a framework containing the basic assumptions, ways of thinking, and methodology that are commonly accepted by members of a scientific community. such a cognitive framework shared by members of any discipline or group:

The balance of paymentsof a country is a record (usually for a year) of all transactions between the residents of the country and the residents of other countries

Encapsulation refers to the bundling of data with the methods that operate on that data.

The basic classification of a form object is a class that contains writable attributes, validations and logic to persist the attributes to ActiveRecord objects. These forms can also include other side-effects like background job triggers, emails, and push-notifications etc. The simplest way to understand the concept is to think of them as a representation of a controller action where all of the business logic that happens in that controller action is abstracted into a form object.

I take my own definition of the word “community” from educational theorists Etienne and Beverly Wenger: “communities of practice are groups of people who share a concern or a passion for something they do, and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly.” I like this definition because it is so broad while capturing a really specific truth about groups.

Turbolinks is a Single-Page Application Turbolinks doesn't just give you some of the benefits of a single-page app. Turbolinks is a single page app. Think about it: When someone visits your site, you serve them some HTML and Javascript. The JavaScript takes over and manages all subsequent changes to the DOM. If that's not a single-page app, I don't know what is.

Keep your personal burn rate low.  This alone will give you a lot of opportunities in life.

innovative learning involves both major and minor excursions into the unfamiliar, including efforts to formulate, explore, and test possibilities regarding the design of a learning experience in all of its contextual uniqueness.

maintenance learning, refers to becoming familiar with extant knowledge, practices, and tools, such that designers can engage in the same work, in approximately the same manner, as others in the field—for example, using a software program in originally-intended ways for fairly well-understood applications relevant to design.

Fluent or prolific thinking refers to the thinkers’ ability to generate a multitude of ideas and concepts.

engages the learners and goes beyond their expectations.

instruction that keeps learners motivated while still meeting the objectives of the instruction.

quaIity movement we have learned that quality is determined not by the attributes of the product but by the satisfaction of the customer. “What the customer wants, the customer gets” is the motto of the quality movement.

instructional analysis process, i.e., the process used to analyze the instructional goal in order to identify the subordinate skills that must be included in the instruction.

Formative evaluation

Keller’s (1987) ARCS Model as a means of systematically addressing the motivation of learners.

instructional strategy

learner analysis

Un digisexuel est une personne qui considère les technologies immersives comme les robots sexuels et la pornographie en réalité virtuelle comme partie intégrante de son expérience sexuelle et qui ne sent pas le besoin d’intimité physique avec un partenaire humain.

UNS 1 / catégorie 1 : il assure au moins 90 % de filtration de particules de 3 microns. Contrairement à un masque chirurgical, celui-ci a comme avantage d’être lavable et réutilisable. Suivant un avis du Haut conseil de santé publique publié le 20 janvier 2021, un décret du 27 janvier 2021 recommande de ne commercialiser que des masques « grand public » relevant de cette catégorie, en les affichant comme tels, sous réserve qu’ils aient été testés au préalable.

charismatic megafauna

trenchant

Popup - You don't need to deal with these messages right away, yet at some point you will need to take action since these won't go away until explicitly say say you don't want them around anymore.

Popover/Tooltip/Hovercard - These are passive approaches to showing more information. These are used to add simple instructions or explanations or foreshadow what will happen if you click a link.

A pop-up is a modal view that can either take form as a pop-up menu or a pop-up dialog. To my understanding, when we use the word “pop-up”, what we want to express is the pop-up motion effect on the call-out of the UI treatment.

A popover is a transient view that shows on a content screen when a user clicks on a control button or within a defined area.

to estimate your geolocation.

Validity is a unitary concept. It is the degree to which all the accumulated evidence supports the intended interpretation of test scores for the proposed use. Like the 1999 Standards, this edition refers to types of validity evidence, rather than distinct types of validity. To empha-size this distinction, the treatment that follows does not follow historical nomenclature (i.e., the use of the terms content validity or predictive validity). (

“a test is valid for anything with which it correlates” (p. 429). The idea here was that, if there were a “gold standard” of the con-struct (often, an earlier test), and if scores on the test correlated with that gold standard, the test could be inferred to be a measure of the construct. Note that this is a variety of the “if it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it must be a duck” argument.

