- Jan 2016
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www.profweb.ca www.profweb.ca
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You don’t have to do everything yourself!
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mast.queensu.ca mast.queensu.ca
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Theprincipleismerelythisthatdifferentsubjectsandmodesofstudyshouldbeundertakenbypupilsatfittingtimeswhentheyhavereachedtheproperstageofmentaldevelopment.
You would think that this was obvious, but in some schools and universities we are as far away from that as we can be. Learning is not a treatment to be undergone, yet...
This is the entry point for everyone's oscillating learning wave.
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www.edsurge.com www.edsurge.com
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There is no single correct way to implement personalized learning
You mean Knewton isn’t the only way to do things? Or that Knewton will adopt all sorts of different methods?
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We analyzed the relationship between students’ level of online engagement, and traditional learning metrics, to understand the effectiveness of discussion forums in the context of flipped classrooms.
Sounds like something interesting for Dr. Jeremy Dean.
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www.ifets.info www.ifets.info
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most e-learning systems
very important.....relevant to thesis
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bigthink.com bigthink.com
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Dweck’s message is that we can’t just adopt a growth mindset and forget about it, and simply praising effort regardless of actual progress is completely counterproductive. Successfully cultivating a growth mindset is an ongoing process that consists of teaching strategies for growth and praising effort thoughtfully, rather than regardlessly.
"Recently, someone asked what keeps me up at night. It's the fear that the mindset concepts, which grew up to counter the failed self-esteem movement, will be used to perpetuate that movement." -- Carol Dweck
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thinkingmachines.mit.edu thinkingmachines.mit.edu
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n and d
What do n and d mean?
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er.educause.edu er.educause.edu
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Offering students the possibility of experiential learning in personal, interactive, networked computing—in all its gloriously messy varieties—provides the richest opportunity yet for integrative thinking within and beyond "schooling."
Yes, yes, yes. Networked learning IS experiential. I am always on the lookout for opportunities to facilitate those experiences - for my students and myself, and consider every embrace of glorious messiness a significant victory.
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Moreover, the experience of building and participating within a digitally mediated network of discovery is itself a form of experiential learning, indeed a kind of metaexperiential learning that vividly and concretely teaches the experience of networks themselves.
With a wide open network, it also makes the world look smaller.
This is a great essay by Gardner Campbell. I'd add more notes. But every time I try, I start sounding like a crazed revolutionary. Like this...
Ask not how you can be a more suitable corporate drone. Ask how you can knock them down a few pegs.
The computer is an unprecedented partner for the human mind. We've barely begun to tap its potential. Stop trying to turn it into television.
Stop training kids to do what they're told. Teach them to teach themselves and one another.
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Go into your nearest college or university library. Ignore the computer stations and the digital affordances. Enter the stacks, and run your fingers along the spines of the books on the shelves. You're tracing nodes and connections. You're touching networked learning—slow-motion and erratic, to be sure, but solid and present and, truth to tell, thrilling.
What a beautiful and evocative series of sentences!
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www.brainpickings.org www.brainpickings.org
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“The chief trick to making good mistakes is not to hide them — especially not from yourself.”
Quote from Daniel Dennett
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www.quebecnumerique.com www.quebecnumerique.com
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Apprendre à programmer permet aux enfants un nouveau rapport aux technologies: de consommateur interactif de manuels scolaires numérisés à la capacité de créer des ressources éducatives numériques et même des mini-jeux.
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wilkelab.org wilkelab.org
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UT Austin SDS 348, Computational Biology and Bioinformatics. Course materials and links: R, regression modeling, ggplot2, principal component analysis, k-means clustering, logistic regression, Python, Biopython, regular expressions.
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rpy2.readthedocs.org rpy2.readthedocs.org
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Python interface to the R programming language.<br> Use R functions and packages from Python.<br> https://pypi.python.org/pypi/rpy2
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medium.com medium.com
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The whole organic nature of learning experience through the #walkmyworld learning events meant that I learned what I needed to learn as I needed to learn it. It wasn’t a top down dictate of learning outcomes because the outcomes were determined by the process. It is a revolutionary concept — yet as ancient as Aristotle. Learning should never be measured solely by standard outcomes; people learn, and I mean really LEARN, when they discover for themselves what they know, what they want to know, and how they want to know it.
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- Dec 2015
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theconstructionzone.wordpress.com theconstructionzone.wordpress.com
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constructivism (Jean Piaget) - Learners must actively construct their body of knowledge, their schema, through experience and reflection. When we encounter a new idea, we can do one of three things:
- decide that it's irrelevant, and ignore it
- assimilate it into our existing schema
- accommodate it by modifying our schema
social constructivism (Lev Vygotsky) - emphasized that building knowledge is a social process
constructionism (Seymour Papert) - Learning works best when we are publicly building artifacts -- of any kind whatsoever. While communicating with others, we get valuable feedback, and learn to put thoughts in various concrete forms.
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medium.freecodecamp.com medium.freecodecamp.com
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“The key is deliberate practice: not just doing it again and again, but challenging yourself with a task that is just beyond your current ability, trying it, analyzing your performance while and after doing it, and correcting any mistakes. Then repeat. And repeat again. There appear to be no real shortcuts: even Mozart, who was a musical prodigy at age 4, took 13 more years before he began to produce world-class music.”
Peter Norvig's definition of deliberate practice, from "Teach Yourself to Program in 10 Years" http://norvig.com/21-days.html
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mfeldstein.com mfeldstein.com
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focus groups where students self-report the effectiveness of the materials are common, particularly among textbook publishers
Paving the way for learning analytics.
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It’s educators who come up with hypotheses and test them using a large data set.
And we need an ever-larger data set, right?
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learned from experience
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a good example of the kind of insight that big data is completely blind to
Not sure it follows directly, but also important to point out.
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mfeldstein.com mfeldstein.com
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I will investigate the details on this, including the relevant contractual clauses, when I get the chance.
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taking a swipe at Knewton
Snap!
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they are making a bet against the software as a replacement for the teacher and against big data
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a set of algorithms designed to optimize the commitment of knowledge to long-term memory
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larrycuban.wordpress.com larrycuban.wordpress.com
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numbers have to be interpreted by those who do the daily work of classroom teaching
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radar.oreilly.com radar.oreilly.com
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The challenge, of course, is how to balance concerns of the Hawthorne effect with privacy.
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mfeldstein.com mfeldstein.com
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Regular readers know that I am a big fan of the standard-in-development.
