Thus, as pollinators decline, the availability and variety of fruits, vegetables, and nuts could be significantly reduced. This not only affects our diets but also disrupts the livelihoods of farmers who depend on pollination services for their crops [07]. Aizen et al. [91] revealed that a complete loss of pollinators could reduce global agricultural production by 3–8%, requiring a significant increase in cultivated area to compensate, particularly in the developing world

Progressive opponents of UBI express concern that a universal program will direct resources to higher-incomehouseholds while potentially reducing the support available to people with significant need

Some analysts express concern that inflation will result from a massive influx of disposable income increasing demand forgoods and services.

Conservative opponents assert that the promise ofa guaranteed income would remove incentives to work or complete educational milestones, contributing to shortages in the labormarket.

The prospect of people forming intimate relationships with chatbots raises numerous concerns.Privacy is one of the most pressing.

hat's who captures the bureaucracy. And that is why the system is sclerotic. That is why the system is slow and broken and unanswerable to the people and not even thinking about the people.

Call up her father

What is your pleasure, madam? How is’t with you? DESDEMONA. I cannot tell. Those that do teach young babes Do it with gentle means and easy tasks. He might have chid me so, for, in good faith, I am a child to chiding. IAGO. What’s the matter, lady? EMILIA. Alas, Iago, my lord hath so bewhor’d her, Thrown such despite and heavy terms upon her, As true hearts cannot bear. DESDEMONA. Am I that name, Iago? IAGO. What name, fair lady? DESDEMONA. Such as she says my lord did say I was. EMILIA. He call’d her whore: a beggar in his drink Could not have laid such terms upon his callet. IAGO. Why did he so? DESDEMONA. I do not know. I am sure I am none such. IAGO. Do not weep, do not weep: alas the day!

“I have already chose my officer.” And what was he? Forsooth, a great arithmetician, One Michael Cassio, a Florentine, A fellow almost damn’d in a fair wife, That never set a squadron in the field, Nor the division of a battle knows

we still have basically one or two atmospheres. And I would really say one. And we've now gotten powerful enough to really screw it up, right? And so, through nukes or through carbon emissions, all three of those things

Even at the current level of about 1.5C, the impacts of warming are emerging on the worst side of the range of possible outcomes and there is growing concern of tipping points for the

In his models, he does not account for climate damages to labour productivity, buildings, infrastructure, transportation, non-coastal real estate, insurance, communication, government services and other sectors.

We should never forget that the human brain is perhaps the most complicated system in the known universe; if we are to build something roughly its equal, open-hearted collaboration will be key.

Belittling unfashionable ideas that haven’t yet been fully explored is not the right way to go. Hinton is quite right that in the old days AI researchers tried—too soon—to bury deep learning. But Hinton is just as wrong to do the same today to symbol-manipulation.

For at least four reasons, hybrid AI, not deep learning alone (nor symbols alone) seems the best way forward:

n 1990, Hinton published a special issue of the journal Artificial Intelligence called Connectionist Symbol Processing that explicitly aimed to bridge the two worlds of deep learning and symbol manipulation.

When deep learning reemerged in 2012, it was with a kind of take-no-prisoners attitude that has characterized most of the last decade. By 2015, his hostility toward all things symbols had fully crystallized. He gave a talk at an AI workshop at Stanford comparing symbols to aether, one of science’s greatest mistakes.

Symbolic operations also underlie data structures like dictionaries or databases that might keep records of particular individuals and their properties (like their addresses, or the last time a salesperson has been in touch with them, and allow programmers to build libraries of reusable code, and ever larger modules, which ease the development of complex systems. Such techniques are ubiquitous, the bread and butter of the software world.

