2,509 Matching Annotations
  1. Apr 2016
    1. In an ironic twist that perfectly demonstrates just why a site like urbandictionary.com is of sociolinguistic importance, the term "teabagging" made headlines again recently when U.S. conservatives used it as part of a populist tax protest. Citizens were urged to send teabags to the White House in an apparent reference to the Boston Tea Party tax protest of 1773. "Teabagging" events were enthusiastically promoted by Republicans, conservative pundits, and the FOX network. What the tax teabaggers didn't know was that the term has some very unique -- and overtly sexual -- connotations in contemporary pop culture.
    1. Studies of selective exposure on television typically reach a very different conclusion: Repub-licans and conservatives report more exposure to conservative outlets, whereas Democrats andliberals report greater exposure to liberal sources, so selective exposure in cable news viewingis common (e.g., Coe et al. 2008, Hollander 2008, Jamieson & Cappella 2008, Garrett 2009b,Stroud 2011, Holbert et al. 2012).

      Selective exposure

    1. n order to obtain an accurate estimate of true completion, and thus population, one must bias-correct the observed re-detection ratio to estimate the true completion as a function of size of asteroid. We do this with a computer model simulating actual surveys.
    1. But in all our research the most achievement-oriented students, who were also the most skilled, motivated, and confident, were the most impaired by stereotype threat

      Obama.

    1. "stereotype threat" -- the threat of being viewed through the lens of a negative stereotype, or the fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm that stereotype.

      Definition.

    1. the jargon of a particular class, profession, etc.
    2. very informal usage in vocabulary and idiom that is characteristically more metaphorical, playful, elliptical, vivid, and ephemeral than ordinary language, as Hit the road.
    1. The end result is a lively, playful body of language that is at times used for no other reasons than that it is fun to use and identifies the speaker as clever and witty.
    1. A system that assumes a "quite good" institution is unable to get better, and thus denies them the funds that would enable them to get better, is probably not an optimal system for promoting merit. A system that rewards in proportion to merit would at least be able to recognise and reflect the dynamism of university research; research groups wax and wane as people come, go, get disheartened, get re-invigorated.

      On the importance of funding middle-ground

    2. it could be argued that we don’t just need an elite: we need a reasonable number of institutions in which there is a strong research environment, where more senior researchers feel valued and their graduate students and postdocs are encouraged to aim high. Our best strategy for retaining international competitiveness might be by fostering those who are doing well but have potential to do even better

      capacity requires top and middle.

  2. Mar 2016
    1. Statement of Research Building from empirical specifics of eight case studies from various countries, which will be chosen keeping in mind contextual diversity and institutional maturity, this study will use an analytical framework to address the following questions;RQ1: How do processes of signification, legitimation and domination in ICT-mediated citizen engagement give rise to new governance regimes?RQ2: Under what conditions can ICT mediated citizen engagement support and promote democratic governance?In addition, the study will attempt to develop an index on Transformative Citizen Engagement to evaluate the impact of citizen engagement on democratic governance, testing its efficacy. It will attempt to explain changes to governance systems and develop a layered index (tentatively, Transformative Citizen Engagement Index) that will be tested to evaluate the impact of citizen engagement on democratic governance.

      Ciudad de datos, grafoscopio y el data week están orientados a la pregunta 1:

      RQ1: How do processes of signification, legitimation and domination in ICT- mediated citizen engagement give rise to new governance regimes?

      Mientras que el diálogo entre comunidades de base y gobierno podría ayudar a resolver la pregunta 2:

      RQ2: Under what conditions can ICT mediated citizen engagement support and promote democratic governance?

    1. Schmidt, S. (2009). Shall we really do it again? The powerful concept of replication is neglected in thesocial sciences.Review of General Psychology, 13(2), 90–100.
    2. Evanschitzky, H., Baumgarth, C., Hubbard, R., & Armstrong, J. S. (2007). Replication research’s disturbingtrend.Journal of Business Research, 60(4), 411–415. doi

      replication research

    1. Fortunately, there is good news: women have the power to turn everything around. All they have to do is surrender to their nature – their femininity – and let men surrender to theirs.

      women and men need to go back to caveman days because all of this is to complicated for this author's little brain.

    2. women need men’s linear career goals – they need men to pick up the slack at the office – in order to live the balanced life they seek.

      Women need to chil out with the whole "adulting" and "working" thing so men have something to do with their lives.

