In the abstract, the study cited points to "dual-task effects of fulfilling the assignment and working with the computer resulting in a higher cognitive workload".

Although this load may decrease with people getting more and more familiar with computers (and computers getting more and more intuitive), it is also the case that more distractors are available too.

This reminds me of a webinar hosted by Hypothesis in which Amanda Licastro mentioned Cathy Davidson's book "Now you see it" to talk about "Productive Multitasking". In the view that Amanda presented (at least what I understood of what she said), multitasking and distractions are unavoidable, but we can canalize them productively through web annotation, for example -instead of switching to Facebook and disconnect from what we were reading.

But do this entities have to be central, monolithic? Can't they be distributed, collaborative?

I usually like to think of the reddit model as a proposal for moderation of web annotation. Reddit is quite flexible as of what it is allowed and what it is not (this has, of course, brought heated debates in the past). But reddit has multiple reddits (as web annotation may have multiple groups or sublayers), each with a set of rules, administered and moderated by one or more people.

Do you like the moderation rules of one subreddit? You can join and even help with moderation. You don't like them? Then don't join and find another one you feel more comfortable with.

Audrey Watters blocked Genius and Hypothesis from her blog on Apr 2017: http://hackeducation.com/2017/04/26/no-annotations-thanks-bye

This can be very easily circumvented with uBlock or similar. Just add a rule that forbids this script from loading. One simple rule is as follows (I guess there must be neater ways to do it):

||*/genius-blocker.js

There were discussions about opt-out mechanisms in the Web Annotation Working group (see here), but in the end it was decided that further work would be deferred to to a future version of the specifications.

Cognitive load of social annotation

Is a good practice for hypothesis to make personal annotations first, when reading, without carefully thinking of them too much, and then, once reading is over, go back to the annotations and see which are relevant to make public and polish them a bit?

For example, I think one could sum the highlight in each specific section. If many people highlighted a passage, then the highlight color is higher. That way one would be able to discover passages that many people found important/interesting. Although, it may also bias others to do the same. As usual.

This ability is clearly reflected in 2017's W3C Web Annotation standard

This is in clear opposition to the ideas of Brust and Rothkugel in their 2007's "On Anomalies in Annotation Systems", where they claim that "a new annotation system is doomed to fail if it is based on the pen-and-paper annotation paradigm only".

"if they have their own personal datastore to save them to". Can readers see each other's annotations?

In a platform where one of the main values is collaboration, how important is it that these platforms guarantee that the user will be able to backup his/her data in case he/she wants (or is forced to) move out? Shouldn't this platforms also guarantee that one would be able to download ALL public data (or data the specific user has access to) to make sure he/she will be able to recreate the whole thing if he/she wants (or is forced) to?

Or use Hypothesis--free and open source!

five purposes

meta conversation running in the margins

P.S. In the time it has taken me to get this post in shape, I'm now at 105K. Talk again down the road!

While my annotations tilt predominantly to the private layer, I'm branching out!

Annotation fulfills the future promise of the Web!

Annotation is great for planning that requires resources that are scattered across the web. Check this out!

I can think of countless ways to use annotation in scholarly publishing!

Almost two years later, I STILL annotate everything I read. In my new role at the MIT Knowledge Futures Group, I work with groups creating communities on PubPub who engage through annotation, including in the classroom, through open collaborative peer review, and more! What happened? Click to find out how I fell in love with open infrastructure!

Yeah, you must think I'm kidding, but no.

Each annotation in the path will lead you to the next!

Be sure to open all the annotations on the page! This article marks an experiment into public annotation. While most of my annotation is for private purposes, I do think that anyone can contribute to knowledge creation using annotation. I hope you agree. I also created a special director's cut edition of an article I wrote!

Be sure to click to open all annotations on this page! I continue to marvel at the ways that scholarly communication experiments with open annotation! For example Transparent Review in Preprints and the American Society of Plant Biologists' continuing experiments. And I continue to use annotation every day--how else would I reach 100K annotations? Click here to return to 100K post and try another adventure!