If symbols are so critical for software engineering, why not use them in AI, too?

lassical computer science, of the sort practiced by Turing and von Neumann and everyone after, manipulates symbols in a fashion that we think of as algebraic, and that’s what’s really at stake. In simple algebra, we have three kinds of entities, variables (like x and y), operations (like + or -), and bindings (which tell us, for example, to let x = 12 for the purpose of some calculation). If I tell you that x = y + 2, and that y = 12, you can solve for the value of x by binding y to 12 and adding to that value, yielding 14. Virtually all the world’s software works by stringing algebraic operations together, assembling them into ever more complex algorithms.

A lot of confusion in the field has come from not seeing the differences between the two—having symbols, and processing them algebraically. To understand how AI has wound up in the mess that it is in, it is essential to see the difference between the two.What are symbols? They are basically just codes. Symbols offer a principled mechanism for extrapolation: lawful, algebraic procedures that can be applied universally, independently of any similarity to known examples. They are (at least for now) still the best way to handcraft knowledge, and to deal robustly with abstractions in novel situations.

And yet, for the most part, that’s how most current AI proceeds. Hinton and many others have tried hard to banish symbols altogether.

f scaling doesn’t get us to safe autonomous driving, tens of billions of dollars of investment in scaling could turn out to be for naught.

scaling starts to falter on some measures, such as toxicity, truthfulness, reasoning, and common sense.

There are serious holes in the scaling argument. To begin with, the measures that have scaled have not captured what we desperately need to improve: genuine comprehension. Insiders have long known that one of the biggest problems in AI research is the tests (“benchmarks”) that we use to evaluate AI systems

hat should we do about it? One option, currently trendy, might be just to gather more data.

Current deep-learning systems frequently succumb to stupid errors like this. They sometimes misread dirt on an image that a human radiologist would recognize as a glitch.

The car failed to recognize the person (partly obscured by the stop sign) and the stop sign (out of its usual context on the side of a road); the human driver had to take over. The scene was far enough outside of the training database that the system had no idea what to do.

it occasionally confuses baby photos of my two children. But the stakes are low—if the app makes an occasional error, I am not going to throw away my phone.

cellule familiale, déjà bien secouée depuis la fin des Trente Glorieuses

Le programme du candidat Hamon, prévoit d’ailleurs une reconnaissance du burn-out.

Le climat conjoncturel restant grevé par une forte incertitude, les ménages privés ne devraient quasiment pas réduire leur taux d’épargne, qui passerait de 11,4 % à 11,2 % entre 2024 et 2026.

When machines and computers, profit motives and property rights, are considered more important than people

e must rapidly begin the shift from a thing-oriented society to a person-oriented society.

Soon we would be paying almost the full costs of this tragic attempt at recolonization.

social change comes most meaningfully through nonviolent action. But they ask -- and rightly so -- what about Vietnam? They ask if our own nation wasn't using massive doses of violence to solve its problems, to bring about the changes it wanted.

Rien qui ressemble à ce qu’on appelle une “évaluation par les pairs” n’aura jamais croisé sa trajectoire

We argue that adopting a pluralistic and contextual perspective on epistemology, as advanced by feminist theorists can provide clarity in understanding these patterns.

Hesaw through everybody, but he saw through them precisely because the firstthing he looked for in people was the very thing he had seen in himself andmay not have wished others to see

I would have blushed, and blushed because I had blushed, fuddledwith words and ultimately broken down—and then where would I be? Whatwould he say?Better break down now, I thought, than live another day juggling all ofmy implausible resolutions to try again later

I always tried to keep him within my field of vision. I never let him driftaway from me except when he wasn’t with me. And when he wasn’t withme, I didn’t much care what he did so long as he remained the exact sameperson with others as he was with me. Don’t let him be someone else whenhe’s away. Don’t let him be someone I’ve never seen before. Don’t let himhave a life other than the life I know he has with us, with me

It was not only thenational hymn of their southern youth, but it was the best they could offerwhen they wished to entertain royalty.

After the two lovers have at last slept together, we learn that what each perceived as theother’s indifference and dislike had actually been signs of their affection all along. In fact, welearn that the signs they misunderstand are largely signs that each himself uses to conveyaffection, so that they are almost literally in love with their own reflections.