    3. Feminism serves men very well: they can have sex at hello and even live with their girlfriends with no responsibilities whatsoever.

      But what about everything else you just said? Now men are simple sex machines?

    4. It has also undermined their ability to become self-sufficient in the hopes of someday supporting a family. Men want to love women, not compete with them.

      Is that how basic men are? All they want is a submissive women and to be head of the household? Actual scientific studies say otherwise but I haven't written any books yet so what would I know?

    5. Now the men have nowhere to go.

      Oh no! What will poor little men do without a wife to take care of the housework?

    6. women pushed men off their pedestal (women had their own pedestal, but feminists convinced them otherwise)

      Thank you for clarifying as that made literally no sense without it. Who edited this for you?

    7. In a nutshell, women are angry. They’re also defensive, though often unknowingly. That’s because they’ve been raised to think of men as the enemy. Armed with this new attitude,

      Is this an objective view? It sounds more like bull shit but that is also my own subjective view.

    8. And in doing so, I’ve accidentally stumbled upon a subculture of men who’ve told me, in no uncertain terms, that they’re never getting married. When I ask them why, the answer is always the same. Women aren’t women anymore.

      The author claims that because women are not submissive little frilly creatures who take care of their husbands, that men no longer want to marry them.

    9. women have become the majority of the U.S. workforce. They’re also getting most of the college degrees. The problem? This new phenomenon has changed the dance between men and women.  

      The author claims that with women working and becoming educated, men are less interested in marrying them.

    1.  These men want full emotional lives and the permission to go off the man-script without fear of reprisal from people like Venker. The truth is, no man or woman is totally immune to the tumult created by this cultural shift in gender relations, and to suggest one is at fault for the other’s current lot is willfully blind.

      Perfectly said! Men's liberation is just as important as the women's liberation was.

    2. What’s at issue here is not whether gender relations have changed—everyone agrees on that. Venker wants to assign blame for these changes.

      Feminism (and men's liberation) aim to place blame on the patriarchal system, while meninism places blame on women.

    3. While it’s ostensibly intended to shame and blame a generation of he-women determined to emasculate their male counterparts, it is instead, somewhat unintentionally, a valuable entrée into what happens when the evolution of gender roles for men does not keep pace with that of women.

      The author demonstrates how important men's liberation is to our society. Similarly, the meninist movement is a product of this. While women were liberated from gender roles, our male counterparts weren't so lucky. Due to this, many men blame women, but what they don't understand is that they to, can get off their asses and fight for something they believe in.

    1. Why not do both? Why can’t we address the serious needs of modern men while having a laugh? What’s wrong with change through chortles?

      Umm maybe because those "chortles" encourage violence and all together stupidity? Just a thought...

    2. But, sadly, every movement has its swivel-eyed loons, and if you were to dismiss an entire “thing” on the basis of the outrageous comments of a few fringe lunatics, feminism would be redundant, too

      So the author describes feminism negatively due to a few misandrists, yet asks his readers not to do the same to a movement that advocates violence against women. Both feminism and meninism have valid views, along with misguided followers.

    3. By mocking height-obsessed women who are overweight, the feed cruelly exposes the vanities of modern American women.

      We're all vain and shallow, it's impossible to be completely free from these qualities.While the original meninist movement had actual goals, the parody of it is a joke. All it does is reinforce harmful stereotypes.

    4. What’s clear is that meninism isn’t new: it started as a starchy, intellectual movement over a year ago on feminist.com under the clarion call of “Meninist – equality for all”.

      While recently the meninist movement is relatively new to mainstream media, it started as a legit branch off from feminism.

    1. why is it that the claims aren't resonating, you know, in a broad-based way with a lot of men, the way feminism did?" she says.

      This could be because in a way the men's rights advocates are admitting to feminine traits. This is still frowned upon even in Western cultures.

    2. female students alleging rape on campus are actually voicing buyer's remorse for alcohol-fueled promiscuous behavior,

      This is disgusting. Rape is not something anyone should take lightly, it is a serious charge and I doubt that this quote is true. What should be addressed instead is how to teach boys not to rape and how college boards can make campus safer for women. Women aren't the only ones getting raped either.

    3. it's important to understand that anger is often vulnerability's mask. It's so crucial for us to see the vulnerability of the men that are hurting."

