DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3834-7_13

Resource: RRID:Addgene_40176

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_40176

What is this?

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3834-7_13

Resource: Addgene_186349

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_186349

What is this?

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3834-7_13

Resource: Addgene_186347

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_186347

What is this?

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3834-7_13

Resource: RRID:Addgene_184455

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_184455

What is this?

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3834-7_13

Resource: RRID:Addgene_184453

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_184453

What is this?

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3834-7_13

Resource: Addgene_184450

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_184450

What is this?

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3834-7_13

Resource: Addgene_184458

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_184458

What is this?

DOI: 10.1084/jem.20232066

Resource: RRID:Addgene_8454

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_8454

What is this?

DOI: 10.1084/jem.20232066

Resource: RRID:Addgene_98291

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_98291

What is this?

DOI: 10.1084/jem.20232066

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12260

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12260

What is this?

DOI: 10.1084/jem.20232066

Resource: RRID:Addgene_102611

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_102611

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: RRID:Addgene_118844

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_118844

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: Addgene_118846

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_118846

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: Harvard Center for Biological Imaging Core Facility (RRID:SCR_018673)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_018673

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: GraphPad Prism (RRID:SCR_002798)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002798

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: MACS (RRID:SCR_013291)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_013291

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: Bowtie (RRID:SCR_005476)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_016368

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 3753, RRID:AB_2130002)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2130002

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: (Sigma-Aldrich Cat# HPA003259, RRID:AB_1079381)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_1079381

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab4729, RRID:AB_2118291)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2118291

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: DESeq2 (RRID:SCR_015687)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_015687

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: Cufflinks (RRID:SCR_014597)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_014597

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: Database of Transcribed Sequences (RRID:SCR_002334)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002334

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: FastQC (RRID:SCR_014583)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_014583

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: FlowJo (RRID:SCR_008520)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_008520

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: DRSC/TRiP Functional Genomics Resources and DRSC-BTRR (RRID:SCR_021963)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_021963

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (RRID:SCR_003199)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_003199

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: Seurat (RRID:SCR_016341)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_016341

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.83527

Resource: Imaris (RRID:SCR_007370)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_007370

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62993-1

Resource: RRID:Addgene_59171

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_59171

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62993-1

Resource: RRID:Addgene_162375

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_162375

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62993-1

Resource: RRID:Addgene_39813

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_39813

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62993-1

Resource: RRID:Addgene_112172

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_112172

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62993-1

Resource: RRID:Addgene_50465

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_50465

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62993-1

Resource: RRID:Addgene_37825

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_37825

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62993-1

Resource: RRID:Addgene_100851

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_100851

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49499-0

Resource: RRID:Addgene_52961

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_52961

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49499-0

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12251

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12251

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49499-0

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12259

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12259

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49499-0

Resource: RRID:Addgene_14650

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_14650

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49410-x

Resource: RRID:Addgene_47327

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_47327

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49473-w

Resource: Addgene_69296

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_69296

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49473-w

Resource: RRID:Addgene_69283

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_69283

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49473-w

Resource: RRID:Addgene_69281

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_69281

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49473-w

Resource: Addgene_164719

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_164719

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49326-6

Resource: Addgene_21183

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_21183

What is this?

DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001228

Resource: RRID:Addgene_49411

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_49411

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02998-2

Resource: RRID:Addgene_74173

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_74173

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02998-2

Resource: RRID:Addgene_31985

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_31985

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02998-2

Resource: RRID:Addgene_71443

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_71443

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02998-2

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12371

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12371

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02998-2

Resource: RRID:Addgene_8455

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_8455

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49368-w

Resource: RRID:Addgene_27121

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_27121

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49368-w

Resource: RRID:Addgene_40651

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_40651

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49368-w

Resource: RRID:Addgene_110186

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_110186

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49368-w

Resource: RRID:Addgene_44719

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_44719

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49368-w

Resource: RRID:Addgene_51133

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_51133

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49543-z

Resource: RRID:Addgene_40755

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_40755

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49543-z

Resource: RRID:Addgene_155222

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_155222

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 105116, RRID:AB_493600)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_493600

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 141708, RRID:AB_10900231)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10900231

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 101208, RRID:AB_312791)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_312791

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 103108, RRID:AB_312973)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_312973

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: AB_3076158

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_3076158

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat# sc-13119, RRID:AB_675659)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_675659

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat# sc-376257, RRID:AB_10986000)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10986000

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (Sigma-Aldrich Cat# A2066, RRID:AB_476693)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_476693

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat# sc-8008, RRID:AB_628017)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_628017

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 3031, RRID:AB_330559)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_330559

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: AB_632141

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_632141

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 9215, RRID:AB_331762)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_331762

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab150077, RRID:AB_2630356)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2630356

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab245113, RRID:AB_2923193)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2923193

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (CCLV Cat# CCLV-RIE 1018, RRID:CVCL_0063)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0063

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: CellPhoneDB (RRID:SCR_017054)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_017054

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: ELDA (RRID:SCR_018933)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_018933

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11003, RRID:AB_2534071)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2534071

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11008, RRID:AB_143165)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_143165

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab178846, RRID:AB_2636859)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2636859

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Cat# sc-365823, RRID:AB_10842165)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10842165

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab187064, RRID:AB_2934299)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2934299

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (Novus Cat# NBP1-33109, RRID:AB_10004032)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10004032

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: MuTect (RRID:SCR_000559)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_000559

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: Samtools (RRID:SCR_002105)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002105

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: clusterProfiler (RRID:SCR_016884)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_016884

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01428-5

Resource: (RRID:CVCL_X986)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_X986

What is this?

DOI: 10.1172/JCI175619

Resource: Pennsylvania University Perelman School of Medicine Stem Cell and Xenograft Core Facility (RRID:SCR_010035)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_010035

What is this?

DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.123.030467

Resource: RRID:Addgene_48138

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_48138

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00077-3

Resource: RRID:Addgene_1764

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_1764

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00077-3

Resource: RRID:Addgene_21915

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_21915

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06814-3

Resource: Addgene_64853

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_64853

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.04.015

Resource: RRID:Addgene_62196

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_62196

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.04.015

Resource: Addgene_99375

Curator: @olekpark

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_99375

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.04.015

Resource: RRID:Addgene_127968

Curator: @olekpark

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_127968

What is this?

DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adi1023

Resource: RRID:Addgene_73633

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_73633

What is this?

DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adi1023

Resource: RRID:Addgene_52963

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_52963

What is this?

DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adi1023

Resource: RRID:Addgene_52962

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_52962

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01243-4

Resource: RRID:Addgene_8454

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_8454

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01243-4

Resource: RRID:Addgene_22036

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_22036

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01243-4

Resource: RRID:Addgene_31485

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_31485

What is this?

DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E23-10-0386

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12259

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12259

What is this?

DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E23-10-0386

Resource: RRID:Addgene_12260

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_12260

What is this?

DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E23-10-0386

Resource: RRID:Addgene_21915

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_21915

What is this?

DOI: 10.1091/mbc.E23-08-0322

Resource: Addgene_164477

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_164477

What is this?