One day I saw Oliver sharing the same ladder with the gardener, tryingto learn all he could about Anchise’s grafts, which explained why ourapricots were larger, fleshier, juicier than most apricots in the region.

I was seventeen that year and, being the youngest at the tableand the least likely to be listened to, I had developed the habit of smugglingas much information into the fewest possible words

nd you’re basically scrambling to come toterms with something, which, unbeknownst to you, has been brewing forweeks under your very nose and bears all the symptoms of what you’reforced to call I want.

soles, of his throat, of the bottom of his forearms, which hadn’t really beenexposed to much sun. Almost a light pink, as glistening and smooth as theunderside of a lizard’s belly. Private, chaste, unfledged, like a blush on anathlete’s face or an instance of dawn on a stormy night. It told me thingsabout him I never knew to ask

I could grow to like him, though. From rounded chin to rounded heel.Then, within days, I would learn to hate him.

No name added, no jest to smooth out the ruffled leave-taking,nothing. His one-word send-off: brisk, bold, and blunted—take your pick,he couldn’t be bothered which.

this is more of a unfair competition 00:10:36 issue I think as a clearer line than the copyright stuff

Dans cette deuxième partie de l’article, nous étudions la version 3 de l’éditeur de texte sémantique Stylo afin d’observer le fonctionnement de l’écriture lorsque l’on y saisit un texte.

Dès lors, il devient possible de mesurer des distances ou des écarts entre des lettres, des mots ou des concepts, des données d’un environnement.

Notre propos consiste à redonner une juste place à ces oscillations électriques

ce biais je vous laisse méditer 2 secondes sur cette image cette image ce sont deux hommes préhistoriques qui tirent une charrette avec des roues carrés et il fait un 00:32:15 collègue qui leur dit elle est rourronde et ils disent non on a pas le temps d'installer les roues rondes ça c'est exactement le syndrome de ah je vais continuer à faire à la main c'est pas grave et puis en fait je perds 20 minutes chaque jour au lieu de passer une fois une heure et puis c'est fait

Knowing is not a rationale for not acting. Can we doubt that knowl-edge has become a weapon we wield against ourselves?

But many other people who know about the dangers still seemstrangely silent. When pressed, they trot out the “this is nothing new”riposte—as if awareness of what could happen is response enough.They tell me, There are universities filled with bioethicists who studythis stuff all day long. They say, All this has been written about before,and by experts. They complain, Your worries and your arguments arealready old hat.

We proved ourselves to be resourceful, tough, adaptable—able toaccomodate ourselves to the tactics of an enemy who was ruthless, relentless, and at timesbarbarous.

The fanatically resisting Japanese, though facing atomization, did not surrender.

The Washington authorities, fearing that these peoplemight act as saboteurs for the Mikado in case of invasion, decided to herd them together inconcentration camps, though about two-thirds of the victims were American-born citizens. Thisbrutal precaution turned out to be unnecessary

, Washington wisely adopted the grand strategy of"getting Hitler first."

To keep Britainfrom collapsing, the Roosevelt administration felt compelled to extend the unneutral aid thatinvited attacks from German submarines. To keep Japan from expanding, the Washingtonofficials deemed it necessary to cut off vital Japanese supplies and invite possible retaliation.Rather than let democracy die and dictatorship rule supreme, a strong majority of the Americanpeople were evidently determined to support a policy that might lead to war. It did.

while Tokyo was deliberately prolongingnegotiations in Washington. Japanese bombers, winging in from distant aircraft carriers,attacked without warning

No one in high authority in Washingtonseems to have believed that the Japanese were either strong enough or foolhardy enough tolash out at Hawaii

The Japanese leaders were faced with two painful alternatives.They could either knuckle under to the Americans, or break out of the embargo ring by adesperate attack on the oil supplies and other riches of Southeast Asia

Congress, respondingto public pressures

The inevitable clashes with submarines ensued

Phenomenologyexplains that consciousness, treated as an object, limits this pretension: human subjectivity is thefoundation of all scientific knowledge. Therefore, there is a logical error in trying to explain thefoundation through what it has founded.

COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of care and calls for a change in how it is valued and prioritized

s-subsidization from more productive parts of the economy and public investment in the care sector

"asset-based approaches," which view communities and individuals as having valuable skills and abilities that can contribute to the community.

"co-production" in social care, which involves involving different stakeholders in the production of care outcomes

Advice given to healthcare workers focused on self-care,

Social care workers had higher mortality rates than healthcare workers.

Black and minority ethnic groups had higher infection and mortality rates due to underlying health conditions, lack of healthcare access, living conditions, and being essential workers.

Care workers received little support during the pandemic and are dealing with increased stress and exhaustion.

e crisis highlighted the importance of essential workers like supermarket cashiers and care workers, but these workers are often undervalued, especially those who are women or people of color.

exploitation of domestic workers and the need for fair pay and working conditions.Many nannies lost their jobs and housing

structural changes to address the housing crisis, such as banning real estate speculation and building more affordable housing.

The social structures and inequalities in society determine who is most vulnerable to the virus.

concept of interdependence

The focus on profit-making and cost-efficiency meant that there were no reserves or adequate supplies of protective equipment.

hlighting issues such as underfunding, lack of protective equipment, and the increase in unpaid carers. It also mentions the impact on refuge vacancies, food distribution, and the lack of occupational sick pay.

It mentions the disproportionate impact on disabled individuals and minority ethnic groups.

Self-care can involve setting up supportive networks and making connections between personal experiences and broader social structures.Taking care of oneself is an act of resistance against societal messages that devalue certain lives.

demands of work and personal life are becoming blurred

sure comes from a fear of job insecurity and a lack of support from welfare systems.

neoliberal regime that values productivity and growth.

complex needs behind

the pursuit of a "reliable body" in an uncertain world.

orthorexia, an eating disorder characterized by an obsession with healthy eating.

arguing that care is often subordinated to the demands of capitalism.

t financialisation, the process of allocating resources through financial instruments, can worsen inequality and social issues.

cerns that easy targets are prioritized over more challenging cases, and the costs of implementing and scaling these projects may outweigh any potential savings

Critics argue that this system allows private investors to profit from cost savings that should benefit society.

social impact investing, where investors provide funding for projects that have a social impact.

o reduce staff costs by 30 per cent through wage reductions, changes to bank holiday pay or reductions in staffing level

Personal budgets create extra work and potential exploitation for care recipients who become employers when hiring personal assistants.

improve communication and support for those in need of care, but it has economic implications, such as charging fees or relying on volunteers.

Decisions about technology in care are influenced by politics, economics, and cultural contexts.

more severe in social care due to its lower status compared to healthcare.

The adult social care system is facing a perfect storm of increased demand, workforce shortages, and funding gaps.

assroots social movements and self-help groups can often provide better care than professional services, while creating alternative structures that promote mutual aid and reduce reliance on expensive commodities.

"landscapes of care" in everyday places where people gather, such as homes, cafes, community centers, and parks.

quality and safety of services provided by untrained volunteers.

Household work is often invisible and paid domestic work is characterized by informality and lack of social protection.

The text discusses various aspects of care work, including the impact of contracts on unpaid care, the gendered effects of these contracts, the increase in unpaid care work, the rise of informal carers, the financial struggles of carers, the rise of young carers, the reliance on volunteers in the care sector, the dilution of the nuclear family, and the need for collective care that challenges structural inequalities.

The Institute for Fiscal Studies has reported that a 30 per cent reduction to social care spending for people over the age of sixty-five, between 2009 and 2016, led to a significant rise in visits to A&E by the same cohort, signalling increased costs for hospital emergency departments.

policies undermine social cohesion and exacerbate social divisions.The text discusses how negative stereotypes and stigmatization of welfare recipients have been perpetuated by government campaigns and media portrayals.

