- Jan 2025
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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there is something perplexing about claims like this. By their nature, they imply that we were smarter and more precise in the past.
YES! I'm very glad that the author does not like these claims.
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4thgenerationcivilization.substack.com 4thgenerationcivilization.substack.com
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creative minorities
for - definition - creative minorities - Arnold Toynbee, author of The Study of History - groups capable of inspiring action among the larger, less-educated, and less-visionary masses - SOURCE - article - Substack - The three civilizational priorities of the next societal transition - Michel Bauwens - 2025, Jan 17
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www.yanisvaroufakis.eu www.yanisvaroufakis.eu
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Sovereign Individual.
for - further research - Oligarch's favorite book - The Sovereign Individual - Author - James Dale Davidson and William Rees-Mogg - source - article - Le Monde - Musk, Trump and the Broligarch's novel hyper-weapon - Yanis Varoufakis - 2025, Jan 4
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taz.de taz.de
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https://taz.de/Folgen-der-Erderhitzung/!6057015/
Report: https://www.globalwater.online/globalwater/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/GWM-Report-2024.pdf
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Die Biden-Regierung hat Regeln zur Subventionierung von grünem Wasserstoff finalisiert. Lobbies konnten sich zwar teilweise durchsetzen, die Förderungen werden aber weitgehend nur der Wasserstoffproduktion mit erneuerbarer Energie zugutekommen. Es ist allerdings nach dem Ende mehrerer Projekte unsicher, dass die WasserstoffIndustrie mit dem von vielen erwarteten hohem Tempo aufgebaut wird https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/03/climate/hydrogen-subsidies-biden-treasury.html
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Das britische Met.Office erwartet, dass 2025 eines der drei Jahre mit den höchsten je gemessenen Durchschnittstemperaturen werden wird. Die La Niña-Phase im Südpazifik wird sich deutlich weniger auswirken als die Erhitzung durch Treibhausgase https://www.theguardian.com/news/2025/jan/02/weatherwatch-2025-likely-to-be-another-year-of-high-temperatures
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Die Ukraine.hat die Pipeline,durch die bisher russisches Gas nach Westeuropa geliefert wurde, unterbrochen. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jan/01/breakaway-moldovan-region-cuts-heating-and-hot-water-as-russia-stops-gas-flowa
CEPA-Report:https://cepa.org/article/betraying-ukraine-for-blood-gas/
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- Ukraine
- Hungary
- author; Shaun Walker
- Betraying Ukraine for ‘Blood Gas’
- Austria
- Nordstream
- Center for European Policy Analysis (Cepa)
- Slovakia
- Weaning off of Russian gas supplies
- date:: 2025-01-01
- Moldova
- Turkstream
- End of Russian gas deliveries via Ukraine 2025-01-01
- Russia
- Azerbaijan
- Gazprom
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- Dec 2024
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Eine 77-jährige Just Stop Oil-Aktivistin muss über die Feiertage weiter im Gefängnis bleiben. Laut Aussage der damit beauftragten privaten Firma gibt es kein elektronisches Gerät, das sich an ihren schmalen Handgelenken fixieren lässt und die Überwachung eines Hausarrests erlaubt https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/dec/21/elderly-activist-to-spend-christmas-in-prison-because-tag-does-not-fit
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kurier.at kurier.at
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Konrad Kramar im Kurier zur zerplatzenden Blase „Grüner Wasserstoff“. Von den 10 Mio. Tonnen jährlich, die die EU-Kommission bis 2030 geplant hat, sind erst 7% erreicht, von den geplanten Leitungen erst 3% im Bau. Im Vergleich zu Wärmepumpen bei Heizungen und Batterien bei LKWs ist Wasserstoff unwirtschaftlich. Die Wasserstoff-Lobbies promoten tatsächlich grauen, mit Erdgas produzierten Wasserstoff, der auf absehbare Zeit als einziger konkurrenzfähig ist, aber die fossilen Emissionen nicht verringert [via Sabine Jungwirth auf Facebook]. https://kurier.at/wirtschaft/eu-wasserstoff-klimawandel-solarzellen-pipeline-hydrogen-bank/402990372
Screenshot: https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10227863164746893&set=a.2637414336971
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www.derstandard.de www.derstandard.de
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Eine neue Studie erhebt systematisch, wieviel weniger Frosttage es in den Ländern und Städten der Nordhalbkugel 2014-2023 aufgrund der globalen Erhitzung gab. Österreich hat inzwischen 13, Wien 22 Frosttage weniger als in einer Welt ohne fossile Emissionen. Diese Veränderungen haben gravierende Folgen für die Ökosysteme, die Verbreitung von Krankheiten, den Tourimus und das Lebensgefühl. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000249512/der-klimawandel-kostete-wien-22-frosttage-im-winter
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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Ausfühlicher Überblicksartikel zur Begrünung von Dächern mit einem Schwerpunkt auf Entwicklungen in Wien. Flache Dächer auf neuen Gebäuden müssen in Wien begrünt sein; die Begrünung wird von der Stadt gefördert. Die Begrünung hat auch positive Auswirkungen auf die Biodiversität. Als exemplarisches Projekt wird die Biotope City am Wienerberg genannt. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000247676/laut-fachleuten-braucht-es-mehr-gruen-auf-unseren-daechern
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit den gesundheitlichen Folgen der der globalen Erhitzung. Anlass ist, das bei der COP28 zum ersten Mal bei einer COP ein ganzer Tag der Gesundheit gewitdmet war. Gefordert wird ein interdisziplinärer Zugang an der der Stelle des biher gängigen Totschweigens, https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/le-rechauffement-de-la-terre-est-une-urgence-de-sante-publique-20240105_A27LZFF2B5EYJD25FOPJ22CYCI/
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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Einzelheiten zum jetzt gekündigten geheimen Vertrag der OMV mit der Gazprom. Die OMV ging von einem bis auf 11,6 Terwattstunden steigenden Gasbedarf aus und verlängerte die Vereinbarung bis 2045..https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000248960/gasliefervertrag-fuer-omv-waere-bei-nichtkuendigung-sogar-bis-2045-gelaufen
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www.cnn.com www.cnn.com
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www.eurozine.com www.eurozine.com
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- Prekäre Verbindung von Anthropozän-Geschichte und Politik.
- Geschichte der Freiheit ist zugleich Geschichte ökologischen Krisen.
- Spezies als negatives Universale
- Zufälligkeit des Kapitalismus
Chakrabarty formuliert sehr klar, worin die Neuartigkeit und Einzigartigkeit der historischen Situation des Anthropozän besteht, und damit auch, was die Herausforderung dieser Situation für Politik und Geschichtsschreibung ausmacht. Politik ist ohne die Dimension der Spezies Geschichte nicht mehr zu verstehen, und umgekehrt lässt sich diese Geschichte aber nur als auch politische Geschichte, und damit als Geschichte von Machtverhältnissen begreifen. Diese Dimension der Geschichte wird in der aktuellen westlichen Politik so gut wie nicht begriffen oder gar berücksichtigt.
Chakrabarty spricht in diesem Text immer nur von der einen Spezies Mensch. Möglicherweise kann man die Besonderheit dieser Spezies als einer historischen Entität besser verstehen, wenn man ihre Beziehungen zu anderen Spezies mitdenkt. Diese Beziehungen sind immer auch räumlich und lassen sich in der kritischen Zone der Erde lokalisieren. So lässt sich vielleicht auch Geschichte der Spezies und Geschichte der Globalisierung leichter in Verbindung bringen.