DOI: 10.1186/s13073-024-01341-4

Resource: RRID:Addgene_52961

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_52961

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.91999

Resource: RRID:Addgene_79125

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_79125

What is this?

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319301121

Resource: RRID:Addgene_52961

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_52961

What is this?

DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14314

Resource: Addgene_198636

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_198636

What is this?

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00160

Resource: (KCB Cat# KCB 200706YJ, RRID:CVCL_0291)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0291

What is this?

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00160

Resource: (CLS Cat# 300364/p489_U-2_OS, RRID:CVCL_0042)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0042

What is this?

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00160

Resource: (ATCC Cat# CRL-11268, RRID:CVCL_1926)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_1926

What is this?

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00160

Resource: RRID:Addgene_37673

Curator: @olekpark

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_37673

What is this?

DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.28.596280

Resource: RRID:Addgene_107580

Curator: @olekpark

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_107580

What is this?

I have never done this before. I just taught them the text and assumed that they should know what I taught. All the quizzes and projects were designed after. But I think doing it backwards does make more sense that I will definitely try.

For younger students, I feel it's also hard to reflect greater cultural insight.

I do not quite get the idea here. We use a series of textbooks during our weekend Chinese school. Each lesson has a topic, for example, greeting, family, time, ... that includes either a dialogue or text related to the topic. In this case, how do you select a theme? Does it mean I should extend the topic beyond the text?

Even I love this point, I do have some concerns about it, especially this "clothing" topic. Such as do you form opinions about people based on what they wear? etc. Is this too personalized? Will such topic make the students uncomfortable?

I like this idea very much. In my classroom, I use a lot of authentic materials, both visual and auditory. However, balancing the difficulty level with the use of authentic materials is a significant challenge in my teaching.

Why call it Backward Design? This will always be the first think comes to mind with your first time to read and as you read through.

I also had a hard time doing this. Because of the age of my students, most of them have very little interest. It's also difficult to me how to make the students' learning to be deepened.

I love this point a lot! But I have the same question as victoria_richter has. My students are in grades 5 and 6. But I think I will try it in the coming semester to see how it works.

Resources plays an important role in the backward design process. Quality resources can enhance student engagement and make teaching more effective.

The leaning activities suggested here give me more ideas for class activities I can use in my class.

Thinking about essential questions has always been my weakness. I was wondering if any of you have thought processes or strategies that could help a novice teacher identify essential questions for a course. How do you create a link between unit key questions and individual lesson essential questions?

I hadn't pictorially felt this before. But I've noticed both before and after learning about reverse design that it's easy for me to get so limited by what I set out to do in the beginning that I forget the reason and purpose for goal setting.

For my final project, the assessment is delivering a two-minute talk on the subject of the unit. This aligns with the three modes of communication: interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational.

Very good point! I found that the five "C" goals Communication, Cultures, Connections, Comparisons, and Communities) help me prioritize my teaching content.

I disagree with the author. Clothing topics can indeed be significant. Clothing integrates history and reflects cultural and social development. It serves as a comprehensive cultural carrier with distinct characteristics of time, nationality, region, customs, and artistry. Moreover, it acts as a cultural symbol that reflects the politics, economy, thought, morality, and faith of different times. In my AP Chinese course, I include a unit on traditional Chinese clothing to explore these rich cultural dimensions.

The electric fields are as follows for drones uplifting-accatr,fjeiab corresponding cl 4.3.3>.0.1 affordable and according to ecma practices in java script

protein

suggestions

Is that all it means? Usually when I see this term, it sounds like they mean cleaning out inactive contacts, not just those that have asked to be removed.

I mean, obviously you would remove those who ask to be removed... But it seems you would do so immediately, not "regularly" at some later time. I guess it depends how you implement your list system?

This makes a lot of sense if I think about it like this: Base notes are often warm, like the sun, sometimes leathery, often masculine, and floral heart notes, intoxicating, like the moon is said to be.

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:01][^1^][1] - [00:20:21][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo présente une discussion entre Adam Grant et Dan Ariely, économiste comportemental, sur la vérité honnête concernant la malhonnêteté. Ils explorent la fréquence de la malhonnêteté dans les organisations, l'impact des petits tricheurs par rapport aux grands, et comment les comportements négatifs peuvent devenir acceptables dans un environnement organisationnel. Ils discutent également du rôle de la direction, des lanceurs d'alerte et de l'importance d'un code de conduite clair pour prévenir la malhonnêteté.

Points forts: + [00:00:01][^3^][3] La malhonnêteté dans les organisations * Très commune, mais principalement de petits tricheurs * Les petits tricheurs ont un impact économique plus important que les grands + [00:03:45][^4^][4] Le rôle de la direction et des lanceurs d'alerte * La direction peut influencer le comportement organisationnel * Les lanceurs d'alerte sont souvent traités comme des outsiders + [00:06:20][^5^][5] La pente glissante de la malhonnêteté * Les grandes fraudes commencent souvent par de petits pas * Importance de reconnaître les premiers signes de comportement contraire à l'éthique + [00:13:01][^6^][6] L'importance d'un code de conduite clair * Un code de conduite précis aide les individus à distinguer le bien du mal * Les règles floues permettent une rationalisation plus facile de la malhonnêteté

Die bewusste Entscheidung der USA gegen eine entschlossene Klimapolitik Anfang der 90er Jahre läuft für Natur auf die spätere Isolierung der USA unter Trump hinaus. Man koppelt sich vom Rest der Erde ab. Damit wird das moderne Projekt, die gesamte Welt zu mobilisieren obsolet. Der Kapitalismus zieht sich auf ein, nach Möglichkeit durch Mauern gesichertes Territorium zurück und zerstört ohne Beschränkungen die Erde außerhalb diess Gebiets.

Der Begriff der Natur endpolitisiert die Ökologie, weil im neuzeitlichen Paradigma die Natur genau als der Teil der Realität definiert ist der sich jenseits des politischen Streits befindet. Über die Natur gibt es objektives Wissen, aber genau deshalb ist sie in politische Konflikte nicht direkt eingebunden.

Die Erde, der Platz, an dem wir leben, bestimmt einerseits unsere Identität immer mit. Andererseits ist auch alles, von dem wir leben, auf der Erde lokalisierbar. Beides fällt in der aktuellen Situation der übernutzung der Erde auseinander. Natur spricht davon, dass viele in der Gegenwart Pflicht nicht wissen, wo sie leben. Bei einer Lebensweise, wie die Erde nicht überfordert, musses dagegen für alle möglich sein, sich zu lokalisieren.

In der ökologischen Krisensituation wird der Boden neu politisiert, es entstehen neue emotionale und begriffliche Beziehungen zu ihm, er wird zum Katalysator von Konflikten, Dabei steht die Beziehung zum Boden im Widerspruch zur kapitalistischen Nutzung der Erde. Es geht hier nicht um eine rückwärtsgewandte Beziehung zum Boden im Sinne der Blut und Bodenpolitik der Nazis, sondern um die Entdeckung von etwas neuem und den Qualitäten von Erde und Boden, die bisher ignoriert wurden.

Latour spricht davon, dass wir es heute nicht mit einer extensiven, sondern einer intensiven Beziehung zur Erde zu tun haben. Sie befiehlt bezieht sich auf mehrere Dimensionen, von denen unser Leben direkt abhängt.

