Neuer Bericht des Global Energy Monitor zur fossilen Expansion. 45 Öl- und Gasprojekte sind vollständig in Gang gesetzt worden seit die IEA 2021 festgestellt hat, dass weitere Öl- und Gasprojekte die Einhaltung des 1,5°-Ziels unmöglich machen. Sie werden zu 16 Milliarden Barrel Öl-Äquivalent Förderung führen. Bis 2030 will die Ölindustrie die Förederung aus insgesamt 64 neuentdeckten Lagern auf 31 Mrd, Barrel steigern. Die USA ist bei der Entwicklung führend, gefolgt von Guyana. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/mar/28/oil-and-gas-fossil-fuels-report

Bericht: https://globalenergymonitor.org/report/drilling-deeper-2024-global-oil-gas-extraction-tracker/

Die Abhängigkeit Europas von russischem Pipelinegas ist in zwei Jahren von 40% auf 10% gesunken. Die Importe von LNG haben um 40% zugenommen, wobei auch da ein erheblicher Anteil aus Russland stammt. Die USA sind der weltgrößte LNG-Exporteur. Mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit werden bei LNG Überkapazitäten aufgebaut. In Österreich ist die Abhängigkeit von russischem Gas noch immer hoch, weil rein betriebswirtschaftlich entscheiden wird. Die OMV war 2023 verpflichtet, Gas für gut 60 TWh aus Russland zu beziehen und jedenfalls zu bezahlen. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000206989/warum-der-abschied-von-russischem-gas-noch-immer-so-schwer-faellt

Österreich hat 2023 22% weniger Gas verbraucht als 2021. ür die Hälfte dieser Einsparungen sind die hohen Temperaturen verantwortlich. Rechnet man auch den – teilweise wetterbdingten – höheren Anteil der der Erneuerbaren an der Stromproduktion heraus, liegt die Einsparung nur bei 4,5%, in den letzten Monaten noch deutlich darunter. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000207212/echte-einsparung-oder-einfach-wetterglueck-warum-oesterreich-weniger-gas-verbraucht

Österreich will die Rahmenbedingungen für Biogasproduzenten verbessern und im Erneuerbares-Gas-Gesetz die Gasversorger verpflichten, Erdgas stufenweise durch Biogas zu ersetzen. Bis 2030 sollen mindestens 7,5 Terawattstungen Biogas ins Netz eingespeist werden. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000208564/regierung-will-oesterreichs-mist-dank-biogas-zu-neuem-wert-verhelfen

Österreich könnte auf russisches Gas verzichten, allerdings sind dazu u.a. Ausbaumaßnahmen (West-Austria Gaspipeline) nötig. Über Deutschland transportiertes Gas verteuert sich durch die Speicherumlage. Die Hauptalternative zu russischem Gas ist LNG aus den USA. Der Artikel, der viele Detailinformationen enthält, erwähnt, dass die Probleme mit der Definition von Erdgas als „Übergangsenergie“ zusammenhängen. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000209552/abkehr-von-russischem-gas-erfordert-investitionen-in-vorgelagertes-netz

Die weltwetterorganisation WMO fast in ihrem Bericht über 2023 die Daten verschiedener Services zusammen und kommt zu dramatischen Aussagen über die Entwicklung der Temperatur auf der Erdoberfläche insbesondere insgesamt und besonders an der Oberfläche der Meere. Gleichzeitig ergibt eine Studie der BU Wien dass die Prognosen vieler, darunter großer starken über die Entwicklung der Emissionen deutlich zu optimistisch sind. https://www.derstandard.de/story/3000000212370/weltwetterorganisation-zeichnet-duesteres-bild-vom-klima-des-letzten-jahres

https://www.fr.de/politik/auslaufmodell-erdgasnetz-92867749.html

https://taz.de/Energiekrise-vorbeugen/!5993634/

Nigeria investiert große Summen in die schon länger geplante Trans-Sahara Pipeline. Ob sie je zum Transport von Gas bis zum Mittelmeer gebraucht werden wird, ist allerdings unklar, da Europa seinen Gasbedarf größtenteils durch LNG deckt und ihn voraussichtlich schnell reduzieren wird.https://www.climatechangenews.com/2024/02/14/problems-mount-for-sahara-gas-pipeline-leaving-nigerian-taxpayers-at-risk/

https://rhg.com/research/global-fossil-fuel-demand/

Vertreter der Austrian Gas Grid Management AG setzen sich für mehr Gasförderung in Österreich ein, weil angeblich die österreichische Gasversorgung sonst nicht gesichert ist. https://www.derstandard.de/story/3000000205505/versorgungslage-bei-gas-bleibt-in-oesterreich-bis-auf-weiteres-kritisch