Die Globalisierung geht von der Möglichkeit eines positiven Universale "Menschheit" Ist. Die Geschichte der Spezies ist dagegen die Geschichte unterschiedlicher lokale Beziehungen zu anderen Spezies. Die Globalisierung als ein Prozess, durch den die als Einheit unsinnige Menschheit den Planeten überall in der gleichen Weise ausbeutet, ist nur als Fiktion zuende zuführen.
Am Anfang schreibt Chakrabarti über die Nachvollziehbarkeit der Geschichte durch Verständnis und Rekonstruktion der Intentionen von Akteuren, die damit als nicht natürlich begriffen werden,. Als Naturwesen sind sie nicht Gegenstand der Geschichte. Diese Überlegung erinnern mich an den von Chakrabarty nicht erwähnten Max Weber, der vom subjektiven Sinn als Voraussetzung der verstehenden Wissenschaften ausgegangen ist. Ihre Geschichte im anthropozän ist dagegen eine ganz andere als die von ihnen intendierte und nachvollziehbare. Natur würde vielleicht sagen, dass ich die Akteure vervielfachen und das Geschichten mit diesen vervielfachten Akteuren geschrieben werden müssen. Ein Beispiel wäre die Geschichte der Nutzung der fossilen Brennstoffe, wie sie Timothy Mitchell geschrieben hat.
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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La Niña
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www.derstandard.de www.derstandard.de
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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Gespräch mit einem französischen vertreter des wald waldlauf fand über die biodiversität politik in frankreich punkt anders ist der neue bericht des w w f punkt in frankreich gibt es drei gesetzliche versuche komma die biodiversität zu schützen komma die alle verwässert worden beziehungsweise nicht umgesetzt wurden doppelpunkt tarife für den wasserverbrauch komma eine grüner Fonds, komma um gebietskörperschaften bei der renaturierung zu unterstützen komma und ein gesetz komma um boden versiegelung bis zwanzig fünfzig zu unterbinden punkt nun das haupt hindernis bei der umsetzung dieser pläne ist die finanzierung punkt https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/biodiversite/biodiversite-la-nature-est-en-plein-burn-out-20241010_CTYTS2FN2FEBBAIITRNM6C3DSI/
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journals.librarypublishing.arizona.edu journals.librarypublishing.arizona.edu
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www.derstandard.de www.derstandard.de
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www.derstandard.de www.derstandard.de
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Der temperatur anstieg des jahres zwanzig dreiundzwanzig lässt sich mit großer wahrscheinlichkeit auf den rückgang der albedo der erde zurückführen punkt dabei spielt der rückgang niedriger wolken die hauptrolle punkt eine neue studie zeigt komma das diese veränderungen die null komma zwei grad temperaturanstieg erklären kommen die beobachtet wurden komme aber deren ursache noch nicht bekannt ist punkt der rückgang der niedrigen wolken bedeckung lässt sich zum teil auf weniger eu sohle zurückführen komma er könnte aber auch durch die globale erhitzung selbst verursacht sein komma also ein rückblicks effekt darstellen punkt Nun nun https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000248101/raetselhafter-temperatursprung-durch-rueckgang-von-wolken
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- Europäisches Zentrums für mittelfristige Wettervorhersagen (EZMW)
- Alfred-Wegener-Instituts (AWI)
- Thomas Rackow
- 2023
- Recent global temperature surge intensified by record-low planetary albedo
- date: 2024-12-06
- author: Thomas Bergmayr
- El Niño 2023/24
- Globale Erhitzung
- Helge Goessling
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Die New York Times über die klimapolitischen oder eher anti-klimapolitischen Positionen des Führungspersonals der kommenden Trump-Administration. Auch wenn die Positionen variieren ist deutlich, dass sie für eine weitere Expansion der US-Öl- und Gasindustrie eintreten und Bundesbehörden die Kompetenzen nehmen wollen, die Emissionen zu regulieren, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/04/climate/trump-cabinet-stefanik-zeldin-wright.html
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- Nov 2024
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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- Keywan Riahi
- date: 2024-02-07
- EU
- Daniel Huppmann
- Internationales Institut für Angewandte Systemanalyse (IIASA)
- author: Julia Sica
- Fit for 55
- author: Tanja Traxler
- Scientific advice for the determination of an EU-wide 2040 climate target and a greenhouse gas budget for 2030–2050
- EU-Klimabeirat
- Vorschlag der EU-Kommission für Klimaziele 2040 Februar 2023
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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Die OMV und die Adnoc fusionieren ihr petrochemiegeschäft zu dem neuen Konzern Beruf, an dem beide gleiche Anteile halten. Aus dem Artikel geht auch hervor, dass die adnock durch Indizierung ihrer Anteile mit der OMV auch über die österreichische Politik bei der OMV mitbestimmt. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000194416/klimaphaenomen-el-nino-soll-bis-april-zu-hoeheren-temperaturen-beitragen
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Erklär-Artikel im Guardian über Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) und Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Bei der Verabschiedung der Summary for Policy Makers des letzten Teils des AR6 haben sich vor allem Vertreter Saudi-Arabiens dafür eingesetzt, Hinweise auf CDR und CCS aufzunehmen und Hinweise auf erneuerbare Energien zu streichen. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/apr/25/carbon-dioxide-removal-tech-polarising-climate-science
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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Greenpeace klagt in Rumänien gegen das OMV-Projekt Neptun Deep, u.a.wegen einer unkorrekten Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung und falschen Angaben über die zu erwartenden Emissionen. Neptun Deep ist das größte fossile Expansionsprojekt in der EU https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000243470/greenpeace-klagt-gegen-milliardenteures-gasprojekt-der-omv-im-schwarzen-meer
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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2023 wurde mit 55,5 Milliarden Fass Öläquivalent so viel Öl und Gas gefördert wie nie zuvor. 578 Unternehmen arbeiten daran, durch zusätzliche Förderstätten weitere 240 Milliarden Fass zu produzieren, obwohl zur Einhaltung des 1,5 Grad-Ziels keine Förderkapazitäten mehr aufgebaut werden dürfen. Zu den Unternehmen mit den größten Expansionsplänen gehört die an der OMV beteiligte Adnoc. Die Zahlen sind - neben vielen weiteren z.B. zur LNG-Expansion - in der aktualisierten Global Oil & Gas Exit List (Gogel) der NGO Urgewald enthalten https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000244513/weltweite-oel-und-gasfoerderung-erreichte-2023-ein-allzeithoch
Tags
- ExxonMobil
- Romgaz
- Adnoc
- 2023
- Snam
- Conoco-Phillips
- Urgewald
- Aramco
- Qatar Energy
- Nils Bartsch
- OMV
- Willow Project
- Deutsche Energy Terminal
- IEA
- LNG Expansion
- date:: 2024-11-12
- Total Energies
- New Fortress Energy
- Global Oil & Gas Exit List (Gogel)
- Tree Energy Solution
- Gazprom
- Gas Connect Austria
- GRTgaz
- Petrobras
- OMV Petrom
- author:: Günther.Strobl
- Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA)
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Global Carbon Budget 2024: https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2024-519/
Presseaussendung zum Global Carbon Budget: https://globalcarbonbudget.org/fossil-fuel-co2-emissions-increase-again-in-2024/
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Am 29. Oktober fiel in einigen Gebieten in Südspanien so viel Niederschlag wie sonst in eInem Jahr. U.a. weil die Regionalbehörden nicht rechtzeitig warnten, kamen über 200 Menschen zu Tode. Am vergangenen Wochenende protestierten über 100.000 Menschen gegen die Behörden. Die rechte Regionalregierung in Valencia hatte den Katastrophenschutz abgebaut, weil sie die Bedrohung durch die Klimakrise für überschätzt hielt https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/12/spain-braces-new-storms-flooding-disaster-political-fallout-continues
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TRSP Desirable Characteristics
Contact info (for the person, depositor, producer or owner, ideally with ORCID; or organisation) of the data: does the repository keep and show this information?