The United Nations has criticized the British government's austerity measures, calling them punitive and mean-spirited.

cuts in social services and benefits, affecting the most vulnerable populations.

care

A survey carried out across EU countries in 2016 found that among respondents, 44 per cent of women and 30 per cent of men found it difficult to combine paid work with caring responsibilities.8

Global Financial Crisis and its aftermath, with austerity measures disproportionately affecting certain groups

certain groups of people were excluded from the welfare state, such as women, people of color, migrants, LGBTQIA communities, and those with mental health or disability issues.

The lens of social reproduction helps to identify the unpaid work that is necessary for the production of economic value in a capitalist economy.

Care can be provided for free or bought and sold as a commodity, but it is best understood as a configuration of social relationships that are politically and economically conditioned

Sue feels isolated and wishes she had more support in her life.

consumer culture

interdependence of our lives

he welfare state has played a role in the provision of care, but certain groups have been excluded. Care work is deeply intertwined with power dynamics, and feminist movements have challenged traditional gender roles.

ecorded 20 per cent increase in female labour-force participation in OECD countries over the last thirty years.31

reports by the charity organisation Age UK and the Care Quality Commission, the public body that inspects and regulates health and social care in Britain, one in seven older people (1.4 million) were not receiving the care they needed in 2018.5 The Care Quality Commission also reported in 2019 that the number of children with mental health disorders accessing social services had increased by 50 per cent in four years.6

non-academic audience and aims to contribute to the political debate on the topic.

criticizes the neoliberal ideology that promotes individual responsibility and privatization of care, arguing that caring for others should be a collective and public responsibility.

crisis of care is influenced by material conditions, ideological assumptions, and inequality

lobal crisis of care, where a growing number of people are unable to access the care and support they need.

Privatization of health and social care services has led to financial difficulties and debts for care home providers.

Access to care is becoming more dependent on financial ability,

f elderly people not receiving necessary care is increasing, and there has been a significant rise in children with mental health disorders accessing social services.

issues such as the lack of care facilities for an aging population, reduced mental health services, cuts to disability care budgets, and overworked doctors and nurses

Bash doesn't do word expansion on quoted strings in this context. For example: $ for i in "a b c d"; do echo $i; done a b c d $ for i in a b c d; do echo $i; done a b c d

According to the pragma-dialectical theory of vanEemeren and Grootendorst, Blair noted, "sufficiency is a function of appropriatelymeeting the critics' challenges to premises and inferences" (p. 3 32) . Blair alsonoted that this means that an argument can rightly be said to be sufficient for itsconclusion in this sense when it meets its burden of proof3 relying on "what maybe presumed without or accepted without further question" (p. 333)

According to this type of analysis, each of the types of argumentation modelled will have a distinctive argumentation scheme (structure, form) that allows itto function as a way of making a point or shifting a burden of proof in a dialogue.

Instead, we hope to show, theseargumentation schemes can best be revealed as normatively binding kinds ofreasoning when seen as moves, or speech acts in the setting of dialogue. In thispragmatic framework, two participants are reasoning together in a goal-directed,interactive, conventionalized framework called a dialogue. An argument is evaluated as good (correct, reasonable) to the extent that it contributes to the goal of thedialogue. An argument is evaluated as bad (incorrect, fallacious) to the extent thatit blocks the goals of the dialogue.

Here are the main arguments I’ve heard for SMS 2FA: SMS 2FA can prevent phishing. SMS 2FA can’t prevent phishing, but it can prevent “credential stuffing”. We have data proving that SMS 2FA is effective. I’ll cover some other weaker arguments I’ve heard too, but these are the important ones.

Don’t let the perfect be the enemy of the good. Seat belts aren’t perfect either, do you argue we shouldn’t wear them? Etc, etc. This argument only works if what you’re defending is good. As I’ve already explained, SMS-2FA is not good.

Unlike stacks and platforms, protocols tend to define and regulate flows of codified behaviors rather than stocks of technological artifacts.

