A Network Visualization:
I think that this project type would be useful for examining the politics of citation in journals, topic areas, and/or disciplines. I know this was a topic of discussion at one of the Communication conferences I went to in Fall 2019 and producing a network visualization would be a useful way to help those who disagreed or were skeptical be able to visualize the problem being discussed.
A Gallery of Primary Sources: Making the History of 1989
I can see myself doing this project type for making a course page based on a syllabus I started for a project in a course I took in the fall. Creating something like this would make the proposal for the class stronger and would be a useful tool in the classroom if I were to get approved to teach the course.
顧客情報に機械学習と予測分析を使用して、今後生まれてくるニーズを予測する。そして、その予測に基づいて商品やサービスを顧客に提案する。顧客情報には連絡先の詳細情報の他、事故履歴やライフスタイルの変化などが含まれる。
やることはあまり変わらない
Zappos created models to predict customer apparel sizes, which are cached and exposed at runtime via microservices for use in recommendations.
There is another company named Virtusize who is doing the same thing like size predicting or recommendation
Maybe $$slots like $$props? My use case is that I'd like to wrap a slot's content in an element that applies styling that I'd like absent without the slotted content. Something like this: {#if $$slots.description} <div class="description"> <slot name="description"></slot> </div> {/if}
The CardLayout creates a store in context and the Card creates a standardized div container and registers it to the store so that the CardLayout has access to that DOM element. Then in afterUpdate you can move the DOM elements into columns and Svelte will not try to put them back where they go. It's a bit messy but it works.
I think that maybe instead of using the prefixed $$ globals, a more "natural" solution could look something like this: import { slots, props, parent } from '@component';
we had to change society
yep
Small components can set the size of their corner shape using a percentage of the absolute height of the component. This means the corner shape will change as the component height changes.
To explain further what exactly I’m building, the animated background is a pure code equivalent to the old music video, but runs as long as the full length of the album, though without any event triggers to tie it to the music (the animation runs continuously for the full amount of time that the uninterrupted album lasts, but does not pause or jump to a different location in the animation). It’s also extremely slow animation
Some may feel that the presence of the download attribute is redundant when applied to links the browser already knows to store. I disagree.
The only solution that I can see is to ensure that each user gets their own set of stores for each server-rendered page. We can achieve this with the context API, and expose the stores like so: <script> import { stores } from '@sapper/app'; const { page, preloading, session } = stores(); </script> Calling stores() outside component initialisation would be an error.
Good solution.
Preload functions are typically used to load data that the page depends on, hence its name. This avoids the user seeing the page update as it loads, as is typically the case with client-side loading.
With this change, we can re-run preload when the session store changes, e.g. as a result of something like this in a nav bar:
Say I have a separate API server that provides content for a Sapper route. I could just query that API in my route's preload function, but if the content changes rarely, I don't want to incur that cost for every page load and would much rather cache responses from the API on the Sapper side.
It’s when it’s all over that you’ll miss him,
I find it really interesting that there are quotes like this in the text, which are used a lot even today by a lot of people. It would be a good topic for the paper, to find quotes like that throughout the text and see how many of them are in each story.
# fix a bug in one of your dependencies vim node_modules/some-package/brokenFile.js # run patch-package to create a .patch file npx patch-package some-package
I love how directly this allows you to make the change -- directly on the source file itself -- and then patch-package does the actual work of generating a patch from it. Brilliant.
Maybe something more neutral just meaning a virtual element / no-element container would better express the intention? And regarding the syntax, maybe it would also feel less repetitive / boilerplaty than <svelte:slot slot="name" />... Maybe something like <svelte:fragment slot="name"> or <svelte:virtual slot="name">?
With the caveat that hero worship can be gross, distorting, and unhelpful to everyone involved, Svelte author Rich Harris (@rich_harris on Twitter) is one of my favorite open source developers. In the JS community he’s well-known among tool authors for spreading interesting ideas. He’s the creator of many open source projects including Rollup, the bundler of choice for many libraries including React and Vue.
I think that you need to be able to get compound interest on your thoughts. Good ideas come from when ideas have sex: the intersection of different things that you’ve been reading or different things you’ve been seeing. So you can have better ideas faster if you are actually reviewing the old things and you are building up. You’re not throwing away work.
Good ideas come when ideas meet, so it is beneficial to promote this.
I would suggest that if you want the behaviour you get when you specify initial-scale=1, then specify initial-scale=1.
That said, supporting this syntax on elements as well as components could make sense.
Start by reading this post (Final Form + Fonk)
I too have been confused by behavior like this. Perhaps a clearly defined way to isolate atomic units with synchronous reactivity would help those of us still working through the idiosyncrasies of reactivity.
But for big projects it should work out to just apply this techniques to certain sub-folders in your project where this problems occurs, as-if they are stand alone libraries.
Restart from scratch. Create a new program, adding in only what is needed to see the problem. Use simple, descriptive names for functions and variables – don’t copy the names you’re using in your existing code.
Divide and conquer. If you’re not sure what the source of the problem is, start removing code a bit at a time until the problem disappears – then add the last part back.
JSX remains dominant syntax for React. Still, pretty cool. And inspiration for svelte-hyperscript probably?
This would be like an executable proposal. I understand that it's beyond the original intent of having canonical patterns on the Svelte site, but it would facilitate the community to express their own patterns. Now that we have markdown preprocessors , the documentation itself can be an app.
I'm suggesting that the cookbook apps be self-contained & forkable. 3rd parties could host their own cookbook recipes, possibly using a forked cookbook from an already established pattern.
The contrast between these two responses reveals a shift from projection onto an object to engagement with a subject
how do you differentiate the lien between projection between an object and engagement to a subject
human habit of making assump-tions based on perceptions of behavior
in what other ways is this concept being used?
people did not care if their life narratives were really understood. The act of telling them created enough meaning on its own
just having something on the other end "listening" was very important to the majority of the students
trust in Eliza did not speak to what they thought Eliza would understand but to their lack of trust in the people who would understand.
talking to a machine because if it weren't a machine, can't trust the type of feedback or what were to come after
human purposes of believable digital companions that are evocative but not authentic.
evocative because to get any relation from robot you have to think about yourself and it is stimulating, however, it lacks authenticity because there is no sense of loss other than loss of self
These questions ask what we will be like, what kind of people we are be-coming as we develop increasingly intimate relationships with machines
brings to light an idea of how will we be affected by technology vs how will tech develop? leads into how can the design and approach to tech differ
The questions raised by relational artifacts are not so much about the machines’ capabilities but our vulnerabilities — not about whether the objects really have emotion or intelligence but about what they evoke in us
similar to abstract art and how art impacts us. What do we take away from all of this
Question: 246 years of disorentation. what is the startsof this disorentation?
we must be prepared to act upon our interpretation of what is in the best interest of black people, that is, black people as an historically oppressed population. This is the fundamental necessity for advancing the political process.
Adopting this kind of philosphical mindset help you value african history a different way.
Afrocentricity becomes a revolutionary idea because it studies ideas, concepts, events, personalities, and political and economic processes from a standpoint of black people as subjects and not as objects, basing all knowledge on the authentic interrogation of location.
Basically afrocen. Amer. history in the black POV
strict-origin: Only send the origin of the document as the referrer when the protocol security level stays the same (e.g. HTTPS→HTTPS), but don't send it to a less secure destination (e.g. HTTPS→HTTP).
From npm@5.2.0, npm ships with npx package which lets you run commands from a local node_modules/.bin or from a central cache.
By default, npx will check whether <command> exists in $PATH, or in the local project binaries, and execute that. Calling npx <command> when <command> isn't already in your $PATH will automatically install a package with that name from the NPM registry for you, and invoke it. When it's done, the installed package won’t be anywhere in your globals, so you won’t have to worry about pollution in the long-term. You can prevent this behaviour by providing --no-install option.
As you can see, it uses Javascript label syntax to tell the compiler where recalculation should be carefully managed. And you thought that no one uses labels any more.
The feature is highly likely to be implemented, the API and implementation are the only real topics of discussion right now.
The @const indicates that the value is read-only (i.e. it cannot be assigned to or mutated in an expression such as an event handler), and communicates, through its similarity to const in JavaScript, that it only applies to the current scope (i.e. the current block or element).
I wonder at what point Svelte would add this feature if, for example, a majority of their users ended up migrating to a fork that added this missing feature (like this one)?
Would they then concede and give in to popular demand in order to avoid a schism of the community?
Kind of like Rails swallowed / consolidated with Merb after they saw how great its ideas were?
That is, if I remove class={className} from the Child component, and/or remove the class/className prop entirely, then the class:active syntax doesn't have any effect since nothing is rendering the class prop anywhere.
[Virtual] The Pandemic As a Portal | Berkman Klein Center. (2020, June 24). https://cyber.harvard.edu/events/virtual-pandemic-portal
Open Scholarship Knowledge Base. (n.d.). OER Commons. Retrieved August 19, 2020, from https://www.oercommons.org/hubs/OSKB
I used to be a staunch defender of proper reply styles, even for casual emails. Insert your replies below the relevant paragraph and trim the exchange to be just about the matters of discussion.
Oracle didn’t seem very interested in OpenOffice.org, and the community of volunteers developing it formed The Document Foundation back in 2010. They called on Oracle to participate and donate the OpenOffice.org name and brand to the community. Oracle never did, and the resulting forked office suite has been named LibreOffice since then.
if British Army gunners are doing a countdown before making something go bang, they actually leave out Five in case anyone mishears it as “Fire”.
Any top-level statement (i.e. not inside a block or a function) can be made reactive by prefixing it with the $: JS label syntax.
5 Innovations in Behavioural Design for Physical Distancing. (2020 May 06) https://www.behaviouralbydesign.co.nz/post/5-innovations-in-behavioural-design-for-physical-distancing
Young, N., Saperia, E. (2020 April 14). Crowdsourcing ideas to combat COVID-19. Nesta. https://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/crowdsourcing-ideas-combat-covid-19/
which ssh-agent || (apt-get update -y && apt-get install openssh-client git -y)
inline install if needed
Where I track capacity, appetite, & commitments. A place where I can stay organized while also allowing transparency for my teams & anyone else who is interested in what I’m currently focused on.
"My Plate"
You should then also create a new View and apply the following filter so as to be able to tell apart which domain a particular pageview occurred onFilter Type: Custom filter > AdvancedField A --> Extract A: Hostname = (.*)Field B --> Extract B: Request URI = (.*)Output To --> Constructor: Request URI = $A1$B1
It would be best to offer an official way to allow installing local, unsigned extensions, and make the option configurable only by root, while also showing appropiate warnings about the potential risks of installing unsigned extensions.
Hackathons mobilise start-ups to combat COVID-19. (n.d.). Science|Business. Retrieved April 20, 2020, from https://sciencebusiness.net/news/hackathons-mobilise-start-ups-combat-covid-19
One suggestion is to check user's passwords when they log in and you have the plain text password to hand. That way you can also take them through a reset password flow as they log in if their password has been pwned.
The word "passphrase" is used to convey the idea that a password, which is a single word, is far too short to protect you and that using a longer phrase is much better.
TheDesignProcessandPerceptionofanInstructionalDesigner
from the perspective of an instructional designer.
putting out this type of content might be useful, specially for criminal justice (visualizing stats or concepts), comms (creating a timeline of events), and anatomy and physiology.