      That doesn't make it okay for them to spew women hate and shoot up schools. While it is important to help these people, it is also important to not ignore the severity of their actions. No matter how hurt a person is, they have the choice to act violently or peacefully. It is not okay to react violently no matter the situation and as a society we need to make this clear.

    4. says the men's rights movement has attracted a "hard-line fringe" who endorse violence and hatred against women.

      This is the anti-feminist branch of the men's liberation movement. This should show the importance of feminism in the men's liberation movement. Without it the group is just promoting women-hate, which obviously doesn't solve anything. In turn, this should show the opposite side of the movement that the feminism movement is the same way. While you have your crazy men haters and bra burners, you also have those regular people who value human life. These are the people fighting for both rights, same as the pro-feminist men's liberation fighters.

    5. feminism is more concerned with promoting the interests of women — often at the expense of men.

      Then that's not feminism.

    6. why are our sons much more likely to be the ones to shoot up schools?"

      This is probably because of the stereotype of hyper masculinity that men are expected to portray. Some of those traits are aggressiveness, and dominance which can lead to violence.

    7. that there are women's studies — but not men's studies — departments at universities.

      But there is a gender studies class which covers both. Is it really necessary to have an individual men's studies?

    8. Critics worry, however, that these sites are a breeding ground for misogyny.

      Feminist teachings are helpful to avoid this. By empowering feminine aspects in men and women, men's liberation and feminism are both benefiting.

    1. Green plantains taste more like a potato with a starchy texture. Because of this, plantains are not suitable for eating raw unless they're very ripe,

      Plantains look like bananas, but they are more like potatoes. They are starchy, and like a potato, you would want to cook them first. I love cooking plantains!

    1. If the average college student spends approximately $1000 per year on textbooks and yet performs scholastically no better than the student who utilizes free OER, what exactly is being purchased with that $1000?

      Supplemental materials?

    1. a pebble may be removed from the very foundations of feminism.

      Feminism isn't the problem here, If anything, feminism does more to advance the Men's Rights Movement that anything. It allows men to show their feminine traits without ridicule. By fighting against feminism you are fighting against equality.

    2. In reason and logic, it cannot be called a patriarchy.”

      While the author makes a valid point here, that men and women are both unequal to each other in different ways, he fails to notice that the patriarchy does exist. It is a system made to benefit men through their careers, but hurts them in the way that it provides strict gender roles and impossible standards.

    3. “The study also revealed that men aged 45-49 now suffer the highest rates of suicide – a figure which has increased significantly over the last five years

      This could be due to troubled family life and relationships due to involvement in work and pressures of hyper masculinity.

    4. Today, for the first time, the Equalities and Human Rights Commission will be called upon to recognise formally that men and boys can be in positions of systemic disadvantage and inequality in British life

      Although men face disadvantages in today's society, one could argue that they created these disadvantages for themselves. They declared that women were weak and unintelligent, therefore they stay at home with the family. A counter argument for this could also be that times have changed for women and now it should be time for men to also be liberated.

    1. we run into these institutions that still don't reflect that shift in our expectations and the world we want to live in," he said.

      While ideals are shifting, work policies aren't reflecting that. Due to this, men have a hard decision to make regarding family life or their career.

    2. The research shows that when something has to give in the work-life juggle, men and women respond differently. Women are more likely to use benefits like paid leave or flexible schedules, and in the absence of those policies, they cut back on work. Men work more.

      The men's decision may be better for the long run financially, it causes them to miss out on important moments in their children's lives.

    3. Of millennial men who were already fathers, 53 percent said it was better for mothers and fathers to take on traditional roles.

      Even though they'd like to have an egalitarian relationship with their spouse, many men have come to the conclusion that traditional roles work best to keep the family unit functioning.

    1. A framework for assessing fitness for purpose in open educational resources

      When does using OER make sense... This is a great framework, especially if we are talking about assessing the OER completely on its own. But that probably isn't reality. OER is meant to be used, as in a process rather than a finished product. That process, the purposeful integration of the interactions and connections between teachers, students, "content" and the "open" public should be the foundation for such a framework.

  3. Feb 2016
    1. After administering the marijuana, the research team gauged each participant’s ability to complete cognitive tasks that included two types of creative thinking. The first task: "Think of as many uses as you can for a pen"

      After reading what these researchers think is a test of the creative thinking that is the subject of this study, I can think of one use for the pen that involves the phrase, "...and put it where the sun don't shine!"