Zu Boden und Territorium besteht ein direkter und immer auch politischer Bezug. Es gibt erkennbare Rechte an ihnen Komma bzw fehlende Rechte sie sind aufgeteilt, und der Umgang muss mit ihnen muss geregelt werden. Heute geht es dabei nicht nur um die zu beherrschende oder nicht zu beherrschende Oberfläche sondern um die vieldimensionale Realität des Bodens, von dem wir abhängen. Wir bewegen uns auf dem Boden und alle politischen und wirtschaftlichen Beziehungen finden im geographischen Raum statt, haben für ihn Konsequenzen und sind oft direkt auf ihn bezogen.

Dieser Widerstand gegen den Kapitalismus wird dann zentral in dem Buch über die ökologische Klasse. offensichtlich gehört hier Polanyi auch zum Hintergrund.

Hier kommen die unterschiedlichen Positionen von Charbonnier und Latour sehr deutlich heraus. Charbonnier hält an der Idee einer gesteuerten und kontrollierten Modernisierung fest.

Ch 3: Coding Attention Mechanisms

https://taz.de/FFF-Aktivistin-ueber-Europawahl/!6015051/

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/17/climate/labor-unions-fema-disaster-relief.html

The slides seem to not be in the link anymore.

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/17/climate/labor-unions-fema-disaster-relief.html

Precisa de um rascunho mínimo

Que veux-tu dire par "genre"? Genre littéraire? Mais au paragraphe suivant tu parles plutôt de critère géorgaphiques.

Welcome ?

In OCRMyPDF v15.4.4, this doesn't seem the case. When using the --pdf-renderer hocr option explicitly: * I get a .hocr file in the temporary files folder; * I avoid segmentation errors when reading the file with Mozilla's PDF.js; * When text is selected using a PDF reader, I can see the OCRed text (instead of blank characters).

What about an hOCR file?

Probably an invisible font for invisible text overlay. Is it possible to use a non-glyphless font, yet invisible (i.e., it would only show when highlighting the text)?

The relationship that communities have with more-than-human elements characterised the very own ontology of these communities. Oslender analyse this...

Therefore, is it up to the PDF reader to determine what is a "word", a "line", a blank space, etc?

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:00][^1^][1] - [00:18:57][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo présente un colloque sur l'éducation, abordant les transformations du système scolaire français, l'impact de la massification scolaire sur la société, et les défis actuels de l'éducation. L'orateur discute des changements dans les carrières scolaires, l'orientation des élèves, et l'évolution des structures familiales. Il souligne l'importance croissante de l'éducation pour les parents diplômés et les conséquences sur les performances des élèves.

Points forts: + [00:01:01][^3^][3] Contexte du colloque * Suite à un cours sur l'éducation * Examen des transformations scolaires * Impact de la massification sur la société + [00:02:01][^4^][4] Transformations scolaires * Évolution des carrières scolaires * Question de l'orientation des élèves * Différences de compétences acquises + [00:03:00][^5^][5] Impact social de l'éducation * Augmentation de la monoparentalité * Corrélation entre éducation et conjugalité * Influence de l'éducation sur la fécondité + [00:05:26][^6^][6] Rôle des familles dans l'éducation * Importance de l'action éducative familiale * Inégalités de ressources et d'efficacité * Exigence accrue des parents diplômés + [00:07:00][^7^][7] Défis actuels de l'éducation * Chute des performances scolaires * Décalage entre évaluations et compétences réelles * Nécessité d'approches individuelles et contextuelles + [00:14:46][^8^][8] Focus sur les mathématiques * Préoccupation croissante pour le niveau en mathématiques * Impact potentiel sur la recherche scientifique * Importance des activités périscolaires et des compétitions

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:00][^1^][1] - [00:18:57][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo présente un colloque sur l'éducation, abordant les transformations du système scolaire français, l'impact de la massification scolaire sur la société, et les défis actuels de l'éducation. L'orateur discute des changements dans les carrières scolaires, l'orientation des élèves, et l'évolution des structures familiales. Il souligne l'importance croissante de l'éducation pour les parents diplômés et les conséquences sur les performances des élèves.

Points forts: + [00:01:01][^3^][3] Contexte du colloque * Suite à un cours sur l'éducation * Examen des transformations scolaires * Impact de la massification sur la société + [00:02:01][^4^][4] Transformations scolaires * Évolution des carrières scolaires * Question de l'orientation des élèves * Différences de compétences acquises + [00:03:00][^5^][5] Impact social de l'éducation * Augmentation de la monoparentalité * Corrélation entre éducation et conjugalité * Influence de l'éducation sur la fécondité + [00:05:26][^6^][6] Rôle des familles dans l'éducation * Importance de l'action éducative familiale * Inégalités de ressources et d'efficacité * Exigence accrue des parents diplômés + [00:07:00][^7^][7] Défis actuels de l'éducation * Chute des performances scolaires * Décalage entre évaluations et compétences réelles * Nécessité d'approches individuelles et contextuelles + [00:14:46][^8^][8] Focus sur les mathématiques * Préoccupation croissante pour le niveau en mathématiques * Impact potentiel sur la recherche scientifique * Importance des activités périscolaires et des compétitions

Manage files - you can now select multiple files

2

1

You can certainly keep them out on shelves and rely on occasional dusting.

If they're in a dustier-than-typical room or you have compounding factors, like the presence of cats or dogs (like my German Shedder, I meant German Shepherd), and don't want to go the route of traditional fabric-like dust covers, you might consider doing a thicker plastic/acrylic cover which will give you a clear plastic layer of protection, but still show off your machines.

I live in Los Angeles and there are half a dozen places that do this sort of custom plastic work all the time for very reasonable rates. Searching for "plastic fabricator memorabilia case" along with variations of plastics (acrylic, lucite, plexiglass) should get you what you want locally. (Here's a few examples I've used in Los Angeles before to give you an idea: https://solterplastics.com/, https://www.plasticfactoryinc.com/, https://www.customacrylicproducts.com/, https://plexidisplays.com/). Search for something similar in your area for easier communication and cheaper pick up/shipping.

If you search around for companies that make plastic displays, particularly for memorabilia (baseball bats, baseball cards, etc.), you can have them design and make a custom sized clear plastic box/enclosure that will keep the dust and dirt out, but still allow you to see the machine inside. If done well it may actually make them appear more precious because you've taken the additional precaution.

Enclosed glass shelving is also a potential solution as well, but requires a larger investment and also requires more work to rotate machines out for regular use.

Most of my machines get daily use, so I'm not really using them for display or presentation purposes (except for one machine which sits on our library card catalog, but even then, it is frequently used as a standing desk, for occasional poetry by everyone in the family, or for guests who want to try their hand). I go through lots of index cards, so I'll usually temporarily protect against dust, dirt, and fur by slipping an index card on top of the hood or slightly into it to protect the segment.

But at the end of the day, as long as you haven't used WD-40 or some other lubricant on your segment and typebars (and what typewriter monster would do such barbaric things?), you should easily be able to go long periods between dustings and still have a highly functional machine. After all, who hasn't bought a machine full of dirt, dust, White Out, and eraser shavings/crumbs that still works like a dream?