Structuring instructional processes
Examples below
Amazing list!
In distance education teaching is hardly ever an individual act, but a collaborative process joining together theexpertise of a number of specialists in design teams and delivery networks. The typical model is that of the courseteam of content experts, instructional designers and media specialists
What if we recorded some of the videos that would go in A&NP and made them available as "refreshers" for A&NP2
Top 12 Small Business Ideas to Start a Business in Austin December 26, 2019 shivkumar Business Ideas Starting a business is the boldest move you can make. It is a very hardworking task as you have to invest your time, money and dedication into building a business. Starting a business is more than just a small business idea. As an entrepreneur, your highest priority is to find whether there is a business opportunity or not and to find what customers really want. This article will provide you with top 12 small business ideas to start your business in Austin. But, before that let’s find out why Austin should be on your list for starting business. Why Austin for your Small Business? Austin, Texas is home to many Corporate Headquarters and Regional Offices of big tech companies and the reasons are pretty obvious. The population of Austin is 865,000 making it the largest city in Texas and the fourth largest in the United States, making it prominent places for businesses to flourish, especially small businesses. In early 1990s, Austin experienced a big dot-com boom resulting in it being the home of many tech companies. Google, Facebook, Adobe, IBM, Apple Inc. etc. are some of the big names that have an establishment in Austin city hence, nicknamed Silicon Hills. Every Year Austin host an event called as “ACL Music Festival” due to which Austin is also called as the “Live music capital of the world”. It is a 10-day festival celebrates film, music and digital media. Many visitors from around the world visit here to participate and enjoy the 10-day festival. According to many publications like Forbes, Travel & Leisure magazine etc., Austin is a great place to live, making it best place to have a small business. “Keep Austin Weird” has been a local motto for years featured on stickers and t shirt designs. Austinites population is a mix of government employees, foreign and domestic college students, high-tech workers, blue-collar workers and business people. Since, Austin is such a great place to start business due to its population, diversity and economics. These small business ideas will provide you with promising opportunities for your business to grow. Food & Beverage Business Wherever there are people there will be business opportunities especially when it comes to food & beverage. Eating is the primary motivation of human existence and when your business can provide people with this need fulfilled, along with an unmatchable service then your business is more likely to grow exponentially. Recently, Food truck business in Austin has become more popular as the investment is low to start a food truck business. Austin has the second largest number of food trucks in the United States. It is one of the best small business ideas that has the potential of becoming into a big and profitable business. All you need to start a business on wheels is a truck, equipment, business logo design and a plan. You are all set to start your business. Laundry Service Everyone likes to look good and presentable, especially business people. Wherever there is a need there is an opportunity. Now that being said, the problem that people experience is that they do not have time to wash their clothes. You can start a laundry business to meet their needs and save their time and money. To start a laundry business in Austin, all you need is a space, machines and business plan. You can bring in a lot of innovation in this business, like by providing a home delivery service, making it easier for people to get laundry service. Retail Store A retail store is a place where you can get everything in one place. It is a place where customer consumes like clothing, drug, grocery, and other convenience items. Austin’s population is big and a retail store is the place where they find their daily needs. Starting a business of retails store is very profitable small business and you can also provide online services making it available to bigger areas. Industries like pharmaceutical and tech industries are some of the primary industries in Austin. So, sourcing products related to these industries could be cost effective and you can get big margins in these products. Delivery Service Delivery services are the most profitable business opportunity that helps businesses to get their products reach to their customer. You can act as a mediator in providing these businesses with delivery services. You can partner with eCommerce websites like Amazon in becoming their delivery partner on contractual basics. The resources that you need for starting a delivery business are a vehicle and a delivery partner. You can sign up for Amazon delivery service partner, which is a very lucrative offer as you do not need to find customers, Amazon is your customer and when Amazon is your customer then you do not have to worry about your business. It is one of the best B2B2C businesses that will offer a lot of expansion in future. Fitness Studio Fitness Industry is a booming industry with a Global market of $87.23 Billion and in US alone the market size is worth $27.6 Billion. People want to look good, men or women they want to be fit as it makes them feel confident, attractive and desirable. One of the primary motivations of human beings is to procreate and being fit aids you with that. A person subconsciously finds a partner who is fit, healthy and attractive. The fitness industry thrives on this basic human nature. The average amount that you need to start a fitness club in United States is $10,000 to $50,000. You can get customers to take annual membership and along with that you can also sell fitness products. There is a whole new opportunity for fitness products like Protein powder, BCAAs other supplements. You can also sell these products online which will make you extra bucks. Online Marketing Service To get any business out there you need to market your business. Marketing helps a business to get customers. A brand is created using marketing and the efforts to provide great service. In this digital age, online factors have affected the entire globe. Many studies show that people prefer more and more to buy products online. Ecommerce industry is big and it is getting bigger. They all have one thing in common, they all need Digital Marketing. Google is one of the most used search engines in the world and ranking your website high on Google will not only drive more traffic to your website but also it helps you in selling more products or services. Selling products or services means more revenue. Anyone is willing to pay you a good amount of money, if you can bring your website high on ranking for them. It is the best B2B business, which offers you a scope for expansion. It is a constant process so the revenue will be reoccurring. Graphics plays a very important role in online marketing, so, if you are good at designing then you can also provide graphic design services along with Digital Marketing services. As a startup, you can provide services from your home or you can find a co-working space. You can get customers online either on your own website or other freelancing websites like UpWork, people per hour etc. Transport Service The transportation industry is a big industry, especially in Austin. People use vehicles, public transport, metro, etc. to get to their destination. There is a lot of opportunity in this industry and you can either provide service or a rental based business model. For service based business, you can partner with Uber or independently start your own travel agency or you can do both. Uber gives you freedom of doing the rides when you want and where you want. So, doing both will make more sense. For a rental business model, you have to find the vehicle category you want to invest in. It depends on lot of factors hence, it is necessary to do market research on how people will respond to your business idea. After that you can start planning your business plan, market it, and get funding. Wedding Planner Wedding planning is not only a profitable business but also a very joyful one. You can use creativity and management skills to create a beautiful experience for the couple entering into their new life. This business is the best because investment is very low and the profits are very high. Average wedding cost around $30,000 and people are willing to spend more. Your commission from this business can be $5,000-10,000 per wedding and when you add that number annually, you get a six figure business. You can pitch your customers different packages and ideas and get them to pay for additional benefits. This can be your unique selling point and help your business in creating market space for itself. All you need to start a Wedding Planner business is business card designs, a catalog and an office. You are all set to execute your plan for building your six-figure business. Maintenance Service Whether it’s our home or office, we need to maintain the functionality of them. That’s where a maintenance services come into play. Providing maintenance service to household as well as corporations helps you in making this business profitable. Technically, every building is your customer meaning the opportunity is limitless. You can start this business from your home. The things that you need to start this business are knowledge and a professional certification. If you do not have the certification, then you need to hire people who can do these services. You can do that either on incentive based or have them on salary base. Your primary revenue will be the maintenance cost and the margins on the replaced product. Since you can start this business from home, the startup cost in as low as $2,000. So, if you are searching for a small business idea for business then this is it. Security Services Security is the primary concern for corporations and people. There are different types of security services that you can provide like cyber security, bodyguards, industrial security, security guard etc. Many corporations hire security service providers for maintaining and protecting the security. Many corporations are more concerned about cyber security than their office security. They keep their servers and information very private. If you can bring a product or service that helps the business in keeping their data online safe, then you just have a business there. This is the best business, if you have experience in providing online security measures or software development. If you are more inclined towards providing one on one security then you can start your own security agency. Solar Panel Installation Business Ever since the invention of the engine and petroleum industry, people have been searching for alternative energy sources. The very first energy source used for producing electricity was coal, which was used to operate steam engines. It was replaced by petrol and diesel. There are very limited amount of energy sources that are extracted out of the earth. Fossil fuels are depleting on a large scale and we need to replace them with an alternative energy source. This is where energy sources like solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy etc. come into action. You can produce very high amounts of energy in the form of electricity using these energy sources. Solar panels are one such method that uses solar energy to produce electricity. People are more inclining towards installing these panels for a variety of reasons like saving environment, long term cost saving etc. Austin, Texas is blessed with a good amount of sunlight for using it as an energy source. Starting a solar panel installation business will earn you good profits as many Governments from around the world are actively participating in promoting the use of alternative energy. So, they provide special incentives for customers who want to install solar panels. In the United States, going solar gives you a tax credit dollar to dollar reduction. These benefits for customers can add value to your business and you can provide your customer with better and a quality service. Salon and Spa Business Salon and Spa business is also one of the small business ideas that require a very small to big amount of investment depending on the quality of service you want to offer. It is the best business idea, if you have skills for providing professional salon service. We all visit the salon once a month to get our hair done or to get a certain look. As mentioned earlier, this business also thrives on human need to look good and perceived attractive. A combo of salon and spa service will give you a great exposure to clients because you can recommend a salon customer with Spa service and vice versa. This way you can increase your business revenue and get more customers. The average investment cost for starting a salon business is $100,000 to $500,000 based on a variety of factors. However, the investment has good potential of getting a good ROI. You must include a plan for this business for getting profits. Conclusion Starting a small business can be overwhelming but taking business step by step can make your job easier and it also help you in tracking your progress. The most important part of starting a business is planning. You must plan your business before executing any steps regarding your business. The other major part of starting a business is marketing. Many businesses spend the majority of their spending on marketing. It is the best way for businesses to get customers to know them.
I often wish for this. I don't understand why this hasn't been added.
Ugly workaround for now:
# Note, even though we don't need or use arguments passed to this selector, you *must* pass in an
# argument to prevent it from matching the :id selector and giving a "Unable to find id :parent (Capybara::ElementNotFound)" error.
# Example: el.first(:parent, 1)
# You may also need match: first if el matches multiple elements to avoid Capybara::Ambiguous
Capybara.add_selector(:parent) do
xpath { ".//.." }
end
“Why don’t you assume you’ve written your book already — and all you have to do now is find it?”
That is heartening...
“To measure the head, the height, etc., does not indeed mean that we are establishing a system of pedagogy, but it indicates the road which we may follow to arrive at such a system, since if we are to educate an individual, we must have a definite and direct knowledge of him.”
This is obviously done incorrectly in schools nowadays, referring to the large class sizes and common core putting restrictions on mostly everything. This raises the question, though, does homeschooling produce a better pedagogy? Or is it dependent on the specific educator?
But in spite of all these tendencies, Scientific Pedagogy has never yet been definitely constructed nor defined. It is something vague of which we speak, but which does not,[Pg 2] in reality, exist. We might say that it has been, up to the present time, the mere intuition or suggestion of a science which, by the aid of the positive and experimental sciences that have renewed the thought of the nineteenth century, must emerge from the mist and clouds that have surrounded it.
It is interesting to think about the hugely varying ideas that restrict the existence of a Scientific Pedagogy. Not even those that oppose each other through a research standpoint, but also those that are constrained by religious beliefs.
offline society
"Offline Society" I like this phase. It should be included in the language about the teach-outs. Most logically, related to the actionable items section.
joint teach-out will showcase a selection of individual voices and personal narratives of those from Puerto Rico affected by the crisis
I think that this is important. It's nice for the audience to view and experience the voices and experience of people. I wonder how this can also be applied to other teach-outs. Maybe the teach-out on climate change for example could involve a visit to a local farm. Farmer(s) could be interviewed and that material could enrich the conversation. I puts a face on the issue. Climate change alone is not inspiring enough but when the face by someone who is drastically impacted by it is a child or low-income farmer, it has a more impact.
