, you learn how tointerpret and apply what you observe. Elders refer to this process as “reading the stars.”
This idea is closely related to "talking rocks" and seems a very apt parallel.
Art is often focused on aesthetic, but more importantly, it is avisual embodiment of knowledge.
link to: Eddington quote https://hypothes.is/a/TNV2WqfpEe2Z24NgnWsZCg
And yes, it is also very pretty.
understated quote of the day
Hamacher, Duane W. “The Art of Star Knowledge.” In 65,000 Years: A Short History of Australian Art, edited by Judith Ryan and Marcia Langton. Melbourne, Australia: University of Melbourne Press, 2023. https://www.academia.edu/96537139/The_Art_of_Star_Knowledge.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech
This list here could make an interesting grouping to add to the memory palace.
| physics/mathematics | Classical Physics | Quantum Mechanics |<br /> |---|---|---|<br /> | State Space | fields satisfying equations of laws<br>- the state is given by a point in the space | vector in a complex vector space with a Hermitian inner product (wavefunctions) |<br /> | Observables | functions of fields<br>- usually differential equations with real-valued solutions | self-adjoint linear operators on the state space<br>- some confusion may result when operators don't commute; there are usually no simple (real-valued) numerical solutions |
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qGRPOzMWnA
Watched the first 46:39 on 2023-02-02. His personal communication style is a bit off-putting, but remedied slightly by watching at 1.25 or 1.5x speed. He's broadly covering pieces directly from his text which seems much more compact and elegant. Questions from the viewers in real time is a bit muddy with respect to understanding what they're saying.
I gave up on the video due to streaming issues.
One of the problems in approaching quantum gravity is the choice for how to best represent it mathematically. Most of quantum mechanics is algebraic in nature but gravity has a geometry component which is important. (restatement)
This is similar to the early 20th century problem of how to best represent quantum mechanics: as differential equations or using group theory/Lie algebras?
This prompts the question: what other potential representations might also work?
Could it be better understood/represented using Algebraic geometry or algebraic topology as perspectives?
[handwritten notes from 2023-02-02]
Only then do I start writing. Compared with the labour of making, sorting and arranging notes, this is a relatively speedy business. But it is followed by a much more time-consuming task, that of travelling round the libraries to check the references in my footnotes, only too many of which, thanks to poor handwriting, carelessness and an innate tendency to ‘improve’ what I have read, turn out to be either slightly wrong or taken out of context.That one hit a little close to home. lol.
We should also acknowledge that when revisiting some of our references again later, we're doing so with a dramatically increased knowledge and context of a particular problem which we may not have had when we first read a piece or took the notes.
Not many here are writing or talking about these small sorts of insights into learning and writing or generating new work. Perhaps we should do more to acknowledge this hermeneutic cycle in our work?
reply to u/stjeromeslibido at https://www.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/10wj6tv/comment/j7uexbk/?utm_source=reddit&utm_medium=web2x&context=3
What are your two favourite articles, videos or books on the zettelkasten process?
reply to u/stjeromeslibido at https://www.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/10wj6tv/what_are_your_two_favourite_articles_videos_or/
My favorite video for its utter brevity and compactness combined with complexity and trueness to the historical record, not to mention the spectacular production value - The Process of Writing World History of Design, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kxyy0THLfuI.
Runner up video, which I love for the supreme simplicity of the method—literally slips and a box - “The Speed Traders/Mandela/Eminem.” 60 Minutes. CBS, October 10, 2010. https://youtu.be/pPXBwy3JgVo?t=64
My favorite article for its practicality and some studied perspective - Thomas, Keith. “Diary: Working Methods.” London Review of Books, June 10, 2010. https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n11/keith-thomas/diary.
gxabbo
https://www.thesing-online.de/blog/author:stefan-thesing/ is
https://www.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/10xqd30/zettelkasten_and_the_big_picture/
Zettelkasten and the big picture .t3_10xqd30._2FCtq-QzlfuN-SwVMUZMM3 { --postTitle-VisitedLinkColor: #9b9b9b; --postTitleLink-VisitedLinkColor: #9b9b9b; --postBodyLink-VisitedLinkColor: #989898; }
This question calls to mind that I haven't seen the word consilience in this space at all. Search pulls up only one post: https://www.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/zg80qc/comprehensible_texts_productivity_and_again/
Where does consilience sit with respect to the use of a zettelkasten?