Die steigende europäische Nachfrage nach Erdgas wird einer Studie von Global witness zufolge bis 2033 Investitionen von 223 Milliarden Dollar hervorrufen. Die von Europa ausgelösten Gesamtinvestitionen in Erdgas werden bis dahin eine Billion Dollar ausmachen. https://ecopolitic.com.ua/en/news/popit-na-gaz-v-ies-sprichinit-novi-investicii-u-vikopne-palivo-na-223-milyardiv-doslidzhennya-2/

Durch Lecks, aus denen Methan austritt, ist die Klimawirkung von Erdgas, vor allem LNG, nicht geringer als die von Kohle. Zu diesem Ergebnis kommt eine neue Studie. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/13/climate/natural-gas-leaks-coal-climate-change.html

An der Küste Louisianas schädigt der Bau von LNG-Terminals die Umwelt. Deutsche Konzerne profitieren von den laxen Kontrollen. Der Bedarf Deutschlands treibt den LNG-Boom weiter an, deutsche Banken beteiligen sich an der Finanzierung. Reportage der Tat https://taz.de/LNG-Boom-in-den-USA/!5975624/

Ausführlicher Bericht über die Konflikte um das neue LNG-Terminal CP2 an der Küste von Louisiana. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/26/climate/cp2-natural-gas-export-louisiana.html

Guter Überblick über das Lobbying-Netzwerk der deutschen Gasindustrie. Der Verbraucht an Erdgas hat sich in Deutschland seit 1990 verdoppelt, obwohl Erdgas insgesamt etwa so viel Emissionen verursacht wie Kohle. Die LNG-Infrastruktur, die die deutsche Bundesregierung gerade aufbaut, ist auf um ein Drittel höhere Kapazitäten angelegt, als aus Russland importiert wurden. https://taz.de/Fossile-Politik/!5983492/

Die großen Firmen der Fossilindustrie haben 2023 Selbstverpflichtungen zur Dekarbonisierung zurückgenommen. Im wärmsten Jahr der aufgezeichneten Geschichte haben sie an der Perfektionierung ihrer fossilen Geschäftsmodelle und an an einer weiteren Steigerung der Förderung von Öl und Gas gearbeitet. Überblicksartikel im Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/jan/03/2023-hottest-year-on-record-fossil-fuel-climate-crisis

https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/nov/23/companies-still-investing-too-much-in-fossil-fuels-global-energy-watchdog-says

Aktueller Überblick zu Emissionen und Landnutzung in Österreich die Emissionen durch die Landwirtschaft nehmen schon länger ab, während Wälder in Österreich zunehmend als CO2 senken fungieren. Wichtigste Ursache für die Emissionen ist nach wie vor die Viehhaltung. Https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000200378/wie-die-landnutzung-helfen-kann-das-klima-zu-schuetzen

Die amerikanische fossilindustrie finanziert mit einem achtstelligen Millionenbetrag eine Kampagne deren Ziel eine weitere Ausweitung der Produktion ist, wobei man auch die Gaza-Krise ausnutzt. Dabei werden vor allem Desinformationsstrategien der sogenannten climate delayers verwendet.

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/jan/10/oil-ads-lights-on-energy

In Österreich verzögert sich der geplante Ausbau der Wes-Ost-Verbindung der Westaustria-Gasleitung mit der Begründung der Betreiber, dass sich aufgrund der Klimaziele das Projekt möglicherweise nicht amortisieren werde. Im Standard-Artikel dazu wird diese Begründung nicht ernst genommen. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000201330/in-oberoesterreich-fehlt-eine-enorm-wichtige-pipeline-warum-besteht-diese-luecken

Mit 90% war der Anteil der russischen Importe an der österreichischen Gasversorgung im Oktober höher als je zuvor. Eine Ursache dafür ist die Verteuerung des Gases auf Deutschland wegen der Gasspeicherumlage. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000199179/gasimporte-aus-deutschland-eingebrochen-wieder-mehr-gas-aus-russland