At the moment we are experimenting alot with documentation - documentation is not just a 'how to' but it plays many roles, as text books, as proxy marketing material for software, as a process for developing communities of expertise, as self help guides, as a ladder to the next level of expertise in a specific subject, as sales material for developers, as support material for developers, as support material for workshops... there are a lot of corners documentation feeds into and we are trying out many of them.
So if you are figuring on hitting the jackpot and make a name for yourself through the traditional channels, and you are dampening efforts by others to write docs for the same project, do a quick ideological and reality check first. Then contribute to, and encourage as many people as possible to contribute to, free documentation about your project.
shall submit to the mayor and the speaker of the council a copy
For things like reporting on standardized customer service training, why not also require agencies to report to the Public Advocate in addition to the speaker of the council?
One could argue that perhaps what we see in this history is not the creation ofobjects as an ontological element but rather the development of a language to such alevel of complexity that it is finally able to describe objects that already exist in theworld outside of language. Against this objection, it must be noted that what we witnessin this history, what drives it forward, is the difficulty of relating language to world,whether it is a simulated world or a new world of computer graphics. Moreover, theexamples presented here and in the textbooks and manuals for object-oriented pro-gramming demonstrate the often-difficult art of defining the objects that will constitutea given system
None of these objects, e.g., bits, functions, classes, and even the object thatSmalltalk invented, exist as objects outside of language. This is not to say that they areonly linguistic or that they do not really exist. The digital real exists and exerts itselfwithin its ossification into object form, but in the real, there are no objects, merely avast field of electric difference. Likewise, it is not to say that everything is language orthat everything is material. A discourse that does not affect the electronic system withinthe machine can never flip a bit. Conversely, for electric difference to mean anything, itmust be delimited as an object, process, or other data type within language. Program-ming is a process and system of representing and simultaneously hiding the real inlanguage.
Esta muy potente idea tendría que ver con el interpretacionimo en la relación entre lenguaje y realidad.
Smalltalk also advanced this metaphor of computation as objects along anotherrelated track that turned computation into a self-referential system of interactingcomputers. Kay (1996) describes this understanding of objects in relation to computers.Smalltalk is a recursion on the notion of computer itself. Instead of dividingBcomputer stuff^into things each less strong than the whole—like data structures,procedures, and functions which are the usual paraphernalia of programminglanguages—each Smalltalk object is a recursion on the entire possibilities of thecomputer. Thus its semantics are a bit like having thousands and thousands ofcomputer all hooked together by a very fast network. Questions of concreterepresentation can thus be postponed almost indefinit
Math and computation are obviously related, but thequestion that simultaneously unites the two and inscribes their difference is whether mathexplains a fundamentally computational world or the other way arou
Math and computation are obviously related, but thequestion that simultaneously unites the two and inscribes their difference is whether mathexplains a fundamentally computational world or the other way arou
These developments were not only a change in metaphors but also produced changes inthe underlying code of the compiler
Esto también pasó con Grafoscopio. Los procesos escriturales cambiaron el código subyacente que soportaba la escritura misma de textos.
Ultimately, while the compilability of a program and its set of rules for translationinto binary code constrain the possibilities of computer programs and language, the useof programs to communicate between humans and the metaphors and abstractionspermitted by object-oriented languages produce languages that approximate the com-plexity and creativity ofBreal languages.^
ms. Thus, the point isnot to suggest that the object is somehow an inevitable and necessary outcome ofthis process of linguistic abstraction. Rather, this history demonstrates how thecomputational object, as one possible outcome for a process of abstraction, offersa number of critical insights into the relationship between objects, language, andthe real
Se puede pensar en la deconstrucción futura de los elementos ya presentados para (de)construir sistemas de computo, específicamente el sistema total y monolenguaje de Pharo/Smalltalk, particularmente a la luz de la interacción con sistemas externos, como Pandoc, Fossil, usando lenguajes como Javascript y/o Lua, desde ejemplos que surgieron en los ejercicios y proyectos de edición y publicación digital. Así, el sistema que tenemos, con Grafoscopio, si bien es relativamente auto-contenido y presenta una única manera de pensar respecto a los sistemas de computo (que es el de la programación Orientada a Objetos), también hace puentes, desde las necesidades reales, con otros sistemas de computo y paradigmas informáticos.
What is claimed is:
Seguir leyendo...
It can be complex to sort out lithium ion batteries based on the battery chemistry and conventional methods cannot effectively recycle lithium ion batteries with mixed chemistries because different procedures are required to separate the respective compounds for reuse as active cath ode material.
While 97% of lead acid batteries are recycled, such that over 50 percent of the lead supply comes from recycled batteries, lithium ion batteries are not yet being recycled widely.
In short, recycling of lithium ion batteries not only protects the environment and saves energy, but also presents a lucrative outlet for battery manufacturers by providing an inexpensive Supply of active cathode material for new batteries.
Additionally, battery disposal would require that fresh metals be mined for cathode material, and mining has a much bigger environmental impact and cost than simple recycling would.
Recycling of the charge material in the lithium batteries both reduces waste volume and yields active charge material for new batteries
Moreover, the chemistry of recycling will become more important than ever and let’s hope that chemists can successively give a second life to wastes. Undoubtedly, sustainable batteries can be made and bring major advances in the protection of our environment, provided we realize such an effort is only worthwhile if we use CO2-free electricity.
Until an alter-native can be found, it will be necessary to design batteries with suf-ficient confinement in the event of cell malfunction
Although ‘recycling chemistry’ is not particularly fashionable today, it encompasses a discipline that is very important for the future of our planet.
The recycling process of e-waste should reduce scrap volume, separate battery components and enrich valuable metals, and eliminate or reduce the danger of waste release to the environment.
Several hundred thousand tons of batteries are sold annually; this constitutes an ‘urban mine’ for the recovery of thousands of tons of metal with cost advantages over direct mining.
These challenges call for a collaborative effort between inorganic, organic and biochemists to develop innovative and diversified syn-thetic approaches to optimize existing materials and design new materials for batteries.
A great advantage of the Li-ion battery, as opposed to Pb–acid, Ni–Cd and Ni–metal hydride batteries, is its versatility with respect to the wide range of positive and nega-tive electrodes that can be used, which offers possibilities in terms of designing new high-performance electrodes based on low-cost
the only viable path towards a ‘greener and more sustainable’ battery is rooted in our ability to design electroactive materials that have comparable performances to today’s electrodes, but cost less energy and release less CO2 during production.
It is essential to consider sustainability, renewability and ‘green chemistry’4 when selecting materials for storage devices (for example, electrodes, catalysts), especially when used in applications with large markets and volume (vehicles, grid).
It is therefore essential to incorporate material abun-dance, eco-efficient synthetic processes and life-cycle analysis into the design of new electrochemical storage systems.
In short, we require methods to establish the health record of the battery, analogous to personal health records for human beings.
New methods must be developed that will allow batteries to be controlled and traced so that they can be used for more than one application.
We need new analytical methods, optimized to probe specific battery chemistries, so that new technologies can be brought to the market more rapidly to meet societal demands.
n terms of sustainability, rechargeable aqueous Na-ion tech-nology is attractive. But cost expectations have yet to be realized, raising the question of whether aqueous systems can ever be made cheaper than non-aqueous systems
Future batteries could have, in addition to the positive/negative out-puts, an extra analyser output
an we draw inspiration from the medical field and all the tool-ing that is currently used during surgery or in implants, and from the increased use of sensors in advanced manufacturing?
Another burning question concerns the visualization of electron transfer and redox processes at even shorter length scales. The study of nucleation/growth kinetics of phases containing peroxide-like species by EPR imaging in the layered lithium-rich oxides is a first step, even though the resolution has been limited to micrometres.
The challenge is significant, but, given the critical role of these pro-cesses in battery cycle and calendar life, attempts to develop new tools to attack this issue must be worth the risk.
Although the use of a non-aqueous-based electrolyte pushes up the cost, this finding has opened new avenues for explora-tion83, including the use of inorganic86 or organic inks87 in aqueous systems, with potential cost and energy-density advantages for grid-scale storage.
New approaches are sorely needed. Cheaper separators must also be developed84, and concepts such as membrane-free separators must be pursued.
Zn
Replacing Li by more abundant metals Na, Mg and Ca.
Although some of these (with schematics shown in Fig. 2) are in the very early stages of commercialization, there is no clear-cut winner; several advances have, however, been made, and so optimism must prevail, motivating continued research and development of all of these technologies
But these advances do not address concerns about lim-ited Li reserves, which result from the predicted increased battery demands
These reserves are indeed limited, but Li can be recycled by hydrometallurgy, although the economics of such a process has yet to be worked out
The material fabrication step is by far the most problematic,
the electrification of transport requires much cheaper and longer-lasting batteries.
Sustainability and cost concerns require that we greatly increase the battery lifetime and consider second lives for batteries.
we must integrate sustainability of battery materials into our research endeavours, choosing chemistries that have a minimum footprint in nature and that are more readily recycled or integrated into a full circular economy.
Baterías ecológicas.
The fact that not being able to discern exactly when the FPS began shows how the whole question of genre is about feel. It's about the point when a body of similar works has mapped out the boundaries of what they're interested in - what they are and what they aren't - and when there's no clear leader any more.
Most genres bubble up outside the mainstream industry, built by modders and tinkerers, amateurs and enthusiasts. In these 'folk games' it's sometimes hard to find a single originator or author, instead groups of people feeding from each other, freely copying, rearranging and rebuilding to develop and refine a core concept. The best ones find audiences and rapidly grow, even as they're still evolving
The point is that the general concept of the battle royale has grown almost naturally from wider culture, the evolving nature of online tech and modding scenes
That transformation, in which a new genre has originated, is a fascinating mirror of the wonderful way ideas merge and evolve, spread and multiply, skating through inspiration and invention, copying and stealing.
However, this assumption of an essentially “outsider” researcher, though true in many cases, deserves a degree of scrutiny and problematizing. In some cases, researchers come from the communities that they research (even if they are now part of an academic or other similar institution), in some cases researchers are not formally affiliated to a larger institution and may be performing work for local benefit at a local level (on behalf of a community group, for instance) and in some instances a researcher may be “between cultures” (for example, being originally from a Global South nation but having lived in a Global North one for a long period of time).
[...] It does, however, point to the way in which reflexivity and use of the embodied identity can be a tool for disrupting colonial and otherwise oppressive research forms. By interrogating one’s one variable social positioning, and thereby troubling the “objectivity” of the knowledge one generates as a result, the wider system of social inequality which the research exists in can be, to some extent, grappled with.
Es el caso mío en HackBo.