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Russland hat durch Vetos dafür.gesorgt, dass die COP29 in dem autoritären Petrostaat Aserbaidschan stattfindet. Max Bearak berichtet in der New York Times auch über die steigenden Öl- und Gasexporte des Landes nach Europa.
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/11/climate/cop29-why-baku-azerbaijan.html
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www.derstandard.de www.derstandard.de
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2024 wird – den neuesten Copernicus-Daten zufolge – mit sehr großer Wahrscheinlichkeit das erste Jahr mit einer Durchschnittstemperatur von über 1,5° über dem vorindustriellen Durchschnitt und damit das wärmste Jahr der Messgeschichte werden. Im Oktober lag die durchschnittliche Meerestemperatur über 20° – der zweithöchste Wert nach 2023.
Copernicus-Meldung: https://climate.copernicus.eu/year-2024-set-end-warmest-record
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www.carbonbrief.org www.carbonbrief.org
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Allein das Rollback der klimapolitischen Maßnahmen der Biden-Administration durch die Trump-Regierung wird bis 2030 zu 4 Gigatonnen CO2-Äqivalenten an zusätzlicher Emissionen führen (bis 2050 zu 27GtCO2e). Die Analyse verschiedener Modellierungen der von Trump geplanten Maßnahmen durch Carbon Brief ergab im März, dass die USA damit weltweit fast eine Billiarde USD zusätzlicher „social costs of carbon“ verursachen würden. Die geplante weitere fossile Expansion unter dem Motto „drill, Baby, drill!“ ist dabei nicht einberechnet https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-trump-election-win-could-add-4bn-tonnes-to-us-emissions-by-2030
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Die New York Times über die Pläne des Trump-Teams zur Beendigung der Klimapolitik der Biden-Administration. Dazu gehören der Austritt aus dem Pariser Abkommen, die Verlagerung (zwecks Entmachtung) der Environmental Protection Agency und die Aufhebung des Verbots von Bohrungen in bisherIgen Naturschutzgebieten und Territorien von Native Americans. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/08/climate/trump-transition-epa-interior-energy.html
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taz.de taz.de
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Tim Bosch befürchtet im taz-Interview, dass die kommende Trump-Administration nicht nur aus dem Pariser Klimaabkommen, sondenr auch aus der UN-Rahmenkonvention für Klimaschutz aussteigt https://taz.de/Politologe-ueber-Klimapolitik-mit-Trump/!6047357/
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Eine neue Studie bestätigt, dass die Hauptursache des immer schnelleren Anstiegs des Methan-Gehalts der Atmosphäre die Aktivität von Mikroaorganismen ist, die durch die globale Erhitzung zunimmt. Damit handelt es sich um einen Feedback-Mechanismus, durch den sich die globale Erhitzung selbst verstärkt. https://taz.de/Zu-viel-Methan-in-der-Atmosphaere/!6045201/
Studie: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2411212121
Vorangehende Studien: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-023-01629-0, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01296-7.epdf?sharing_token=CDMa5-ti34UNBqv3kfuCB9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0NZRKXEI-7kyXEEvNI7duu65JLcZpmhGxWTeSfYcMCqxqYk5nUrdR60izmjToMNw56RgBqIcn3JXKxSjx13vmB9ZYndGTUMt-52Vs7HT_T6K9Oth4QFRyP51eOpz8pV8l65HFDo2VSfQ6xDXklMtmvt-HGwltAINb_2xgmtAR-V4g%3D%3D&tracking_referrer=taz.de
Tags
- Rapid shift in methane carbon isotopes suggests microbial emissions drove record high atmospheric methane growth in 2020–2022
- Anstieg des Methangehalts der Atmosphäre
- Recent intensification of wetland methane feedback
- Deutsche Umwelthilfe (DUH)
- Deutsche Umwelthilfe
- Imminent loss of climate space for permafrost peatlands in Europe and Western Siberia
- date:: 2024-10-29
- WMO
- Methan
- Imminent loss of climate space for permafrost peatlands in Europe and Western Siberia
- author:: Nick Reimer
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cybercultural.com cybercultural.com
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I had hoped to somewhat emulate the success of ex-Microsoft executive Steven Sinofsky and his Substack serialization project, Hardcore Software (“personal stories and lessons from inside the rise and fall of the PC revolution”). Sinofsky’s project was an inspiration for mine, but I don’t think I’ve reached his level in terms of reader comments and reshares.
possibly due to author platform?
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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- WWF
- International Indigenous Forum on Biodiversity (IIFB)
- Digital Sequence Information
- author:: Phoebe Weston
- author:: Patrick Greenfield
- Convention on Biological Diversity
- Common Initiative
- Global Environment Facility (GEF)
- Campaign for Nature
- Fauna & Flora
- COP16 biodiversity
- Catherine Weller
- Bernadette Fischler Hooper
- Pierre du Plessis
- Oscar Soria
- date:: 2024-11-03
- Brian O’Donnell
- Kunming-Montreal pact
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There’s a version of the “why writers should blog” story that is tawdry and mercenary: “Blog,” the story goes, “and you will build a brand and a platform that you can use to promote your work.” Virtually every sentence that contains the word “brand” is bullshit, and that one is no exception.
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- Oct 2024
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Drei Klimawissenschaftlerinnen wehren sich in einem Kommentar in Nature gegen den Vorwurf, sie betrieben keine objektive Wissenschaft, weil sie ihren Schmerz angesichts der fortschreitenden Klimakrise offen kommunizieren. Gefühle seien Teil der Realität und dürften von Forschenden nicht unterdrückt werden. Gefühle auszuschließen werde vor allem von Privilegierten zur Norm erklärt, die den Folgen der Klimakrise kaum ausgesetzt seien https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/oct/25/we-have-emotions-too-climate-scientists-respond-to-attacks-on-objectivity
Nature-Artikel: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-024-02139-3
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Der neueste Emissions Gap Report der Vereinten Nationen kommt zu dem.Ergebnis, dass die Erde auf eine Temperatur-Erhöhung um 3,1° zusteuert. Würden sich alle Staaten an ihre Selbstverpflichtungen halten, käme es zu einem Anstieg um etwas weniger als 3°. Noch immer sei ein Erreichen des 1,5°-Ziels technisch möglich, verlange aber einen entschlossenen Politikwechsel und Leadership https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/oct/24/crunch-time-for-real-un-says-time-for-climate-delays-has-run-out
Bericht: https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2024
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www.liberation.fr www.liberation.fr
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Frankreichs dritter nationaler Plan zur Klimaanpassung enthält 51 Maßnahmen. Sie gehen von 4° Erhitzung bis 2100 aus - in Frankreich die Vorgabe für alle offiziellen Dokumente zur „ökologischen Planung“. Viele Fachleute halten diese Einschätzung für zu optimistisch. Die meisten der Massnahmen sind wenig konkret und nicht mit einer Finanzierung unterlegt. Die besondere Vulnerabilität bestimmter Gruppen wird nicht berücksichtigt https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/changement-climatique-un-nouveau-plan-national-dadaptation-au-regime-sec-20241025_E5E4GSMOBJEPVGEU3EGXEJBZRY/
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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theconversation.com theconversation.com
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Die von Waldbränden außerhalb der Tropen verursachten Emissionen haben sich seit 2001 fast verdreifacht. Weltweit haben die Emissionen durch Waldbrände in dieser Zeit um 60% zugenommen. Ursache dafür ist die Kombination von heißerem und trockenerem Wetter mit dem schnelleren Wachstum der Wälder durch die höheren Temperaturen. Die Wälder können durch die Brände jahrzehntelang zu Emittenten werden. Damit ist die Funktion der Wälder als Kohlenstoffsenken gefährdet. Das bedeutet auch, dass sie andere anthropogene Emissionen weniger kompensieren und die Fähigkeit verlieren, nach einem Überschreiten der 1,5°-Grenze C0<sub>2</sub> aus der Atmosphäre zu entfernen. Außerdem müssten diese von Menschen verursachten Emissonen den C0<sub>2</sub>-Budgets der Nationalstaaten zugeordnet werden.