      P.S. And as a proud owner of a Mya-Moe ukulele, I am disturbed at the article's theme-image implication that we ukulele players are a bunch of joint-honking, creativity-lacking slackers, the Millennial equivalent of Beat Poets!

      P.P.S. Upon further reflection, it has been brought to my attention that the tiny instrument in the article's theme image has, in fact, six strings not four. This then puts into question the appropriateness of my outrage over the article's apparent disparagement of ukulele players. Fair enough, it may be a small bodied guitar. But it may also be a six-string ukulele, depending on its tuning.

      I am inclined to go with it being a six-string uke, but am reserving my outrage until we have further evidence to go on.

      If you have an opinion about whether said instrument is guitar or ukulele... OR if you'd care to comment on whether creativity can be measured by things like the "pen use test," annotate away in response, please.

    1. wildlife whic

      consider adding a comma, like so:

      "... wildlife, which is..."

    2. (link)

      Two considerations:

      1. This seems to me to break in style from your previously-established convention for links & citations (i.e., a consistency error); and
      2. Should it be before or after the period? (unsure of what conventions say).

      Consider changing from "(link") to some other options? Two that come to my mind (neither of them quite ideal) could be moving it to "support for climate change denial" and/or changing it to "(An excellent read/article/essay by Vice magazine delves into this [issue/topic] [, here].")

      NB: I include optional phrasing in square brackets [ _ ].

    3. ‘It’s impossible’‘It’s possible, but it’s not worth doing’‘I said it was a good idea all along.’

      source? not necessary, but (for my mind, at least) helps its appearance.

      also re: Style: I have no idea what the style recommendations / conventions are: I see you started with a big icon of an open-quote. Q: Is it customary (e.g. in magazines, the New Yorker, etc.) to include an identically large-icon-sized close-quote?

  4. Jan 2016
    1. Publishing an open-access paper in a journal can be prohibitively expensive. Some researchers are drumming up support for a movement to change that
    1. The explosion of data-intensive research is challenging publishers to create new solutions to link publications to research data (and vice versa), to facilitate data mining and to manage the dataset as a potential unit of publication. Change continues to be rapid, with new leadership and coordination from the Research Data Alliance (launched 2013): most research funders have introduced or tightened policies requiring deposit and sharing of data; data repositories have grown in number and type (including repositories for “orphan” data); and DataCite was launched to help make research data cited, visible and accessible. Meanwhile publishers have responded by working closely with many of the community-led projects; by developing data deposit and sharing policies for journals, and introducing data citation policies; by linking or incorporating data; by launching some pioneering data journals and services; by the development of data discovery services such as Thomson Reuters’ Data Citation Index (page 138).
    1. Megan Cossey<br> Tips for fact checking your writing:<br> * Verify every fact, no matter how insignificant.<br> * Find out which sources are regarded the most highly in the field you are writing about.<br> * If you can't verify it, delete it.

    1. 180,000 public domain items from the New York Public Library Digital Collections. Photographs, stereoscopic photos, illustrations, maps, ancient texts, manuscripts, historical correspondence, sheet music, and more!

      http://api.repo.nypl.org/<br> https://github.com/NYPL-publicdomain/data-and-utilities<br> API and metadata

      http://nypl.org/publicdomain<br> More info, and some projects that use the API.

  5. Dec 2015
    1. The goal of “Making the world work for everyone” is vague and can be in-terpreted in many ways. I believe that is it’s power.
      • consider whether or not to lower-case the M in "Making." (I should probably ask an experienced copywriter or professional editor, actually... There is probably a "one right answer" in this instance, although I'm not certain.)

      • Change it's to its (that is, remove the apostrophe)

      The possessive form of "it" is an irregular form of possessive in lacking an apostrophe, probably to avoid confusion with the contraction of "it is."

      (This is yet another grammar rule I memorized in public schools. :p)

    1. We believe that openness and transparency are core values of science. For a long time, technological obstacles existed preventing transparency from being the norm. With the advent of the internet, however, these obstacles have largely disappeared. The promise of open research can finally be realized, but this will require a cultural change in science. The power to create that change lies in the peer-review process.

      We suggest that beginning January 1, 2017, reviewers make open practices a pre-condition for more comprehensive review. This is already in reviewers’ power; to drive the change, all that is needed is for reviewers to collectively agree that the time for change has come.