Dichter und sehr gut dokumentierter Überblicksratikel über die Expansionspläne der Öl- und Gasindustrie. Aus unerschlossenen Feldern sollen 230 Milliarden Barrel Öläquivalent gefördert werden - im klaren Widerspruch zum Pariser Abkommen. Durch Ausbeutung neuer Lager werden bis 2025 voraussichtlich 70 Gt CO₂ und damit 17% des Budgets für das 1,5° Ziel ausgestoßen. Eingegangen wird auch auf den Ausstiegsplan des Tyndall Centre. https://taz.de/Run-auf-fossile-Brennstoffe/!5973686/

ok, so instead of being flared for no money, it's being bought by German to burn instead.

• for: stats - oil and gas - steep drop in revenues of fossil fuel producer economies

• stats: oil and gas - steep drop in revenues of fossil fuel reliant economies

  • per capita net income from oil and natural gas among producer economies will be 60% lower in 2030 in a 1.5 °C scenario.relative to revenues between 2010 and 2022.

• question

  • many producer economies are not diversifying into clean energy fast enough to compensate for these steep revenue drops

• for: double bind - oil and gas industry committing to clean energy, oil and gas industry - Mexican standoff - SIMPOL

• comment

  • The oil and gas industry faces the dilemma of the first mover. Nobody wants to take the risk to commit
  • It's a Mexican standoff but maybe SIMPOL is the solution

• reference

  • https://simpol.org/

• for: stats - oil and gas industry - required investments in clean energy

• stats: oil and gas industry - required investments in clean energy

  • 50 % of capital expenditure by 2030 and reduction in scope 1 and 2 emissions

• comment

  • Wow, is it really possible for the industry to spend 50 % of their budget on clean energy in 7 years? This would be unprecedented, given that greenwashing is all we've ever seen in the past.

• for: stats - oil and gas industry - repurposing for clean energy

• stats: oil and gas industry - repurposing for clean energy

  • only 30 % of the energy consumed in a clean energy future within 1.5 Deg C comes from low emission fuels and technologies that benefit from oil and gas industry resources
  • this leaves a huge deficit of 70 %.

• question

  • How will the transition account for these human and technological resources?

• for: stats - oil and gas industry - fight for survival

• stats: oil and gas industry - fight for survival

  • competing oil producers will have to reach an agreement on who has the right to produce the remaining carbon budget
  • 24 million barrels a day are still produced in a 1.5 Deg C scenario but are largely uncombusted
    • 75 % of that will be used in petrochemical and other industry
    • 920 billion cubic meters of natural gas
      • 50% of this for hydrogen production

• for: stats - oil and gas industry - steep drop in production

• stats - oil and gas industry - steep drop in production

  • no new fields can be developed to meet a 1.5 Deg C scenario
  • any new developments face the certain risk of being a stranded asset
  • by 2040, 7 million less barrels of oil are produced each day to meet a 1.5 Deg C scenario

• for: stats - oil and gas industry operational emissions

• stats: oil and gas industry - operational emissions

  • 15% of all global emissions are from the production, transport and processing of fossil fuels

• for: stats - oil and gas industry - clean energy investments

• comment

  • Inclusive transformation
    • Clearly, transforming the dirty fossil fuel industry into clean energy industry requires migrating as much of those 12 million dirty energy jobs as possible. We can't alienate the fossil fuel industry.
    • the barometer to measure this paradigm shift in fossil fuel industry narrative is their investment into clean energy. Over the years, majors have acted like politicians, promising significant clean energy investment, then backsliding. There is no more time for that.

• for: stats - oil and gas industry - profit split, stats - oil and gas industry - reserves split

• stats: oil and gas industry profit split

  • 50 % to governments
  • 40 % to investments
  • 10% to shareholders and debt

• stats: oil and gas reserve splits

  • majors: 13 % production, 13 % reserves
  • National Oil Companies: 50% production, 60 % reserves

• stats - oil and gas vs clean energy returns

• stats: oil and gas vs clean energy returns between 2010 and 2022

  • 6 to 9 % for oil and gas
  • 6 % for clean energy

• for: IEA 2023 report - exec summary - Fossil Fuel industry, IEA 2023 report - exec summary - Oil and Gas industry

• summary

  • this is the IEA summary of the position of the Oil and Gas industry and what they must do in order to transition to a net zero world by 2050 and avert 1.5 Deg C global mean temperature.
  • it contains a lot of useful information and statistics

for: stats - oil and gas industry, stats - fossil fuel industry

• stats: oil and gas industry
• stats: fossil fuel industry
  • The fossil fuel industry's production, transport and processing operations accounts for 15% of global energy-related greenhouse gas emissions.