Tags
- date::2024-10-17
- Boreale Wälder
- author:: Matthew W. Jones
- date:: 2024-10-17
- Schwächung der terrestrischen Kohlenstoffsenken
- author: Stefan H. Doerr
- increasing risk of wildfires
- Global rise in forest fire emissions linked to climate change in the extratropics
- author:: Crystal A. Kolden
- 2001-2023
Annotators
URL
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metropolitiques.eu metropolitiques.eu
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Überblick über die französische Rezeption des Bioregionalismus. Ich bin gestern durch den Circular Metabolism Podcast darauf gestoßen. Der Artikel ist von 2022, danach ist wohl vor allem bei der bioregionalen Architektur sehr viel passiert. Von den amerikanischen Begründern des Bioregionalismus führt eine Linie zur deep ecology und eine zur sozialen Ökologie. Eine entscheidende Figur für die französische Rezeption ist Alberto Magnaghi.
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- Sep 2024
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opensource.stackexchange.com opensource.stackexchange.com
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In practice, tracking all authors in all copyright notices is quite cumbersome. Instead, often only the original author is credited here even when copyright is shared with additional contributors. A more reasonable approach is to credit all authors collectively, e.g. as “the FooProject contributors” or “Original Author and others”. However, I am not sure whether that results in a valid copyright notice as the copyright holders must be clearly recognizable.
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The other reason to update these notices is if there are new authors. Typically, this is done by adding a new copyright line for each set of authors, with the most recent on top. For example: Copyright 2016–2018 George Copyright 1999, 2007–2016 Fred Adding a new line is sensible since many open-source licenses require that existing copyright notices are kept intact – so you must not update them in any way. And in the above example, adding George to Fred's copyright notice would be misleading since George did not publish any of their work in 1999 and Fred didn't publish in 2018.
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blog.nodejitsu.com blog.nodejitsu.com
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Did you actually fix a known issue? Let the author know about it.
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Developers want to improve their project. If you find an issue, bring it up. If it's a valid concern, the author will probably want to have it fixed. In many cases, the author will consider it a valid issue, but simply not have the personal time or need to address it immediately. This is where open-source is great. Just fork the project and fix it
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Not everyone has time to adhere to the specific coding styles for a project, so if you can't do a full blown pull-request, there is NOTHING wrong with opening a pull-request that only has the intention of showing the author how you solved the problem.
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On behalf of all open-source developers and project maintainers, I ask you try and be polite the next time you ask for support. Try to remember that there is a real human being on the other side of the screen, and they actually want to help you.
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If you feel there has been an oversight, it's okay to not give up. As long as you are being logical and open to other people's views, you will find that you might learn something new, or even teach something to the maintainer.
Tags
- maintainer: wants to improve software/project
- let them know
- create merge request: even something unfinished or proof of concept is better than nothing
- gratitude for people's time
- communicating with author/maintainer
- maintainer: not enough time to do/fix everything they would like
- maintainer: limited time
- be helpful
- help them help you
- courtesy
- something is better than nothing
- waiting for someone else to fix it
- fix it yourself
- respect
Annotators
URL
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- Aug 2024
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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fed Rico new book called irreducible
for - book - Irreducible - author - Federico Faggin - to - book Irreducible
to - book - Irreducible - https://hyp.is/0J8C4lo8Ee-WxX-r7RiEHw/www.collectiveinkbooks.com/essentia-books/our-books/irreducible-consciousness-life-computers-human-nature
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www.linkedin.com www.linkedin.com
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Vanessa Andreott
for - book - Hospicing modernity - author - Vanessa Andreotti - Dean of education - U of Victoria
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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per Espen Stokes is the author of what we think about when we try not to think about global warming
for - book - What we think about when we try not to think about global warming - author - Per Espen Stokes - climate crisis - psychology of - Per Espen Stokes
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- Jun 2024
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docdrop.org docdrop.org
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After publication in February 1940, How to Read a Book propelledAdler to the forefront of the Great Books Movement and into a posi-tion now referred to as a “public intellectual.”
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- May 2024
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“When I was 9 or 10,” he told The Times in 2017, “my grandmother gave me a six-volume collection of books by Robert Louis Stevenson, which inspired me to start writing stories that began with scintillating sentences like this one: ‘In the year of our Lord 1751, I found myself staggering around blindly in a raging snowstorm, trying to make my way back to my ancestral home.’”
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- Apr 2024
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kb.mozillazine.org kb.mozillazine.org
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One problem with using this extension is that the author stopped supporting their extensions years ago and has not been heard from since. You also need to bypass the version check per this article.
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www.linkedin.com www.linkedin.com
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follow up - book - Exactly What to Say" - author - Phil. M. Jones
for - symbolosphere - language - book - Exactly What to Say - author - Phil M. Jones
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scienceandnonduality.com scienceandnonduality.com
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Clark E. Moustakas in his delightful and seminal book Loneliness
follow up - book - Loneliness - author - Clark E. Moustakas
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leemor.medium.com leemor.medium.com
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Emergent Strategy, Adrienne Maree Brown
follow up - book - Emergent Strategy - author - Adrienne Maree Brown
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energynewsmagazine.at energynewsmagazine.at
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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the second link is to a video made by scott shepard who's done some great work unearthing key aspects of lumens zettelcostn method that typically go unmentioned in the many videos and blog posts that are out there claiming to introduce people to the zettocauston method
Scott P. Scheper, author of "Antinet Zettelkasten," book published in 2022.
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- Feb 2024
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docdrop.org docdrop.org
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a wonderful book by kevin kian there is the story about two young fish playing off a coral reef
for - book - author - Kevin Kian
follow up - Kevin Kian? - get more info on author and book
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Local file Local file
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Would it bestretching things too much, you suddenly wonder, to call yourRolodex a form of autobiography—a manuscript that you have beenwriting these fteen years, tinkering with, revising?
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- Dec 2023
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4thgenerationcivilization.substack.com 4thgenerationcivilization.substack.com
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Peter Pogany, Rethinking the World
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for: book - Rethinking the World
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book: Rethinking the World
- author: Peter Pogany
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- Aug 2023
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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Roland Barthes (1915-1980, France, literary critic/theorist) declared the death of the author (in English in 1967 and in French a year later). An author's intentions and biography are not the means to explain definitively what the meaning of a (fictional I think) text is. [[Observator geeft betekenis 20210417124703]] dwz de lezer bepaalt.
Barthes reduceert auteur to de scribent, die niet verder bestaat dan m.b.t. de voortbrenging van de tekst. Het werk staat geheel los van de maker. Kwam het tegen in [[Information edited by Ann Blair]] in lemma over de Reader.
Don't disagree with the notion that readers glean meaning in layers from a text that the author not intended. But thinking about the author's intent is one of those layers. Separating the author from their work entirely is cutting yourself of from one source of potential meaning.
In [[Generative AI detectie doe je met context 20230407085245]] I posit that seeing the author through the text is a neccesity as proof of human creation, not #algogen My point there is that there's only a scriptor and no author who's own meaning, intention and existence becomes visible in a text.