Rookie question: Part of my knowledge database is based on the Zettelkasten method, i.e. I have concept-oriented, atomic notes that are linked to each other. I don't, however, however use IDs and neither the Folgezettel method.
Example of someone (u/HerrRey) who defines zettelkasten as "concept oriented, atomic notes that are linked to each other", but who doesn't use or exclude "IDs or the folgezettel method". Interestingly they feel like they're not getting the "big picture" of their work.
Is there an affordance in these missing pieces that prevents them from seeing the big picture because of what they're missing? Is it just neurodiversity? Are they not creating outputs which connect the small to the big, and thus missing it that way?
Should you copy a method just because Luhmann used it? No, indeed it doesn’t make sense to copy a method just because it appears sexy. One should find the best fitting method for himself.
Some in the current zettelkasten space come close to this (Bob Doto comes to mind) while others seem to be more dogmatic. I think people generally ultimately do this in practice, but there is still a lingering sense of orthodoxy.
I recently was invited by the Niklas-Luhmann-Archiv research group, to give an overview of my Zettelkasten and discuss aspects of the technical implementation of Luhmann’s Zettelkasten method.
So nice to see a blog post specifically talk about "Luhmann's Zettelkasten method" rather than a more generic zettelkasten method as being Luhmann's. Notice the 2015 date before the "fame" had caught on in the blogosphere's productivity porn space closer to 2018.
This framing makes me think you'd appreciate: <br /> https://hapgood.us/2015/10/17/the-garden-and-the-stream-a-technopastoral/
syndication link: https://mastodon.social/@chrisaldrich/109833797235024284
https://www.thesing-online.de/blog/zettelkasten-hypertext-linearity-sequentiality
Linearity of ideas and arguments is a means of building toward something.
A Zettelkasten is hypertext plus a hierarchical tree structure and keywords.
an elegant little statement
Chris, Chris... concepts and propositions are not nebulous dictionary definitions unless you're joining the Frankfurt School :) :).Click here to get some clarity about these basic terms as applied to learning: https://cmap.ihmc.us/docs/concept.phpAbout systems and emergence, I prefer Mario Bunge's book: https://www.amazon.com/Emergence-Convergence-Qualitative-Knowledge-Philosophy/dp/1442628219Irony? No way. You are always bringing new information about the historical roots of Zettelkasten. Keep doing that, please! Thanks!
reply to u/New-Investigator-623 at https://www.reddit.com/r/antinet/comments/10r6uwp/comment/j784srg/?utm_source=reddit&utm_medium=web2x&context=3
I meant nebulous for my initial purposes. They obviously have very concrete meanings in more specific contexts, though even there they can vary. I saw your other post on concept maps where I imagine they matter more; some of that reminds me about some of my initial explorations into category theory (math) a few years back. I'm curious what the overlap of those two looks like...
On systems, complexity, and emergence, I'm probably closer to the school of thought and applications coming out of the Santa Fe Institute. I'll have to look at Bunge's work there, I've only glanced at some of his math/physics work but never delved into his philosophical material.
https://www.amazon.com/Private-Notebooks-1914-1916-Ludwig-Wittgenstein/dp/1324090804
Notes or diaries or a mixture of both?
Suppose that we were asked to arrange the followingin two categories—distance, mass, electric force, entropy, beauty, melody.I think there are the strongest grounds for placingentropy alongside beauty and melody and not with thefirst three.