I remember when we passed 1 million annotations back in early February 2017. I couldn't be more thrilled to see the continuing acceleration in the numbers. I can't wait until the web browsers include annotation by default to make it even easier to use open annotation. Let's make that happen! Return to try another 100K adventure!

Barcelona--Casa Batllo with Audio Tour $30 The Gaudi attractions in Barcelona were hard for me to keep track of, so I began adding images and notes to myself about planning the trip. This got me thinking that I could plan other things.

Collaborative community review can be used for all sorts or purposes. To return to the 100K blog and follow another adventure, just click here.

Incredible use of annotation technology in peer review over preprints! Watch this space! I'm lucky that I get to use annotation in my work at the Knowledge Futures Group.

It's fantastic to see ASPB continue to expand the use of annotation to promote engagement and transparency in their journals! And there are even more ways to use annotation in peer review!

APA had some great ideas to encourage author updates to content, including the addition of videos. Other publishers wanted to make peer review more visible or to highlight content on related platforms!

I hope that you enjoy this blog post on the use of annotation for community review. Please feel free to create a free PubPub account and leave me some feedback! Happy Annotating! Return to 100K post here.

Annotation in peer review, whether on preprints or through a more traditional manuscript submission system, offers the option for reviewers, editors, and authors to give and received feedback in context. And I'm super excited about this new project.

It was so exciting to be a part of this initiative, to rescue annotations from PubMedCommons, an example of how open infrastructure can pick up the torch to keep something valuable from disappearing. Annotation can also streamline peer review.

I was so excited to see the eLife Publisher Group go live--finally, an integration with a real live publisher! It wasn't long before other publishers were adding their own groups!

Be sure to open all the annotations on the page! This article was one of my forays into public annotation. I wanted to add images and links to this existing article. It was fun to do, and I hope I created a unique reading experience for those fortunate enough to have Hypothesis enabled in their browsers! I love museums, so I augmented this post.

If I could write a short story or even a novel using only annotations (and info on the web pages themselves, like setting, plot developments, clues)! Might be fun! What cool uses can you think of?

I'm working in open infrastructure now--and it incorporates annotation for engagement and collaborative review. (It's not W3C compliant at this time, but who knows!) I still believe that open annotation is the future!

Imagine what Vannevar Bush would think of the web annotation standard--or the fact that his article has been annotated more than 270 times! But the impact of annotation is much, much bigger than one article!

I remember the first time I truly understood what Jon meant when he said this. One web page can have an unlimited number of specific addresses pointing into its parts--and through annotation these parts can be connected to an unlimited number of parts of other things. Jon called it: Exploding the web! How far we've come from Vannevar Bush's musings...

The publication of this web standard changed everything. I look forward to true testing of interoperable open annotation. The publication of the standard nearly three years ago was a game changer, but the game is still in progress. The future potential is unlimited!

This demonstrates one of the coolest things about annotation--the ability for machines and humans to work together to recognize and link entities for reproducibility and other purposes. What other examples can you add?Who will make the next one?

I'd heard of ComMentor before, but I hadn't noticed that Terry and Martin cited Vannevar and mentioned the notion of trails here. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1945/07/as-we-may-think/303881/

I was so excited to participate in the collaborative community review of Annotation. Remi and Antero have done an amazing job documenting the history and the thought processes behind the practice.

This is what an annotation looks like!

It is the most value tool of my life until now. :D

This is a test of the experimental version of Hypothesis that does not open and cover the window by default. I want to add this functionality to my blog because I am looking for more feedback on this blog and I am hoping that there are more people out there interested in annotating the web.

As it happens, this annotation works through its proper URL) but, Hypothesis butchered the link. You need to turn the page once to see the highlight though.

Saved where?

Would love to see an IPFS solution.

A subtle but important point here is that when the manuscript is a preprint then there are two public-facing documents that are being tied together-- the "published" article and the preprint. The review-as-annotation becomes the cross-member in that document association.

To share annotations of your own:

1) You'll need a free Hypothes.is account.

2) Toggle between the UW-Madison Pressbooks layer and the Public annotation layer.