Tags
Annotators
URL
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www.edge.org www.edge.org
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The story that they are telling is of a grand transition that occurred about fifty thousand years ago, when the driving force of evolution changed from biology to culture, and the direction changed from diversification to unification of species. The understanding of this story can perhaps help us to deal more wisely with our responsibilities as stewards of our planet.
- for: cumulative cultural evolution, speed of cultural evolution
- paraphrase
- The story that they are telling
- is of a grand transition that occurred about fifty thousand years ago,
- when the driving force of evolution changed
- from biology
- to culture,
- and the direction changed
- from diversification
- to unification of species.
- The understanding of this story can perhaps help us to deal more wisely with our responsibilities as stewards of our planet.
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- Jul 2023
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digitalscholarship.brynmawr.edu digitalscholarship.brynmawr.edu
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Andrei VoznesenskyPermalink
Born in Moscow in 1933, Andrei Voznesensky is celebrated as “one of the most daring and popular poets of the Soviet era.” [1] While he graduated from the Moscow Architectural Institute, he abandoned his short-lived architectural career in order to work as a poet. That being said, his architectural training significantly influenced the structure of his poetry, including his famous “Videoms,” in which words are arranged visually to compose geometric shapes. [2] The centrality of structure and visuality to the reading experience is also fundamental in this poem. All indentations and line breaks reflect the form in which it was originally published.
Although his work cannot be distilled or reduced to a single literary movement, futurism significantly influenced his poetry. His work has been compared to that of Pablo Neruda, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Boris Pasternak. [3]
While Voznesensky's poetry was censored by the Soviet press and publicly admonished by Khrushchev, he was still able to perform his work publicly [4]. He carefully navigated his position within the Soviet literary scene so as to maximize his opportunities for public expression. He is known for his performance The Poet and the Theater, which was held at the Taganka theater in 1965 and actively involved actors in the process of reading poetry from his book Antiworlds. [5] As the recipient of the 1978 Soviet State Prize, he had the opportunity to share his poetry across the world, including in the United States, which enabled him to befriend prominent politicians, artists, philosophers, and activists, such as Pablo Picasso, Robert Kennedy, and Jean-Paul Sartre. [3] He died on June 1, 2010.
<script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
Voznesensky’s poem Думы о Чернобыле [Thoughts on Chernobyl] was published shortly after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in Pravda, the official newspaper of the Soviet Union's Communist party, on June 3rd, 1986. In a LA Times interview, Voznesensky referred to the publication of this poem as illustrative of changing attitudes towards public-facing criticism in the Soviet Union:
“One year ago, it was impossible to even think these things. Maybe not arrested, but terrible time. Even now, I know the magazine director was brave guy. He didn’t even ask authorities. So it’s changing. I don’t know personally Gorbachev, but I think somebody around him read this poem and said, ‘It’s OK.’” [6]
Note: The image in the background of this project features the first page of this issue of Pravda.
Sources:
[1] Cheuse, Alan. “Remembering Poet Andrei Voznesensky.” NPR, 10 June 2010, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127411139.
[2] "Andreĭ Voznesenskiĭ." Kul'tura.RF, https://www.culture.ru/persons/9345/andrei-voznesenskii.
[3] Polukhina, Valentina. “Andrei Voznesensky Obituary.” The Guardian, 3 June 2010, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/03/andrei-voznesensky-obituary.
[4] Williamson, Marcus. "Andrei Voznesensky: Poet Who Fought Against Artistic Censorship in the Soviet Union." The Independent, 5 July 2010, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/andrei-voznesensky-poet-who-fought-against-artistic-censorship-in-the-soviet-union-2018291.html.
[5] Beumers, Birgit. Yuri Lyubimov at the Taganka Theatre: 1964-1994. Taylor and Francis, 2003.
[6] Roraback, Dick. “Outspoken Soviet Poet Makes Waves in East and West.” Los Angeles Times, 8 April 1987, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-04-08-vw-23-story.html.
Image Credit:
"Andrei Voznesensky" by rdesign812 is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. The image has not been modified in any way and falls under fair use.
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Hernán Urbina JoiroPermalink
Hernán Urbina Joiro is a poet, journalist, writer, and acclaimed medical doctor from Colombia. As a member of the Academia Nacional de Medicina de Colombia, he has received national recognition for his medical research. In 2015, he received the prestigious Orden Gran Cruz de Caballero del Congreso de la República de Colombia for his artistic achievements. He has written for numerous Colombian newspapers and founded the Romanceros and Humanidad Ahora magazines. His book of poetry Canciones para el camino: Poesía escogida 1974-2019 is forthcoming from Caligrama. [1]
He traces the beginning of his poetry to his childhood, when he wrote verses about the massacres that took place between families in his town, San Juan del Cesar. [1] Urbina Joiro views his role as a doctor, who “inquires about the human condition,” as deeply tied to his poetry and journalism, in which he “reproduces in voices, meters, and images . . . the vertigo and the uncertainty of the contemporary world.” [1] Urbina Joiro utilizes poetry as a means to investigate and represent “the history of Colombia and the world,” which informs his artistic engagement with international politics and catastrophes such as Chernobyl. [1]
Sources:
[1] Urbina Joiro, Hernán. Hernán Urbina Joiro – Escritor. 2020, https://hernanurbinajoiro.com/.
Image Credit:
"Hernán Urbina Joiro" by Evelynparra19 is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. The image has not been modified in any way and falls under fair use.
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Lina KostenkoPermalink
Lina Kostenko is one of the most renowned contemporary Ukrainian poets. She was born in 1930 in Rzhyshchiv, Kyiv Oblast and studied at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow. Kostenko was a leading member of the “Sixtiers” dissident movement, which consisted of "anti-totalitarian" thinkers who openly criticized political repression and corruption in their work. [1] Many of the “Sixtiers” were imprisoned, forcibly held in psychiatric hospitals, or exiled, and Kostenko herself was blacklisted in 1973 for her political activities and subversive writing by the Central Committee on Ideology of the Communist Party of Ukraine. [2] Although her work was not allowed to circulate officially, it was published in secret through samizdat, in which activists and poets transcribed and circulated each other’s forbidden works. Beginning in 1977, she was taken off the blacklist. She later received the prestigious Taras Shevchenko National Prize for her novel Marusya Churai in 1987. [2]
The Chernobyl disaster is a fundamental theme in Kostenko’s later work. [3] The untitled poem below comes from her collection The Volatile Quatrains, which deals extensively with the difficulties in bearing witness to and remembering Chernobyl.
As you read her poem, consider this excerpt from an interview between Lina Kostenko and the journalist Oksana Pakhlyovskaya:
Оксана Пахлёвская: – Ты не боишься ездить в Чернобыльскую зону?
Oksana Pakhlyovskaya: Aren’t you afraid of going into the Chernobyl zone?
Лина Костенко: – Нет. Писатель должен видеть всё.
Lina Kostenko: No. A writer must see everything.
[4].
Sources:
[1] “The Ukrainian Sixtiers Dissident Movement Museum.” Museum of Kyiv History. 2017, http://www.kyivhistorymuseum.org/en/museum-affiliates/museum-60-th.
[2] “Kostenko, Lina Vasylivna.” Virtual Museum: Dissident Movement in Ukraine. 2005, http://museum.khpg.org/en/index.php?id=1113913627.
[3] “Contributor: Lina Kostenko.” Words Without Borders: The Online Magazine for International Literature, https://www.wordswithoutborders.org/contributor/lina-kostenko.
[4] Kostenko, Lina. From an interview by Oksana Pakhlyovskaya, section IV, Al'terrnativna Barrikad. Translated by Valentina Varnovskaya. Stikhi.ru. https://stihi.ru/2014/08/06/210.
*English translation by Grace Sewell.