Syndication link: https://boffosocko.com/2013/09/26/entropy-beauty-melody/
Eddington, Arthur Stanley. The Nature of the Physical World. Cambridge University Press, 1928. http://archive.org/details/b29928011.
Mattei, Clara E. The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2022. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo181707138.html.
I've always wondered why the United States never used the phrase austerity to describe political belt tightening.
the essay Of the Plurality of Worlds (1853), in which he argued against the probability of life on other planets
Whewell was one of the Cambridge dons whom Charles Darwin met during his education there, and when Darwin returned from the Beagle voyage he was directly influenced by Whewell, who persuaded Darwin to become secretary of the Geological Society of London. The title pages of On the Origin of Species open with a quotation from Whewell's Bridgewater Treatise about science founded on a natural theology of a creator establishing laws:[33] But with regard to the material world, we can at least go so far as this—we can perceive that events are brought about not by insulated interpositions of Divine power, exerted in each particular case, but by the establishment of general laws.
Whewell was prominent not only in scientific research and philosophy but also in university and college administration. His first work, An Elementary Treatise on Mechanics (1819), cooperated with those of George Peacock and John Herschel in reforming the Cambridge method of mathematical teaching.
What was the specific change in mathematical teaching instituted by Whewell, Peacock, and Herschel in An Elementary Treatise on Mechanics (1819)?
In Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences Whewell was the first to use the term "consilience" to discuss the unification of knowledge between the different branches of learning.
His best-known works are two voluminous books that attempt to systematize the development of the sciences, History of the Inductive Sciences (1837) and The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded Upon Their History (1840, 1847, 1858–60). While the History traced how each branch of the sciences had evolved since antiquity, Whewell viewed the Philosophy as the "Moral" of the previous work as it sought to extract a universal theory of knowledge through history. In the latter, he attempted to follow Francis Bacon's plan for discovery. He examined ideas ("explication of conceptions") and by the "colligation of facts" endeavored to unite these ideas with the facts and so construct science.[11] This colligation is an "act of thought", a mental operation consisting of bringing together a number of empirical facts by "superinducing" upon them a conception which unites the facts and renders them capable of being expressed in general laws.[22]
He corresponded with many in his field and helped them come up with neologisms for their discoveries. Whewell coined, among other terms, scientist,[2] physicist, linguistics, consilience, catastrophism, uniformitarianism, and astigmatism;[3] he suggested to Michael Faraday the terms electrode, ion, dielectric, anode, and cathode.[4][5]
Rhetoric of encomium
How do institutions form around notions of merit?
Me: what about blurbs as evidence of implied social networks? Who blurbs whom? How are these invitations sent/received and by whom?
diachronic: how blurbs evolve over time
Signals, can blurbs predict: - the field of the work - gender - other
Emergence or decrease of signals with respect to time
Imitation of styles and choices. - how does this happen? contagion - I'm reminded of George Mathew Dutcher admonition:
Imitation to be avoided. Avoid the mannerisms and personal peculiarities of method or style of well-known writers, such as Carlyle or Macaulay. (see: https://hypothes.is/a/ROR3VCDEEe2sZNOy4rwRgQ )
Systematic studies of related words within corpora. (this idea should have a clever name) word2vec, word correlations, information theory
How does praise work?
metaphors within blurbs (eg: light, scintillating, brilliant, new lens, etc.)
My blurb should have a blurb, it was so good. —Simon DeDeo (12:10)
Rebecca Spang: Stuff and Money in the Time of the French Revolution (book)
Part of Sprang's process (per conversation with DeDeo) is reading each line out loud and revising it until it sounds good.
Competing interpretations of ideas within the humanities. Ideas within the humanities can conflict with each other.
comparing/contrasting the humanities with respect to the sciences.
The humanities are interested in "the exceptional" or what is unique.
me: Idea of "new" in the humanities reflects a bit of the idea of "novel" in the sciences.