<iframe src="https://wisc.pb.unizin.org/wiwgrangerized/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=h5p_embed&id=7" width="830" height="972" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"></iframe><script src="https://wisc.pb.unizin.org/app/plugins/h5p/h5p-php-library/js/h5p-resizer.js" charset="UTF-8"></script>

3) Share your thoughts! (Don't forget to click "Post to public!"

Click here for additional information and instructions about this book's annotation layer.

Remi Kalir and Antero Garcia are in the process of revising and gathering feedback on their forthcoming book, Annotation. The early drafts of this book came out after I first composed this section of The Woman in White: Grangerized. I'm thrilled to be reading Kalir and Garcia's text in the present and am looking forward to drawing in some of their points in this critical edition. Future additions of this chapter will reflect their thoughtful, exciting work!

Something that a lot of other students, and professors, mentioned that they have learned was this idea of "catharsis" in Greek theater. How important it was to include it in their writings, and how they pioneered this idea and really got to create it. I think this line is a great example of emotional catharsis for the audience. A woman has killed herself out of guilt, sadness, disgust, or a combination, and yet- we feel relieved. Relieved that she does not have to live with this vile truth of her wedding and having kids with her own son. It allows the audience this emotional catharsis of her release from this life, and a feeling that she knew it was wrong.

I feel like there is also research that indicates the quicker the feedback is given and consumed, the more effective it is as well. Perhaps this is a more useful thing with digital feedback which can be done in near-real time.

I’ll also note that many of the top writing programs in the country (Johns Hopkins Writing Seminars and Iowa’s Writers’ Workshop) rely on written and aural annotated feedback from entire classrooms of students on others’ work.

this is an annotation

I was not aware of this page when the Web Annotations WG was working through its specifications. The word "Specific Resource" used in the Web Annotations Data Model Specification always seemed adequate, but now I see that it was actually quite a good fit.

Interested folks might also want to check out @RemiKalir's updated post: Annotate Your Syllabus 2.0.

Many thanks again to Steel Wagstaff for suggesting this language.

Many thanks to Steel Wagstaff for suggesting this language.

Huge thanks to Maha Bali for reminding me to make this point about annotation's capabilities to extend reading across time and space.

Like Hypothesis. Read annotations here or add your own with a free Hypothesis account.

I feel as if Frederick Douglass feels it is his duty to bring awareness to the fact that slaves are men. Due to this conclusion all men shall be citizens of the state. Therefor, slaves are not only prevented from many basic human rights but also the right to vote (along with many other civic responsibilities). In my paper I will discuss the civic responsibilities of ALL people (free men, slaves and women).

Gates data model.

Annotation is one of those core academic practices that spans K-16.

Data from annotation informing teaching practices, understanding of learning, success, at admin level.

Real-time grading/assessment for reading = annotation

And note just assessment, but presence: peer learning; teacher-student feedback, ...

This is a call to annotate! What better way to support this notion that to create public annotations with Hypothesis :) Leaving this here in the hopes that future annotators of this article will find this and help annotate this important update to a seminal model.

Do we want to Replicate, or do we want to break new ground here? SAMR Model

However, I've searched this document and there is not a word about annotation...

The miserable witches are very unpleasant to all their neighbors, they are feared and few are brave enough to offend them, or deny what they ask. They even thing that they can do things that are beyond the ability of humans

This passage shows how witches were though of and how afraid people were of them. It shows how people thought of witches as being mean and unpleasant. It also shows the view that witches were believed to have super natural abilities.

Is Hypothes.is it ?

An even more valuable element is that the critiques stay IN CONTEXT rather than appearing out of context in reviews, blog posts, etc.

writing in the margins

This would be a good space to let folks really kick the tires with Hypothes.is. I am wondering why they seem reluctant to let the crowd loose on the "actual" program? If someone finds the notes and such distracting, one can turn them off. This is a great feature of Hypothes.is. I sometimes like to read a document all the way through before I read any comments or notes.

I wonder if I can emulate this improvement in learning in reading-oriented (history) classes by guiding the students through a Hypothes.is-based annotation engagement with texts?