What is the relationship between protocols and agency? Do protocols assume or require a set of participating agents with autonomy or free-will?

gloom and doom which often accompanies theoretical views and cultural commentary.

built around default expectations of obviously worse outcomes dominating obviously better ones, and worst-case behaviors driving systemic outcomes.

Structure Notes are not limited to hierarchical structures like the nested list from above. Structure notes can also have sequential structures. Imagine the following line of argumentation: a -> b -> c, therefore a -> c. A Structure Note could capture this sequence and link each step of the sequence to a Zettel which expands on it. An example, with annotations to point out each step: (a) The stimulation of surface cold receptors is (b) the main driver of cold adaptation.[[202005201056]] Cold showers stimulate the surface cold receptors sufficiently.[[202005201057]] Therefore, (c) cold showers are a viable method of practicing cold adaptation training.[[202005201058]] The links via [[ID]] refer to Zettels that are compilations of evidence for each statement. The structure of the arguments guides this Structure Note.

It is necessary that the student be alert to reason as the speakerreasons. It is very dangerous to jot down the results of reasoning if youhave not followed it in your own mind.

What does 'passing an argument' mean in programming?You have a grinder that will grind anything that you pass on to her. You give her Rice. She grind it. You give her wheat. She grind it. You give her a Justin Bieber song CD. She grind it. She grinds every thing that you hand over to her. In programming, we create function that does the stuff we need. Say add, subtract, multiply or print the stuff that you pass on to it. Then we pass on stuff upon which the function will operate and return us the results. This process of passing the 'stuff' to be processed is referred to as passing an 'argument' in programming. Thank You.

An argument is a way for you to provide more information to a function. The function can then use that information as it runs, like a variable. Said differently, when you create a function, you can pass in data in the form of an argument, also called a parameter.

It will doubtless be objected that to encourage young persons at the Pert Ageto browbeat, correct, and argue with their elders will render them perfectlyintolerable. My answer is that children of that age are intolerable anyhow;and that their natural argumentativeness may just as well be canalised togood purpose as allowed to run away into the sands.

Eswird also nicht dafür argumentiert, dass man als Mensch philosophierensollte. Es wird nur dafür argumentiert, dass man in der Schule Philoso-phieren durch Kompetenzorientierung verhindert

Aristotle actually identified a third form of argumentthat may surprise you: narrative.

Now I'm puzzled by the apparently biggest obstacle to implementation of this feature: possible misuse. I love ruby community, but sometimes saving the dummies' asses goes a bit too far.

If you assume cops are basically good and just need help doing their job better, then body cameras make sense.

On the whole, the popularizing of "logical fallacies" has been a net negative for debate. instead of recognizing a strawman and saying "youre not accurately representing my position, heres clear evidence why", the conversation devolves into a juvenille meta-argument that adds no value.

wisdom transcends all kinds of learning, secular, objective and esoteric; it is subtler than all these and is rooted in the awareness of the atma that is central in all creation

A hallmark of a successful disinformation campaign is adaptation — when proponents of the campaign adjust their tactics to get around efforts that journalists, government officials or tech companies have taken to stem its spread. On Oct. 16, campaign operators began adapting to Twitter’s curbs.

The more people hear something, the more likely they are to believe it, whether it’s true or not. And false news can spread further and faster than the truth, especially on social media. Mr. Trump seems to understand this.

Despite the hashtag’s popularity on the right, it received little notice in the mainstream media. This is known as “hidden virality,” meaning something extremely popular in one part of the internet is going unnoticed by the mainstream news media.

For more than a year, right-wing media and partisans have pushed “Biden crime family” as a viral slogan. Media manipulation campaigns are usually conjured in small, hidden spaces by a few operators with an agenda. But in this case, it was influential media and political personalities who got the ball rolling.

In any manipulation campaign, the second stage involves campaign operators strategically spreading the hashtag across the media ecosystem.

Constant repetition makes the charge sound true, and blunts accusations of unethical behavior against Mr. Trump’s own children.