From 2013
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mfeldstein.com mfeldstein.com
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If Knewton were doing more of this, I wouldn’t be as critical.
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hackeducation.com hackeducation.com
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As usual, @AudreyWatters puts things in proper perspective.
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teachonline.ca teachonline.ca
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Hoping for interprovincial collaboration on the development and indexing of educational resources. Lots of potential and maybe a few less hurdles.
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www.knewton.com www.knewton.com
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purchasable à la carte
How many units of learning per dollar?
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Personalized course materials made possible by real data
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Soon, data will make learning outcomes for these courses highly transparent
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to offer just lectures
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when outcomes are non-transparent
Before Common Core.
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Unbundling has played out in almost every media industry.
And the shift away from “access to content” is still going on, a decade and a half after Napster. If education is a “content industry” and “content industries” are being disrupted, then education will be disrupted… by becoming even more “industrial”.
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www.forbes.com www.forbes.com
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wring out every ounce of performance
Now think of it with a learner in mind.
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Series of webinars on the pedagogy of Web annotation.
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mfeldstein.com mfeldstein.com
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increased investment in professional development and teaching-friendly tenure and promotion practices
Even those who adopt a taylorist model to education may understand that “it takes money to save money”.
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georgecouros.ca georgecouros.ca
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The Innovator's Mindset, George Couros
- Observant
- Reflective
- Problem Finding.
- Empathetic
- Networked
- Risk taker.
- Creative = Idea + Action
- Resilient
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openai.com openai.comOpenAI1
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OpenAI is a non-profit artificial intelligence research company. Our goal is to advance digital intelligence in the way that is most likely to benefit humanity as a whole, unconstrained by a need to generate financial return.
They're hiring: https://openai.com/about/
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Black Culture is Cool, So Why Aren't Black People? has received over 20K views. It was written for a freshman writing class at Cornell University taught by Dexter Thomas, Jr..
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code.facebook.com code.facebook.com
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Big Sur is our newest Open Rack-compatible hardware designed for AI computing at a large scale. In collaboration with partners, we've built Big Sur to incorporate eight high-performance GPUs
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www.moodlenews.com www.moodlenews.com
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The most popular project for the MUA to tackle was Learning Analytics
Although Dougiamas claims Moodle already has what is needed in the form of logs and reports: no need for Caliper or xAPI.
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Lambda Solutions [Corrected.]
Oh? They were quite present at MoodleMoot. Wonder what their ties are. Clearly, their solution isn’t free software. Nor is it pushing Open Standards for Learning Analytics.
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medium.com medium.com
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Drupal seems to have outstanding community building and support practices.
http://drupalladder.org/ladders<br> Drupal Core Ladder "This ladder teaches essential skills for contibuting to Drupal 8 Core." This is the first time I recall seeing an open source software project with planned pathways for potential contributors.
Contributor profiles, Jobs, and Marketplace pages.
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essentiallyshannon.blogspot.com essentiallyshannon.blogspot.com
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help build a community that functions as a collective pool of knowledge and possibility
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literary Facebook
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- Nov 2015
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courses.edx.org courses.edx.org
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a study by Stephen Schueller, published last year in the Journal of Positive Psychology, found that people assigned to a happiness activity similar to one for which they previously expressed a preference showed significantly greater increases in happiness than people assigned to an activity not based on a prior preference. This, writes Schueller, is “a model for positive psychology exercises similar to Netflix for movies or Amazon for books and other products.”
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courses.edx.org courses.edx.org
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elementary school children become increasingly inattentive in class when recess is delayed. Similarly, studies conducted in French and Canadian elementary schools over a period of four years found that regular physical activity had positive effects on academic performance. Spending one third of the school day in physical education, art, and music improved not only physical fitness, but attitudes toward learning and test scores. These findings echo those from one analysis of 200 studies on the effects of exercise on cognitive functioning, which also suggests that physical activity promotes learning.
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www.randalolson.com www.randalolson.com
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TPOT is a Python tool that automatically creates and optimizes machine learning pipelines using genetic programming. Think of TPOT as your “Data Science Assistant”: TPOT will automate the most tedious part of machine learning by intelligently exploring thousands of possible pipelines, then recommending the pipelines that work best for your data.
https://github.com/rhiever/tpot TPOT (Tree-based Pipeline Optimization Tool) Built on numpy, scipy, pandas, scikit-learn, and deap.
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www.udacity.com www.udacity.com
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Nanodegree Program Summary Machine learning represents a key evolution in the fields of computer science, data analysis, software engineering, and artificial intelligence. It has quickly become industry's preferred way to make sense of the staggering volume of data our modern world produces. Machine learning engineers build programs that dynamically perform the analyses that data scientists used to perform manually. These programs can “learn” based on millions of experiences, all rigorously and numerically defined.
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cndls.georgetown.edu cndls.georgetown.edu
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Via @Willis3James
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mfeldstein.com mfeldstein.com
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learning spaces
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SUNY
Wait… Any connection to SUNY Learning Commons?
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grows exponentially.
As we get into “Big Data”, individual datapoints become less important.
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What is the correlation between levels of student responses to each other and outcomes?
Levels and types of responses. Just read such an analysis, based on Brookfield and Preskill’s “Conversational Moves”.
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read by any Caliper-compliant system
Or any Learning Record Store.
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Caliper WordPress plugin
How long before we get such a thing?
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most blogs have a feature called “pingbacks,”
Annotations should have “pingbacks”, too. But the most important thing is how to process those later on. We do get into the Activity Streams behind much Learning Analytics.
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Tags
- #BigData
- SUNY Learning Commons
- conversational analysis
- #LearningSpaces
- Learning Circles
- LMS
- Learning Management Operating System
- Open Standards
- Semantic Web
- xAPI
- Brookfield and Preskill
- #Caliper
- Learning Record Store
- Learning Analytics
- social media
- Learning Management Systems
- Caliper
- #WordPress
- SUNY
- Activity Streams
Annotators
URL
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www.edsurge.com www.edsurge.com
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prior learning assessments
The new frontier!
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adaptive learning with multiple levels of support.
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technology-assisted differentiated instruction
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www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
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Personal Learning Record will define how to represent, capture and leverage user activity, including ratings, test results and performance measures in a distributed learning and work environment.
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Resource Repository Network will create a resource graph of learning/training resources data from multiple sources and formats including live and dynamic data
Sounds pretty close to Comète.