It may bear brief mention for those who display their machines and forget, that you might also disengage the paper lock/paper release lever which will release the tension on your rubber rollers against the platen so that they don't go "flat" or become misshapen when not in use for long periods.

Expansion of https://hypothes.is/a/NjoVMA1REe-f47d0T4ZOkg

Reply to u/Styr0foam at https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1djgjv2/how_to_display_typewriters_properly/

対して　でしょうか

感想

項目　と　要素　の使い分けがよくわかりません。原文のitem と elementsに対応しているのはわかるのですが。

リストに入ったら要素、入る前は項目？

そうすると「リストを定義」項にある「リスト中の個々の項目」とか、「個々の要素を変更」項にある「変更したい項目のインデックス」が不思議な感じですね。

「削除した」がちょっとわかりにくく感じました

原文

If you want to work with an element that you're removing from the list,

代案

リストから削除する要素を使って作業したい

後ろから数えた要素　はいかがでしょうか

新しいプログラマーでも　はいかがでしょうか

空のリストを準備してから　はいかがでしょうか

typo できます

Literature is an art that must be studied and apply in order to achieve ans imptove our reading, listening and critical thinking skills.

https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/yannick-jadot-sur-totalenergies-qui-aurait-pu-predire-que-le-senat-soit-aussi-severe-avec-une-multinationale-20240619_BAOX26RJENGCTF2LOUDHXW5RYY/

Epidemiology by Design

Applying Quantitative Bias Analysis to Epidemiologic Data

Author response:

The following is the authors’ response to the current reviews.

eLife assessment:

The statistical analyses are incomplete.

I find that the eLife assessment mentions “statistical analyses are incomplete” while the reviewers mention that the data are compelling and results are technically solid. Besides all observations in the manuscript are presented with robust and established norms of statistical analysis. Therefore, I would kindly request to remove the statement as it undermines the article.

Public Reviews:

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Strengths:

The use of data from before COVID-19 is both a strength and a weakness. Because COVID had effects on vascular health and had higher death rates for groups with the comorbidities of interest here, it has likely shifted the demographics in ways that would shift the results in unpredictable ways if the analysis were repeated with current data. This can be a strength in providing a reference point for studying those changes as well as allowing researchers to study differences between regions without the complication of different public health responses adding extra variation to the data. On the other hand, it limits the usefulness of the data in research concerned with the current status of the various populations.

We completely agree with the observation, but were restricted as the purpose was to use the most robust and technically qualified data from GBD. The post COVID19 GBD data has not yet been released, but I am sure the observations made in the study can help in guiding the issues in the post COVID era too, because genetics is not going to change in these population groups.

However, we did highlight this aspect of COVID19 even in our original version and also in the revised version.

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

Weaknesses:

The presentation is not focused. It would be better to include p-values and focus presentation on the main effects from the dataset analysis.

The significant p-values were restricted to public health data only to identify and distinguish differences in incidence, prevalence and mortality and how they differ across world populations. These differences have often been interpreted from socio-economic point of view, while our manuscript presents the reasons for differences for main condition (Stroke) and its comorbid condition among different ethnicities from a genetic perspective. This genetic perspective was further explored to identify unique ethnic specific variants and their patterns of linkage disequilibrium in distinguishing the phenotypic variations. Considering the quantum and diversity of data, both for public health and GWAS data, there can be several directions but for presentation we focused only on the most distinguishing and established phenotypic differences. I am sure this will open up avenues for several future investigations including COVID, as has been highlighted by the reviewers too. All observations were presented with robust and established norms of statistical analysis.

The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

Thanks for the constructive observations on strengths and weaknesses of our manuscript. Interestingly, some of the weaknesses mentioned here also turns out to be the strength of the article. For example COVID19 has been mentioned by the reviewer as a driver to increase the mortality in some comorbid conditions and stroke. Firstly, I must clarify that, our data is from PreCOVID era and we indeed mention that in COVID era, COVID-19 might differentially impact the risk of stroke. Possibly this differential influence on the comorbidities of stroke, is likely to be influenced by its underlying genetics of stroke and its comorbidities.

I have tried to address the concerns raised by the reviewers, which ideally doesn’t impact the original manuscript. Statistical limitation has been commented pertaining to P-values, which has been clarified here. However, certain minor concerns such as abbreviations have been resolved in the revised manuscript. My response to weakness and reviewer’s comments are mentioned below.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Strengths:

The data provided here will provide a foundation for a lot of future research into the causes of the observed correlations as well as whether the observed differences in comorbidities across regions have clinically relevant effects on risk management.

Weaknesses:

• As with any cross-national analysis of rates, the data is vulnerable to differences in classification and reporting across jurisdictions.

GBD data is the most robust and most comprehensive data resource which has been used and accepted globally in predicting the health metrics statistics.

GBD data indeed considers normalisations, regarding classification and reporting.

To the best of our knowledge this is the best available resource to consider all health metrics analysis.

• Furthermore, given the increased death rate from COVID-19 associated with many of these comorbid conditions and the long-term effects of COVID-19 infection on vascular health, it is expected that many of the correlations observed in this dataset will shift along with the shifting health of the underlying populations.

I must clarify that we have used data prior to COVID-19.

But yes the patterns after COVID19 will shift due to the impact of covid. This makes the study even more relevant as the comorbid conditions of stroke are also the risk drivers for COVID19 and mortality. This shift has been reported by some authors, which has been discussed in the discussion.

Therefore, understanding the genetic factors underlying stroke and its comorbid conditions might help in resolving how COVID19 might differentially impact on health outcome.

We did highlight this aspect of COVID19 even in our original version.

Introduction 1st para:

“It is the accumulated risk of comorbid conditions that enhances the risk of stroke further. Are these comorbid conditions differentially impacted by socio-economic factors and ethnogeographic factors. This was clearly evident in COVID era, when COVID-19 differentially impacted the risk of stroke, possibly due to its differential influence on the comorbidities of stroke.”

Discussion 3rd para:

“Studies reported reduction in life expectancy in 31 of 37 high-income countries, deduced to be due to COVID-191 . However, it would be unfair to ignore the comorbid conditions which could also be the critical determinants for reduced life expectancy in these countries.”

Recommendations For The Authors:

On page 5, the authors make a note about Africa and the Middle East having the highest ASMR for high SBP and comment about the relative populations of these regions. The populations of the regions are irrelevant to the rate.

Since the study is on comorbid factors of stroke and its impact on mortality therefore, relative burden seems critical. This has been further elaborated here to justify the comment, which indeed is an integral part of the original manuscript.

Paragraph referred – Results section 2:

“Ethno-regional differences in mortality and prevalence of stroke and its major comorbid conditions

We observed interesting patterns of ASMRs of stroke, its subtypes and its major comorbidities across different regions over the years as shown in figure 1a, table 1 and supplementary files S2 & S3. When assessed in terms of ranks, high SBP is the most fatal condition followed by IHD in all regions, except Oceania (OCE) where IHD and high SBP swap ranks. Africa (AFR; 206.2/100000, 95%UI 177.4-234.2) and Middle East (MDE; 198.6/100000, 95%UI 162.8-234.4) have the highest ASMR for high SBP, even though they rank as only the third and sixth most populous continents (fig. S2), respectively.”