Two traditions within the humanities: - Continental tradition: continuity with the sciences. - American tradition: reflection and interpretation
What makes for good work in the humanities?
"drawing together of distant phenomena" which William Whewell, master of trinity college, called conscilience (coinage).
(3:50)
Consilience see https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.tics.2020.09.013.
Did they just publicly link to an article via SciHub?! This is a first for me.
Sign (informal) Informally, a more general case of a signal in the informal sense.
How "informal" are we really being here?! informal 3x in 14 words....
If the jargon points to a coherent phenomenon, it can be very useful.
When jargon or argot points to "coherent phenomenon" or provides a taxonomic purpose, it can be useful beyond its alternate function of gatekeeping areas of thought.
These added elements form a frame for the main text, and can change the reception of a text or its interpretation by the public”. Blurbs are part of the paratext.
Paratext can be more important than the text itself as it's used to frame or encourage the ultimate work. Paratext can be an inviting lobby that welcomes the guest in or scares them away.
“zeugma” is the use of the same word in two different senses in the same sentence: “he caught a fish, and a cold”.
https://cmap.ihmc.us/docs/learn.php
<small><cite class='h-cite via'>ᔥ <span class='p-author h-card'>u/New-Investigator</span> in Concepts maps and Zettelkasten : Zettelkasten (<time class='dt-published'>02/07/2023 10:12:44</time>)</cite></small>
https://www.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/10tpngb/concepts_maps_and_zettelkasten/
Prof. Joseph Novak (Cornell) developed conceptual maps based on David Ausubel's subsumption (aka meaningful learning) theory and Piaget's concept of conceptual schemes. Conceptual maps have been proven successful across all levels of education worldwide (check Google Scholar).
Zettelkasten can be described as a collection of conceptual maps in a written format.
What are the connections between zettelkasten and conceptual maps?
How are they different/similar to Tony Buzan's mind maps?
Is it worth it to create a Zettelkasten? .t3_10w5rvr._2FCtq-QzlfuN-SwVMUZMM3 { --postTitle-VisitedLinkColor: #9b9b9b; --postTitleLink-VisitedLinkColor: #9b9b9b; --postBodyLink-VisitedLinkColor: #989898; }
https://www.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/10w5rvr/is_it_worth_it_to_create_a_zettelkasten/
What can zettelkasten/card indexes do or not do?<br /> Can they be used for learning?<br /> What are they for?
Stettler, Lucia. “Geheime Gästekartei überlebt Hotelbrand – und birgt Zündstoff.” Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF), April 8, 2021, sec. Kultur. https://www.srf.ch/kultur/gesellschaft-religion/brisanter-fund-geheime-gaestekartei-ueberlebt-hotelbrand-und-birgt-zuendstoff.
<small><cite class='h-cite via'>ᔥ <span class='p-author h-card'>ManuelRodriguez331</span> in Advantages of Analog note taking : Zettelkasten (<time class='dt-published'>02/07/2023 08:33:25</time>)</cite></small>
cc: @remikalir: Interesting example here of a historical collection of business files annotated by hotel staff used in a digital humanities perspective for semantic shift and tracking antisemitism over time.
Published book:<br /> Hechenblaikner, Lois, Andrea Kühbacher, and Rolf Zollinger. Keine Ostergrüsse mehr!: Die geheime Gästekartei des Grand Hotel Waldhaus in Vulpera. 3rd ed. Zürich: Edition Patrick Frey, 2021.
Wie durch ein Wunder blieben vier Holzkisten mit hochbrisantem Inhalt verschont. Sie waren zum Zeitpunkt des Infernos in einem anderen Gebäude eingelagert. Sie enthielten 20'000 Gästekarten, die Concierges und Rezeptionisten zwischen 1920 und 1960 heimlich geführt hatten.