La pregunta sigue siendo, sin embargo, cómo hacer explícita la política onto-epistémica de la traducción que ocurre entren mundos bajo condiciones de conexión parcial que son, al mismo tiempo, relaciones asimétricas
’. Es esto quizás otra forma de pensar en lo que es el ‘diseño’ sin tener que invocar este concepto. Siguiendo esta idea, no hablaríamos de diseño sino de conversaciones para la coordinación del accionar y el emocionar (‘coordinaciones de coordinaciones conductuales’), y el espacio relacional generado por lo comunal sería el espacio por excelencia para ello, llamémoslo conversaciones para la acción (Winnograd y Flores), diseño, o simplemente conversaciones para el vivir y en el vivir comunal.
ay una gran necesidad de métodos que permitan el diseño colaborativo a lo largo de períodos más largos de lo habitual, que construyan a partir de los roles cambiantes de los diseñadores en esta temporalidad extendida (más allá de ser, digamos, iniciadores o facilitadores) y que tomen en serio la naturaleza distribuida de la agencia del diseño, incluyendo, hay que añadir, a los nohumanos. La articulación de prácticas de diseño-en-uso en el contexto de actividades colectivas de diseño de más larga duración es particularmente importante en este momento.
En este sentido, Grafoscopio y otras infraestructuras comunitarias (ejp: los wikis) han permitido el trabajo extendido en el tiempo desde dinámicas colaborativas, basadas en la resiliencia de las comunidades. Sin embargo, las posibilidades de reconfiguración y agencia han estado limitadas por las barreras tecnológicas y cognitivas que dichas infraestructuras embebían. Esta fue una de las preocupaciones originales de la tesis y hay también una preocupación final sobre cómo lo que hemos logrado hasta el momento permite ese diálogo pasado, presente y futuralidad desde la resiliencia.
En todas estas experiencias la ‘comunidad’ es entendida en términos profundamente históricos, abiertos y no esencialistas. En todo caso, hay un énfasis en la creación de nuevos espacios para lo comunal. De ello se desprende que la realización de lo comunal es, siempre, un proceso histórico abierto. En el lenguaje de Maturana y Varela las comunidades, como sistemas sociales, son entidades autopoiéticas de tercer orden definidas por un sistema particular de relaciones entre los componentes que, a través de su dinámica recursiva, crean el sistema que es la comunidad. Esta ‘clausura operacional’ (a menudo codificada por los lugareños en términos de ‘la defensa de nuestra cultura’) se mantiene a lo largo de la relación de la comunidad con su entorno (el contexto sociopolítico y ecológico, en términos generales). En esta forma de relacionamiento siempre en marcha (acoplamiento estructural), las comunidades pueden sufrir cambios estructurales de distintos tipos (e.g., mediante la adopción de las TIC); sin embargo, el sistema básico de relaciones tiene que ser mantenido por la comunidad para preservar su autopoiesis, es decir, su capacidad de autocreación. La autonomía es el nombre dado a este proceso
‘caminar la palabra’, un concepto desarrollado por la minga social y comunitaria de los nasa para señalar la necesidad de hacerse visible, denunciar y tejer conocimientos, resistencias y estrategias de manera colectiva con otros movimientos. Las alianzas requieren la creación de inter-conocimiento y traducción entre movimientos y mundos para permitir la inteligibilidad y una medida de coordinación (
¿Es posible pensar en configuraciones no totalizantes que no se comporten como sistemas convencionales pero que, sin embargo, actúen como un todo? Dicho de otra manera, el pensamiento de sistemas se basa en la idea de que el todo surge de la interacción de las partes. Durante las últimas tres décadas las teorías de emergencia y auto-organización han puesto de relieve el hecho de que estos procesos dan lugar a sistemas complejos que no son fijos ni estáticos sino abiertos y adaptables y, a menudo, existen dentro de condiciones de inestabilidad y lejos del equilibrio
O en equilibrio dinámico.
Para los posestructuralistas puede ser cuestionable el uso de este concepto que, como la estructura, la identidad o la esencia, ha sido fuertemente criticado y deconstruido por sus conexiones con la organicidad, la totalización y el comportamiento a la manera de una ley, sin siquiera mencionar las aplicaciones militares-industriales posibilitadas por el análisis de sistemas. Esta crítica es importante; sin embargo, es otro ejemplo de la manera como el posestructuralismo deconstruye demasiado y no reconstruye lo suficiente. Las nociones de redes y entramados (assemblages) han sido, por supuesto, importantes agendas reconstructivas (e.g., Latour 2007; de Landa 2006) pero es justo decir que la cuestión de las totalidades (wholes), la forma y la coherencia sigue sin resolverse en la teoría social. La teoría de la complejidad ofrece pistas útiles en este sentido. Como Mark Taylor (2001) señalara al discutir estos conceptos “después de considerar la lógica de las redes debe quedar claro que los sistemas y las estructuras —sean biológicas, sociales o culturales— son más diversas y complejas que lo que los críticos deconstructivos piensan. Los sistemas de auto-organización emergentes actúan como un todo pero no totalizan [...] En vez de reprimir las diferencias [como temen los deconstructivistas] la actividad global [i.e., sistémica] aumenta la diversidad de la que dependen la creatividad y la vida productiva” (
La generación de condiciones favorables para proyectos de vida colectivos exige la creación de entornos favorables mediante la “infraestructuración” apropiada. Las infraestructuras habilitantes —el resultado del co-diseño— tienen la intención de contrarrestar las infraestructuras desfuturizantes que están en la base de la mayoría de las actividades modernas —su subversión desde el interior (e.g., a través del reequipamiento, entendido en sentido amplio) o desde el exterior (nuevos diseños)—. Hacer el co-diseño posible y probable requiere que se establezca una multiplicidad de elementos, desde la investigación, la experimentación y la creación de prototipos hasta plataformas, redes locales y herramientas orientadas
a la comunidad. Un aspecto interesante del marco es la idea de que las capacidades del diseño difuso también pueden ser acrecentadas a través de estas herramientas y prácticas y que esto podría ser un paso importante para hacer que el co-diseño sea eficaz. Las soluciones habilitantes surgirán de acuerdo con la fuerza de las herramientas y las metodologías de co-diseño. «Las soluciones habilitantes son sistemas de producto-servicio que proporcionan los instrumentos cognitivos, técnicos y organizativos que aumentan las capacidades de las personas para lograr un resultado que valoran» (Manzini 2015: 167-168). Se originan en una pregunta aparentemente sencilla: ¿cómo podemos alcanzar la vida que queremos vivir?
La idea de infraestructuras habilitantes está vinculada fuertemente con la indagación de mi investigación. La primera personas de esta pregunta y de la mía indica la intensión de que estas infraestructuras habiliten a sus creadores/usuarios en lugar de a quiénes las disponen para ser usadas, pero que apropian su plusvalía.
Todas las infraestructuras habilitan. La pregunta es a quién. Acá también hay un vínculo de pasar de las acciones a las infraestructuras, como diría Antonio LaFuente y como venimos haciendo permanentemente desde comunidades hacker.
. El diseño mismo se convierte en un proyecto en transición y se une a otros proyectos teórico-políticos que buscan enriquecer nuestro entendimiento de la vida y de lo humano.
Este espacio ya está siendo poblado por muchas diminutas islas de transición en las que la insostenibilidad y la desfuturización son mantenidas a raya. Pero todavía hay un largo camino por recorrer hasta que tales islas den lugar a los nuevos continentes donde la vida puede volver a florecer.
De las islas a los archipiélagos, a los continentes.
Una de las piedras angulares del enfoque es construir la resiliencia de la comunidad como “un proyecto de diseño colectivo” (Hopkins 2011: 45). Uno de los principales aportesde la iniciativa es repensar la resiliencia a través de prácticas de localización.
Esta metafísica es sustituida por una ontología en la que los humanos no ‘descubren’ el mundo sino que lo constituyen, ya sea a través de la enacción (Varela), el lenguaje (Winograd y Flores), las mallas y tejidos (Ingold) o la ineluctable proyección y articulación con las cosas (e.g., Fry, Willis, Tonkinwise). Las diversas lecturas representan diversos intentos por desarrollar enfoques no dualistas del conocimiento, la cognición y el diseño. De esta manera también van más allá de la crítica hacia formulaciones alternativas.
implica una concepción expandida del ser y podría fomentar un tipo de pensamiento de diseño y la creación de prototipos que encarnen lo nuevo que está emergiendo o quiere emerger. Este tipo de presenciación, como argumentan los autores, es propicio para un espacio de transición donde nuevos tipos de ‘practicantes de primera línea’, que operen desde posibilidades de futuro genuinas, aprovechen las configuraciones socio-naturales emergentes y donde la gente pueda crear nuevas conexiones comunales. Dichos profesionales de primera línea se darían cuenta de que «el verdadero poder surge de reconocer los patrones que se están formando y de ubicarse en ellos» (Scharmer 2009: 32). Abordarían, sin ambigüedad, el juicio de Varela de que la ciencia moderna no entiende la experiencia —ahondando en la experiencia (de forma no dualista) como una verdadera fuente para el diseño—. Su marco comprende una serie de etapas (desde descargar, ver y sentir lo nuevo hasta la presenciación, la cristalización, producción de prototipos y ejecución) que implican ‘dejar ir’, ‘dejar llegar’, enactuar y encarnar lo emergente. Estos cambios tienen lugar dentro de un espacio social de creación (presenciación) y destrucción (‘ausenciación’) colectivas que requiere una transformación personal significativa hacia modos de ser más relacionales.
La pregunta fundamental del diseño ontológico —“¿Cómo nuestras herramientas son parte del trasfondo en el que podemos preguntarnos qué es ser humano?” (Winograd y Flores 1986: 163)— se vuelve más complicada; debe ampliarse, al menos, considerando cómo cambia el entendimiento que tienen los diseñadores sobre lo ‘humano’ y sobre los ‘mundos’ cuando aparecen muchos tipos de no humanos y los entramados heterogéneos de vida que los no humanos contribuyen a traer a la existencia.
Las rupturas son momentos en los que se interrumpe el modo habitual de ser-en-el-mundo; cuando ocurre una descomposición de este tipo nuestras prácticas consuetudinarias y el papel de nuestras herramientas en su mantenimiento quedan expuestas y aparecen nuevas soluciones de diseño;
[...] avanzan hacia una perspectiva de interacciones sociales modeladas y contextualizadas —es decir, una perspectiva que destaca nuestra participación activa en ámbitos de interés común
Al proponer nuevas metáforas y artefactos (cfg: [artículo][gf-primer-articulo]) se instauran estas rupturas metodológicas.