On page 17, the authors are alarmed by a large ratio between prevalence rates and mortality rates for certain conditions. This is confusing since this indicates that these conditions are not as dangerous as the other conditions.

This has been further elaborated here to justify the comment, which indeed is an integral part of the original manuscript.

Paragraph referred – Discussion para 1:

“While the global stroke prevalence is nearly 15 times its mortality rate, prevalence of comorbid conditions such as high SBP, high BMI, CKD, T2D are alarmingly 150- to 500-fold higher than their mortality rates. These comorbid conditions can drastically affect the outcome of stroke.”

In Figure 4, the colors are not defined.

In Structure plot colours are assigned as per each K, it doesn’t directly refer to any population. But the plot distinguishes the stratification of populations as per K. Ramasamy, R.K., Ramasamy, S., Bindroo, B.B. et al. STRUCTURE PLOT: a program for drawing elegant STRUCTURE bar plots in user friendly interface. SpringerPlus 3, 431 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-431

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

Strengths:

The idea is interesting and the data are compelling. The results are technically solid.

The authors identify specific genetic loci that increase the risk of a stroke and how they differ by region.

Weaknesses:

The presentation is not focused. It would be better to include p-values and focus presentation on the main effects of the dataset analysis.

I presume the comment is made with reference to results with significant p-values.

P-values are mentioned in the main text when referring to significant decrease or increase with respect to global rates and time e.g. P-values for comparison of a year 2019, are based on regional rates to global rates of 2019. Supplementary table S2a (mortality) and S3a (prevalence) e.g. P-values for comparison between year is based on 2019 rates to 2009 rates in Supplementary table S2b (mortality) and S3b (prevalence) e.g. P-values for proportional mortality and proportional prevalence in Supplementary table S4 and S5 is also based on global rates.

Recommendations For The Authors:

It would be better to minimize the use of acronyms. Often one has to go back to decipher what the acronym stands for. It is fine to have acronyms in figure legends, if necessary. However, at least for regions, please do not use acronyms.

In the revised version we have tried to minimise the Acronyms.

Removed the acronyms for regions and other places wherever possible however, the diseases acronyms have been maintained as per the GBD terms.

Please focus the presentation on the main results. Currently, the presentation wanders and repeats itself a lot.

Since the manuscript tries to address the global and regional rates of prevalence, mortality and its relationship to genetic correlates, it is difficult not to repeat the same to stress the significant observations coming out of different analysis methods. This might reflect on some amount of repetitiveness but the intention was to stress the significant observations.

I would also recommend acknowledging and discussing socioeconomic factors earlier in the manuscript.

Current mention happens in 3rd para of Discussion

“The changing dynamics of stroke or its comorbid conditions can be attributed to multitude of factors. Often global burden of stroke has been discussed from the point of view of socio-economic parameters. Studies indicate that half of the stroke-related deaths are attributable to poor management of modifiable risk factors 8,9. However, we observe that different socio-economic regions are driven by different risk factors.”

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eLife assessment

This fundamental study analyzes the roles of post-translational modifications of tubulin by generating a large panel of tubulin mutants and describing their effects on morphogenesis and function of sensory neurons in C. elegans. The work, which is of interest to all cell biologists, in particular researchers with an interest in the microtubule cytoskeleton and neurobiology, presents conclusions that are supported by solid evidence. Demonstrating that all introduced mutations have the intended consequences and exploring their direct effect on microtubules would further increase the impact of the work.

说白了，是利用图片进行分类的

Author response:

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary and Strengths:

The ability of Wolbachia to be transmitted horizontally during parasitoid wasp infections is supported by phylogenetic data here and elsewhere. Experimental analyses have shown evidence of wasp-to-wasp transmission during coinfection (eg Huigins et al), host to wasp transmission (eg Heath et al), and mechanical ('dirty needle') transmission from host to host (Ahmed et al). To my knowledge this manuscript provides the first experimental evidence of wasp to host transmission. Given the strong phylogenetic pattern of host-parasitoid Wolbachia sharing, this may be of general importance in explaining the distribution of Wolbachia across arthropods. This is of interest as Wolbachia is extremely common in the natural world and influences many aspects of host biology.

Weaknesses:

The first observation of the manuscript is that the Wolbachia strains in hosts are more closely related to those in their parasitoids. This has been reported on multiple occasions before, dating back to the late 1990s. The introduction cites five such papers (the observation is made in other studies too that could be cited) but then dismisses them by stating "However, without quantitative tests, this observation could simply reflect a bias in research focus." As these studies include carefully collected datasets that were analysed appropriately, I felt this claim of novelty was rather strong. It is unclear why downloading every sequence in GenBank avoids any perceived biases, when presumably the authors are reanalysing the data in these papers.

Thank you for bringing this to our attention, and we will make the necessary amendments in our revised manuscript.

I do not doubt the observation that host-parasitoid pairs tend to share related Wolbachia, as it is corroborated by other studies, the effect size is large, and the case study of whitefly is clearcut. It is also novel to do this analysis on such a large dataset. However, the statistical analysis used is incorrect as the observations are pseudo-replicated due to phylogenetic non-independence. When analysing comparative data like this it is essential to correct for the confounding effects of related species tending to be similar due to common ancestry. In this case, it is well-known that this is an issue as it is a repeated observation that related hosts are infected by related Wolbachia. However, the authors treat every pairwise combination of species (nearly a million pairs) as an independent observation. Addressing this issue is made more complex because there are both the host and symbiont trees to consider. The additional analysis in lines 123-124 (including shuffling species pairs) does not explicitly address this issue.

We concur with your observation regarding the non-independence of the data due to phylogenetic relationships. While common phylogenetic correction methods are indeed not directly applicable to wsp distances between species pairs, we are investigating the potential of phylogenetic mixed models to address this issue. We hope to include a revised analysis using this approach in our revised manuscript.

The sharing of Wolbachia between whitefly and their parasitoids is very striking, although this has been reported before (eg the authors recently published a paper entitled "Diversity and Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal Horizontal Transmission of Endosymbionts Between Whiteflies and Their Parasitoids"). In Lines 154-164 it is suggested that from the tree the direction of transfer between host and parasitoid can be inferred from the data. This is not obvious to me given the poor resolution of the tree due to low sequence divergence. There are established statistical approaches to test the direction of trait changes on a tree that could have been used (a common approach is to use the software BEAST).

Thank you for your insightful comments regarding the transfer direction of Wolbachia between whiteflies and their parasitoids. We acknowledge the concern about the resolution of the phylogenetic tree and the inference of the direction of Wolbachia transmission based on the available data. We considered the high infection frequency and obligate nature of Wolbachia in En. formosa, which exhibits a 100% infection rate, as a strong indicator that recent transmission of Wolbachia in this clade likely occurred from En. formosa to B. tabaci. We appreciate your recommendation and will ensure that our conclusions are supported by a more statistically sound approach. As you suggested, we will employ the software BEAST to rigorously test the direction of transmission, and we will revise our statements accordingly.

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

The paper by Yan et al. aims to provide evidence for horizontal transmission of the intracellular bacterial symbiont Wolbachia from parasitoid wasps to their whitefly hosts. In my opinion, the paper in its current form consists of major flaws.