Google translate:
four wooden boxes with highly explosive contents were spared. They were stored in a different building at the time of the inferno. They contained 20,000 guest cards that concierges and receptionists had kept secretly between 1920 and 1960.
The Grandhotel Waldhaus burned down in 1989, but saved from the inferno were 20,000 guest cards with annotations about them that were compiled between 1920 and 1960.
At the Grandhotel Waldhaus in Vulpera, Switzerland concierges and receptionists maintained a business-focused zettelkasten of cards. In addition to the typical business function these cards served denoting names, addresses, and rooms, the staff also made annotations commenting on the guests and their proclivities.
1: 
2: 
3: 
4: 
5:
6: 
Lois Hechenblaikner, Andrea Kühbacher, Rolf Zollinger (Hrsg.): «Keine Ostergrüsse mehr! Die geheime Gästekartei des Grandhotel Waldhaus in Vulpera». Edition Patrick Frey, 2021.Der reich bebilderte Band bietet eine spannende Reise in ein Stück Schweizer Tourismusgeschichte: Die Herausgeber haben die 20'000 Karteikarten aus den Jahren 1920-1960 sehr sorgfältig kuratiert, nach Themen gegliedert und in einen grösseren, gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhang gestellt.Die Leserinnen und Leser erfahren viel über die Klientel im Hotel Waldhaus, zum Teil sogar in kleinen biografischen Porträts; und sie können an konkreten Beispielen verfolgen, wie sich der Sprachgebrauch der Concierges im Laufe der Zeit verändert – gerade zum Beispiel im Zusammenhang mit jüdischen Gästen.
Google Translate:
Lois Hechenblaikner, Andrea Kühbacher, Rolf Zollinger (editors): «No more Easter greetings! The secret guest file of the Grandhotel Waldhaus in Vulpera". Edition Patrick Frey, 2021.
The richly illustrated volume offers an exciting journey into a piece of Swiss tourism history: the editors have very carefully curated the 20,000 index cards from the years 1920-1960, structured them by topic and placed them in a larger, social context.
The readers learn a lot about the clientele in the Hotel Waldhaus, sometimes even in small biographical portraits; and they can use concrete examples to follow how the concierge's use of language has changed over time - especially in connection with Jewish guests, for example.
War eine Dame häufig an der Bar anzutreffen, nannte man sie hinter vorgehaltener Hand «Miss Martini».
Google translate:
If a lady was often to be found at the bar, she was called “Miss Martini” behind closed doors.
Use by hotel staff of rich clientele
Link to the idea of nominative determinism as somewhat related.
Die Klientel bewegte sich unter ihresgleichen und hatte keine Ahnung, dass der höfliche Concierge an der Rezeption heimlich seinem Ärger Luft machte – mittels giftiger Kommentare: «Ganz grober Kerl; treibt es arg mit den Weibern», «Grosser Protz à la Neureich», «Rappenspalter», «blöde Ziege» oder «Beisszange».
Google translate:
The clientele moved among their own kind and had no idea the polite concierge at the front desk was secretly venting his anger with venomous comments: 'Very rude fellow; does it badly with the women", "Big Protz à la Neureich", "Rappensplitter", "Stupid Goat" or "Tongs".
http://rachelcritelli.com/blog/implementing-my-analog-zettelkasten/
another one pager on zettelkasten, though this one has at least a handful of the most common modern references
https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/2/2/donovan-forced-leave-hks/
This is a massive loss for HKS, but a potential major win for the school that picks the project up.
It seems to be a sad use of "rules" to shut down a project which may not jive with an administrations' perspective/needs.
Read on Fri 2023-02-03 at 7:14 PM
https://cathieleblanc.com/2023/02/05/choosing-learning-materials/
Cathie notices that students skip materials about the theoretical "why" of assignments to get to the simpler assignments.