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www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
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e-learning technologies and standards: SCORM, LOM, IMS-LD, IMS-CC, IMS-QTI, IMS-CP, LDL, SLD
Standards matter.
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chronicle.com chronicle.com
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Besides the piece’s content, the interactions which happened through a layer of Diigo annotations were quite interesting.
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blog.enkerli.com blog.enkerli.com
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Might want to add yet another layer to this old discussion.
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- Oct 2015
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courses.edx.org courses.edx.org
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They found that students were most engaged in school while taking tests, doing individual work, and doing group work, and less so when listening to lectures or watching videos. In addition, the students were most engaged and reported being in a better mood when they felt that their activities were under their own control and relevant to their lives. The researchers conclude that teachers can encourage more flow in their classrooms through lessons that offer choice, are connected to students’ goals, and provide both challenges and opportunities for success that are appropriate to students’ level of skill.
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Real learning, says Shernoff, requires student engagement—of which flow is the deepest form possible—and that involves a combination of motivation, concentration, interest, and enjoyment derived from the process of learning itself—qualities that are essential to Csikzentmihalyi’s definition of flow.
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But one place where we might not find too much flow these days, sadly, is in American schools. For years, the learning conditions in classrooms have been practically antithetical to the conditions people need to achieve flow and all the benefits that come with it. Especially in the era of No Child Left Behind and high-stakes testing, schools have often favored regimentation over self-directed learning, making it harder for students to get deeply engaged with topics that interest them. Paradoxically, these trends might be undermining the kind of student achievement they were designed to promote, and could even be causing student burnout.
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onlinelearningconsortium.org onlinelearningconsortium.org
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possible partner in online learning initiative
Tags
Annotators
URL
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www.centerdigitaled.com www.centerdigitaled.com
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www.technologyreview.com www.technologyreview.com
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I have the feeling we do not need to use models as complicated as some outlined in the text; we can (and finally will have to) abstract from most of the issues we can imagine. I expect that "magic" (an undisclosed heuristic, perhaps in combination with machine learning) will deal with the issues, a black box that will be considered inherently flawed and practical enough at the same time. The results from experimental ethics can help form the heuristic while the necessity for easy implementation and maintainability will limit the applications significantly.
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eprints.lancs.ac.uk eprints.lancs.ac.uk
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The importance assumed for collaboration within NL has almost become ubiquitous and is frequently seen as unquestionably desirable.
Not always desirable
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Annotators
URL
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hapgood.us hapgood.us
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Over time these things you write up start to form a deep network that helps you think.
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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follow the lead of the sciences
Again, I don't get all the anti-science rhetoric and anti-intellectualism when it comes to talking about teaching. Was active learning invented in science classes? No. Was John Dewey a scientist? No. Either way, does any of that mean that we should reject something because it was done in the sciences or said by a scientist?
There are whole journals devoted to research on teaching humanities topics: history, philosophy, writing, literature, etc. All ignored in this article.
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Eliot was a chemist, so perhaps we should take his criticisms with a grain of salt.
Again, there is plenty of research showing that active learning is better in areas other than the sciences and math. See the section on History education in the free book How Students Learn, for example: http://www.nap.edu/read/10126/chapter/3
or the book Doing History, or work by Sam Wineburg and other history education researchers.
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vogue
I wouldnt't call it a "craze" or a "vogue" when people have been arguing for it for over 100 years and there are now thousands of empirical research articles demonstrating that it is superior to traditional lecture. Rejecting active learning in favor of traditional lecture is akin to the 19th doctors who rejected the idea that they needed to wash their hands: https://edtechdev.wordpress.com/2014/06/03/healthcare/
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2014 study showed that test scores in science and math courses improved after professors replaced lecture time with “active learning” methods like group work
It's not just math and science. There are studies showing active learning is better than lecture for history teaching and other areas, too. Here's just one: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:IHIE.0000047415.48495.05#page-1
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flexible.learning.ubc.ca flexible.learning.ubc.ca
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From knowing to learning An immediate outcome of this transition is that we no longer ask, “Do students know this?” Instead, we can ask, “How do students learn this?” Giving students learning activities as an assessment has the benefit of assessing a meaningful aspect of their learning, that is, their ability to make sense of new challenges. This paradigm is often termed preparation for future learning assessment, or PFL.
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medium.com medium.com
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Greg's P&T portfolio
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Annotators
URL
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- Sep 2015
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blogs.edweek.org blogs.edweek.org
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Commercial publishers and content producers say there's reason to doubt the quality of open resources
Have they demonstrated so clearly that their textbooks have enhanced learning? Oh, wait. They set the criteria by which we assess learning and push for their own brand of Learning Analytics, so…
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cms.whittier.edu cms.whittier.edu
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"If you leave those there it will make a mess and make me spill things. That's one reason we don't let you bitches behind the bar."
Well.. that's a little over the top.. Was the waitress ever told previous to this situation to make sure to remove the bottle caps? If you want the waitress to use the space like you do out of routine, then teach the waitress the rules of keeping the area clean before you leave the bar unattended and she has customers to serve.
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inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net
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Our design model builds on this approach by focusing on supports and mechanisms for building envi-ronments that connect learning across the spheres of interests, peer culture, and academic life.
To follow up on design supports
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Connected learning addresses the gap between in-school and out-of-school learning, intergenerational disconnects, and new equity gaps arising from the privatization of learning. In doing so, connected learning taps the opportunities provided by digital media to more easily link home, school, community and peer contexts of learning; sup-port peer and intergenerational connections based on shared interests; and create more connections with non-dominant youth, drawing from capacities of diverse communities.
assuming learners have access to the web, and resources to connect
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connectedlearning.tv connectedlearning.tv
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Connected learning is a model of learning and social change that is not defined by a specific technology, tool, or technique. Instead, connected learning is defined by a commitment to social equity and progressive learning, and seeks to mold the uptake of new technologies and techniques based on these commitments.
a model of learning and social change. as well a set of design principles?
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sirius.clarity-lab.org sirius.clarity-lab.org
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Annotators
URL
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www.reddit.com www.reddit.com
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Annotators
URL
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etherpad.mozilla.org etherpad.mozilla.org
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Annotators
URL
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citl.indiana.edu citl.indiana.edu
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Bottlenecks are important because they signal where students are unable to grasp crucial ways of knowing in our fields.
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www.macfound.org www.macfound.org
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connect in- and out-of-school learning
break down divide between intellectual work of school and organic inquiry of students
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Connected Learning, has emerged as a powerful way to connect fragmented spheres of a young person’s life—interests, academic and work opportunities, and peer culture.