[gf-primer-articulo]: http://mutabit.com/repos.fossil/grafoscopio/doc/tip/Docs/Es/Articulos/Libertadores/bootstrapping-objeto-investigacion.pdf
Como digo en broma, parafraseando, ‘denme una maloca y levantaré un mundo relacional’ (incluyendo las interrelaciones profundas entre los humanos y los no humanos); al contrario, denme una casa en los suburbios y levantaré un mundo de individuos descomunalizados, separados del mundo natural. Por eso el diseño genera, inevitablemente, las estructuras de posibilidad humanas (y de otros seres de la Tierra). El problema con el diseño moderno, sin embargo, es que ha estructurado la insostenibilidad como la forma dominante de ser
¿Por qué el diseño podría considerarse «ontológico»? La respuesta inicial a esta pregunta es sencilla: «encontramos la cuestión profunda del diseño cuando reconocemos que al diseñar herramientas estamos diseñando formas de ser» (Winograd y Flores 1986: xi). Si entendemos por diseño «la interacción entre el entendimiento y la creación» (Winograd y Flores 1986: 4), podemos decir que es ontológico porque es una conversación sobre posibilidades. Una forma más para llegar a la dimensión ontológica del diseño es abordando «la pregunta más amplia de cómo una sociedad engendra invenciones cuya existencia altera dicha sociedad» (Winograd y Flores 1986: 4-5). Las tecnologías digitales (como la imprenta, el automóvil o la televisión en el pasado) son, por supuesto, casos dramáticos de innovaciones radicales que abrieron ámbitos de posibilidades sin precedentes; transformaron todo un conjunto de prácticas cotidianas. Cada herramienta y tecnología es ontológica en el sentido de que, por muy humilde o insignificante que sea, inaugura una serie de rituales, formas de hacer y modos de ser (Escobar 1994). Las tecnologías son lo que Haraway llamó «actores materiales-semióticos” (1991) que contribuyen a dar forma a lo que es ser humano.Un segundo sentido en el que el diseño es ontológico, ya insinuado por Winograd y Flores, es que al diseñar herramientas los humanos diseñamos las condiciones de nuestra existencia y, a su vez, las condiciones de nuestro diseño. Diseñamos herramientas y estas herramientas nos diseñan. ‘El diseño diseña’ es la fórmula apta y corta dada a esta circularidad por Anne-Marie Willis:
«hemos diseñado nuestro mundo y el mundo replica diseñándonos»
Esta podría ser la cita para introducir toda la tesis.
La pregunta mía es más puntual, pero igualmente cercana: ¿Cómo cambiamos los artefactos digitales que nos cambian?
Un principio general que me parece útil es que una ontología relacional es aquella dentro de la cual nada preexiste a las relaciones que la constituyen. En estas ontologías la vida es interrelación e interdependencia de principio a fin, siempre y en todo momento. El budismo tiene una de las nociones más sucintas y poderosas en este sentido: nada existe por sí mismo, todo interexiste; intersomos e interexistimos con todo en el planeta. Este principio de ‘interser’ ha sido ampliamente desarrollado en el pensamiento budista,23 pero, como he insistido, también caracteriza de facto muchas tradiciones culturales históricas. Una forma diferente de ver este asunto, desde la perspectiva de la biología fenomenológica, es la noción de la “coincidencia ininterrumpida de nuestro ser, nuestro hacer y nuestro conocer” (Maturana y Varela 1987: 35) que ya mencioné; en otras palabras, existe una profunda conexión entre la acción y la experiencia que, a su vez, infunde cierta circularidad en todo conocimiento y que Maturana y Varela resumen con la máxima “Todo lo que se hace es conocimiento y todo lo que se conoce es hacer [o diciendo que] cada acto de conocimiento origina un mundo” (1987: 26). Esta coincidencia de ser/hacer/conocer implica que estamos profundamente inmersos en el mundo junto con otros seres sensibles que son, igual e ineluctablemente, conocedores-hacedores como nosotros.
Habría una pregunta aún sobre conocimientos móviles y conocimientos fijos y la convergencia hacia ellos en culturas distintas. Por ejemplo, la existencia y descubrimiento en paralelo del cero, por parte de aztecas y árabes.
Es importante destacar que ninguno de los autores que estoy revisando está llamando a un rechazo total de la racionalidad cartesiana ni de la razón centrada en el sujeto, tan discutidas por los filósofos intramodernos de la modernidad (e.g., Habermas 1987); más bien, piden el debilitamiento de su posición dominante y el desplazamiento de su centralidad en el diseño del mundo y nuestras vidas. Est
[...] la práctica de la transformación realmente tiene lugar en el proceso de enactuar otros mundos/prácticas —es decir, en un cambio radical de las formas como encontramos cosas y personas (e.g., Spinosa et al. 1997)—, no sólo en teorizarlos. Además, en estas críticas encontramos pistas hacia este camino, ya sea que la práctica renovada sea budista, ecológica, política, decolonial o desde un enfoque reimaginado del diseño.
Seguramente los detractores encontrarán que no ocupar el centro es casi una forma de negación. Este trozo aclara que de eso no que se trata.
Por otro lado, las materialidades nuevas, pero cercanas a lo logocéntrico, pueden facilitar la transición hacia la repolitización y lo enactivo como formas de reflexión. Ver: https://hyp.is/mpjAWgXgEeitIDstH5w0ew/maestriadesarrollo.com/sites/default/files/publicaciones/autonomia-y-diseno-arturo-escobar-ok.pdf
A pesar de sus esfuerzos, ¿continúan las tendencias recientes sosteniendo, de alguna manera, un entendimiento intramoderno (fundamentalmente euroamericano) del mundo, como los teóricos decoloniales podrían argumentar? ¿Siguen estas tendencias críticas funcionando dentro de una episteme renovada pero todavía principalmente Occidental/moderna?
El primer punto es que el problema no es que los dualismos existan; después de todo muchas sociedades se han estructurado en torno a las dualidades, aunque en la mayoría de los casos estas dualidades son tratadas en términos de complementariedad de pares no jerárquicos (e.g., la dualidad yin/yang). El problema es la forma como son tratadas esas divisiones culturalmente, en particular las jerarquías establecidas entre los pares de cada binario y las consecuencias sociales, ecológicas y políticas de esas jerarquías. En el argot de la perspectiva decolonial latinoamericana esta característica se conoce como ‘colonialidad’ y es considerada central para el sistema mundo moderno/colonial que nació con la conquista de América y que erigió al mundo europeo en la cúspide de la civilización. Una característica central de esta colonialidad del poder es la clasificación jerárquica de las diferencias, lo cual conduce a la supresión, devaluación, subordinación o, incluso, destrucción de formas de conocimiento y ser que no se ajustan a los dictados de la forma dominante de la modernidad de origen europeo. En términos de género, la colonialidad cimentó la separación entre lo humano/civilizado (el mundo europeo), clasificado también en términos de género, y lo no-humano/no-civilizado (los mundos no-modernos de los pueblos racializados), los cuales solo podían ser descritos en términos de sexo biológico.
La pregunta que tendremos que hacernos de forma cada vez más refinada es si podemos imaginar y crear formas alternativas de ser, hacer, y conocer sin perder la capacidad de entender y maniobrar hábilmente en los meandros de la constelación moderna de ciencia, real, individuo, y economía. Se necesitaría una transformación ontológica relativamente profunda de nuestra parte para alcanzar esta meta.
El hacktivismo puede ser una manera de explorar dicha maniobrabilidad desde lo relacional, pues a pesar de estar basado en premisas de ciencia y técnica racionalista, no renuncia a su caracter relacional, crítico, ni político.
Algunas de estas tendencias, además de mostrar cómo la hegemonía del conocimiento moderno trabaja para invisibilizar otros saberes y formas de ser o para convertirlos en alternativas no creíbles a lo que existe (Santos 2007), ponen de relieve los vínculos entre las prácticas hegemónicas de la ciencia y la violencia y la opresión en contextos no occidentales.
¿qué haría falta para que los diseñadores operaran sin una visión puramente objetivista y única de lo real?; ¿para que abrazaran la idea de que las prácticas del diseño también pueden contribuir a crear múltiples sentidos de ‘lo que existe’?; ¿para que tomaran en serio la idea de que la realidad es un flujo constante y continuo de formas e intensidades de todo tipo? V
Sólo tenemos el mundo que generamos con otros y sólo el amor nos ayuda a generarlo» (1987: 248).3 La noción budista de ‘co-surgimiento dependiente’, el concepto de ‘emergencia’ de la teoría de la complejidad y otras nociones afines concuerdan con esta opinión. Estos son principios de relacionalidad.
cfg: Amor en la obra de Maturana y Varela.
Tal vez el mejor punto de partida para mi propósito es la máxima de que enfrentamos problemas modernos para los cuales ya no hay soluciones modernas. Hablando ontológicamente uno puede decir que la crisis es la crisis de un mundo particular, o conjunto de prácticas de hacer mundo, que podemos llamar la forma dominante de la euro-modernidad (capitalista, racionalista, liberal, secular, patriarcal, blanca, o lo que sea) o, como ya he mencionado, el mundo de un solo mundo —el mundo que se ha arrogado para sí el derecho a ser ‘el’ mundo, sometiendo a todos los otros mundos a sus propios términos o, peor aún, a la no existencia. Si la crisis es causada, fundamentalmente, por esta ontología de un solo mundo se deduce que enfrentar la crisis implica transiciones hacia el pluriverso. Esto es, precisamente, lo que subraya otra de las principales premisas de las epistemologías del sur al afirmar que la diversidad del mundo es infinita; de manera sucinta, el mundo se compone de múltiples mundos, múltiples ontologías o ‘reales’ que están lejos de haber sido agotados por la experiencia eurocéntrica o de haber sido reducidos a sus términos.
el espacio vital que asegura la pervivencia como pueblo, como cultura en convivencia con la naturaleza y los espíritus. El territorio es nuestro verdadero libro histórico que mantiene viva la tradición de quienes habitamos en él. Representa y describe los principios y prácticas de nuestra cultura. Implica la posesión, control y dominio del espacio físico y espiritual. Como espacio colectivo de existencia, posibilita la convivencia armónica entre los pueblos. Fundamenta la cosmovisión indígena como razón de nuestra pervivencia”.
De ahí la importancia de los hackerspaces como territorio: lugar de memoria y convivencia.
El diseño ha tenido una existencia cómoda y celebrada dentro de lo que usualmente llamamos, de una forma despreocupada, la ‘era moderna’. Esta era, sin embargo, es una compleja constelación de procesos que co-evolucionan, incluyendo una episteme particular, un conjunto de formas sociales (entre las que el capitalismo y la colonialidad ocupan un lugar preponderante) y una arquitectura ontológica estructurada en torno a los dualismos fundadores de naturaleza/cultura y Occidente/no-Occidente. Esta formación onto-epistémica y social está en la base del diseño. Liberar al ‘hombre diseñador’ de este complejo de fuerzas para que pueda volver a jugar un papel más constructivo en la praxis del estar vivo, está íntimamente ligado con la desaparición del Hombre como centro de todo conocimiento y como medida de la vida.
Pero la pregunta de la relación entre el diseño y la creación de órdenes sociales profundamente desiguales, insensibles y destructivos parece seguir siendo el ‘problema perverso’ del diseño.
Muchas personas consideran que la teoría de sistemas vivos es la base del diseño para la conservación, regeneración y cuidado de los sistemas naturales; estos objetivos involucran ‘sembrar’ todos los sistemas socionaturales con diversidad y crear resiliencia a través de redes inteligentes, aprovechando el potencial de autoorganización de los sistemas naturales y sociales. Algunos teóricos de la ecología van en contra de la dominancia del diseño experto y claman por [...] un proceso profundamente participativo en el que los lenguajes y las barreras técnico/disciplinarias se transformen hacia una comprensión compartida del problema del diseño. El diseño ecológico cambia las viejas reglas sobre qué importa al conocimiento y quién cuenta como conocedor. Sugiere que la sostenibilidad es un proceso cultural más que experto y que todos debemos adquirir una competencia básica en la formación de nuestro mundo [...] Durante demasiado tiempo hemos esperado que las profesiones del diseño transformen un mundo considerado como inerte de tal forma que funcione. La alternativa es tratar de catalizar, suavemente, las potencialidades de auto-diseño de la naturaleza (van der Ryn y Cowan 2007: 147, 130).