Weaknesses:

The dogma in the field is that although horizontal transmission events of Wolbachia occur, in most systems they are so rare that the chances of observing them in the lab are very slim.

For the idea of bacteria moving from a parasitoid to its host, the authors have rightfully cited the paper by Hughes, et al. (2001), which presents the main arguments against the possibility of documenting such transmissions. Thus, if the authors want to provide data that contradict the large volume of evidence showing the opposite, they should present a very strong case.

In my opinion, the paper fails to provide such concrete evidence. Moreover, it seems the work presented does not meet the basic scientific standards.

We are grateful for your critical perspective on our work. Nonetheless, we are confident in the credibility of our findings regarding the horizontal transmission of Wolbachia from En. formosa to B. tabaci. Our study has documented this phenomenon through phylogenetic tree analyses, and we have further substantiated our observations with rigorous experiments in both cages and petri dishes. The horizontal transfer of Wolbachia was confirmed via PCR, with the wsp sequences in B. tabaci showing complete concordance with those in En. formosa. Additionally, we utilized FISH, vertical transmission experiments, and phenotypic assays to demonstrate that the transferred Wolbachia could be vertically transmitted and induce significant fitness cost in B. tabaci. All experiments were conducted with strict negative controls and a sufficient number of replicates to ensure reliability, thereby meeting basic scientific standards. The collective evidence we present points to a definitive case of Wolbachia transmission from the parasitoid En. formosa to the whitefly B. tabaci.

My main reservations are:

• I think the distribution pattern of bacteria stained by the probes in the FISH pictures presented in Figure 4 looks very much like Portiera, the primary symbiont found in the bacterium of all whitefly species. In order to make a strong case, the authors need to include Portiera probes along with the Wolbachia ones.

We are very grateful for your critical evaluation regarding the specificity of FISH in our study. We assure the reliability of our FISH results based on several reasons.

1) We implemented rigorous negative controls which exhibited no detectable signal, thereby affirming the specificity of our hybridization. 2) The central region of the whitefly nymphs is a typical oviposition site for En. formosa. Post-parasitism, we observed FISH signals around the introduced parasitoid eggs, distinct from bacteriocyte cells which are rich in endosymbionts including Portiera (FIG 3e-f). This observation supports the high specificity of our FISH method. 3) In the G3 whiteflies, we detected the presence of Wolbachia in bacteriocytes in nymphs and at the posterior end of eggs in adult females (FIG 4). This distribution pattern aligns with previously reported localizations of Wolbachia in B. tabaci (Shi et al., 2016; Skaljac et al., 2013). Furthermore, the distribution of Wolbachia in the whiteflies does indeed exhibit some overlap with that of Portiera (Skaljac et al., 2013; Bing et al., 2014). 4) The primers used in our FISH assays have been widely cited (Heddi et al., 1999) and validated in studies on B. tabaci and other systems (Guo et al., 2018; Hegde et al., 2024; Krafsur et al., 2020; Rasgon et al., 2006; Uribe-Alvarez et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2013). Taking all these points into consideration, we stand by the reliability of our FISH results.

References:

Bing XL, Xia WQ, Gui JD, Yan GH, Wang XW, Liu SS. 2014. Diversity and evolution of the Wolbachia endosymbionts of Bemisia (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) whiteflies. Ecol Evol, 4(13): 2714-37.

Guo, Y, Hoffmann, AA, Xu, XQ, Zhang X, Huang HJ, Ju JF, Gong JT, Hong XY. 2018. Wolbachia-induced apoptosis associated with increased fecundity in Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Insect Mol Biol, 27: 796-807.

Heddi A, Grenier AM, Khatchadourian C, Charles H, Nardon P. 1999. Four intracellular genomes direct weevil biology: Nuclear, mitochondrial, principal endosymbiont, and Wolbachia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96: 6814-6819.

Hegde S, Marriott AE, Pionnier N, Steven A, Bulman C, Gunderson E, et al. 2024. Combinations of the azaquinazoline anti-Wolbachia agent, AWZ1066S, with benzimidazole anthelmintics synergise to mediate sub-seven-day sterilising and curative efficacies in experimental models of filariasis. Front Microbiol, 15: 1346068.

Krafsur AM, Ghosh A, Brelsfoard CL. 2020. Phenotypic response of Wolbachia pipientis in a cell-free medium. Microorganisms, 8: 1060.

Rasgon JL, Gamston, CE, Ren X. 2006. Survival of Wolbachia pipientis in cell-free medium. Appl Environ Microbiol, 72: 6934-6937.

Shi P, He Z, Li S, An X, Lv N, Ghanim M, Cuthbertson AGS, Ren SX, Qiu BL. 2016. Wolbachia has two different localization patterns in whitefly Bemisia tabaci AsiaII7 species. PLoS One, 11: e0162558.

Skaljac M, Zanić K, Hrnčić S, Radonjić S, Perović T, Ghanim M. 2013. Diversity and localization of bacterial symbionts in three whitefly species (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from the east coast of the Adriatic Sea. Bull Entomol Res, 103(1): 48-59.

Uribe-Alvarez C, Chiquete-Félix N, Morales-García L, Bohórquez-Hernández A, Delgado-Buenrostro N L, Vaca L, et al. 2019. Wolbachia pipientis grows in Saccharomyces cerevisiae evoking early death of the host and deregulation of mitochondrial metabolism. MicrobiologyOpen, 8: e00675.

Zhao DX, Zhang XF, Chen DS, Zhang YK, Hong XY, 2013. Wolbachia-host interactions: Host mating patterns affect Wolbachia density dynamics. PLoS One, 8: e66373.

• If I understand the methods correctly, the phylogeny presented in Figure 2a is supposed to be based on a wide search for Wolbachia wsp gene done on the NCBI dataset (p. 348). However, when I checked the origin of some of the sequences used in the tree to show the similarity of Wolbachia between Bemisia tabaci and its parasitoids, I found that most of them were deposited by the authors themselves in the course of the current study (I could not find this mentioned in the text), or originated in a couple of papers that in my opinion should not have been published to begin with.

We appreciate your meticulous examination of the sources for our sequence data. All the sequences included in our phylogenetic analysis were indeed downloaded from the NCBI database as of July 2023. The sequences used to illustrate the similarity of Wolbachia between B. tabaci and its parasitoids include those from our previously published study (Qi et al., 2019), which were sequenced from field samples. Additionally, some sequences were also obtained from other laboratories (Ahmed et al., 2009; Baldo et al., 2006; Van Meer et al., 1999). We acknowledge that in our prior research (Qi et al., 2019), the sequences were directly submitted to NCBI and, regrettably, we did not update the corresponding publication information after the article were published. It is not uncommon for sequences on NCBI, with some never being followed by a published paper (e.g., FJ710487- FJ710511 and JF426137-JF426149), or not having their associated publication details updated post-publication (for instance, sequences MH918776-MH918794 from Qi et al., 2019, and KF017873-KF017878 from Fattah-Hosseini et al., 2018). We recognize that this practice can lead to confusion and apologize for the oversight in our work.