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learning.blogs.nytimes.com learning.blogs.nytimes.com
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learning.blogs.nytimes.com learning.blogs.nytimes.com
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theconversation.com theconversation.com
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Bennett Merriman, young entrepreneur and director of a workforce management company, told a recent higher education conference that connectivity in our work place is important. He recommended that students should spend time developing their networks throughout their studies.
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- Aug 2015
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www.edudemic.com www.edudemic.com
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Flexibility
Some connection with SAMR, unbundling, “open learning”… With diverse learners whose constraints may affect institutions, there’s a fair bit of talk about new(ish) tech-infused approaches to distance education. As with many other things, not much of it is new. But there might be some enabling phenomena. Not sure how gamification fits, here. Sure, open play could allow for a lot of flexibility. But gamification is pretty much the reverse: game mechanics without the open-ended playfulness.
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Hands on
This might be the most explicit link to constructivism and constructionism. Not only is it about “learn by doing”, but it’s about concrete action in the physical world. Can’t help but find it limiting and restrictive to mention “3D Printing” as the main component. After all, FabLabs got started without 3D printers and the Maker movement has a lot of stuff which has little to do with 3D Printing. But it’s hard to argue that 3D Printing haven’t attracted attention, in the past couple of years. Sexier than laser etching? As Makers often point out, there’s a lot in the movement which is really very similar to what was happening in shop class. Though the trend may sound new, it’s partly based on nostalgia. A neat aspect, though, is that much of it can happen through learners’ projects cutting across class boundaries. Sure, we’ve known about project-based learning for a while. You do a project for a class or a series of classes. But how about a personal pathway (cf. “individualism”, above) through which learners add learning experiences around a central project? Learning Circles can make that into something really neat.
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Individualism–
Customisation: the “personal” era. What with “personal learning networks” and everything “self-”. Does sound like a major trend. What’s possibly most interesting, though, is the framing. To some of us, the term “individualism” may carry some negative connotations. It could be fairly neutral, in a context like this one, or deemed positive (prefixed with “rugged”), but it’s an interesting choice, here.
Tags
- Distance Education
- Online Courses
- BYOD
- constructionism
- wearables
- Hackerspaces
- Quantified Self
- Makerspaces
- Learning Circles
- FabLabs
- Learn by Doing
- sensors
- Shop Class
- Personal Learning Network
- Blended Learning
- Maker Movement
- mobility
- Experiential Learning
- customisation
- Contextual constraints
- ATAWAD
- Learning Projects
- Adaptation
- Flipped Classroom
- individualism
- constructivism
- Hybrid Learning
Annotators
URL
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chronicle.com chronicle.com
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"What really is our role as professors?" he asks. "Is our role to simply give out information and people will use it as they wish? Or is our role to honestly and truly help guide people to be who they are and how they will live their life?"
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www.irrodl.org www.irrodl.org
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learning is the act of recognizing patterns shaped by complex networks
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Knowledge is, on this theory, literally the set of connections formed by actions and experience.
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the learning is the network
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Learning is considered a “. . . knowledge creation process . . . not only knowledge consumption.”
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The capacity to know is more critical than what is actually known
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lumenlearning.com lumenlearning.com
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We’ll have an even more humane, ethical, productive, and effective version of the courseware when we come out of the pilot in Spring term.
Yikes. Sounds a little scary.
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cs231n.github.io cs231n.github.io
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This is a really useful visualization of the Multi Class SVM loss
Tags
Annotators
URL
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edf.stanford.edu edf.stanford.edu
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What we should aim at producing is men who possess both culture and expert knowledge in some special direction.
It's that "special direction" that becomes the key to organizing a curriculum. How do we help students to attach their interests to a direction in their lives? Or am I wrong to think that Whitehead, here, is pointing to a learning experience that connects interest with being of use in society, with political activism.
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analytics.jiscinvolve.org analytics.jiscinvolve.org
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Great information on student dashboard design!
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scienceintheclassroom.org scienceintheclassroom.org
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We found that dispersions of the triblock co-micelles in a decane:toluene (3:5 by volume) solution resulted in the selective dissolution of the central M(PFS60-b-PDMS660) micelle block, leaving short XLM(PI1424-b-PFS63) daughter micelles
Connects to AP Chemistry Learning Standard 6: Any bond or intermolecular attraction that can be formed can be broken. These two processes are in dynamic competition, sensitive to initial conditions and external perturbations.
Found on page 71 of the AP Chemistry Course and Exam Description:
http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/ap/ap-chemistry-course-and-exam-description.pdf
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BCPs assemble into a variety of different morphologies that are influenced by polymer molecular weights and block ratios, with further control possible through the manipulation of environmental conditions such as temperature, solvent, and concentration
Connects to AP Chemistry Learning Standard:2.B
Forces of attraction between particles (including the noble gases and also different parts of some large molecules) are important in determining many macroscopic properties of a substance, including how the observable physical state changes with temperature
Found on page 27 of the AP Chemistry Course and Exam Description:
http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/ap/ap-chemistry-course-and-exam-description.pdf
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solution
Connects to AP Chemistry Learning Standard:2.A.3: Solutions are homogeneous mixtures in which the physical properties are dependent on the concentration of the solute and the strengths of all interactions among the particles of the solutes and solvent:
Found on page 25 of the AP Chemistry Course and Exam Description:
http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/ap/ap-chemistry-course-and-exam-description.pdf
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- Jul 2015
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www.sciencemag.org www.sciencemag.org
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Because dynein inhibition alone did not inhibit IAV uncoating completely, we investigated a possible additional role for the actomyosin system
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RST.11-12.8
http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RST/11-12/
Whenever an observation is not fully understood, scientists try to analyze the issue from different angles. Here, the authors observed that the inhibition of dynein wasn't sufficient for inhibiting the viral uncoating completely. Therefore, they deduced that other factors were implicated with uncoating and decided to explore this possibility.
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we noticed that another histone deacetylase, HDAC6, was also required for infection
Connect to Learning Standards: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13165&page=69
Progression for explanation. In a previous study, the authors observed that HDAC6 was required for viral infection. As a consequence, they continued to study the function of HDAC6 in deep detail.
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With the risk of an influenza pandemic growing, it is increasingly important to understand virus-host interactions in detail and to develop new antiviral strategies (1).
http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13165&page=43
Science can contribute to meeting many of the major challenges that confront society today, such as preventing and treating disease.