The hashtag took a complicated issue with legitimate questions about Hunter Biden’s business dealings with Ukraine and China — and reduced it to a slogan that could also be used to spread falsehoods about Joe Biden.

Des initiatives pour protéger ces espaces :

des espaces menacés par les effets du changement climatique

des ressources surexploitées :

La lutte contre les trafics illégaux

La lutte contre la piraterie maritime

Les espaces maritimes, des espaces de plus en plus militarisés

Des espaces qui suscitent des litiges et des contentieux

Une délimitation héritée de la Convention de Montego Bay

Des frontières maritimes non figées

Des espaces inégalement intégrés

e tourisme de croisière

Les ressources génétiques marines

Les ressources minérales

Les ressources énergétiques

Les ressources halieutiques Ŕ doc 1 p. 62 sur l’exploitation des ressources halieutiques

Selon l’OCDE, les mers et les océans rapportent chaque année près de 1500 milliards de dollars

Argument 4 : Les espaces maritimes et les points de passage stratégiques : des zones sensibles menacées

Argument 3 : Les routes maritimes, les points de passage stratégiques et les goulets d’étranglement : des espaces maritimes vitaux pour le commerce maritime

Argument 2 : La maritimisation renforce la littoralisation et le rôle des façades maritimes

Argument 1 : L’accroissement du commerce maritime et l’accélération du processus de mondialisation renforcent le rôle central des espaces maritimes

Espérons que le 1er janvier prochain, les entreprises appliquent le « droit à la déconnexion » !

Ainsi, en situation de télétravail, le salarié découvre que sa zone d’autonomie ressemble à une peau de chagrin. Joignable à tout moment avec son téléphone portable, il ne profite guère de l’éloignement de son supérieur hiérarchique et reste toujours disponible (messagerie).

Ainsi, les télétravailleurs devront s’adapter à cette absence de frontière en créant leurs propres limites entre travail, famille, loisirs. Les directions des ressources humaines devront les y aider en organisant le travail et en fixant des objectifs réalistes.

Le télétravailleur apparaît donc comme une victime du harcèlement constant des technologies.

L’absence de frontière « physique » risque de provoquer une interpénétration des valeurs d’une zone à l’autre. Le cumul de deux identités en même temps et en un même lieu peut être destructeur et déstabilisant. Le sas entre le domicile et le travail, représenté par le temps de transport, peut également venir à manquer à certains télétravailleurs.

Les TIC (technologies de l’information et de la communication) permettent de gérer des tâches dans l’urgence et d’améliorer l’exécution de certaines missions. Mais, cela favorise l’immiscion dans la vie personnelle des salariés.

De plus en plus de salariés tentent d’éviter la submersion en traitant les mails professionnels hors temps de travail.

Le télétravail « gris » correspond à un « débordement » des activités professionnelles induit par les diverses sollicitations (mails, smartphone, forums…). (Y. Lasfargue Obergo)

L’absence de régulation entre les sphères privées et professionnelles présente des risques pour l’efficacité de l’équipe de travail. L’organisation doit donc anticiper la perméabilité de la frontière travail/famille.

La vidéo permet également un contrôle à distance par le manager. Les formes de contrôles sont donc diverses et probablement intrusives.

La qualité de vie familiale est présentée comme meilleure (étude Obergo, Lasfargue et Fauconnier 2010).

Le nombre de télétravailleurs est en augmentation puisque 16,7 % des salariés français déclarent télétravailler au moins huit heures par mois en 2014, contre 12,4 % en 2012 (source : LBMG Worklabs, Le télétravail en France, 2012).

Le télétravail a été introduit dans le Code du travail à l’article 1222-9 par la loi du 23 mars 2012 (l’article 46 de la loi dite Warsmann définit le télétravail). Cette loi prévoit des mesures de protection des données et de préservation de la vie privée. L’Accord National Interprofessionnel du 19 juillet 2005 dans son article premier donne du télétravail la définition suivante :