[...] El enfoque de diseño ontológico de Ehrenfeld (2008: 21) lo lleva a concluir que la sostenibilidad puede ser posible a través del diseño, pero para que esto ocurra debe tener lugar una “convulsión cultural”. Podemos colocar esta declaración en la misma clase que las convocatorias a las transiciones civilizadoras que discutiré en el Capítulo 4. Para muchos movimientos sociales étnico-territoriales la sostenibilidad involucra la defensa de toda una forma de vida, un modo de ser-saber-hacer. Estas son algunas de las contribuciones más importantes a la red de conversaciones recurrentes que componen la crisis ecológica y los intentos por corregirla
Quizás las primeras prácticas para ese diseño que se inspira en lo local y lo vivo pasen por dinámicas que potencien individuos y pequeñas comunidades, como el proyecto de trabajo en abierto que surgió del reciente encuentro con bibliotecas públicas.
Este libro busca ser un aporte a la cultura crítica del diseño en momentos en que los diseñadores están redescubriendo las capacidades de la gente para dar forma a sus mundos a través de herramientas y soluciones colaborativas. Es, sin embargo, una contribución desde América Latina a la conversación transnacional sobre diseño, es decir, una contribución que se deriva de las experiencias y luchas epistémicas y políticas contemporáneas en América Latina.
La inspiración para esta propuesta viene de la idea de que la autonomía es la característica más fundamental de lo vivo; en la jerga de Maturana y Varela, que explico en los capítulos 3 y 6, la autonomía es la clave de la autopoiesis o auto-creación de los sistemas vivos. Esta idea servirá de ancla parcial para proponer una práctica particular y una forma de pensar sobre la relación entre el diseño, la política y la vida, que llamaré ‘diseño autónomo’.
El diseño ontológico surge de una observación aparentemente simple: que al diseñar herramientas (objetos, estructuras, políticas, sistemas expertos, discursos, incluso narrativas) estamos creando formas de ser. Una idea clave en este sentido es lo que Anne Marie Willis ha llamado “el doble movimiento de diseño ontológico” (2006), a saber, la toma de conciencia de que diseñamos nuestro mundo y que, al hacerlo, nuestro mundo nos diseña —en pocas palabras, que el diseño diseña—
Este texto está relacionado con la pregunta central de mi tesis, cómo cambiamos los artefactos que nos cambian, dualidad de la modificación recíproca entre comunidades y artefactos, es decir, que el diseño diseña.
El marco teórico también se aproxima, desde la crítica a Jonas a la dualidad estructura agencia y la posibilidad humana de cambiar los artefactos e instituciones que nos humanizan de maneras particular, es decir de elegir otras formas de ser humano en y con el mundo.
mi principal preocupación es con la diferencia y cómo es invisibilizada, rearticulada en discursos que no le son propios, o normalizada. Este ha sido el ‘problema central’ que ha resonado en toda mi vida intelectual, en gran parte, de manera intuitiva. También tiene que ver con ‘vivir sin miedo con y dentro de la diferencia’, como señalan las feministas del Sur Global con frecuencia (e.g., Trinh 1989; Milczarek-Desai 2002; Lugones 2010a), es decir, con la práctica ética y política de la alteridad, que implica una profunda preocupación por la justicia social, la igualdad radical de todos los mundos y seres y la no jerarquía entre ellos.
. First, as has been underlined above, one needs to take into account both actors’ inward oriented and outward oriented communicative practices. In addition, it is understood that media representation today goes far beyond coverage by mainstream media as it relies on actors’ multi-layered media ensemble. Second, instead of arguing for a straightforward causal correlation between ‘media attention’ and social standing, this research reveals a more eclectic process: a spiral of legitimation that is based on the relation between the organization’s internal communicative figuration and the communicative figuration related to the public discourse around the political qualities of contemporary media technologies and infrastructures
En el caso de HackBo, la comunicación "hacia adentro" ocurre principalmente en la forma de mensajería instantánea (Telegram) y la lista de correo comunitaria. Sin embargo la comunicación es ocasional y referida principalmente a asuntos operativos (pagar los servicios a arriendos) con uno que otro logro por parte de los miembros del espacio en sus logros individuales o dentro de pequeños grupos y no como todo un equipo. Se ha combinado un poco esas dos formas de comunicación, mencionando actividades del mes y recordando el pago de servicio.
Otras iniciativas (DataSur, GIG) han intentando un boletín mensual de actividades, que sin embargo ha fallado y el uso de Discurse por parte de OKFN empezó con mucha actividad pero ha decaído. El foro de Manjaro (también basado en Discurse) logra una comunicación más fluida y ritmos comunitarios más visibles.
Una labor de bootstrapping más adecuada podría ocurrir desde indicadores del pulso comunitario, basados en visualizaciones de datos sobre repositorios de código y bots que medien comunicaciones comunitarias. Tal vez unas gráficas que resuman y detonen ciertas actividades. Esto podría pasar en varias comunidades. Acá los chatbots serían importantes y ocurrirían en paralelo, pero debería iniciarse por estadísticas de las actividades que ya ocurren en la comunidad. Para el caso del Data Week podrían ser cosas como:
The Club’s media ensemble and interactions with rel-evant actors perpetuate each other and co-determine the Club’s abil-ity to politicize media technologies and infrastructures. The dynamic at hand that best describes this process will be referred to as a spiral of legitimation.According to Mark Suchman, legitimacy is practically the basis of poli-tics as it addresses the forces ‘that constrain, construct, and empower organizational actors
Acá también se ve una espiral de legitimación relativamente débil. La sociedad civil ocupa lugares relativamente invisibles en el contexto colombiano y los activistas no han logrado mayor visibilidad y legitimación respecto a instancias donde se ejerce el poder, a pesar de su continua resistencia a maneras de dicho ejercicio unilaterales y arbitrarias.
Right from the start the Club had close affiliations with the then newly founded alternative tageszeitung (‘daily newspaper’), commonly referred to as taz, one of the Club’s co-founders (Wau Holland) being a column-ist during the mid-1980s. In addition, the hacker organization has pub-lished its own Datenschleuder magazine since 1984 (still ongoing) and was very active in enlarging bulletin boards systems (BBS) in Germany throughout the 1980s. Consequently, the Club’s media ensemble relied on practices related to analogue and digital media and comprised both coverage by and access to news outlets
Acá de nuevo el acceso a medios ha sido desde los individuos y no desde los espacios colectivos y/o las filiaciones a los mismos. En parte es por el solipsismo de los medios en Colombia y por extremismos en la configuración política de las infraestructuras para los mismos. En mi caso, por ejemplo, no veo por qué publicar en el portal de otros, cuando se puede publicar en el de uno y federar en los medios ajenos. Acotres individuales más flexibles respecto a las infraestructuras y obrando a nombre propio, se han posicionado mejor.
La idea reciente sobre una editorial de código abierto, podría cambiar esto, ofreciendo voces individuales asociadas a colectivos, al mismo tiempo que mantiene el caracter político de la infraestructura. La implementación de dicho proyecto sin embargo está limitada en recursos temporales y económicos.
Richard Ericson and his colleagues (1989) make a useful distinc-tion between media access and media coverage. By access, they mean the news space, time and context to reasonably represent one’s own perspec-tive, whereas coverage entails news space and time but not necessarily the context for favourable representations (Ericson etal. 1989: 5). This distinction is vital because it demonstrates that media access—as with access to all kinds of resources at institutional levels—remains a politi-cal question (Freedman 2014). While media coverage simply denotes the amount and prominence of attention and visibility a group receives, media access indicates that an actor has a particular standing and is treated as an actor with a serious voice in the media
Nosotros tenemos acceso a los medios, pero no cubrimiento.
a lower number of partici-pating members also meant a lower number of differing opinions; which, in turn, enabled the group to keep the frames of relevance more focused and to make decisions in a timely manner. Accordingly, performing direct digital action in the form of hacking was directly related to com-municative practices, as they later played an important role in relation to organizing, coordinating and executing the Club’s political project
[...] This communicative figuration within the hacker organization formed the Club’s basis for executing well-orchestrated hacks, emphasizing that for the hacker organization media technologies and infrastructures are not simply instruments for acting politically but are political matters in themselves
El tamaño pequeño de la comunidad y la recurrencia de algunos de sus miembros en los eventos tipo Data Week y Data Rodas nos ha dado una agilidad de acción/reacción similar, así como la madurez progresiva de las infraestructuras, lo cual se refleja en los cortos tiempos en los que asumimos proyectos relativamente más complejos, como el Manual de Periodismo de Datos y la hackatón de Biblioteca Digital de Bogotá, usando saberes, prácticas e infraestructuras desarrolladas en nuestros encuentros previos cara a cara y cristalizados progresivamente en las infraestructuras.
La siguiente fase estará relacionada con diversificar los caminos recorridos por los asistentes a los encuentros para cristalizar sus saberes y aportar desde los mismos, con un currículo que incluya más prontamente los espectros de licenciamiento y uso de repositorios y documentación, además de los habituales temas de visualización de datos.
A pesar del incremente de la agilidad, hay un desafío permanente respecto a la visibilidad y alcance de estas iniciativas.
In other words, with the increasing relevance of practices related to media technologies and infra-structures for social arrangements in general, and for political engage-ments in particular, media technologies and infrastructures increasingly become sites of political struggle in their own right (Kubitschko 2017). It is in this context that scholarly interest in ‘hacker cultures’—owing to the diversity of hacker collectives the plural is essential—has grown considerably in the past decade. While governmental institutions and mainstream media often use ‘hacking’ as an umbrella term for com-puter-related crime, these depictions are contrasted with insightful research that highlights hackers’ interaction with contemporary political landscapes.
Las infraestructuras constituyen territorios políticos.
Prescreening can also involve collecting data to identify and eliminate participants.
It might be important to expand on this idea by describing how it is still important to consider that the experimenter still has a representative random sample for their study after prescreening
Makingrightsclaimsinorbysayinganddoing‘I,we,theyhavearightto’isnotfoundedinisolationorasifitsprangfromnowhere:citizensubjectsareoftenordinaryratherthanheroicsubjectswhohavestruggledtoarticulate,claim,andmaketheserightsthroughmultipleandoverlappinglegalorders.Thedisappearanceorabsenceofthefigureofacitizenthatwehaveinheritedandwhocanmakeclaimsto‘I,we,theyhavearightto’isnotsimplyapoliticsoftradition:itisalsoapoliticsofacitizentocome.
Rather,andthisisDerrida’sintervention,theactbringsthepeople,itspoliticalsubject,intobeingthroughtheact.Thepeopleadeclarationnamesdonotexist.Derridawrites,‘[People]donotexistasanentity,itdoesnotexist,beforethisdeclaration,notassuch.Ifitgivesbirthtoitself,asfreeandindependentsubject,aspossiblesigner,thiscanholdonlyintheactofthesignature.Thesignatureinventsthesigner.’
[...] By bringing into play a chain of events, delegation, representation, naming, signature, and citations, a declaration enacts a signature that restores, by right, to political subjects their subjectivity.
En este sentido, son Grafoscopio y el Data Week, quienes convocan a la comunidad alrededor de ellos mismos.