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ocw.mit.edu ocw.mit.edu
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This course introduces students to the basic knowledge representation, problem solving, and learning methods of artificial intelligence.
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Local file Local file
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The motion of probe particles trackedinside cells has been classified as subdiffusive,diffusive, or superdiffusive. Such classifications,however, obscure the distinction between ther-mally driven and nonequilibrium fluctuationsand are inadequate to identify intracellular ma-terial properties
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dmlcentral.net dmlcentral.net
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Connected learning boils down to risk taking in the end. To quote colleague Jade Davis from her recent DML blog post, “I think the biggest risk in connected learning is Not Trying.”
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While I’d struggle to tell you how I learn best, there is one question that I’d always be able to answer enthusiastically: What would you like to learn next? Right now I’m learning JavaScript and have plans to give Spanish another go. I should probably pick up those guitar lessons again soon as well. Thankfully we live in a time when it’s trivially easy to gain access to resources and to learning activities. The problem is finding out the ones that work best for you. Perhaps that’s why we carry around in our pockets devices that can access pretty much the sum total of human knowledge yet use them to LOL at amusing pictures of cats. What are the barriers here? I’d suggest there are three main ones: 1 Curriculum - the series of activities that build towards a learning goal 2 Credentials - the ability to show what you know 3 Community - the cohort of peers you feel you are part of, along with access to ‘experts’
How do I learn best? What resources are the best ones for me?
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davidtjones.wordpress.com davidtjones.wordpress.com
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The “connected learning” term seems to derive from this infographic on connected learning and the folk who developed it. Their “What is Connected Learning” provides more of an overview, including principles (see the following table) and a research synthesis report.
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- Jun 2015
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files.eric.ed.gov files.eric.ed.gov
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That power is unleashed when teachers see the portfolio process as dependent upon the clarity of goals for student performance through their work in the liberal arts and professional education curriculum; when they attend to the quality of the assignments, projects and assessments that they provide for their students; and when they take the responsibility for teaching students the process of reflection and self assessment.
That's a lot to throw in here at the end. It does make me wonder about how focusing too much on assessment might become the tail wagging the dog, if you know what I mean. Because ultimately it gets back to working together to create quality assignments and teaching the process of self-directed learning.
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www.technologyreview.com www.technologyreview.com
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Enter the Daily Mail website, MailOnline, and CNN online. These sites display news stories with the main points of the story displayed as bullet points that are written independently of the text. “Of key importance is that these summary points are abstractive and do not simply copy sentences from the documents,” say Hermann and co.
Someday, maybe projects like Hypothesis will help teach computers to read, too.
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www.fordfoundation.org www.fordfoundation.org
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expanded learning schedules
Another common theme across foundations. Wallace is interested in this too.
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www.hewlett.org www.hewlett.org
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effective democratic participation
Emphasize annotation as key to civic literary and participation.
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collaboration
Collabora-tive annotation?
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the Common Core standards are strongly aligned with deeper learning—and represent an especially promising leverage point for the Program to help advance its goals . 9
"Deeper learning"=Common Core
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www.hewlett.org www.hewlett.org
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portfolios,
Ding-ding-ding! hypothes.is needs to build out profile page as portfolio-like...
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The new Common Core State Standards are an enormous step forward toward the goal of preparing all students for the future: across forty-five states, schools are now required to teach skills like critical thinking and effective communication alongside core academic content.
So Hewlett is also investing in CC...
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collegeready.gatesfoundation.org collegeready.gatesfoundation.org
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When learning is personalized,
How much more "personalized" could you get than annotating the open web?! Let students read and discuss what they want, but evaluate them according to the standards/expectations.
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www.teachthought.com www.teachthought.com
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Steven Wheeler’s presentation below reviews related ideas contextualizing the modern learning climate. The gist? Rapid technology change has produced critical new pathways for both formal and informal learning.
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Rhizomatic Learning Is A Metaphor For How We Learn
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caseyboyle.net caseyboyle.net
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colour as an object-centred
interesting that we still teach children to learn colors this way via picture books that use objects (red apple) or physical features of the environment (blue sky) to create color associations
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- May 2015
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Local file Local file
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‘how does it work?
Applying it, not necessarily being faithful to the original
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riting rhizomatically; understanding texts as rhizomatic; and analyzing the rhizomatic linkages between texts and the talk of the research participants.
3 types of rhizo thought
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We are in desperate need of new concepts, Deleuzian or otherwise, in this new educational environment that privileges a single positivist research model with its transcendent rationality and objectivity and accompanying concepts such as randomization, replicability, generalizability, bias, and so forth—one that has marginalized subjugated knowledges and done material harm at all levels of education, and one that many educators have resisted with some success for the last fifty years
In Freirean terms, we need an alternative to the banking model of learning
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Todd May (1996) explains that Deleuze’s ontology is ‘built upon the not-so-controversial idea that how we conceive the world is relevant to how we live in it.’
this is relevant to rhizo learning. We see knowledge as something we construct, not something that we are given by experts.
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Now you might ask what this discussion of subjectivity in Deleuze has to do with education and science, and I would respond—everything, everything. All of education and science is grounded in certain theories of the subject; and if the subject changes, everything else must as well
We need a concept of the subject that's not grounded in positivism
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Rather than asking what a concept means, you will find yourself Deleuzian Concepts for Education: The subject undone 285 © 2004 Philosophy of Education Society of Australasia asking, ‘Does it work? what new thoughts does it make possible to think? what new emotions does it make possible to feel? what new sensations and perceptions does it open in the body?’ (Massumi, 1992, p. 8). You soon give up worrying about what Deleuze might have intended and use him in your own work ‘to free life from where it’s trapped, to trace lines of flight’ (Deleuze, 1990/1995, p. 141) into a different wa y of being in the world
The philosopher, says Deleuze, creates concepts.
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permission to give up the pretense of signifying and ‘making meaning’ in the old way
Don't try to understand it (e.g.D&G), If it does not speak to you, try something else.
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onlinelibrary.wiley.com onlinelibrary.wiley.com
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Now you might ask what this discussion of subjectivity in Deleuze has to do with education and science, and I would respond—everything, everything. All of education and science is grounded in certain theories of the subject; and if the subject changes, everything else must as well.