This seems to be an issue with some in the personal knowledge management space who want to jump into the technology, the terminology, and moving things about without always understanding what they're doing or why. Many end up giving up as a result. Few books provide reasoning behind the terminologies or building blocks they describe to provide the theoretical why. As a result some may figure it out from long, fraught practice, but it's likely that more are not seeing the results they expect and thus giving up.
read on Sat 202302-04T19:46:00-08:00
I started analog 08/09, went digital 09/10, went software-agnostic 11. All dates within 6month margin of error.
Current count: 12.258
u/FastSascha reported 12,258 notes ("cards" on 2022-08-13), which presuming a start around 2013 (the beginning of zettelkasten.de) gives him 3.73 notes per day.
Update:<br /> Sascha reports starting analog notes around 08/09 then he went digital 09/10, and software-agnostic in 11.
This gives him 12,258 notes over 14 years (5,110 days) or 2.4 notes per day.
With a category you can just bypass idea-connection and jump right to storage.
Categorizing ideas (and or indexing them for search) can be useful for quick bulk storage, but the additional work of linking ideas to each other with in a Luhmann-esque zettelkasten can be more useful in the long term in developing ideas.
Storage by category means that ideas aren't immediately developed explicitly, but it means that that work is pushed until some later time at which the connections must be made to turn them into longer works (articles, papers, essays, books, etc.)
https://writing.bobdoto.computer/how-to-use-folgezettel-in-your-zettelkasten-everything-you-need-to-know-to-get-started/
A long alphanumeric ID is an immediate indicator that a train of thought has been developing.
Using an alphanumeric identification system for your notes is a workout. By having to situate new notes among previously imported ones, folgezettel forces at least one connection between ideas. It's mental calisthenics,8 acting as a check against capture bloat—that is, importing "all the things."
Those who practice analog note taking have a high level of friction which prevents them from over-collecting (or "capture bloat", importing "all the things", or "collector's fallacy") ideas, which may not rise to a certain level of value. Beyond this, the requirement to find at least one other note to link each idea to provides a smaller hurdle against these hoarding practices.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental_reading
Incremental reading is spaced parallel reading of multiple sources with note taking and spaced repetition.
It's not far from how I read and take notes myself, though I place less emphasis on the spaced repetition piece as I tend to run across things naturally within my note collection anyway.
One of the major potential benefits of incremental reading (not mentioned in the Wikipedia article; is it in Wozniak's work?) is the increase of combinatorial creativity created by mixing a variety of topics simultaneously.
There is also likely a useful diffuse thinking effect happening between reading sessions.
https://www.harpgallery.com/shop/item42735.html
https://www.harpgallery.com/photos/42/7/35/card42735file3.jpg?v=1664570467
Photo here indicates offices at:<br /> - [255] Canal Street, New York - [???] Chestnut [??], Philadelphia - [???- ???] Mission [??], San Francisco
With manufacturing in Ilion, NY
Refinished 4 drawer 3x5 sold for $750 on 2023-01-11
https://www.ebay.com/itm/115316277621
Clarke & Baker Co. had offices in New York and Philadelphia
https://www.ebay.com/itm/255962754535
Clarke & Baker, 280 Broadway manufactured card index boxes in the early 1900s.
https://www.marcusrediker.com/
I particularly love the pirate map he's got as the background for his homepage.
Kawakatsu, Mari, Philip S. Chodrow, Nicole Eikmeier, and Daniel B. Larremore. “Emergence of Hierarchy in Networked Endorsement Dynamics.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 16 (April 20, 2021): e2015188118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015188118.
Reading with respect to suggestion of:<br /> DeDeo, Simon, and Elizabeth A. Hobson. “From Equality to Hierarchy.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 21 (May 25, 2021): e2106186118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106186118.
See: related notes at https://hypothes.is/a/doCbOKJYEe27O1tS21jybA
https://docdrop.org/pdf/From-equality-to-hierarchy---DeDeo-Simon-l891k.pdf/
Broadly seen, this paper seems to be more a summary and brief commentary on that of Kawakatsu et al.