Annotated!

I wonder if there is any variation in this across the services. Do some disciplines lend themselves better to the use of annotation. Perhaps disciplines with a longer history of collaborative annotation would make better use of it.

This is key: to deliver the artifact of the annotation to Speedgrader.

There is already a Caliper profile for "annotation." Do we have any suggestions about the model?

Well here we are, talking about zoom annotation! So, here's an annotation on a zoom transcript where we're talking about zoom annotation!

Meta!

L'histoire de vélos du record de l'Heure !

How will their proxy interfere with ours? Or h more generally?

Another argument for linking.

Argument for permalinks v downloads.

This seems the norm though not strictly enforced in practice. That is, libraries say this is what you should do, but profs keep PDFs of articles locally, etc.

This seems key.

In a perfect world, the author would sell you a license to the book and you'd just read it on whatever platform suited you. For now, the leading ebook providers are not making this easy so I end up with some titles (and associated annotations) on one platform and other titles on another, which is far more complicated than it needs to be.

élément important, s'il en est, de la structuration de notre espace numérique. Elle est aussi symptomatique de la tension qui nous traverse entre le désir d'unifier des éléments en les rassemblant sous un même "genre" et d'en maintenir la distinction afin qu'ils conservent leur individualité. Par contre le malaise est ressenti lorsqu'on y incorpore des personnes morales. Mais cette résistance s'évanouit peu à peu. Est-ce tant mieux ?

It would be nice if comments and annotations could be voted by people, and have the possibility to sort them chronologically etc.

Annotating what he is writing about as annotation... yet, what is missing here is some way of re-arranging, weighting, them...

Here's the beginning of the first excerpt we're focusing on for Week 2: Section II, parts A & B.

The second excerpt is below, Section III, Part A, subsections 1 and 2.

We are focusing on specific excerpts to make this lengthy document a little more manageable for this iteration of the project. That said, you are of course welcome and encouraged to annotate any part of the document you find noteworthy.

These words mark the end of the first excerpt we're focusing on during Week 2 of the first iteration of the Engelbart Framework Project.

We'll focus on the rest of Section II, probably the hardest section of the document to understand readily, in a subsequent iteration. As always, you're welcome and encouraged to annotate you find noteworthy in any part of the document.

Our open letter to Genius and Marc. https://hypothes.is/blog/a-letter-to-marc-andreessen-and-rap-genius/

Biomed Central and ResearchSquare have partnered on a project called InReview, which enables community feedback in parallel with traditional peer review. More on that project here.

American Society for Plant Biologists is using Hypothesis annotation to draw the reader's attention to Peer Review Reports, publications that were previously hidden in supplementary materials. An example can be found here. And a list of all articles where such annotations have been added can be found here.

This seems like a great argument for open annotation.

Absolutely! Think how useful (and how annoying) this could be. The ability for the user to choose will be key.

this who paragraph is about citation and annotation lol

an ode to influence, and intertextuality

You can learn more about Hypothesis annotation tools and practices on their website.

Annotation is a great way for folks at a range of institutions to provide public or private collaborative feedback. Get your free account here: https://web.hypothes.is/start/

And the combination of community feedback on preprints with traditional and post-publication peer review through collaborative annotation is catching on with a variety of publishers. See InReview by BMC and ResearchSquare. Also COS preprint servers such as SocArXiv and Psyarxiv.

This is a test of Hypothesis, a note created using the tool in public view. It's somewhat like Google Docs. Here's a link to SAE Expression College. Below is a list of things to read in this test article:

• HIghlight some text, then click the highlighting tool.
• Highlight text, then use the comment tool. (Hmm..had to click the list button in this line again????

This is bold text. * Here's italicized.* Definitely not WYSIWYG as in a word processor. Could be improved.

In preview mode, my bold and italicized text don't show up correctly????

In spring of 2017, Genius announced a pivot back to music video. While you can still create an account, you can no longer get access to the plug in to use it on sites where it is not supported.

Unless, for example, annotation was baked into the platforms, and offered any reader the opportunity to collaboratively discuss.