D has a different view of the subject from trad education
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haecceity
Thisness
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One form of resistance to the scientism produced by the old values of government functionaries involves accomplishing scholarship that critiques those values and introduces concepts that upset the established order. This essay participates in that resistance, illustrating how Deleuzian concepts keep the field of play open, becoming, rhizomatic, with science springing up everywhere, unrecognizable according to the old rules, coming and going in the middle, ‘where things pick up speed’ (Deleuze & Guattari, 1980/1987, p. 25).
D&G as a response to scientism
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We are in desperate need of new concepts, Deleuzian or otherwise, in this new educational environment that privileges a single positivist research model with its transcendent rationality and objectivity and accompanying concepts such as randomization, replicability, generalizability, bias, and so forth—one that has marginalized subjugated knowledges and done material harm at all levels of education, and one that many educators have resisted with some success for the last fifty years.
In Freirean terms, we need an alternative to the banking model of learning
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Deleuze's ontology is ‘built upon the not-so-controversial idea that how we conceive the world is relevant to how we live in it
this is relevant to rhizo learning. We see knowledge as something we construct, not something that we are given by experts.
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The “dark” side of Rhizo14 related to many of the gaps in MOOC research that have been noted by other researchers and referenced in the review of literature. Rhizo14 participants for whom the experience was less than positive felt isolated. They felt unable to make meaningful connections despite in some cases being experienced “MOOCers.” One viewed the emphasis on community as an unnecessary pressure, which led to artificial effects, exclusion and limited learning. Another viewed the community as “ disjointed networks of pre-established subgroups. ” Another described the community as having a “ dark edge .” These participants felt that there was a lack of appropriate facilitation, and that there were inappropriate exhibitions of power and politics in the course. Some felt that the course was based on weak philosophical foundations and that the rhizome is an empty signifier. Some questioned the lack of content in the course and felt that it lacked depth and theoretical discussion. For these participants the rhizome is “ A pernicious, pervasive weed, rooted in a lot of dirt and “SH***””; “ . . .a ‘thug’ and can be very badly behaved”; “Part of one big family/ plant—joined at the hip”; “Clones of the “same damn plan t.” One respondent wrote “I knew before that the arborescent paradigm was a problem. The rhizome is a contrasting alternative, but I learned in the course that this alternative has a lot of connotations with ugly and weed-like characteristics which are not necessary for every complex or even chaotic network” (survey respondent)
This is the relevant passage in this paper. Annotating it here: chrome-extension://bjfhmglciegochdpefhhlphglcehbmek/content/web/viewer.html?file=file%3A%2F%2F%2FC%3A%2FUsers%2Fsh131d%2FGoogle%2520Drive%2FMy%2520eBooks%2FRhizomes%2FMackness%2520and%2520Bell%25202015.pdf
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dmlcentral.net dmlcentral.net
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as researchers and policy makers look to build more sustainable futures, they would be wise to design creative ways to support parents even as they pour more resources into supporting students. We instinctively understand that our public institutions (i.e., schools), policy initiatives, and the spread of media technologies must be a valuable resource for students. But, how can these institutions, policies and technologies become an asset for parents?
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www.slate.com www.slate.com
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“Making creates evidence of learning.” The thing you make—whether it be a robot, rocket, or blinking LED—is evidence that you did something, and there is also an entire process behind making that can be talked about and shared with others. How did you make it? Why? Where did you get the parts? Making is not just about explaining the technical process; it’s also about the communication about what you’ve done.
This is an important notion, that making something is the beginning of having evidence of learning. AND that embodied in that object is the process and the learning that you went through, which needs to be given time and place to show.
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- Apr 2015
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Teaching has been reduced to the written equivalent of TV news sound bites in pan, because so many groups lobby hard for inclusion of their p et ideas Moreover, much of what they wish to be taught i s n ow taught; the problem is that it isn't learned and can't easily be, given the inert and glib quality of the text. Con tent is reducible to sound bites only when curricular lobbyists (and an alarming number of educators) be lieve that learning occurs merely by hearing or seeing the "truth." The problem of student ignorance is thus really about a dult i gnorance as to how thoughtful and long-lasting under standing is achieved
How is thoughtful and longlasting understanding achieved?
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The view that everything of importance can be thoughtfully learned by the 12th grade notice I did not say "taught" is a delusion
Why is it a delusion?
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www.academia.edu www.academia.edu
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Jean Lave’s theory of situated cogni-tion focuses on learning as enculturation into a practice, often through the process of “legitimate peripheral participation” in a laboratory, studio, or workplace set-ting. Although this term is often thought of as equivalent to apprenticeship learn-ing, it is a more general concept. In an apprenticeship, the student is there to learn a practice under a master who, if he or she is good, has carefully meted out a set of increasingly challenging activities for the student to perform. In peripheral participation the student is engaged in real work, fully participating in the tech-nical and social interchanges. He or she is able not only to learn to do the job, but also to pick up, as though through osmo-sis, the sensibilities, beliefs, and idiosyn-crasies of the particular community of practice. Learning happens seamlessly as part of an enculturation process as the learner moves from the periphery to a more central position in the community.
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- Mar 2015
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Equally important is our social-emo - tional development in learning how to use our feelings—our emotional relations to others and our emotional reactions to events—for constructive purpose
Interesting sentence structure here. Pure conjecture but I am sensing a tension among the theoretical underpinning and priorities of the authors.
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ndividual learners and neglect group-level learning and project-level or organization-level learning
This would be something interesting for the club curriculum to try and get at.
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- Jan 2015
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ikit.org ikit.org
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But as a society, we are not concerned with novices. Eventually they will quit being novices, without our having to do anything about it. The important question is what they will become. Will they become experts in their lines of work or will they swell the ranks of incompetent or mediocre functionaries?
A common thread with Gee in the Ant--Education Era, an open disdain for incompetence.
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www.britishscienceassociation.org www.britishscienceassociation.org
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To develop this exhibition Life recognised that people construct knowledge for themselves, rather than passively absorb what’s fed to them, and they learn to learn as they learn.
Aim of CZ
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www.ats.ucla.edu www.ats.ucla.edu
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Logistic regression, also called a logit model, is used to model dichotomous outcome variables. In the logit model the log odds of the outcome is modeled as a linear combination of the predictor variables.
Tags
Annotators
URL
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- Dec 2014
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davecormier.com davecormier.com
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“do they care?”.
Simon Ensor and I have been having 'picnic' conversations on this over the last couple of months. I have even had Hangouts of One (yes, I am a lonely dude) that are in part about this. In our picnics the question has taken another form: is it fun?