Validity refers to the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores for proposed uses of tests”

A construct is a theoretical entity hypothesized to account for particular behaviors or characteristics of people. Examples of constructs abound in the social sciences and include creativity, intelligence, various abilities and attitudes, personality characteris-tics, and value systems.

game (fun and enjoyable)

strategy (decisions affect the outcome, not chance)

a slogan is "a catchphrase or small group of words that are combined in a special way to identify a product or company,"

And since auto is entirely based on content, we can say it is “indefinitely” sized, its dimensions flex. If we were to put an explicit width on the column, like 50% or 400px, then we would say it is “definitely” sized.

success

Salability

A tooltip is an element containing simple text content describing a particular element. It's hidden until the user desires more information from the element, e.g. before deciding to click a button.

A popover is an interactive HTML tooltip. It can be a dropdown, menu, or any other kind of box that pops out from the normal flow of the document. This type of element contains non-vital functionality and can be hidden behind a click or hover to conserve space.

Both are elements positioned near a "reference" element, and are hidden until they are triggered. They help conserve space by hiding secondary information or functionality behind a hover or click. They are positioned outside the normal flow of the document so when they are triggered, they are overlaid on top of the existing UI without disrupting the flow of content.

In the OS design system, a pop-up menu is used to display a list of mutually exclusive choices.

Chapter 2 Interpretability

Black and white thinking is the tendency to think in extremes: I am a brilliant success, or I am an utter failure. My boyfriend is an angel, or He’s the devil incarnate. This thought pattern, which the American Psychological Association also calls dichotomous or polarized thinking, is considered a cognitive distortion because it keeps us from seeing the world as it often is: complex, nuanced, and full of all the shades in between. An all-or-nothing mindset doesn’t allow us to find the middle ground.

Polarized thinking or black and white thinking is an irrational thinking characterized by the “all or nothing” principle

Sometimes called all-or-nothing, or black and white thinking, this distortion occurs when people habitually think in extremes

A display manager is the component of your Operating system responsible for launching your display server and the login session. This is the reason it is sometimes called the login manager. The layout of the screen that you see while entering your username and password(the greeter), your login session and user authorization are some of the tasks that the display manager performs.

What is a data-originated component? It’s a kind of component that is primarily designed and built for either: displaying, entering, or customizing a given data content itself, rather than focusing on the form it takes. For example Drawer is a non data-originated component, although it may include some. Whereas Table, or Form, or even Feed are good examples of data-originated components.

localStorage (a persistent storage, which can be compared to persistent cookies)

Forme de dangerDéfinition

In a browser, the chrome is any visible aspect of a browser aside from the webpages themselves (e.g., toolbars, menu bar, tabs). This is not to be confused with the Google Chrome browser.

the elaboration principle is that people learn better when they outline, summarize, or otherwise elaborate on the presented material

The questioning principle is that people learn better when they must ask and answer deep questions during learning

The guided discovery principle is that people learn better when they are allowed to solve problems while receiving appropriate guidance

The worked-example principle is that people learn better when they are shown a step-by-step example of how to solve a problem, with commentary

The self-explanation principle is that people learn better when they are prompted to explain lesson elements during learning

The testing principle is that people learn better when they take a practice test on the material have studied

The anchoring principle is that people learn better when material is presented in the context of a familiar situation,

The concretizing principle is that people learn better when unfamiliar material is presented in a way that relates it with the learner’s familiar knowledge, such as using concrete examples and analogies.

The science of learning is the scientific study of how people learn, that is, how the learner’s experience causes a change in the learner’s knowledge (Mayer, 2008, 2011)

people can learn more deeply from words and pictures than from words alone—a finding that has been called the multimedia principle

Multimedia instruction is instruction that includes words (e.g., printed or spoken text) and pictures (i.e., static graphics such as illustrations, diagrams, charts, maps, and photos, or dynamic graphics such as animation and video).

The environment in which an executing program operates is sometimes called its “runtime environment,” or just runtime

An isomorphic app is a web app that blends a server-rendered web app with a single-page application.

if a R b and b R c, then a R c

Houdini is a set of low-level APIs that exposes parts of the CSS engine, giving developers the power to extend CSS by hooking into the styling and layout process of a browser’s rendering engine.  Houdini is a group of APIs that give developers direct access to the CSS Object Model (CSSOM), enabling developers to write code the browser can parse as CSS, thereby creating new CSS features without waiting for them to be implemented natively in browsers.

resource allocation theory, which states that performance on tasks is dependent on the attentional resources available, the degree of self‐regulation during task engagement, and task complexity (Kanfer & Ackerman, 1989),

“to learn” is an active verb naming a dynamic process through which humans continuously adapt, through conscious and unconscious physiological and cognitive responses, to the unique circumstances and experiences they encounter.