Image Credit:
"Lina_Kostenko_2003" by Rosiestep is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. The image has not been modified in any way and falls under fair use.
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- Title
- Life is not easily bounded
- Subtitle
- Working out where one hare ends and another begins is easy; a siphonophore, not so much. What is an individual in nature?
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Author
- Derk J. Skillings
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comment
- this article delves into the subject of defining what an individual is
- what makes a biological organism the same or different from another biological organism?
- This question is not so easy to answer if we are looking for a general definition that can apply to ALL species
- this article delves into the subject of defining what an individual is
- Title
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press.princeton.edu press.princeton.eduGeopedia1
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Marcia Bjornerud
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- May 2023
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danallosso.substack.com danallosso.substack.com
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Those are good points.
Reply to Dan Allosso at https://danallosso.substack.com/p/what-value-do-i-add-to-the-substack/comment/16463063
I just saw this morning that Jillian Hess, a professor/researcher/writer at a community college in New York, is also contemplating some of the same territory and trying to balance out the necessaries: https://jillianhess.substack.com/p/introducing-ps-a-new-paid-subscriber
I see that she's using both Amazon and Bookshop affiliate accounts and links in her stream. Have you delved into this for supplementation (albeit probably small)? I've done it for years and it never nets enough to even cover my hosting costs, though it makes the hobbyist portion of the outlay a bit more comfortable.
Beyond this, you might appreciate her particular Substack on note books and note taking or her new book: Hess, Jillian M. How Romantics and Victorians Organized Information: Commonplace Books, Scrapbooks, and Albums. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. https://amzn.to/3VY4RU7
You're probably beyond needing them, but Substack has been building their writer resources and tips for helping to build paid audience. Details at https://on.substack.com/s/resources and https://on.substack.com/s/office-hours
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danallosso.substack.com danallosso.substack.com
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Perhaps you're conflating too many things? Ask first, what value do I add to the world? (Arguably loads.) Then ask: How do I (best) distribute this value? To this perhaps one of your answers is Substack, which may or may not be one of many tools you use for this purpose. Then the follow on question is what value do you get back from it?
Given HCR's numbers (especially in comparison with Twitter) and her time on the platform, I suspect she may have (or at this point had) some sort of special platform deal with Substack which isn't publicly known beyond the basics of what the typical person could get. It's probably the modern digital equivalent of the sort of deal a highly visible academic might get from a magazine like The Atlantic. The pay scale may be different but we can obviously see that the daily output is wildly different too. If you're not aware, when Substack started they reached out to a wide variety of famous/semi-famous people and helped them to build a quick audience that would have taken them far more time and effort than they would otherwise have ever invested. Part of this was providing initial payment/seed money which was really their early investment for getting lots of quality content on the platform as a means of drawing the masses to come to the platform to both read and create as well. Unless you're a massive name working with them directly, you're unlikely to get this sort of deal today, and this means a tougher up hill slog for the "rest of us" as the platform doesn't need to pay for this sort of scaling/network effect now. If nothing else, knowing these early economies of Substack (and really lots of other social platforms, Medium certainly followed this script as an example) will help you to have a broader perspective and better compare your apples to others' oranges.
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- Mar 2023
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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- Title: Human niche construction in interdisciplinary focus
- Author:
- Jeremy Kendal
- Jamshid J. Tehrani
- John Oding-Smee
- Abstract
- summary
- Niche construction is an endogenous causal process in evolution,
- reciprocal to the causal process of natural selection.
- It works by adding ecological inheritance,
- comprising the inheritance of natural selection pressures previously modified by niche construction,
- to genetic inheritance in evolution.
- Human niche construction modifies selection pressures in environments in ways that affect both human evolution, and the evolution of other species.
- Human ecological inheritance is exceptionally potent
- because it includes the social transmission and inheritance
- of cultural knowledge, and material culture.
- Human genetic inheritance
- in combination with human cultural inheritance
- thus provides a basis for gene–culture coevolution,
- and multivariate dynamics in cultural evolution.
- Niche construction theory potentially integrates the biological and social aspects of the human sciences.
- We elaborate on these processes,
- and provide brief introductions to each of the papers published in this theme issue.
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www.pnas.org www.pnas.org
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Ecological consequences of human niche construction: Examining long-term anthropogenic shaping of global species distributions
- Title: Ecological consequences of human niche construction: Examining long-term anthropogenic shaping of global species distributions
- Author:
- Nicole L. Bolvin
- Melinda A. Zeder
- Dorian O. Fuller
- Michael D. Petraglia
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- Jan 2023
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www.edge.org www.edge.org
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In the Pirandello play, "Six Characters in Search of an Author", the six characters come on stage, one after another, each of them pushing the story in a different unexpected direction. I use Pirandello's title as a metaphor for the pioneers in our understanding of the concept of evolution over the last two centuries. Here are my six characters with their six themes. 1. Charles Darwin (1809-1882): The Diversity Paradox. 2. Motoo Kimura (1924-1994): Smaller Populations Evolve Faster. 3. Ursula Goodenough (1943- ): Nature Plays a High-Risk Game. 4. Herbert Wells (1866-1946): Varieties of Human Experience. 5. Richard Dawkins (1941- ): Genes and Memes. 6. Svante Pääbo (1955- ): Cousins in the Cave. The story that they are telling is of a grand transition that occurred about fifty thousand years ago, when the driving force of evolution changed from biology to culture, and the direction changed from diversification to unification of species. The understanding of this story can perhaps help us to deal more wisely with our responsibilities as stewards of our planet.
!- Pirandello’s play Six Characters in Search of an Author : vehicle for exploring cultural evolution over the last 50,000 years
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Biological and Cultural Evolution Six Characters in Search of an Author
!- Title : Biological and Cultural Evolution Six Characters in Search of an Author !- Author : Freeman Dyson !- Date : 2019
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optimize.google.com optimize.google.com
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aeon.co aeon.co
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The deep AnthropoceneA revolution in archaeology has exposed the extraordinary extent of human influence over our planet’s past and its future
!- Title : The deep Anthropocene - A revolution in archaeology has exposed the extraordinary extent of human influence over our planet’s past and its future !- Author : Lucas Stephens - researcher at archaeoGLOBE project
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paranoia has some surprising behaviour (like overriding ActiveRecord's delete and destroy) and is not recommended for new projects. See discard's README for more details. Paranoia will continue to accept bug fixes and support new versions of Rails but isn't accepting new features.
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- Dec 2022
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www.goodreads.com www.goodreads.com
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https://www.goodreads.com/notes/59660671-building-a-second-brain/7458926-tiago
And as if I requested it this morning, here's an example of an author using annotations to create engagement/start a conversation/start an informal book club discussion using Goodreads and annotations on their own work.
cc: @remikalir
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www.goodreads.com www.goodreads.com
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https://www.goodreads.com/notes/57643476-annotation/3524158-markgrabe-grabe
I rarely see notifications from Goodreads about annotations (typically via Kindle) unless they're from the author of the book posting them, ostensibly to generate engagement with their readers. Interesting to see Mark Grabe sharing his annotations on @remikalir and @anterobot's book on annotation though. :)
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- Nov 2022
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stackoverflow.com stackoverflow.com
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www.medrxiv.org www.medrxiv.org
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Author response
To: Reviewer: Heikki Vapaatalo, MD, PhD, Emeritus professor of Pharmacolog
Dear reviewer Thank you very much for the insightful suggestions, the manuscript improved a lot with the changes performed. Please find the point-by-point answer to the raised questions. In the main text, all changes are highlighted in yellow. I hope that with the changes made the new version is suitable for publication.
Best regards Valquiria Bueno
General assessment
The study is interesting and the title promises for me more than the MS finally contains.