• for: stats - oil and gas industry, stats - fossil fuel industry

• stats - oil and gas industry

• stats - fossil fuel industry
  • Oil and gas producers account for approximately 1% of total clean energy investment
  • 60 % of that comes from 4 companies

• for: stats - oil and gas industry, stats - fossil fuel industry

• stats - oil and gas industry

• stats - fossil fuel industry
  • supplies approximately 50% of all total global energy
  • employs 12 million people directly
  • Since 2018, annual revenues average 13 trillion USD
  • revenue split
    • 50 % to governments
    • 40% to investment
    • 10% to shareholders and debt
  • Major oil companies account for 13 % of all reserves
  • National Oil Companies (NOC) account for
    • over 50% of all production
    • close to 60% of all reserves

https://taz.de/Bericht-der-Weltwetterorganisation/!5969797&s=WMO/

Auf den Öl- und Gasfeldern der Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate, darunter vielen, die der staatlichen Gesellschaft Adnoc gehören, wurde in den vergangenen 20 Jahren in großem Umfang routinemäßig Gas abgefackelt, was zu hohen Methanemissionen führt. Die Emirate hatten sich verpflichtet, das Abfackeln schnell zu reduzieren. Die dieser Selbstverpflichtung krass widersprechende Praxis gilt bei NGO als weiterer Beleg dafür, dass Selbstverpflichtungen der Fossilindustrie nicht getraut werden kann. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/17/cop28-host-uae-breaking-its-own-ban-on-routine-gas-flaring-data-showsactor

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/15/climate-heating-gases-reach-record-highs-un-reports

Greenhouse Gas Bulletin: https://public.wmo.int/en/greenhouse-gas-bulletin

16:00 "our grass is a solar panel"<br /> hell yeah. fuck these "made in china" hightech bullshit solar panels.<br /> future energy is based on wood gas, and synthetic diesel made from wood gas.<br /> but the depopulation agenda has priority...

Der Artikel im Guardian stellt eine neue Studie dar, aus der hervorgeht, wie viel von der bereits existierenden Infrastruktur zur Förderung fossiler Brennstoff stillgelegt werden muss, um das 1,5° Ziel zu erreichen. Dabei geht die Autoren davon aus, dass man CO2 nicht realistisch wieder aus der Atmosphäre entfernen kann, und dass das 1,5° Ziel also nur zu erreichen ist, wenn nicht zu viel emittiert wird. Diese Studie fordert das Gegenteil der Planungen der fossilen Industrien, über der über die der Guardian gerade berichtet hatte. Der Artikel ist auch bemerkenswert, weil er auf eine Reihe weiterer wichtiger Studien zu fossilen Lagerstätten verweist.

What would the green premium be for bio methane in this scenario? As in Methane from bio genie sources. Supply issues aside, obvs.

SERVICIO TECNICO VALENCIA on Medium Advantages of Hiring a Professional Technical Service

Professional technicians offer precise diagnostics and effective solutions. Additionally, using genuine spare parts and high-quality tools provides the reassurance of professional technical services' guarantees.

Técnicos en Toda la Provincia

I just wanted to let Columbia Gas of Ohio and Amanda DePerro know that not only is it poor etiquette to disable comments on posts (they obstruct customer feedback), but it's also pointless because people can just use tools like Hypothes.is to respond regardless.

Die österreichische Gasbranche startet - offenbar in Kooperation mit der Industriellenvereinigung - eine PR-Initiative gegen das Erneuerbare-Wärme-Gesetz. Dabei wird das Narrativ der der Technologie-Offenheit verwendet und mit Hinweisen auf Biomethan und Wasserstoff für den Erhalt der Gasheizungen argumentiert. Unkritische Widergabe einer APA-Meldung im Standard. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000188226/erneuerbare-waerme-gesetz-laesst-gasbranche-zittern

Where would I look to find public evidence of this?