Weareconcernedthatthedividebetweentheenactmentandinscriptionofdigitalrightsremainsdangerouslyopen.Thosewhoseattempttoinscriberightsinlawworkwiththeassumptionthattheirenactmentwillfollowtheirinscription.Thosewhoseactsenactdigitalrightsworkwiththeconvictionthattheirinscriptionwillfollowtheirenactment.WithRancière,wecansaythattheirinscriptionisapreludetotheirenactmentwhiletheirenactmentinspirestheirinscription.Thosewhoaremakingdigitalrightsclaimsinsayingsomething(inscription)areonaseparatebutnecessarilyrelatedpathfromthosewhoaremakingdigitalrightsclaimsbysayingsomething(enactment).Letusconsidermorecloselymakingrightsclaimsinsayingsomethingandbysayingsomething.
Enlazar con esto.
Thissensibilityisalsoakeytounderstandinghowthesedeclarationsarecumulativelybringingapoliticalsubject,asyetunnamed,intobeing.
Las declaraciones podrían a dialogar las fuerzas imaginarias, legales y performativas. Presuponen un principio en el cual el "ser es enunciado", en lugar de habitado o vivido, y habría que limitarlas en ese sentido, sin desconocer que parte de lo habitado y/o vivido, que puede ser enunciado, nos hermana en la condición humana y que otras cosas nos hermanan cuando las habitamos o vivimos juntos, así no las podamos enunciar.
Rancièrecallsbringingthesetwoaspectsofrightstogetherasdissensus.Itisdissensusratherthanconsensusbecausepoliticsisalwaysacontestationoverwhoiscountedandwhatcounts.ForRancière,apoliticalsubjectinvolvesthecapacityforstagingsuchscenesofdissensus.Thus,‘politicalsubjectsarenotdefinitecollectivities.Theyaresurplusnames,namesthatsetoutaquestionoradisputeaboutwhoisincludedintheircount.’
Conceiving the enactment of rights as dissensus is more powerful than understanding dissent as civil disobedience. For all its illustrative history, civil disobedience still evokes a reactionary politics, whereas dissensus is creative and affirmative. Although significant as a specific act, civil disobedience is rather too narrow to understand political acts in general. Staging dissensus brings into play the imaginary, performative, and legality of rights all at once and constitutes subjects as citizen subjects of power. Julian Assange, Edward Snowden, Anonymous, Aaron Swartz, and Open Rights are not only definite individuals or collectives of civil disobedience but stand for a political subjectivity enacting rights as the staging of dissensus. This is what we gather from their acts. When they enact rights that they do not have and the rights that they should have, they bring into being political subjects who cannot be known in advance. Their acts are contestations over who is counted as political and what counts as politics. To put it slightly differently, the performative and imaginary force of rights lies in the double movement between their inscription and enactment.
Acá estaría el derecho a scrappear como una forma de reapropiación de los bienes comunes y de repolitización de lo publico.
Itisalsotemptingtointerpretthem
It is also tempting to interpret them as hacktivists. But when we interpret their digital acts through the Internet, they embody all the characteristics of citizen subjects: they enact citizenship as subjects of power with responsibility in ways that are instantly recognizable and yet cannot be bounded by their identity as military or security personnel. If the performative force of their code is louder than their words, the imaginary force of their words is not so weak, either.
Wewanttoreadtheemergenceandtransformationsofthedigitalrightsmovementfromtheperspectiveofdigitalactsasoneofthenecessaryelementsformakingdigitalrightsclaims.Whethertheseactscumulativelyconstituteadigitalrightsmovementcomparabletoothersocialmovementswillconcernscholarsintheforeseeablefuture,andwecannotaddressthatquestionhere.Instead,wewanttogatherfromdisparateanddisperseddigitalactstherecognitionofadimlyemergingfigureasthesubjectofdigitalrights.Itistheemergenceofthisspecificpoliticalsubjectivityarounddigitalrightsandtheclaimsthroughwhichithasemerged—andtheopeningsandclosingsithasinstigated—thatformsthecentralquestionofthisbook.
Twodecadeslater,CAE’sviewon‘electroniccivildisobedience’seemsbothprescientandnaïve
It seems prescient in face of the emergence and transformation of hacktivist groups such as Anonymous, Demand Progress, and WikiLeaks, which have developed new political subjectivities. Also, it can hardly be said that such hacking remains the domain of ‘teenagers’, let alone American teenagers.[14] CAE’s idea that a technocratic avant-garde may emerge as a political subject has also been borne out in some ways. Their idea of small cells of subjects of politics can also be said to anticipate the emergence of hacktivist groups,[15] composed of ‘activist, theorist, artist, hacker, and even a lawyer . . . knowledge and practice should mix’. Yet it seems naïve at the same time for its rigid turn away from streets and squares as sites of dissent. Time and again, contemporary events have shown us the importance of streets and squares for enacting dissent, and even simply mentioning Tahrir Square, Taksim Square, Maidan Square, Occupy Wall Street, or Puerta del Sol immediately emphasizes this point without belabouring it. Moreover, as we have argued throughout this book, to imagine cyberspace as separate and independent from an ostensible physical space is both empirically questionable and theoretically indefensible.
Whoisthesubjectofthesedigitalrights?Sinceweareinterestedintheprocessesthroughwhichtheserightsareenactedratherthantheirsubstance,ourquestionof‘who’concernsthatofpoliticalsubjectivitythroughtheInternet.[4]Aswehaveexpresseditinvariousways,‘who’doesnotcorrespondtoanalreadyformedpoliticalsubjectbutafigure:Howisapoliticalsubjectbeingconstitutedasaclaimantofdigitalrights?Wehaveillustratedthroughoutthisbookthatdigitalactstraversemultiplenationalbordersandlegalorders.Yetmakingrightsclaimsthattraversebordersisoftenaddressedthroughsovereignregionalornationallegalordersandtheirparticularunderstandingofrights.
So the question of ‘who’ the subject is of digital rights is both an analytical but also an urgent political question that requires addressing. If we use ‘citizen’ as the subject of these rights, clearly it does not capture how both the enactment of the political subject and of cyberspace cut across national borders and legal orders. Today, the citizen functions as a member of a nation-state, and there are no corresponding rights and obligations beyond the nation-state that can govern subjects whose acts traverse international spaces. [...] What we gather from Rancière and Derrida is the importance of refusing to make a choice between the citizen and the human as the subject of digital rights. Instead, we anticipate a new figure of a citizen yet to come as the subject of digital rights.
Witnessing,hacking,andcommoningarethreedigitalactsthathavebecomepossibleoverthepastfewyearsandhavecreatedopeningsforbeingdigitalcitizensinorbymakingrightsclaims.Theresignificationofexistingortheintroductionofnewconventionsmadetheseactspossible:Bitcoin,copyleft,CreativeCommons,Digg,GitHub,GNN,GNU,WikiLeaks,andmanyothers.Nodoubtsomeoftheseconventionswillbereplacedordisplacedbyothers.Somewillbecomedefunct.Somewillperhapspersistasatestamenttothedigitalcommons.Therewillcertainlybenewconventions.Whatenduresistheperformativeforcethathasgoneintomakingtheseopeningspossible.IfweunderstandcyberspaceasaspaceofrelationsbetweenandamongbodiesactingthroughtheInternet,witnessing,hacking,andcommoningresignifyorinventconventionsandmakepossibletheemergenceofnewwaysofbeingcitizensubjectsincyberspace.
[...] As we discussed earlier, just as many efforts are being expended on closings as these openings, cajoling and coercing them in various submissive ways and generally blocking possibilities. The digital commons is certainly a new frontier for struggles over commodification.[83] The main challenges to these creative forces emanate from state-security apparatuses and commerciallegal apparatuses. The main challenges to these creative forces emanate from state-security apparatuses and commerciallegal apparatuses. We have covered some of these closings, but here we want to restate the importance of open versus closed conventions of the Internet. Much has been said about Facebook, Flickr, Google, Tumblr, Twitter, and YouTube and their activities for tracking the conduct of people for advertising revenues and collecting big data. Let us emphasize that among one of the most important reasons that both state and corporate apparatuses are able to do this is because these are designed as proprietary and closed conventions. Unlike open conventions such as WordPress or Wikimedia, these conventions require submitting to end-user licences and user contracts that not only severely restrict actions but also appropriate their results as data. There is a massive difference between the digital commons created by open-source code and its increasing zoning, appropriation, sequestration, and enclosure through closed conventions. [...] Let us remember that cyberspace is a fragile if not a precarious space. This makes its protection as an open-source digital commons a political question—a question that those who are making digital rights claims are enacting with increasing effectiveness but also with urgency.
Copyrightderivesitslegalforcefromlawsthatprotectexclusiverightstoandcontrolofintellectualproperty.EvenifitsoriginscanbetracedtoearlymodernEurope(sixteenthtoeighteenthcenturies),itismoderninthesensethattheformationofintellectualproperty—thatis,theconversionofcreativeproductssuchaswords,data,images,andsoundintopropertyforexchange—isaresultoftheaccumulationofcapitalinmodernsocieties.
This is what Lyotard highlighted as the commodification of knowledge in what he then called computerized societies. The conversion of intellectual or, more broadly, cultural capital into economic capital is possible under the protection of copyright laws. This is the force of copyright law. Since it introduces a tension between creativity and calculability, it is doubtful that copyright law either protects or encourages creativity. Instead, creativity is commodified by copyright. The performative force of copyright is that both the creator and consumer must—knowingly and unknowingly—repeat and iterate it. The force of copyright law would be nothing if it were not performed. That is the reason why maintaining its imaginary force requires enormous energy: copyright mobilizes massive efforts to maintain its legal, performative, and imaginary force. If creativity were not commodified, copyright would not exist. Commodification transforms the use value of things into exchange value for being sold and bought.
Colemanarguesthatbymostlycircumventingcopyrightlawswiththeircommitmenttothefreecirculationofintellectualproperty,hackerscontradicttheexistingliberalconceptionofintellectualpropertyastherighttoexcludeandcontrol.Yetbyadvancingvaluesofcivillibertiesandpromotingindividualautonomyand,aboveall,acommitmenttofreespeech,hackersarethemostardentpromotersofliberalvalues.Thus,forColeman,hackersoccupybothacentralandmarginal—wemightsayaparadoxical—placewithintheliberaltradition.
[...] Coleman says that hackers ‘tend to value a set of liberal principles: freedom, privacy, and access.’ It is difficult for us to see freedom, privacy, and access as either values or principles, though they express certain values. From our point of view, things such as freedom, privacy, and access are rights, and, like all rights, they are born of social and political struggles, and these struggles both predate and are wider than what liberalism implies. Thus, we wonder whether it is possible to understand hacking cultures in ethical and aesthetic terms without also considering their broader politics. The joy (deep hack mode) that hackers experience in creating a collaborative culture by sharing their skills and talents is wonderful, but understanding the ways in which this joy can be assimilated into obedient, submissive, or subversive ways of being hackers requires a broader perspective.
Forus,probablythemostpertinentdistinctionisbetweenprogrammersandhackers.Inorbysayingsomethingincodeperformsbothillocutionaryandperlocutionaryacts.
The difference between programmers and hackers is, however, the effects of their acts, which have dramatically changed over time. Programmers are those— either employed by software companies or working independently—who make a living by writing code, which includes anything between snippets (short code) and apps. Hackers may also program code in this fashion, but the culture that gives them the name emanates from a distinct set of ethical and aesthetic values that combine to create a different kind of politics than programming does. This difference is hard to express, but it is also the difference that is of interest to us. It is hard to express perhaps because so much has been said and written about hackers—mostly negative. As a consequence, a unified, typically clandestine, selfish, young, male, and outlaw image has become dominant, which more recent studies have shown is grotesquely simplified. We want to argue that hackers are those whose acts break conventions of programming.