A feedback loop in learning is a cause-effect sequence where data (often in the form of an ‘event’) is responded to based on recognition of an outcome and that data is used to inform future decisions in similar or analogous situations.

Material is an adaptable system of guidelines, components, and tools that support the best practices of user interface design

ectopi

elucidatio

metazoan

‘expandable

We defi ne student engagement as a meta-construct that includes behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a set of processes, policies and technology for associating cryptographic keys with the entity to whom those keys were issued. It is a well-known authentication and encryption method used in internet banking and e-commerce to confirm the identity of trading partners as well as validate information being shared. PKI is made of several elements which are:

It is only soft-deprecated, which means that your code will not break at the moment and no deprecation warning will be displayed, but this constant will be removed in the future.

Final Form makes the assumption that your validation functions are "pure" or "idempotent", i.e. will always return the same result when given the same values.

Distance learning has been defined as “planned learning that normally occurs in a different place from teaching and as a result requires special tech-niques of course design, special instructional techniques, special methods of communication by electronic and other technology, as well as special organi-zational and administrative arrangements” (Moore and Kearsley, 1996, p. 2).

Embodied cognition is the idea that cognition is shaped by every aspect of an organism’s experience, including the bodily system and ways the body interacts with its environment (see Yannier et al., 2016).

An affordance has been defined as a feature or property of an object that makes possible a particular way of relating to the object for the person who

Researchers in the field use the term affordances to refer to oppor-tunities that a technology makes possible related to learning and instruction (Collins et al., 2000)

Self-determination theory posits that behavior is strongly influenced by three universal, innate, psychological needs—autonomy (the urge to control one’s own life), competence (the urge to experience mastery), and psycho-logical relatedness (the urge to interact with, be connected to, and care for others).

Self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1977), which is incorporated into several models of motivation and learning, posits that the perceptions learners have about their competency or capabilities are critical to accomplishing a task or attaining other goals (Bandura, 1977).

motivational systems perspective, viewing motivation as a set of psychological mechanisms and processes, such as those related to setting goals, engagement in learning, and use of self-regulatory strategies

mindset: the set of assump-tions, values, and beliefs about oneself and the world that influence how one perceives, interprets, and acts upon one’s environment (Dweck, 1999).

Motivation is a condition that activates and sustains behavior toward a goal

Self-explanationis a strategy in which learners produce explanations of material or of their thought processes while they are reading, answering ques-tions, or solving problems.

Elaborative interrogation is a strategy in which learners are asked, or are prompted to ask themselves, questions that invite deep reasoning, such as why, how, what-if, and what-if not (as opposed to shallow questions such as who, what, when, and where) (Gholson et al., 2009).

“intrinsic” executive control, or a person’s ability to direct herself, change course when needed, and strategize in the absence of explicit rules to follow

Self-regulation refers to learning that is focused by means of metacog-nition, strategic action, and motivation to learn.

refers to cognitive and neural pro-cessing that involves the overall regulation of thinking and behavior and the higher-order processes that enable people to plan, sequence, initiate, and sustain their behavior toward some goal, incorporating feedback and making adjustments

Metacognition is the ability to monitor and regulate one’s own cognitive processes and to consciously regulate behavior, including affective behavior

If your React component’s render function is “pure” (in other words, it renders the same result given the same props and state)

This is a philosophical issue, I think. People (and presumably form libraries) have different definitions of what "dirty" means. Yours: "The field has ever been edited" Mine: "The value of the field is different from the initial value"

probing

Also known as an intercepting proxy, inline proxy, or forced proxy, a transparent proxy intercepts normal application layer communication without requiring any special client configuration. Clients need not be aware of the existence of the proxy.

Warnings, in this example, are defined as: suggestions to the user, like validation errors, but that do not prevent submission.

The intuition behind POJOs is that a POJO is an object that only contains data, as opposed to methods or internal state. Most JavaScript codebases consider objects created using curly braces {} to be POJOs. However, more strict codebases sometimes create POJOs by calling Object.create(null) to avoid inheriting from the built-in Object class.