Answer: The manuscript is part of a project aiming to study ACE1 and ACE2 expression in cells from the immune system of aging and young adults. These initial results suggest that ACE1 (and probably ACE2) plays somehow a role in the process of aging.
The background, question and the aim are relevant as explained in the introduction.
Answer: We included a piece of information in the “Introduction” trying to link ACE1 expression in tissue cells and age-related diseases, as it follows:
ACE1 has been suggested to influence age-related diseases (i.e. Alzheimer’s, sarcopenia, cancer) but the associated mechanisms are still under investigation. ACE1 polymorphisms were correlated with susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). [15, 16] In addition, it was shown recently that in normal aging ACE1 expression is increased in brain homogenates and this expression is unchanged in early stages of AD. [17] Regarding sarcopenia, Yoshihara et al. [18] found a weak correlation between ACE polymorphism and physical function. In cancer (gastric or colorectal), patients presented higher expression of ECA1 in tumor when compared with healthy tissues. [19, 20]
The major criticism concerns the small size of the material (subjects, n=6), the small age difference (64-67 years) and the lack of younger controls.
Answer: We agree that the small number of studied subjects is a limitation of this study. In spite of the interesting results suggesting that ACE1 expression could be linked to the health status, it was not possible to perform correlation analysis due to the small sample size. Even though there is a small chronological difference between the subjects, the biological aging is very different among them and reflects the genetics, lifestyle, nutrition and comorbidities. Another limitation is the lack of younger controls to compare with the subjects studied. Our next steps are to include younger controls, to increase the number of studied subjects, and if possible to get samples from older subjects (i.e. 70-80, 80 and more years old)
Minor notes:
1)Title: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) expression in leukocytes of older adults
Answer: We evaluated only ACE1 expression, and thus, title, abstract, and main text were changed to ACE1 instead of ACE. We decided to change to title for: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 1 expression in leukocytes of adults from 64 to 67 years old
2)Introduction: The last chapter, the Author should explain in more detail, how references 11-14 suggest that “ACE play an important role in the aging process”. Does this mean, that ACE is somehow regulating the aging process or in increasing age ACE -levels are changed?
Answer: References 11-14 shows that age-related diseases occurring in older adults are associated with changes in the immune system. To complete the text we added:
ACE1 has been suggested to influence age-related diseases (i.e. Alzheimer’s, sarcopenia, cancer) but the associated mechanisms are still under investigation. ACE1 polymorphisms were correlated with susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). [15, 16] In addition, it was shown recently that in normal aging ACE1 expression is increased in brain homogenates and this expression is unchanged in early stages of AD. [17] Regarding sarcopenia, Yoshihara et al. [18] found a weak correlation between ACE polymorphism and physical function. In cancer (gastric or colorectal), patients presented higher expression of ECA1 in tumor when compared with healthy tissues. [19, 20]
Material and Methods:
The N-value of the subjects should be mentioned here, as well the relation of females/males.
Answer: Text was correct as suggested Blood was collected from adults (n=6, four females and two males) aged 64-67 years old in 2015.
Do the Authors really regard 64-67 “older age” nowadays?
Answer: Nowadays the most common term used for individuals older than 65 years is “older adults”.
Why first many years later the assays have been done in comparison to the collection of the blood? Are the samples still useable, not destroyed?
Answer: Samples are part of UNIFESP Biobank and have been kept in adequate conditions. We wanted to test cells from a period anterior to COVID-19 and those samples were the only ones that attended our purpose. We compared samples used in this study with fresh blood samples (cell viability and percentage of CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+) and the results showed good preservation of the cells.
Did the subjects have some diseases and/or drugs because the possibly were from hospital sample bank?
Answer: Samples are part of UNIFESP Biobank, but unfortunately we do not have information about diseases and medicaments.
Express the company details similarly than Amersham, cities and countries.
Answer: Changes were done as required ACE CD143 FITC (R&D Systems, Inc, Minneapolis, USA)
Results:
“Table 1 shows that older adults…..” The comparison between the present data and historical studies belongs to the Discussion.
Answer: Changes were done as required
Give also individual ages and gender of the subjects in the table 1.
Answer: The manuscript version sent to medrxiv@medrxiv.org had age and gender on tables, but due to their request, any possible variable that could identify the studied individual had to be removed. That is why in the present version these variables are not shown.
What means p-values here? Compared with which or interindividual differences in the particular variable? Should be explained
Answer: We used p-value for interindividual differences in each variable since individuals age differently (biological aging) and thus, physiological parameters could be affected by genetics, lifestyle, nutrition, and comorbidities. It is now explained in materials and methods
The numbering of tables and the text seems to me confusing. Only three tables, but in the text mentioned four. Number 4 does not exist.
Answer: For some reason table 2 is missing in the main text, please find the new version with Table 2 included
It would be good to have a list of abbreviations used in the description of the cell types for an unfamiliar reader.
Answer: In each figure and table we are now providing a description of cells evaluated.
Discussion:
A major part of the discussion deals with previous publications and not meaning or clinical significance of the present findings and comparison between the present and earlier studies.
Answer: The discussion was changed as suggested:
Our results show that for the studied population, chronological aging and biological aging don´t go at the same pace. Even individuals having a small chronological difference (64 to 67 years old), they are heterogeneous for physiological parameters such as glucose, urea, glycated hemoglobin (Hbglic), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Changes in the same functional parameters have been reported by Carlsson et al. [22] and Helmerson-Karlqvist [23] in healthy older adults. Carlsson’s study [22] found that CRP value was 2.6 with a coefficient variation of 1.4% whereas in our study, it was observed higher values of CRP in 5 out of 6 individuals. Increased CRP levels has been associated with inflammaging and our findings show that the studied population has changes in functional parameters which are likely associated with an inflammatory profile. [24] The link between RAS and inflammation has been suggested but its role is not completely clear under physiological and pathological conditions. [25, 26] In addition, the association between ACE1 altered expression in tissues (brain, muscle, heart and vessels) and the development and progression of age-related conditions such as Alzheimer’s, sarcopenia, and cardiovascular disease has been suggested but results are controversial. [17, 27, 28, 29, 30] There are few studies showing the association between ACE1 expression in cells from the immune system (monocytes, T cells) and the progression of kidney and cardiovascular disease. [9, 8, 31, 32]. Therefore, considering the lack of information on this issue, we questioned whether ACE1 (CD143) was highly expressed in cells from the immune system during the aging process. We found that ACE1 was expressed in almost 100% of T (CD4+, CD8+) and B lymphocytes and in all phenotypes of these cells. In non-lymphoid cells, ACE1 mean expression was 56,9%. In agreement with our findings, independent studies showed that T cells from healthy donors and monocytes from patients with congestive heart failure expressed ACE1, but there was no investigation on cell phenotype. [25, 26]. Our study is the first to show that either inexperienced (naive) or fully activated (memory) cells expresses ACE1. Our findings suggest a that the expression of ACE1 in lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells reflects the health status since our studied population presented changes in physiological parameters and high levels of ACE1 expression on immune cells. Previous independent studies showed that patients with unstable angina [32] or acute myocardial infarction [33] presented higher expression of ACE1 in T cells and dendritic cells than controls subjects. In addition, markers of the cell (lymphoid and non-lymphoid) functional status such as inflammatory or growth factors production could be modulated by ACE inhibitors (ACEi). Accordingly, mononuclear leukocytes from healthy subjects incubated with endotoxin exhibited high levels of tissue factor activity which was reduced in the presence of captopril in a dose-dependent pattern. This result could be related to the antithrombotic effect of ACEi. [34]. In patients with congestive heart failure, immune cells cultured with LPS secreted high levels of the pro-inflammatory TNF-alpha and these levels were significantly reduced in the presence of captopril. [35]
In those previous studies, also ACE2 has been reported, why not studied here?