Asweaffirminchapter2,wethinkthatthecitizensubjectisnottheexclusivepropertyofthenation-state.Onthecontrary,thenation-statemayhavebecomealiabilityforupholdingthesubjectofpowerwehaveinherited.AsAllanwrites,manyoftheissuesthatcitizenjournalismraisesare‘setagainstthebackdropofincidentsaroundtheglobewherethenation-state’sideologicalappropriationofcitizenship—fromoutrightattacksonitslegitimacytothesteadyerosionofitsprotections,typically(andironically)inthenameofnationalsecurity—hasmadejournalismasastruggleover“therighttobearwitness”.’[39]Citizenwitnessingisanongoingandcrucialaspectofdemocraticcitizenship.TheInternet,bycreatingopeningsfordigitalcitizens,hasmadecitizenwitnessinganindispensablepartofapoliticalimaginary.Thisisnotwithoutitsdangersandperils(co-optation,assimilation,infiltration,taming,blocking,filtering,andsoon),butthat’swhatalsomakesitasiteofpoliticalstruggles.
El Estado Nación no tiene un monopolio sobre la noción de ciudadano (sujeto de derechos y deberes) y por el cotrario, puede estar impidiendo dicha noción. Incluso, si otros no se ven como sujetos o desde la perspectiva de los derechos, esto puede marcar un diálogo sobre los puntos en común que se tienen con ellos, por el simple hecho de que otros hemos heredado dicha noción.
Recuerdo un capítlo de Mr Robot en el que, Darlene, la hermana de Eliot, alegaba ser un sujeto de derechos y sus interlocutores del FBI le decían que no lo era bajo una nueva ley (Patriot Act?).
TheethicaldimensionbecomesevenclearerwhenAssangesays,‘Thosewhoarerepeatedlypassiveinthefaceofinjusticesoonfindtheircharactercorrodedintoservility.’[33]Toputitinourwords,citizensubjects,preciselybecauseoftheircapacitytojudge,arenotmerelyobedient(orservile)butalsosubversive.Thisisbecausesubmissiontoconventionsrequiresusingjudgementonthetermsofsubmission.Althoughthecitizensubjectsubmitstoconventions,becauseofthiscapacity,thecallofsubversiontoruptureaconventionalwaysretainsitsforce.Assangeclearlyappealsheretoanaspectofjournalisticethics—bearingwitness—butheresignifiesitpoliticallybyidentifyingitasacalltoact.ThedebateoverwhetherWikiLeaksisaplatformforjournalismorwhistle-blowingoverlooksthatitprimarilyenableswitnessing—thattheworldmayknow(differently).Itisoftenarguedthatsuchwhistle-blowingexposesclassifiedsecretsandendangerstheintelligenceworkofthestate.Butwhatwhistle-blowingexposesisthattherearethosewhofinditintolerabletowitnessabusesandmisusesofauthorityandnotsharethem.Ifbankersdeceive,soldiersmassacre,agenciessnoop,anddiplomatslie,citizenshavetherighttoknowthat.Citizenshavearighttoknowwhatstateandcorporateauthoritiesaredoingin,andoftenwith,theirname.WikiLeaksandwhistle-blowingingeneralareessentiallyclaimingthisrighttoknow.
[...] Their primary orientation is not towards the ethics of a profession but the right to witness and share acts of injustice
Vincular lo ético a lo político a través de la plataforma. Queda la pregunta aún de si hay alguna agenda oculta en el proceso curatorial de Wikileaks. Aplica el derecho a saber también a ellos en la medida en que son agentes de extremo poder?
Un ejemplo de atestiguar y compartir frente a la injusticia reciente: https://twitter.com/angelamrobledo/status/923306719891066885
‘takethecurrenttechnologicallandscapeasgiven.’[75]Instead,shecallsformechanismsthatpreserve‘roomfortheactsoftacticalevasionandsituatedcreativity’thatallowcitizensubjectsto‘tinker,repurpose,andadapt’andpush‘againstthosestructures,sometimesconformingtothemandsometimesfindingwaystoworkaroundthem.’[76]CitingJonathanZittrain,Cohennoteshisprincipleofthe‘generativity’oftechnologies,whichreferstothecapacityofatechnologytoallowitsuserstotinker,revise,andmakenewthingsthatwereneveranticipatedbytheirdesigners
Bynotonlyciting,repeating,anditeratingbutalsoresignifying,citizensubjectscan,andasweshallseeinchapter6indeeddo,breakconventionsandtakeresponsibility.Criticssuchasthosecitedaboveoftenslipintodeterministandstructuralistaccountsoftheworkingsofplatformsbyinferringthatusersaredeceivedandunwittinglysubmittotheresultsofsearchqueries,newsfeeds,ortrendsandthattheseareforces‘shaping’themandsocieties.
Es decir que la pregunta de investigación de la tesis está en diálogo con la formas de ser ciudadano en la medida en que no se asume un determinismo tecnológico, sino se presume, de entrada, que podemos cambiar las tecnologías que nos cambian y por tanto somos agentes de dicho cambio.
Thatthesedemandshaveemergedinthespanofonlyafewyearsatteststowhatwecallthe‘closings’ofcyberspace.ThesedemandsandtheirclosingsareeffectsofthewayinwhichactingthroughtheInternethasresignifiedquestionsofvelocity,extensity,anonymity,andtraceability.Velocitycallsforregularandongoingvigilanceaboutrapidlychangingtechnologies,protocols,practices,platforms,andrulesaboutbeingdigital;extensitycallsforawarenessofwhereandtowhomdigitalactionsreach;anonymitycallsforlimitingandprotectingexposureandbeingcautiousaboutthepresumedidentitiesofothers;andtraceabilitycallsformanaginghowactionsaretracked,analysed,manipulated,andsortedbyunknownothersandforunknowablepurposes.Allofthesedemandsspringnotfromparticipating,connecting,andsharingalonebuttherelationsbetweenandamongbodiesactingthroughtheInternet,whichismadeupofconventionsconfiguredbytheactionsofdispersedanddistributedauthorities.Itistotheseconfiguringactions,whichwecalltheclosingsofcyberspace,thatweturntointhenextchapter,withafocusonfiltering,tracking,andnormalizing.
Toputitbluntly,fromourperspective,popularcriticshavebecometooconcernedaboutcyberspacecreatingobedientsubjectstopowerratherthanunderstandingthatcyberspaceiscreatingsubmissivesubjectsofpowerwhoarepotentiallycapableofsubversion.
Howcanthecallingtoparticipatethatwehaveidentifiedproducedigitalcitizenswhoseactsexceedtheirintentions?Toputitdifferently,atensionexistsbetweenthewaysinwhichthefigureofthedigitalcitizenisconceivedinhegemonicimaginariesandlegaldiscoursesandhowsheisperformativelycomingintobeingthroughactionsthatequiphertobeacitizeninwaysthatarenotacknowledgedoralwaysintended.
Mossbergeretal.,forexample,understanddigitalcitizenshipastheabilitytofullyparticipateinsocietyonline,whichrequiresregularaccesstotheInternet,withadequatedevicesandspeeds,technologicalskillsandcompetence,andinformationliteracy.[21]Equippingthusincludesnotonlyhardware,suchasinstallingcomputersinclassroomsandlibrariesandexpandinghigh-speedbroadbandservices,butalsodevelopingskillsandcapabilitiesthroughtrainingcoursesincomputing,coding,andprogramming
Una de las cosas que hemos hecho es apropiarnos de los ciclos de actualización tecnológica para ponerlos en nuestras manos sin andar corriendo detrás de la última actualización.
ForHalfordandSavage,whetherliberatingordividing,cyberspace(orwhattheyrefertoasthe‘Web’)isalwaysconsideredasanalreadygivenspace,anditssubjectsareseparate,independent,andpreformedratherthanperformed.Ratherthanassumingthat‘pre-formedsocialgroups“use”(ordon’tuse)technologies’,theyidentifya‘morecomplexprocessofmutualinteractionandstabilisation’wheredigitaltechnologiesarenotseparatedfromsocialprocessesbutinsteadinvolvedinconstitutingsubjectsindiverseandpervasiveways.[16]Inotherwords,theyadvancethattheWebisnotindependentfromtheactionsofsubjects.
[...] What they identify as complex social processes between digital technologies and the formation of subjects, we specify as the digital acts through which citizen subjects are called upon by legality, performativity, and imaginary.
ThepremiseofthisbookisthatthecitizensubjectactingthroughtheInternetisthedigitalcitizenandthatthisisanewsubjectofpoliticswhoalsoactsthroughnewconventionsthatnotonlyinvolvedoingthingswithwordsbutdoingwordswiththings.
Thisindividualisautonomousnotbecauseitisseparateorindependentfromsocietybutasitsproductretainsthecapabilitytoquestionitsowninstitution.Castoriadissaysthatthisnewtypeofbeingiscapableofcallingintoquestiontheverylawsofitsexistenceandhascreatedthepossibilityofbothdeliberationandpoliticalaction.
Esta parte se conecta con Fuchs y la dualidad agencia estructura
Onthecontrary,citizensubjectsperformativelycomeintobeinginorbytheactofsayinganddoingsomething—whetherthroughwords,images,orotherthings—andthroughperformingthecontradictionsinherentinbecomingcitizens.
ThisistheprincipalreasonwhyweneedtoinvestigatenotonlythingsdoneinorbyspeakingthroughtheInternetbutalsothingssaidinorbydoingthingsthroughtheInternet.
‘Theforceoftheperformativeisthusnotinheritedfrompriorusage,butissuesforthpreciselyfromitsbreakwithanyandallpriorusage.Thatbreak,thatforceofrupture,istheforceoftheperformative,beyondallquestionoftruthormeaning.’[22]Forpoliticalsubjectivity,‘performativitycanworkinpreciselysuchcounter-hegemonicways.Thatmomentinwhichaspeechactwithoutpriorauthorizationneverthelessassumesauthorizationinthecourseofitsperformancemayanticipateandinstatealteredcontextsforitsfuturereception.’[23]Toconceiveruptureasasystemicortotalupheavalwouldbefutile.Rather,ruptureisamomentwherethefuturebreaksthroughintothepresent.[24]Itisthatmomentwhereitbecomespossibletodosomethingdifferentinorbysayingsomethingdifferent.
Acá los actos futuros guían la acción presente y le dan permiso de ocurrir. Del mismo modo como el derecho a ser olvidado es un derecho futuro imaginado que irrumpe en la legislación presente, pensar un retrato de datos o campañas políticas donde éstos sean importantes, le da forma al activismo presente.
La idea clave acá es hacer algo diferente, que ha sido el principio tras Grafoscopio y el Data Week, desde sus apuestas particulares de futuro, que en buena medida es discontinuo con las prácticas del presente, tanto ciudadanas, cono de alfabetismos y usos populares de la tecnología.
Moreover,ourconcernwiththeInternetisnotthespeakingsubjectassuchbuthowmakingrightsclaimsbringscitizensubjectsintobeing.Howdodigitalactsbringcitizensubjectsintobeing?DoestheInternetintroducearadicaldifferenceforunderstandingcitizensubjects?DoesthelanguageoftheInternet—code—worklikenaturallanguage?