Qu’est-ce qu’un PIAL ?

virtual-dom is a collection of modules designed to provide a declarative way of representing the DOM for your app. So instead of updating the DOM when your application state changes, you simply create a virtual tree or VTree, which looks like the DOM state that you want. virtual-dom will then figure out how to make the DOM look like this efficiently without recreating all of the DOM nodes.

svelte-htm - Hyperscript Tagged Markup for svelte; a jsx-like syntax using Tagged Templates

Escaping is a subset of encoding, where not all characters need to be encoded. Only some characters are encoded (by using an escape character).

Encoding is transforming data from one format into another format.

A programming language is Turing complete if you can implement any possible algorithm with it.

Events refers both to a design pattern used for the asynchronous handling of various incidents which occur in the lifetime of a web page and to the naming, characterization, and use of a large number of incidents of different types.

Bill Clinton being our fi rst “Black” president

poignant

caustic

In fact, one could say that “the Black preacher style” was seen as Barack’s communicative M.O.

Signifyin

nuanced

same literal meaning but diff er in socialmeaning

Source Code is a UX to interface with the raw machine.

Elle repose sur trois principes :

Définition

It was George Steiner, the literary critic, who once suggested an intellectual was “quite simply, a human being who has a pencil in his or her hand when reading a book.”

The phrase “white privilege” was popularized in 1988 by Peggy McIntosh, a Wellesley College professor who wanted to define “invisible systems conferring dominance on my group.”

The parameterization is said to be identifiable if distinct parameter valuesgive rise to distinct distributions; that is,Pθ=Pθ′impliesθ=θ′.

Personalized learning argues that the entrepreneurial nature of the knowledge economy and the gaping need, diversity, and unmanageable size of a typical public-school classroom are ill-served by the usual arrangement of a teacher lecturing at a blackboard.

Mount: A cooking technique where small pieces of butter are quickly incorporated in a hot, but not boiling, sauce to give bulk and a glossy appearance.

JSX is an XML-like syntax extension to EcmaScript (https://facebook.github.io/jsx/). It is not a language or runtime.

JSX is an XML-like syntax extension to EcmaScript (https://facebook.github.io/jsx/).

Social action, like all action, may be oriented in four ways

Not every type of contact of human beings has a social character

Social action

Action

Processes and uniformities

A motive

judged in terms of its results

Understanding

treat all irrational, effectually determined elements of behavior as factors of deviation from a conceptually pure type of rational action

Meaning

Sociology

moiety

paradigmatic

corporate

dissonance

imbricated

haute cuisine

authenticity

profligate

romantic

the function you pass to the find method is called a predicate. The predicate here defines a boolean outcome based on conditions defined in the function itself, so that the find method can determine which value to find.

marking.

schema

cognitive dissonance

Today, racist means not only burning a cross on someone’s lawn or even telling someone to go home, but also what feels unpleasant to someone of a race—as in what I as a person of that race don’t like. It has gone from being mean to someone to, also, what feels mean to me.

So Ocasio-Cortez gets in that the Squad is composed of women of color. But if Pelosi would likely respond the same way to four Jill Steins, then what is the meaning of the reference to race? Is the idea that Pelosi should hold her tongue simply because the Squad members aren’t white? Ocasio-Cortez is here appealing to another 2.0 meaning of racist—that which is offensive, for any reason, to people of a race. The Squad doesn’t like Pelosi’s critique, understandably. But the question is: Is that critique “racist” because four “racial” women don’t agree with it? Here, Ocasio-Cortez and the Squad allude to the subjectified meaning of racist, which can be hard to square with the core meaning of the word (believing that people of a category are inferior).

Mitchum noted that racism “is a system of advantage based on skin color.”

in traditional programming, the custom code that expresses the purpose of the program calls into reusable libraries to take care of generic tasks, but with inversion of control, it is the framework that calls into the custom, or task-specific, code.

Reactive statements run immediately before the component updates, whenever the values that they depend on have changed.

CDA focuses on the form and content of communicative artifacts—such as memes—and the social practices that inform them. CDA emphasizes the relationship between what is communicated and the social realities tied to that communication.

the public sphere was the liminal space where private citizens engaged in public deliberation about social and political issues

mage memes are a populist means to express public perspectives, even when those perspectives are diverse

charismaticin

lepidoptery