Where do the references converge/diverge? What's really added?
I want to see the related paper: From hierarchy to equality.
in the Newcomb Fraternity data, prestige isgoverned by the holistic“SpringRank”function: To be cool, it isnot enough for people to think you are cool—you must bethought to be cool by the right people.
Consensus about rank, for example, enablessuccessful third-party conflict management, such as policing byhigh-ranking members (10). Groups can benefit when rank con-ditions and channels behavior (11).
The broad statements would seem to be proof of a general principle based on a single study within a specific scope. Do the results really justify such broad supposition based on n=1. We'll have to read these papers to tease this apart.
What signals are available to participants,and how are they compiled into estimates of rank? Their modelassumes that knowledge of rank is noisy, but not (statistically) biased.While we can build more-sophisticated models of the biases in ourjudgments, however, Kawakatsu et al.’s (1) success highlights thevirtues of simplicity. It is possible, for example, that, even if the sig-nals are not accurate at first, we might act to make them so.
In the fraternity and other social spaces, how does one correct for a "bad first date", a botched meeting, or a lone bad day? Does statistical thermodynamics as a model provide clues? How would rank be determined here in an unbiased way? What about individual chemical affinities and how chemical interactions change and/or bias the samples?
they must be visible enough to provide commonexpectations.
Useful ranks versus unuseful ranks... list them. What factors separate them and why?
For ranks to provide useful outcomes, they must be visible and their underlying factors should be transparent.
rank is not an assessment of who has thebest intrinsic properties, but rather a useful consensus view thatprovides rules for how to behave toward others.
Rank (social or otherwise) can be a signal for predictability from the perspective of consensus views for how to behave towards others with respect to the abilities or values being measured.
Ranking people for some sort of technical ability may be a better objective measure rather than ranking people on social status which is far less objective from a humanist perspective. In employment situations, individuals are more likely to rely on social and cultural biases and racist tendencies rather than on objective measures with respect to the job at hand. How can we better objectify the actual underlying values over and above the more subjective ones.
First, rank can be an efficient way to summarize the accurate,but noisy, perceptions of individuals.
rank as signal processing
What things does a hierarchy help a group get done?
A great question.
But also can those things also be done via other mechanisms which don't involve harms (particularly to those lowest in the hierarchy?)
M. G. Marmot, G. Rose, M. Shipley, P. J. Hamilton, Employment grade and coronary heart disease in British civil servants.J. Epidemiol. Community Health32,244–249 (1978).7R. M. Sapolsky, The influence of social hierarchy on primate health.Science308, 648–652 (2005)
Want to read with respect to https://hypothes.is/a/hFZ1mqTgEe2MHU8Jfedg_A
While hierarchies might benefitthe group as a whole, the benefits are distributedunequally, with those at the bottom suffering the most(6, 7).
Is this the reason that we have such social problems in the United States? Hierarchies may benefit us as a whole, but somehow those at the bottom (along with a racist presumption that that's where they below) are hurt the most?
How do we turn this on it's head?
The sacrifice to the devil might seem like it was made up forshock value, the author trying (as often) to provoke his bourgeoisreaders by suggesting even the most reprobate criminals werecapable of better behavior than their own. But it might well beaccurate, as, we’ll see, descriptions of Malagasy ritual in the samechapter appear to be.*
Author moralizing versus actual history?
North decidingtheir Disputes not seldom, with that Impartiality and strictRegard to distributive Justice (for he was allowed, by all, aMan of admirable good natural Parts) that he ever sentaway, even the Party who was cast, satisfy’d with theReason, and content with the Equity of his Decisions.
The slave trade was nothing new in Madagascar. Arabmerchants had been taking advantage of internal wars to extractcaptives since the Middle Ages.