Answer: Our next studies will be focused on ACE1 and ACE2 expression in cells from the immune system in both younger and older adults.
In the limitations, the Authors fairly mention the real problem: The small sample size, and I would like to say lack of younger subjects.
Answer: we agree with the limitations pointed and the text was changed as required:
This study have limitations such as the small sample size and the lack of young adults for comparison. As an example, the subject with the highest CRP and albumin also exhibited a high percentage of ACE1 expression on T (CD4+, CD8+), B and non-lymphoid cells in addition to the lowest percentage of CD4+ naive cells, and the highest percentage of CD8+ terminally differentiated (EMRA) and DN B cells. However, due to the small sample size it was not possible to associate the high expression of ACE1 on immune cells with inflammaging and immunosenescence. It would bring important information to correlate physiological parameters/health status with ACE1 expression and to find out whether age and associated chronic diseases could lead to increased ACE1 expression.
The COVID-19 point even tempting today, is too far from this study and unnecessary. Answer: Our point was to emphasize the negative impact of chronic diseases for the outcome of aging population during a viral infection and how ACE1/ACE2 expression could bring information to diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, we would like to maintain this piece of information.
Linguistic checking would improve the MS. Answer: We checked for possible linguistic mistakes
Reviewer, Heikki Vapaatalo:
I read with pleasure the very detailed answers to my comments.
I very warmly recommend acceptance of this MS for publications without any further notes.
Decision changed:
Verified manuscript: The content is scientifically sound, only minor amendments (if any) are suggested.
To: Reviewer: Calogero Caruso
Dear Prof.Caruso Thank you very much for the revision of this manuscript. It is a privilege to have a manuscript reviewed by a research with high expertise on the field of ageing. Please find the answers to your questions and in the main text the changes in bold.
Sincerely yours,
Valquiria Bueno
The paper is essentially anecdotal because it studies the cells of 6 subjects without any comparison with other age groups. There is also a serious limitation because beyond the age and sex there is no information on the donors (how and why they were recruited, what drugs they took, etc.).
It is really a limitation to have only 6 individuals for the study, but they were the only ones fitting in the proposal of the manuscript. The samples were from a central bank of cells at UNIFESP and participants were considered “healthy” but there was not further information in addition to what we displayed on the tables of the manuscript. They were not living on homecares or hospitalized.
Our aim was to evaluate samples from individuals aged 60-69 years previously to COVID-19 and/or vaccination. In addition, there were no samples in the same conditions (PBMCs, -80oC) of young individuals and using fresh blood could bring a result that could not be compared mainly regarding to myeloid cells and B cells as is follows in the below reference. Braudeau C, Salabert-Le Guen N, Chevreuil J, Rimbert M, Martin JC, Josien R. An easy and reliable whole blood freezing method for flow cytometry immuno-phenotyping and functional analyses. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2021;100(6):652-665. doi: 10.1002/cyto.b.21994.
Our goal from now on is to expand this study with young and old adults samples since it is important to understand whether ageing is associated with an increase in ACE expression on immune cells.
-To infer that chronological and biological ages do not match is inappropriate in the absence of the above information.
This piece of information regarding chronological and biological age was required by another reviewer. I agree that the concept does not match without more information on the donors. However, the information is now referenced and should be considered when older adults are studied. Vasto S, Scapagnini G, Bulati M, Candore G, Castiglia L, Colonna-Romano G, Lio D, Nuzzo D, Pellicano M, Rizzo C, Ferrara N, Caruso C. Biomarkes of aging. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2010;2(2):392-402. doi: 10.2741/s72. PMID: 20036955.
-However, the paper is of some interest because there are few studies on the topic.
Thanks for this positive comment. Few studies on the topic was the reason why we decided to send the manuscript for publication even though there were some important information on the donors missing and limited number of individuals.
Essential revisions that are required to verify the manuscript
1) Although we do not have data on donors, placing an age and gender column in all tables adds a minimum of useful information for the reader.
The first table submitted with age, but for requirement of MedRxiv, gender and age could no be linked to the metabolic results to preserve the anonymity of the donors.
2) Inflamm-ageing means low grade of inflammation. The value of CRP 23.1 suggests acute inflammation (also because albumin has high values, while in chronic inflammation its values decrease). Therefore the Ly averages do not have to take this subject into account.
Thank you for this comment. In a review of literature it was found an article (below) with CRP variation from 0.1 to 19.8 (Heumann Z, Youssim I, Kizony R, Friedlander Y, Shochat T, Weiss R, Hochner H, Agmon M. The Relationships of Fibrinogen and C-Reactive Protein With Gait Performance: A 20-Year Longitudinal Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2022;14:761948. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.761948). There is also an article from your group showing CRPs <5g/dL and >5g/dL (Cancemi P, Aiello A, Accardi G, Caldarella R, Candore G, Caruso C, Ciaccio M, Cristaldi L, Di Gaudio F, Siino V, Vasto S. The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) in Ageing and Longevity: Focus on Sicilian Long-Living Individuals (LLIs). Mediators Inflamm 2020;2020:8635158. doi: 10.1155/2020/8635158) that will be used to discuss how ageing impacts CRP levels. Considering the already small number of donors, data were maintained and statistics (mean + SD) with and without 23.1 mg/dL are now shown.
This will be the new version (discussion) about CRP Carlsson’s study [22] found that CRP value was 2.6 with a coefficient variation of 1.4% whereas in our study, it was observed higher values of CRP in 5 out of 6 individuals. In addition, it was shown by Cancemi et al. in an evaluation of individuals from 40 years to older than 95 years (long-living) that CRP increases in an age-dependent manner. Increased CRP levels has been associated with low grade of chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and our findings show that the studied population has changes in functional parameters which are likely associated with an inflammatory profile. [24] However, an individual presented CPR 23.1 mg/dL suggesting acute inflammation instead, but as all donors were not hospitalized or living on homecares, this sample was considered as part of the study. Another study evaluating gait speed found CRPs varying from 0.1 to 19.8mg/dL (Front Aging Neurosci 2022;14:761948.). Our study has an important limitation that is the lack of data on donors such as the use of continuous medicaments or sarcopenia, hypertension, cognition, among others, and thus it was not possible to correlate CRP with age-related conditions.
Table 1. Updated
Other suggestions to improve the manuscript The authors write that their findings suggest that ACE1 could play a role in several processes linked to aging including the generation and activation of autoimmune cells, due to the experimental evidence that inhibitors of ACE suppress the autoimmune process in a number of autoimmune diseases such as EAE, arthritis, autoimmune myocarditis. [49] They do not appear to have these findings in their paper. So, it needs to change the sentence.
Sentence changed to: According to experimental evidence, ACE inhibitors suppress the autoimmune process in a number of autoimmune diseases such as EAE, arthritis, autoimmune myocarditis. [49] Extrapolating these findings to our results, it is possible to suggest that ACE1 play a role in several processes linked to aging including the generation and activation of autoimmune cells.
Rviewer: Calogero Caruso
Decision changed:
Verified manuscript: The content is scientifically sound, only minor amendments (if any) are suggested.
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- Oct 2022
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joelchan.me joelchan.me
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JOHN SEELY BROWN
Pioneer in learning sciences too!
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- Sep 2022
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metalblueberry.github.io metalblueberry.github.io
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Also, the chances of breaking something are really high, because not even you remember how the code actually works.
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stackoverflow.com stackoverflow.com
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Incidentally, I am also the author of the website you are referring to.
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[author of the draft v4 validation spec here]
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www.euro.who.int www.euro.who.int
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