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- Nov 2014
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www.perl.org www.perl.org
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There are many ways to start... learn.perl.orgexternal link A brief introductionexternal link Free online Perl books Join your local community Books and More
Perl's learning resources | http://www.perl.org/learn.html
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Annotators
URL
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git-scm.com git-scm.com
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Git Basics So, what is Git in a nutshell?
Getting started with Git
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www.perl.org www.perl.org
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Full Text Beginning Perl Modern Perl Impatient Perl Extreme Perl Embedding Perl in HTML with Mason Picking Up Perl Perl 5 Internals Practical Mod Perl Perl & LWP
Full e-books on Perl
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cs.gmu.edu cs.gmu.edu
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Lisp Quickstart
Fairly comprehensive guide to LISP Programming language- includes syntax
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www.pythonlearn.com www.pythonlearn.com
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The goal of this site is to provide a set of materials in support of my Python for Informatics: Exploring Information book to allow you to learn Python on your own. This page serves as an outline of the materials to support the textbook.
http://www.pythonlearn.com/ | A great resource for starting programmers looking to build knowledge and gain skills. Open Source Course
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ankiweb.net ankiweb.net
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This deck contains all must-have basic Esperanto rootwords as suggested by the editorial team of the magazine Kontakto.
That sounds good. I aim to get fluent this semester!
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Annotators
URL
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- Oct 2014
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www.fpcomplete.com www.fpcomplete.com
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The notion behind it was that one could decompose, e.g., Applicative into an instance of the Pointed typeclass and an instance of the Apply typeclass (giving apply :: f (a -> b) -> f a -> f b) and an instance of Pointed, such that the two interact properly.
There's more on
Applicative
(andFunctor
) here, in case you're unfamiliar with it.
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- Mar 2014
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www.nczonline.net www.nczonline.net
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A day of lost work pursuing the wrong solution is something that is acceptable from a learning point of view.
Almost without exception. Just Say No to death marches.
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- Feb 2014
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pythonpracticeprojects.com pythonpracticeprojects.com
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The hard part is teaching the consequences of each choice.
Once you get the syntax and basic language idioms out of the way this is the real problem that faces us no matter what language we pick.
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- Jan 2014
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opencontent.org opencontent.org
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permalink
What is a permalink page?
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Annotators
URL
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- Oct 2013
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www9.georgetown.edu www9.georgetown.edu
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ut what is better than wholesome sweetness or sweet wholesomeness? For the sweeter we try to make such things, the easier it is to make their wholesomeness serviceable. And so there are writers of the Church who have expounded the Holy Scriptures, not only with wisdom, but with eloquence as well; and there is not more time for the reading of these than is sufficient for those who are studious and at leisure to exhaust them.
rhetoric can be educational and enjoyable
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But only by those who can learn them any one who cannot learn this art quickly can never thoroughly learn it
Natural talent?
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And, therefore, as infants cannot learn to speak except by learning words and phrases from those who do speak, why should not men become eloquent without being taught any art of speech, simply by reading and learning the speeches of eloquent men, and by imitating them as far as they can?
Rhetoric compared to speech. interesting comparison, makes it closely linked to day to day activity
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For men of quick intellect and glowing temperament find it easier to become eloquent by reading and listening to eloquent speakers than by following rules for eloquence.
It is an art best learned through exposure and example
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rhetoric.eserver.org rhetoric.eserver.org
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That mere boys should sit mixed with young men, I do not approve
No Fun League. I've learned a lot from older people or more senior peoples in my various classes. Experience can be passed on for one to take in to help in their educational path. I do not approve. HA!
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That mere boys should sit mixed with young men, I do not approve; for though such a man as ought to preside over their studies and conduct may keep even the eldest of his pupils under control, yet the more tender ought to be separate from the more mature, and they should all be kept free, not merely from the guilt of licentiousness, but even from the suspicion of it
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Of these professors the morals must first be ascertained, a point of which I proceed to treat in this part of my work, not because I do not think that the same examination is to be made, and with the utmost care, in regard also to other teachers (as indeed I have shown in the preceding book), but because the very age of the pupils makes attention to the matter still more necessary. 3. For boys are consigned to these professors when almost grown up and continue their studies under them even after they are become men. Greater care must in consequence be adopted with regard to them in order that the purity of the master may secure their more tender years from corruption and that his authority deter their bolder age from licentiousness. 4. Nor is it enough that he give, in himself, an example of the strictest morality, unless he regulate also, by severity of discipline, the conduct of those who come to receive his instructions.
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rhetoric.eserver.org rhetoric.eserver.org
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We are by nature most tenacious of what we have imbibed in our infant years
Almost a Freudian idea. This is not at all correct, but still an interesting idea for the time.
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As birds are born to fly, horses to run, and wild beasts to show fierceness, so to us peculiarly belong activity and sagacity of understanding; hence the origin of the mind is thought to be from heaven. 2. But dull and unteachable persons are no more produced in the course of nature than are persons marked by monstrosity and deformities, such are certainly but few.
As I was reading this, I thought another syllogism was coming, then he threw a curve-ball. I can dig this. Reasoning doesn't come naturally, and many people think it is.
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his may seem a trifling matter to mention, but when it is neglected, many faults of pronunciation, unless they are removed in the years of youth, are fixed by incorrigible ill habit for the rest of life.
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I do not disapprove, however, the practice, which is well known, of giving children, for the sake of stimulating them to learn, ivory figures of letters to play with, or whatever else can be invented, in which that infantine age may take delight, and which may be pleasing to handle, look at, or name.
Learning through play
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This advancement, extended through each year, is a profit on the whole, and whatever is gained in infancy is an acquisition to youth. The same rule should be prescribed as to the following years, so that what every boy has to learn, he may not be too late in beginning to learn. Let us not then lose even the earliest period of life, and so much the less, as the elements of learning depend on the memory alone, which not only exists in children, but is at that time of life even most tenacious.
This is still debated today. Many preschools have differing pedagogies and beliefs on what a child is capable of learning at what age.
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Let reading, therefore, be at first sure, then continuous, and for a long time slow, until, by exercise, a correct quickness is gained.
learning at their own pace and building confidence along the way.
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The study of Latin ought, therefore, to follow at no long interval, and soon after to keep pace with the Greek; thus it will happen that when we have begun to attend to both tongues with equal care, neither will impede the other.
Languages were taught in grade school as a rule in modern times, but are no longer integral to public secondary education, as a rule.