Nonetheless, works of popular fiction appeared, the first, a pamphletin 1709 under the title The Life and Adventures of Capt. John Avery;the Famous English Pirate, Now in Possession of Madagascar, byAdrian van Broeck.
One of the first writers to take up the cause ofthe new pirate state was a young Daniel Defoe, who in 1707published in his journal Review an elaborate case for recognizingAvery’s kingdom:
Was this the same broadside mentioned earlier that others of the time were reading?
What is the specific reference?
Peter the Greatcontemplated using alliance with the pirates to establish a Russiancolony on Madagascar.5
TheSwedish government actually signed initial treaties and prepared tosend an ambassador before discovering the ruse;
he British government duly declared Avery an “enemyof all mankind” and an international manhunt was announced—theworld’s first.
careen
careen<br /> turn (a ship) on its side for cleaning, caulking, or repair.
Ranters, a radical working-class antinomian movement that twogenerations before had openly preached the abolition of privateproperty and existing sexual morality.
potential influence on pirates?
blasphemy, and the systematic rejection of religion, was anothermatter.
Recall both the seriousness and the violence and cruelty of the Salem witch trials which were roughly contemporaneous.
John Plantain was born in Chocolate Hole, on the Island ofJamaica, of English Parents, who took care to bestow onhim the best Education they themselves were possess’d of:which was to curse, swear, and blaspheme, from the time ofhis first learning to speak.2
Plantain doesn't seem like an English sir name... indicative perhaps of mixed-race parentage of the time? The rough language reflects not only on Plantain, but his parents, which tends to back up the questionable parentage on all fronts.
The pirate flag, which existed in many variations, is revealingin itself. It was normally taken to be an image of the devil, but often itcontained not only a skull or skeleton, but also an hourglass,signifying not a threat (“you are going to die”) so much as a sheerstatement of defiance (“we are going to die, it’s only a matter oftime”)—which crews making out such a flag on the horizon would
likely have found, if anything, even more terrifying. Flying the Jolly Roger was a crew’s way of announcing they accepted they were on their way to hell.
What was the origin of the idea of memento mori? Did this concept within piracy influence early masons who practiced memento mori?
Perhaps the best that could be said of them is that theirbrutality was in no way unusual by the standards of their time, buttheir democratic practices were almost completely unprecedented.
If the theory in Colin Woodard's American Nations is applicable here, where would these pirates/proto-democratic practitioners have gotten their ideals from to have infected the larger group? What did their social networks look like such that they evolved this way? Was there some common source (written/oral) that they may have used 20-50 years earlier that created their own generation?
The Ranters were one of a number of dissenting groups that emerged around the time of the Commonwealth of England (1649–1660). They were largely common people,[1] and the movement was widespread throughout England, though they were not organised and had no leader.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranters
See also The Antinomian Controversy<br /> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinomian_Controversy
The Antinomian Controversy, also known as the Free Grace Controversy, was a religious and political conflict in the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638.
https://forum.obsidian.md/t/how-do-you-manage-pornographic-productivity-in-obsidian/15906
That is, a part of my note taking process involves the physical act of writing, sketching ideas, etc., and I form a picture in my mind of particularly relevant – perhaps “evergreen” in Obsidian-speak – notes.
Example of someone who associates "evergreen notes" as "Obsidian-speak".
Even after making positive changes through the LYT framework I’m still fighting my instincts to fiddle with all the things™ and not actually engage in the content. It’s totally a way I procrastinate or get hit with productivity paralysis, like @Erisred mentioned because everything has to be perfect before I can engage with it.
Realistically, I view this as the same problem students who “highlight everything” have. It’s not a problem with the nature of highlighters — it’s a problem of metacognition.
It’s a big problem with the bullet journal community too, unfortunately.
I'm definitely not the only one to notice this pattern of productivity porn in the bullet journal space.
In paper books I use Cal Newport’s “Morse Code method” placing a dot in the margin by a main point and a dash in the margin by a supporting point.