Der ungarische Präsident Orbán und der serbische Präsident Vučić arbeiten gemeinsam mit dem bosnischen Serbenführer Dodić aktiv daran, die Abhängigkeit ihrer Gebiete und weiterer Teile Südosteuropas von russischen Gaslieferungen zu vergrößern. Mit dieser aktiven Anti-EU-Politik festigen sie ihre autoritären Regime. Analyse von Adelheid Wölffl im Standard.

https://www.derstandard.de/story/3000000184546/geld-gas-und-orden-ungarn-vereint-die-kreml-freunde-in-suedosteuropa

Zu den Motiven für das europäische Engagement in Niger gehört außer den Uran-Vorräten des Landes die geplante Trans-Sahara-Gaspipeline, die Gas von Nigeria zum Mittelmeer transportieren soll.

https://theconversation.com/nigers-resource-paradox-what-should-make-the-country-rich-has-made-it-a-target-for-predators-212209

Gut recherchierter Artikel über die Abhängigkeit Österreichs von russischem Gas und die enge Verflechtung von österreichischen Eliten und russischen fossilen Interessen. Hervorgehoben wird u.a., dass in Österreich Entscheidungen, die die nationale Sicherheit betreffen, bei der OMV, also einer privaten Firma getroffen werden. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/31/business/energy-environment/austria-natural-gas-russia.html

• measuring methane and showing it is a problem
  • cow farts become an enemy
• how do we cope with a rewilded world?
  • when all the other animals will also release methane?

Die Weltbank finanziert weiterhin in großem Umfang fossile Projekte, obwohl sie behauptet, nur Investitionen zu unterstützen, die mit dem Pariser Abkommen vereinbar sind. Die Richtlinen dazu lassen aber z.B. Investitionen in die Gasinfrastruktur zu und verlangen keine wissenschaftliche Begutachtung von Projekten anhand objektiver Kriterien. https://www.energymonitor.ai/finance/sustainable-finance/opinion-why-the-world-banks-paris-alignment-process-could-add-fuel-to-the-climate-crisis/?utm_source=cbnewsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_term=2023-07-03&utm_campaign=Daily+Briefing+03+07+2023 (via CarbonBrief)

Österreich bezieht im Gegensatz zu den meisten westlichen Ländern weiter Gas über Pipelines aus Russland. Der österreichische Staat profitiert davon durch die Dividenden der OMV, die im vergangenen Jahr über 600 Millionen Euro betrugen.

https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000176415/scheinheilig-zum-quadrat

This sort of implies that if you ban flaring, then unscrupulous companies will just vent it instead, causing much worse emissions, because detecting venting has been hard before, and enforcing a bans against rich and power entitites is will not be easy

Fundamentos A: A matéria e a energia

Die EU hat nach dem Ausbruch des Ukraine-Kriegs die Plattform AggregateEU für den gemeinsamen Gaseinkauf eingerichtet. Nach der ersten Runde übertrifft das Angebot dort die Nachfrage. Europäische Unternehmen können Erdgas über diese Plattform beziehen. https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-energy-platform-eu-attracted-over-134-bcm-gas-first-joint-gas-purchasing-tender-2023-05-16_en

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change

Das Klimaministerium hat einen Vorschlag zur Gasversorgung Österreichs erarbeitet. Dabei könnte die OMV russisches Erdgas offenbar nicht mehr wie bisher vertreiben. Es scheint aber nicht um Einsparungen oder eine schnellere Energiewende zu gehen. https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000145979639/energieministerin-gewessler-fordert-mit-neuen-gasplaenen-oevp-heraus

Studie vom März 2023 zur schnellen Herstellung der Unabhängigkeit von russischen Gasimporten. Siehe dazu @kemfertSchockwellenLetzteChance2023, p. 344

Der Aufsatz und die ihm zugrundeliegende Publikation kritisieren, dass die 1,5°-pathways des IPCC den Kohleausstieg vor dem Öl- und Gassausstieg fordern. Damit tragen die ärmeren Länder die Hauptlast. Gerechter und besser umzusetzen wäre ein schnellerer Ausstieg aus Öl und Gas, der vom globalen Norden eine schnellere Transformation verlangen würde.

In Frankreich ist der Gasverbrauch im vergangenen Jahr leicht gesunken. Erhebliche Mengen wieder als Ersatz für russische Lieferungen nach Deutschland durchgeleitet.

!- oil and gas legislation : industry lawyers at every level

This is less than I thought it would be.