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The best of rules, therefore, are to be laid down, and if any one shall refuse to observe them, the fault will lie not in the method, but in the man.
It may just be my perception, but it seems to me that the study of learning is most often left to the pupil to figure out, these days.
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Nor is their misconduct less prejudicial to the manners of their pupils;
like I said above
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Since they disdain to yield to those who are skilled in teaching and, growing imperious, and sometimes fierce, in a certain right, as it were, of exercising their authority (with which that sort of men are generally puffed up), they teach only their own folly.
Authority is not a good teacher. Humility is needed in order to be teachable, and also to teach.
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Of paedagogi this further may be said, that they should either be men of acknowledged learning, which I should wish to be the first object, or that they should be conscious of their want of learning; for none are more pernicious than those who, having gone some little beyond the first elements, clothe themselves in a mistaken persuasion of their own knowledge.
With or without loads of knowledge, people teach best when also learning.
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Before all things, let the talk of the child's nurses not be ungrammatical.
the speech in the home greatly influences a child's ability to learn throughout life.
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rhetoric.eserver.org rhetoric.eserver.org
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To beginners should be given matter designed, as it were, beforehand in proportion to the abilities of each. But when they shall appear to have formed themselves sufficiently on their model, a few brief directions may be given them, following which, they may advance by their own strength without any support. 6. It is proper that they should sometimes be left to themselves, lest, from the bad habit of being always led by the efforts of others, they should lose all capacity of attempting and producing anything for themselves. But when they seem to judge pretty accurately of what ought to be said, the labor of the teacher is almost at an end, though should they still commit errors, they must be again put under a guide. 7.
Autonomy in learning and expression
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rhetoric.eserver.org rhetoric.eserver.org
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On such subjects did the ancients, for the most part, exercise the faculty of eloquence, borrowing their mode of argument, however, from the logicians. To speak on fictitious cases, in imitation of pleadings in the forum or in public councils, is generally allowed to have become a practice among the Greeks, about the time of Demetrius Phalereus.
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rhetoric.eserver.org rhetoric.eserver.org
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We make it also a subject of inquiry when a boy may be considered ripe for learning what rhetoric teaches. In which inquiry it is not to be considered of what age a boy is, but what progress he has already made in his studies. That I may not make a long discussion, I think that the question when a boy ought to be sent to the teacher of rhetoric is best decided by the answer, when he shall be qualified.
Age is less important than ability.
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rhetoric.eserver.org rhetoric.eserver.org
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For minds, before they are hardened are more ready to learn, as is proved by the fact that children, within two years after they can fairly pronounce words, speak almost the whole language, though no one incites them to learn; but for how many years does the Latin tongue resist the efforts of our purchased slaves! You may well understand, if you attempt to teach a grown up person to read, that those who do everything in their own art with excellence are not without reason called παιδομαθεῖς (paidomatheis), that is, "instructed from boyhood." 10. The temper of boys is better able to bear labor than that of men, for as neither the falls of children, with which they are so often thrown on the ground, nor their crawling on hands and knees, nor, soon after, constant play and running all day hither and thither, inconvenience their bodies so much as those of adults, because they are of little weight and no burden to themselves, so their minds likewise, I conceive, suffer less from fatigue, because they exert themselves with less effort and do not apply to study by putting any force upon themselves, but merely yield themselves to others to be formed. 11. Moreover, in addition to the other pliancy of that age, they follow their teachers, as it were, with greater confidence and do not set themselves to measure what they have already done. Consideration about labor is as yet unknown to them, and as we ourselves have frequently experienced, toil has less effect upon the powers than thought.
Interesting thought, pliancy of youth
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rhetoric.eserver.org rhetoric.eserver.org
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The teacher will he cautious, likewise, that concluding syllables be not lost; that his pupil's speech be all of a similar character; that whenever he has to raise his voice, the effort may be that of his lungs, and not of his head; and that his gesture may be suited to his voice, and his looks to his gesture. 9
Speech therapy?
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SOME TIME is also to be devoted to the actor, but only so far as the future orator requires the art of delivery, for I do not wish the boy whom I educate for this pursuit either to be broken to the shrillness of a woman's voice or to repeat the tremulous tones of an old man's. 2. Neither let him imitate the vices of the drunkard nor adapt himself to the baseness of the slave; nor let him learn to display the feelings of love, or avarice, or fear: acquirements which are not at all necessary to the orator and which corrupt the mind, especially while it is yet tender and uninformed in early youth, for frequent imitation settles into habit.
Is a parent supposed to limit a child's exposure to the world?
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rhetoric.eserver.org rhetoric.eserver.org
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BY speakers, as well as writers, there are certain rules to be observed. Language is based on reason, antiquity, authority, custom. It is analogy, and sometimes etymology, that affords the chief support to reason. A certain majesty, and, if I may so express myself, religion, graces the antique.
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rhetoric.eserver.org rhetoric.eserver.org
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At present, the negligence of paedagogi seems to be made amends for in such a way that boys are not obliged to do what is right, but are punished whenever they have not done it. Besides, after you have coerced a boy with stripes, how will you treat him when he becomes a young man, to whom such terror cannot be held out, and by whom more difficult studies must be pursued? 16. Add to these considerations that many things unpleasant to be mentioned, and likely afterwards to cause shame, often happen to boys while being whipped, under the influence of pain or fear. Such shame enervates and depresses the mind, and makes them shun people's sight and feel a constant uneasiness. 17. If, moreover, there has been too little care in choosing governors and tutors of reputable character, I am ashamed to say how scandalously unworthy men may abuse their privilege of punishing, and what opportunity also the terror of the unhappy children may sometimes accord to others. I will not dwell upon this point; what is already understood is more than enough. It will be sufficient, therefore, to intimate that no man should be allowed too much authority over an age so weak and so unable to resist ill treatment.
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rhetoric.eserver.org rhetoric.eserver.org
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Would not he seem to be affected with something like madness? There would be no eloquence in the world if we were to speak only with one person at a time.
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But supposing that either interest, or friendship, or money, should secure to any parent a domestic tutor of the highest learning, and in every respect unrivalled, will he, however, spend the whole day on one pupil? Or can the application of any pupil be so constant as not to be sometimes wearied, like the sight of the eyes, by continued direction to one object, especially as study requires the far greater portion of time to be solitary.
No freedom in learning.
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People think that morals are corrupted in schools; indeed they are at times corrupted, but such may be the case even at home.
Morals: home vs school
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