References:

Ahmed MZ, Shatters RG, Ren, SX, Jin GH, Mandour NS, Qiu BL. 2009. Genetic distinctions among the Mediterranean and Chinese populations of Bemisia tabaci Q biotype and their endosymbiont Wolbachia populations. J Appl Entomol, 133: 733-741.

Baldo L, Hotopp JCD, Jolley KA, Bordenstein SR, Biber SA, Choudhury RR, et al. 2006. Multilocus sequence typing system for the endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis. Appl Environ Microbiol, 72: 7098-110.

Fattah-Hosseini S, Karimi J, Allahyari H. 2014. Molecular characterization of Iranian Encarsia formosa Gahan populations with natural incidence of Wolbachia infection. J Entomol Res Soc, 20: 85–100.

Qi LD, Sun JT, Hong XY, Li YX. 2019. Diversity and phylogenetic analyses reveal horizontal transmission of endosymbionts between whiteflies and their parasitoids. J Econ Entomol, 112(2): 894-905.

Van Meer MM, Witteveldt J, Stouthamer R. 1999. Phylogeny of the arthropod endosymbiont Wolbachia based on the wsp gene. Insect Mol Biol, 8: 399-408.

• The authors fail to discuss or even acknowledge a number of published studies that specifically show no horizontal transmission, such as the one claimed to be detected in the study presented.

Thank you for bringing this to our attention. We will address and discuss the published studies that report no evidence of horizontal transmission, as you've highlighted, in the revised version of our manuscript.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This is a very ordinary research paper. The horizontal of endosymbionts, including Wolbachia, Rickettsia etc. has been reported in detail in the last 10 years, and parasitoid vectored as well as plant vectored horizontal transmission is the mainstream of research. For example, Ahmed et al. 2013 PLoS One, 2015 PLoS Pathogens, Chiel et al. 2014 Enviromental Entomology, Ahmed et al. 2016 BMC Evolution Biology, Qi et al. 2019 JEE, Liu et al. 2023 Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, all of these reported the parasitoid vectored horizontal transmission of endosymbiont. While Caspi-Fluger et al. 2012 Proc Roy Soc B, Chrostek et al. 2017 Frontiers in Microbiology, Li et al. 2017 ISME Journal, Li et al. 2017 FEMS, Shi et al. 2024 mBio, all of these reported the plant vectored horizontal transmission of endosymbiont. For the effects of endosymbiont on the biology of the host, Ahmed et al. 2015 PLoS Pathogens explained the effects in detail.

Thank you very much for your insightful comments and for highlighting the relevant literature in the field of horizontal transmission of endosymbionts, including Wolbachia and Rickettsia. After careful consideration of the studies you have mentioned, we believe that our work presents significant novel contributions to the field. 1) Regarding the parasitoid-mediated horizontal transmission of Wolbachia, most of the cited articles, such as Ahmed et al. 2013 in PLoS One and Ahmed et al. 2016 in BMC Evolutionary Biology, propose hypotheses but do not provide definitive evidence. The transmission of Wolbachia within the whitefly cryptic species complex (Ahmed et al. 2013) or between moths and butterflies (Ahmed et al. 2016) could be mediated by parasitoids, plants, or other unknown pathways. 2) Chiel et al. (2014 in Environmental Entomology reported “no evidence for horizontal transmission of Wolbachia between and within trophic levels” in their study system. 3) The literature you mentioned about Rickettsia, rather than Wolbachia, indirectly reflects the relative scarcity of evidence for Wolbachia horizontal transmission. For example, the evidence for plant-mediated transmission of Wolbachia remains isolated, with Li et al. 2017 in The ISME Journal being one of the few reports supporting this mode of transmission. 4) While the effects of endosymbionts on their hosts are not the central focus of our study, the effects of transgenerational Wolbachia on whiteflies are primarily demonstrated to confirm the infection of Wolbachia into whiteflies. Furthermore, the effects we report of Wolbachia on whiteflies are notably different from those reported by Ahmed et al. 2015 in PLoS Pathogens, likely due to different whitefly species and Wolbachia strains. 6) More importantly, our study reveals a mechanism of parasitoid-mediated horizontal transmission of Wolbachia that is distinct from the mechanical transmission suggested by Ahmed et al. 2015 in PLoS Pathogens. Their study implies transmission primarily through host-feeding contamination, without the need for Wolbachia to infect the parasitoid, suggesting host-to-host transmission at the same trophic level. In contrast, our findings demonstrate transmission from parasitoids to hosts through unsuccessful parasitism, which represents cross-trophic level transmission. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence that Wolbachia can be transmitted from parasitoids to hosts. We believe these clarifications and the novel insights provided by our research contribute valuable knowledge to the field.

References:

Ahmed MZ, De Barro PJ, Ren SX, Greeff JM, Qiu BL. 2013. Evidence for horizontal transmission of secondary endosymbionts in the Bemisia tabaci cryptic species complex. PLoS One, 8: e53084.

Ahmed MZ, Li SJ, Xue X, Yin XJ, Ren SX, Jiggins FM, Greeff JM, Qiu BL. 2015. The intracellular bacterium Wolbachia uses parasitoid wasps as phoretic vectors for efficient horizontal transmission. PLoS Pathog, 10: e1004672.

Ahmed MZ, Breinholt JW, Kawahara AY. 2016. Evidence for common horizontal transmission of Wolbachia among butterflies and moths. BMC Evol Biol, 16: 118. doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0660-x.

Caspi-Fluger A, Inbar M, Mozes-Daube N, Katzir N, Portnoy V, Belausov E, Hunter MS, Zchori-Fein E. 2012. Horizontal transmission of the insect symbiont Rickettsia is plant-mediated. Proc Biol Sci, 279(1734): 1791-6.

Chiel E, Kelly SE, Harris AM, Gebiola M, Li X, Zchori-Fein E, Hunter MS. 2014. Characteristics, phenotype, and transmission of Wolbachia in the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and its parasitoid Eretmocerus sp. nr. emiratus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Environ Entomol, 43(2): 353-62.

Chrostek E, Pelz-Stelinski K, Hurst GDD, Hughes GL. 2017. Horizontal transmission of intracellular insect symbionts via plants. Front Microbiol, 8: 2237.

Li SJ, Ahmed MZ, Lv N, Shi PQ, Wang XM, Huang JL, Qiu BL. 2017. Plantmediated horizontal transmission of Wolbachia between whiteflies. ISME J, 11: 1019-1028.

Li YH, Ahmed MZ, Li SJ, Lv N, Shi PQ, Chen XS, Qiu BL. 2017. Plant-mediated horizontal transmission of Rickettsia endosymbiont between different whitefly species. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 93(12). doi: 10.1093/femsec/fix138.

Liu Y, He ZQ, Wen Q, Peng J, Zhou YT, Mandour N, McKenzie CL, Ahmed MZ, Qiu BL. 2023. Parasitoid-mediated horizontal transmission of Rickettsia between whiteflies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 12: 1077494. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1077494

Qi LD, Sun JT, Hong XY, Li YX. 2019. Diversity and phylogenetic analyses reveal horizontal transmission of endosymbionts between whiteflies and their parasitoids. J Econ Entomol, 112: 894-905.