    1. self-acting

      We're essentially creating things on purpose that are going to have the ability to make their own decisions, possibly be smarter than us, and also have a chance of malfunctioning... Why?

    2. a sophisticated creation thatseems to simultaneously extend but also threaten our understanding of what it means tobe human.

      So if it threatens our understanding of what it means to be human.. is that beneficial to our ongoing research of essentially what makes us humans by constantly pushing our understanding to be deeper? or is harmful and uprooting of the interpersonal/cultural norms we've established?

  6. Nov 2015
    1. Open Education We believe that educational opportunities should be available to all learners. Creating an open education ecosystem involves making learning materials, data, and educational opportunities available without restrictions imposed by copyright laws, access barriers, or exclusive proprietary systems that lack interoperability and limit the free exchange of information.

      DOE office of ed tech

    1. Every three years, the Librarian of Congress issues new rules on Digital Millennium Copyright Act exemptions. Acting Librarian David Mao, in an order (PDF) released Tuesday, authorized the public to tinker with software in vehicles for "good faith security research" and for "lawful modification." The decision comes in the wake of the Volkswagen scandal, in which the German automaker baked bogus code into its software that enabled the automaker's diesel vehicles to reduce pollutants below acceptable levels during emissions tests.
  7. Oct 2015
    1. Liquid argon is used as the target for neutrino experiments and direct dark matter searches.

      Can someone explain to me what this research is for and why they use Argon? I don't understand the way it's explained. I am working on a science project. I am in the 4th grade.

    2. Liquid argon is used as the target for neutrino experiments and direct dark matter searches.

      Can someone explain to me why argon is used in these experiments and what they are for? I am working on a science project (I am in the 4th grade). Thank you!

    1. The Coming of OERRelated to the enthusiasm for digital instructional resources,four-fifths (81percent) of the survey participants agreethat “Open Source textbooks/Open Education Resource(OER) content “will be an important source for instructional resources in five yea
  8. Sep 2015
    1. Real Time Questions for Emiliana Simon-Thomas and Barbara Fredrickson

      Takeaways:

      1. Frequency of (e.g. minor) positive emotions more important than the intensity of positive emotions.

      2. Different cultures emphasize different positive emotions e.g serenity in the east vs enthusiasm in the west; as well as sources (e.g. "i'm fitting in!" vs "i'm standing out!").

      3. Having lots of connections not as important as having one or two meaningful interactions (confidants).

      4. Introverts still benefit from interaction, but need to regain energy by being alone.

      5. After reporting on emotions at the end of the day, asking oneself about what 3 longest social interactions of the day were, and how close and in-tune you felt with people, can actually drive positive emotions and measures of health upward.

      6. Prioritizing positivity is highly effective.

      7. Resonance in emotions while conversing can occur, and also can induce physiological mirroring like oxytocin patterns being similar.

      8. Positive emotions give you a big picture and allow for creative thinking, but a neutral or negative state is better for critical analysis. Luckily most normal people use both at different times.

      9. Barbara is currently researching if increasing positivity increases the occurrence of other positive behaviors (e.g. fitness, health).

  9. Aug 2015
    1. data deposition is limited to researchers working at the same institution,

      Not necessarily. For many institutions, as long as one of the researchers is affiliated, the data can be deposited

    1. We know this because there are societies where a lot more of this money is taken from the most fortunate, and it results pretty straightforwardly in less cruelty for the least fortunate.

      Anyone know the scenario he's citing here?

      I'd love to read more.

  10. Jul 2015
    1. I have asked this question all my life. I have sought the answer through my reading and writings, through the music of my youth, through arguments with your grandfather, with your mother. I have searched for answers in nationalist myth, in classrooms, out on the streets, and on other continents. The question is unanswerable, which is not to say futile.

      (I know this is an aside... but maybe it isn't.) Just in case anybody needed a definition of "inquiry," these sentences would do just fine. I know it can seem like too much to ask of youth, but I think we can find ways to help them to find the question they have been asking all of their lives, just like Coates's question here: "unanswerable, which is not to say futile." How different that is from finding a "researchable question."