Algerien profitiert vom Bedarf an Öl und Gas nach den Angriff auf die Ukraine und hat seine Einnahmen um 70% gesteigert. Die Regierung nutzt die Abhängigkeit des Westens aus, um die Repression gegen Journalist:innen und Opposition zu verschärfen. Algerien hat mir dem Bau einer zweiten Gaspipeline nach Sizilien beginnen und will in Zukunft 25 bis 35 Milliarden m³ nach Italien und darüber an den Rest Europas liefern.

In Italien lag der Gasverbrauch in den ersten Monaten des Herbstes um 17% unter dem des Vorjahres. Die Industrie verbrauchte 20% weniger, was offenbar mit einem leichten Absinken der Produktion verbunden war.

Solidity based. Irregularity in how exceptions are prioritized.

...and if the West sides with Taiwan if China decides to invade it, we will see a repeat of Putin's strategy of limiting export of vital noble gases. Team human doesn't work well when we cannot collaborate

Russia supplies 30% of the global chip industry with neon, argon and helium, necessary for chip manufacturing.

A lyric from "I Can Cook Too" written by Leonard Bernstein which appears in the 1944 Broadway musical "On the Town" sung by Nancy Walker and later in the 1949 film.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Town_(musical)

I heard it last night at the end of the final episode of Julia S1, E8 Chocolate Souffle (May 5, 2022).

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10975574/

The phrase "now you're coking with gas" was coined by American Gas Association publicist Carroll Everard "Deke" Houlgate. Deke's son indicated that his father "planted it with Bob Hope's writers" and it was ultimately used in one of his radio shows. From there it turned into one of his catchphrases and it was adopted by others including The Jack Benny Program and Maxwell House Coffee Time.

Incidentally, Houlgate was also a football journalist who devised the first college football rankings methodology that determined the national champions from 1929 to 1958.

Is this the same Houlgate, or perhaps his son who played for USC Trojans in the 1931 and 1932 Rose Bowl games?

References: (see also and check...) - A Way With Words co-host Martha Barnette https://soundcloud.com/waywordradio/now-youre-cooking-with-gas

https://www.b98.tv/video/wise-quacking-duck/

"Say. Now you're cooking with gas." Daffy Duck in an oven bathing himself in gravy.

The Wise Quacking Duck Warner Bros. (1943)<br /> Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Bob Clampett. <br /> Released on May 1, 1943

Singh, I., Joseph, P., Heerdt, P. M., Cullinan, M., Lutchmansingh, D. D., Gulati, M., Possick, J. D., Systrom, D. M., & Waxman, A. B. (2022). Persistent Exertional Intolerance After COVID-19: Insights From Invasive Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing. CHEST, 161(1), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.08.010

This could be a key moment in time to launch a global Bottom-up, rapid whole system change initiative.

This could be a blessing and a boon to climate change transition to a fossil fuel free world.

Could the world be convinced to payfor this price?

What would convince them? We need rapid sensemaking!

Tradeoff higher gas prices with accelerated climate change and sanctioning Putin.

A feasibility study would be informative.

Popularity in our world can sometimes act as a reaction effect when the popularity of a product or a trend becomes viral. These quick changes in culture cause a large part of society to want to be a part of the latest trend and to consume fashion, compared to in the past when Haute couture was the highest class of fashion. The importance of velocity is what has caused the fast-fashion industry to rise so aggressively knocking out competition out of the park. However, these market demands have extreme consequences towards our environment, with one of the leading causes of atmospheric pollution being the carbon dioxide emission coming from textile factories. By mentioning the change caused onto the haute couture Lezden claims the popularity of fast-fashion caused haute couture to take a step back.

Énergir can, and should, meet their customers' needs by helping them to end their use of gas and by accelerating a managed decapitalization of their existing gas assets. Énergir should "Pump Heat, Not Gas." By this I mean, they should refocus as a "thermal-utility," rather than as a gas-supplier and build a new business focused on the installation of heat pumps and the provision of geothermal district heating for their customers.