Shi PQ, Wang L, Chen XY, Wang K, Wu QJ, Turlings TCJ, Zhang PJ, Qiu BL. 2024. Rickettsia transmission from whitefly to plants benefits herbivore insects but is detrimental to fungal and viral pathogens. mBio, 15(3): e0244823.

Weaknesses:

In the current study, the authors downloaded the MLST or wsp genes from a public database and analyzed the data using other methods, and I think the authors may not be familiar with the research progress in the field of insect symbiont transmission, and the current stage of this manuscript lacking sufficient novelty.

We appreciate your critical perspective on our study. However, we respectfully disagree with the viewpoint that our manuscript lacks sufficient novelty.

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:00][^1^][1] - [00:22:50][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo est un webinaire intitulé "La participation en pratiques" qui explore l'importance de la participation active des populations dans les politiques publiques, en particulier dans le domaine de la santé et de l'action sociale. Il met en lumière les différentes formes et intensités de participation, ainsi que les défis et les stratégies pour une participation efficace.

Points forts: + [00:00:00][^3^][3] Introduction et bienvenue * Présentation du webinaire et instructions pour les participants * Annonce de l'enregistrement du webinaire pour partage ultérieur + [00:01:03][^4^][4] Allocution de Marie Persiani * Importance de la participation des populations * Reconnaissance des savoirs d'expérience des acteurs et des populations + [00:05:40][^5^][5] Présentation par Émilie Feriel * Méthodologie et contexte de la capitalisation des expériences de participation * Discussion sur l'évolution de la participation dans les politiques publiques + [00:13:18][^6^][6] Présentation de Timothé Decluse * Explication de la capitalisation des expériences et son contexte national * Importance de partager les savoirs issus de l'expérience pratique

Résumé de la vidéo [00:22:52][^1^][1] - [00:46:39][^2^][2] : La vidéo présente un webinaire sur la participation en pratiques, mettant en lumière l'importance de la capitalisation des expériences dans divers projets sociaux et de santé publique. Elle aborde les méthodes de capitalisation, l'engagement des participants et l'impact sur les politiques et stratégies.

Points forts : + [00:22:52][^3^][3] L'objectif de la capitalisation * Sert à la réflexion pédagogique et à l'amélioration des pratiques * Informe sur la participation et soutient la mise en œuvre des politiques * Engage la collaboration avec le domaine de la recherche + [00:25:59][^4^][4] La commission de recrutement participative * Implique les résidents dans le processus de recrutement * Favorise l'autodétermination et la participation active * Permet une évaluation et un retour d'expérience constructifs + [00:35:08][^5^][5] Le projet de jardin partagé * Encourage la cohésion sociale et le bien-être des participants * Intègre la permaculture et la bienveillance dans les activités * Offre des opportunités d'apprentissage et de partage au sein de la communauté

Résumé de la vidéo [00:46:42][^1^][1] - [01:11:52][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo présente un webinaire sur la participation citoyenne dans divers projets sociaux en France. Elle met en lumière l'importance de l'entraide, de l'expérience partagée et de la gouvernance participative dans le domaine de la santé mentale et de l'insertion sociale.

Points forts: + [00:46:42][^3^][3] Présentation de l'UDAF 52 * Introduction du dispositif participatif "Peridance" * Utilisation de l'expérience vécue comme outil de partage et de rétablissement * Focus sur l'entraide pour les personnes isolées avec des expériences rares en santé mentale + [00:52:05][^4^][4] Gouvernance participative * Changement des codes et normes dans une organisation pyramidale * Prises de décisions collectives et ascendantes * Horizontalité dans la distribution des rôles et l'organisation du travail + [00:56:38][^5^][5] Contrat social multipartite * Renforcement de l'intégration sociale et de la participation citoyenne * Méthode participative et collaborative "Spirale" du Conseil de l'Europe * Focus sur le bien-être individuel et collectif + [01:09:36][^6^][6] Le village de l'insertion * Dispositif expérimental pour les personnes en grande marginalité * Hébergement pérenne dans un environnement à basse exigence * Construction des règles avec les habitants pour favoriser l'insertion sociale

Résumé de la vidéo [01:11:55][^1^][1] - [01:35:36][^2^][2] : La vidéo présente un webinaire sur la participation citoyenne dans le cadre d'un projet de village d'insertion. Elle aborde les méthodes de sélection des résidents, l'établissement d'un conseil de village, et l'importance de l'appropriation des lieux par les habitants. Le projet vise à intégrer des personnes marginalisées dans la communauté en leur offrant un espace de vie adapté et en les impliquant dans la gestion du village.

Points forts : + [01:12:01][^3^][3] Sélection des résidents * Critères basés sur l'adhésion aux structures classiques * Choix de personnes à la rue depuis longtemps * Importance de la projection personnelle dans le village + [01:13:21][^4^][4] Création du conseil de village * Objectif de définir les règles de vie commune * Participation active des futurs habitants * Évolution des règles selon les besoins des résidents + [01:16:08][^5^][5] Appropriation des lieux * Liberté de personnalisation des modules d'habitation * Renommage du village par ses habitants * Objectif de déstigmatisation et d'ouverture sur le quartier + [01:17:02][^6^][6] Activités ouvertes à la ville * Organisation d'événements comme la fête de la musique * Invitation des habitants du quartier à participer * Présentation du village à travers des activités conviviales + [01:22:00][^7^][7] Perspectives d'avenir * Souhait de pérenniser le village * Proposition de solutions alternatives en cas de fermeture * Adaptation aux projets individuels des résidents + [01:26:17][^8^][8] Transition vers une organisation horizontale * Efforts pour intégrer les résidents dans les décisions * Importance du soutien institutionnel pour la participation * Réalisation d'actions concrètes comme le jardin participatif

Résumé de la vidéo [01:35:38][^1^][1] - [01:58:27][^2^][2]:

Cette partie du webinaire aborde les pratiques de participation dans la mise en œuvre de projets, soulignant l'importance de définir les objectifs et les limites de la participation dès le début. Les intervenants discutent des outils formels, de l'importance du soutien institutionnel, des défis de financement, et de l'adaptation de la participation à l'environnement du projet. Ils mettent également en évidence le rôle des compétences professionnelles et des participants, ainsi que les effets positifs de la participation sur les individus et les collectivités.

Points forts: + [01:35:38][^3^][3] Définition des objectifs de participation * Importance de fixer les contours de la participation en amont * Nécessité d'intégrer les participants dans le processus de définition * Établissement des limites de décision pour éviter les désillusions + [01:37:43][^4^][4] Soutien institutionnel et financements * Culture de participation au sein des structures * Sensibilisation des supérieurs et soutien essentiel à la pérennisation * Coûts associés à la participation, souvent sous-estimés + [01:39:59][^5^][5] Adaptation de la participation à l'environnement * Flexibilité nécessaire face à l'imprévisibilité de la participation * Levée des contraintes institutionnelles pour favoriser l'expérimentation * Importance du partenariat et de la coordination pour mobiliser les publics + [01:43:19][^6^][6] Compétences des professionnels et des publics * Posture des professionnels favorisant l'horizontalité des relations * Formation et accompagnement des participants pour renforcer leur engagement * Effets positifs sur le bien-être, l'estime de soi et le sentiment d'appartenance