  11. Jun 2015
    1. Science says we're full of it. Listening to music hurts our ability to recall other stimuli, and any pop song -- loud or soft -- reduces overall performance for both extraverts and introverts. A Taiwanese study linked music with lyrics to lower scores on concentration tests for college students, and other research have shown music with words scrambles our brains' verbal-processing skills. "As silence had the best overall performance it would still be advisable that people work in silence," one report dryly concluded. If headphones are so bad for productivity, why do so many people at work have headphones? That brings us to a psychological answer: There is evidence that music relaxes our muscles, improves our mood, and can even moderately reduce blood pressure, heart rate, and anxiety. What music steals in acute concentration, it returns to us in the form of good vibes.
    1. Email address
      1. Email address and name fields need to be longer.
      2. Is it clear that we need one or more of email and phone?

      Do we actually ever need both? If not, we could just ask "How would you like us to contact you?" And then show the relevant field with progressive disclosure.

    1. Mobile (out and about)

      One users gaze went back up to the 'Select all that apply' text at this point. We were able to ask him about this and he confirmed that he wanted to check whether he was supposed to be selecting multiple options or not.

    1. Desktop computer

      In this and other research we've observed that some users continue to click on the control rather than the grey box.

      We tested an alternate design alongside this one, with larger controls. The users (all high computer confidence) were very slightly faster at clicking the controls (as per Fitts Law).

      Equivalent testing on GOV.UK Verify with low confidence users shows the speed difference is much more pronounced.

    2. devices

      One user wasn't sure what 'counts' as a device

    1. Back to the previous question. Question 1 of 16

      In eye-tracking 0/4 users looked at this page element.

      However, it may have value for users who need to refer to the page via some other channel (eg, over the phone).

  12. May 2015
    1. Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources,

      Students using an annotation application like hypothes.is can literally map their research on a topic in tagged annotations on sources from across the Internet.

  13. Apr 2015
    1. Why is it that Putin has no problem getting his message out? The reason, of course, is that most of what Russians see and hear is Putin’s point of view and Putin’s point of view only.

      Although a blant exaggaration, it's well said

  14. Dec 2014
  15. Sep 2014
  16. Feb 2014
  17. Jan 2014
    1. NSF Advances in Biological Informatics: "Informatics tools for population-level animal movements." with T. Mueller, P. Leimgruber, A. Royle, and J. Calabrese. Thomas Mueller, an Assistant Research Scientist in my lab, leads this project. Also on this grant, postdoc Chris Fleming is investigating theoretical aspects of animal foraging and statistical issues associated with empirical data on animal movements. This project is developing innovative data management and analysis tools that will allow scientists and conservation managers to use animal relocation and tracking data to study movement processes at the population-level, focusing on the interrelationship of multiple moving individuals. We are developing and testing these new tools using datasets on Mongolian gazelles, whooping cranes, and blacktip sharks. More information is available on the Movement Dynamics Homepage.
    1. My project seeks to develop computer models that simulate and link behavioral movement mechanisms which can be either based on memory, perceptual cues or triggered by environmental factors. It explores their efficiency under different scenarios of resource distributions across time and space. Finally it tries to integrate empirical data on resource distributions as well as movements of moving animals, such as satellite data on primary productivity and satellite tracking data of Mongolian gazelles.
    1. We regularly provide scholars with access to content for this purpose. Our Data for Research site (http://dfr.jstor.org)

      The access to this is exceedingly slow. Note that it is still in beta.

    1. The academic publisher Elsevier has contributed to many U.S. Congressional representatives, pushing the Elsevier-supported Research Works Act, which among other things would have forbidden any effort by any federal agency to ensure taxpayer access to work financed by the federal government without permission of the publisher.

      What other legislation has Elsevier pushed?

    1. research by Adam Grant and Francesca Gino has shown that saying thank you not only results in reciprocal generosity — where the thanked person is more likely to help the thanker — but stimulates prosocial behavior in general. In other words, saying “thanks” increases the likelihood your employee will not only help you, but help someone else.

      Reciprocal generosity... keystone habits

  18. Oct 2013
    1. It is a remark constantly made by some that an orator must be skilled in all arts if he is to speak upon all subjects. I might reply to this in the words of Cicero, in whom I find this passage: "In my opinion, no man can become a thoroughly accomplished orator unless he shall have attained a knowledge of every subject of importance and of all the liberal arts," but for my argument, it is sufficient that an orator be acquainted with the subject on which he has to speak.

      So the orator does not have to have mastery over that which he speaks, but have thoroughly researched it.