Quebec's plan to encourage hybrid heating (electric + gas) will cause a dramatic increase in gas bills:

Reducing the quantity of gas commodity consumed does not reduce the largely fixed costs of gas delivery. Thus, in order to ensure revenue neutrality and adequate utility cost recovery, a 70% reduction in the quantity of gas delivered will require a 333% increase in the per-unit cost of gas delivery. This increased cost will, of course, be offset by reduced expenditure on the gas commodity. However, If we make the reasonable assumption that today's costs are evenly split between commodity and delivery, a 70% reduction in gas consumption will require a new per-unit price of delivered gas which is at least 182% of the current price with a reduction to 8.25% of the commodity's share of costs. Gas consumers will be paying for pipes, not gas... (I'm not sure what todays cost split is in Quebec. If it's 60% delivery, the price will rise to 212% of today's cost. If it is only 40%, the price will rise to 151% of today's. )

However, it is likely that if the per unit cost of gas increases by the amounts calculated above, a great many gas users will realize that the cost/kWh or BTU of heating with electric heat pumps is lower than that for gas. Thus, it is likely that gas abandonment will increase over the current rates. While environmentalists will welcome increased gas abandonment, it should be recognized that it will create additional pressure to increase the per-unit cost of gas delivery which will, of course, encourage even more abandonment. The result will be a gas death-spiral.

The Quebec approach is unlikely to lead to good outcomes.

This EO should be considered by gas utilities, and their capital sources, who continue to invest in gas infrastructure with cost recovery periods that go far beyond 2050. Such investments will largely end up producing stranded assets.

Association, N. S. and P. (n.d.). Covid-19 lockdowns will have little lasting impact on global warming. New Scientist. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2251313-covid-19-lockdowns-will-have-little-lasting-impact-on-global-warming/

Rathi, A. (2020, April 30). Renewables Are the Only Winners in Historic Decline in Energy Demand. Bloomberg.Com. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-30/renewables-are-the-only-winners-in-historic-decline-in-energy-demand

This article discusses different low cost sensors, their effectiveness and different uses. There is also a table that lists different low cost sensors for particulate matter

high precision sensor noted in article also pinned $26

How do you mine gas?

Definition of a greenhouse gas.

Holy crap!

This is a very controversial oil pipeline that runs from Edmonton to Vancouver. This pipeline was built in the 1950s by Kinder Morgan in order to bring oil from Alberta to British Columbia when large oil deposits were discovered. This pipeline had a lot of political drive behind not only from the Canadian government but also the United States who wanted easier oil access on the west coast. The United States was in the middle of the Korean War and wanted to have more secure oil contact. The pipeline had a lot of resistance from other environmentalist groups because it ran through areas that would later be named national parks. However today, there is another pipeline that is being proposed by Kinder Morgan that runs almost parallel to the pre-existing one. The intent of the new pipeline is to bring more oil to the west coast of Canada in order to keep up with the growing oil market in Asia. The new pipeline was approved by British Columbia in January 2017 but the decision immediately faced resistance from the public. Many people are skeptical of a new pipeline because of Kinder Morgan's track record with spills in the past. A journalists from Vancouver writes "British Columbians will continue to fight this decision in the courts and on the streets well past next spring's election." This pipeline is a good example compared to the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline that is in a similar situation right now. There has been a new pipeline proposed there as well that is supported by the oil companies but many citizens and environmental groups are resisting it. "British Columbia nod to pipeline expansion." Oil & Gas News, January 16, 2017. Global Reference on the Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources (accessed May 7, 2017). http://find.galegroup.com/grnr/infomark.do?&source=gale&idigest=6f8f4a3faafd67e66fa023866730b0a1&prodId=GRNR&userGroupName=bucknell_it&tabID=T004&docId=A477938750&type=retrieve&PDFRange=%5B%5D&contentSet=IAC-Documents&version=1.0. "Kinder Morgan - EHS - Pipeline Safety." HOUWWWP1. Accessed May 07, 2017. http://www.kindermorgan.com/pages/ehs/pipeline_safety/default.aspx.

The Medvezhye Pipeline is a pipeline built on the Medvezhye oil and gas field (Shabad). This naturally occurring gas field is located in Northern Siberia. Officials hoped the institution of the pipeline would provide industrial Russian communities with oil by the late 1970s. Siberia also signed contracts with Italy, France, and West Germany and agreed to provide natural gas in exchange for pipes. The pipeline was built in a sub-Arctic region with harsh weather and frozen ground and many worried that the pipeline would not be constructed according to schedule. The Medvezhye pipeline was constructed on warming, unstable permafrost. The pipeline was commissioned in 1972 and is Russia’s third most highly producing pipeline (Seligman). In 1977, a study was performed to measure pipe deformation due to warming permafrost conditions. No deformation was found due to the pipe’s thickness. As of 2011, the pipeline’s managers, Victoria Oil and Gas PLC, reported that the pipeline had 400 million barrels of oil in place (Victoria Oil and Gas). In continued monitoring and development of the pipeline, Victoria Oil and Gas also performed studies to determine possible new drilling and well sites, production infrastructure, and downstream hydrocarbon emissions effects. Victoria Oil and Gas also studied oil export from the pipeline to Siberia and other parts of Russia. Today, the pipeline is still a major source of oil and gas for Russia. A map of the Medvezhye oil and gas field can be found below. http://images.energy365dino.co.uk/standard/126082_7a87a50d3cd24d7da925.jpg

References: Selgiman, Ben J. "Long-Term Variability of Pipeline±Permafrost Interactions in North-West Siberia." PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL PROCESSES, 22nd ser., 11, no. 5 (2000). Accessed May 05, 2017.

Shabad, Theodore. "Siberia Pipeline Crews Advance." The New York Times. September 21, 1971. Accessed May 06, 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/1971/09/21/archives/siberia-pipeline-crews-advance-western-europe-to-buy-gas-delays-are.html?_r=0.

"Victoria Oil and Gas." West Medvezhye Operational Update | Victoria Oil and Gas. July 07, 2011. Accessed May 06, 2017. http://www.victoriaoilandgas.com/investors/news/west-medvezhye-operational-update.

West Medvezhye and Surrounding Areas.

The Arctic is home to a plethora of resources; it currently produces one tenth of the world’s oil and one fourth of its natural gas. Commercial extraction of oil started in the 1920s in Canada’s northwest territories. In the 1960s, large hydrocarbon fields were found in Russia, Alaska, and the Mackenzie Delta in Canada. The last several decades have produced billions of cubic meters of gas and oil in these countries in addition to Norway. The Canadian Arctic holds 49 gas and oil fields in the Mackenzie River Delta and 15 are located on the Canadian Arctic archipelago. There are also 11 offshore fossil fuel fields that were discovered in Barents Sea between Russia and Norway. North of the Arctic Circle, mostly in western Siberia, more than 400 onshore oil and gas fields have been found; roughly 60 of these fields are notably vast while a quarter of them are currently inoperable.

In addition to fuel sources, there are also extensive deposits of minerals in the Arctic, predominantly in the most developed part of the region, the Russian Arctic. It contains copper, silver, zinc, molybdenum, gold, uranium, tungsten, tin, platinum, palladium, apatite, cobalt, titanium, rare metals, ceramic raw materials, mica, precious stones, and some of the largest known deposits of coal, gypsum, and diamonds. The North American Arctic, on the other hand, holds iron, nickel, copper, and uranium. It is important to note, however, that many of the known mineral reserves have not been extracted due to the high cost and their inaccessibility.

"Natural Resources / Arctic." / Arctic. February 21, 2017. Accessed March 08, 2017. http://arctic.ru/resources/.

It is no secret that there was a lot of tension between the oil and gas company and the indigenous people of Canada and Alaska. In the 1950's and 1960's there was extensive drilling in areas of Alaska and Canada. Almost all of these decisions were made without consulting with the native people living in these areas. The drilling and exploration of the oil and gas fields had severe impacts on the ecosystem in the region. These impacts included the destruction of habitats from marine and terrestrial wildlife. This created many problems for the Native people who relied on hunting and fishing for a living. The Native people felt slighted by the actions of the oil and gas companies who refused to recognize their claims to the areas. Much of this problem was related to the fact that the Canadian and American governments also did not recognize them as people with claims to the land. The "Inuit in Canada faced a federal government that developed some powers-- in this case, to the territorial rather than the state government-- but nevertheless disregarded Aboriginal rights in the pursuit of Northern development." This stance from the government without a doubt led to the same dismissive attitude from the big oil and gas companies. Eventually, in the 1960's the native groups began to take steps in getting themselves recognized by the government and oil industry. It was through the help of environmental agencies that the native people started to be known. Many environmental agencies made it clear that activities in the Arctic such as oil drilling is extremely detrimental to the ecosystem and that it should not be continued. Many native groups piggy-backed on this stance and made themselves heard on the topic. Through this act both the oil industry and government began to recognize them as a legitimate body.

Stuhl, Andrew. Unfreezing the Arctic. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 2016.