222 Matching Annotations
  1. Feb 2019
    1. In other words, when YouTube fine-tunes its algorithms, is it trying to end compulsive viewing, or is it merely trying to make people compulsively watch nicer things?

      YouTube's business interests are clearly rewarded by compulsive viewing. If it is even possible to distinguish "nicer" things, YouTube might have to go against its business interests if less-nice things DO lead to more compulsive viewing. Go even deeper, as Rob suggests below, and ask if viewing itself can shape both how (compulsive?) and what (nice or not-nice?) we view?

    1. Algorithms will privilege some forms of ‘knowing’ over others, and the person writing that algorithm is going to get to decide what it means to know… not precisely, like in the former example, but through their values. If they value knowledge that is popular, then knowledge slowly drifts towards knowledge that is popular.

      I'm so glad I read Dave's post after having just read Rob Horning's great post, "The Sea Was Not a Mask", also addressing algorithms and YouTube.

  2. Nov 2018
    1. At the same time, a large share of YouTube users say the site is important for helping them figure out how to do things they haven’t done before. Fully 87% of users say the site is important for this reason, with 51% saying it is very important. And the ability to learn how to do new things is important to users from a wide range of age groups. Roughly half (53%) of users ages 18 to 29 say the site is very important to them for this reason, and that view is shared by 41% of users ages 65 and older. In some cases, users’ responses to these questions show substantial variation based on how frequently they visit the site. Most notably, people who use the site regularly place an especially high level of importance on YouTube for learning about world events. Some 32% of users who visit the site several times a day – and 19% of those who visit once a day – say it is very important for helping them understand things that are happening in the world. That compares with 10% of users who visit less often.

      87% of users say that YouTube is an important outlet for informal learning (51% say it is very important).

  3. Oct 2018
    1. 5/20 一小时理解Bayes统计

      方差、平均值这些统计量的计算,都只能算是【叙述统计】。真正统计的核心在于【推理统计】,推理统计有两个学派:frequentist vs. bayesian (频率统计学派 vs. 贝叶斯学派)。

      bayes 实际解决的是一个【推论 inference --- 我们想知道大自然是什么样子的,于是 collect 很多 data,根据这些data做推断,这就是 Inference】的问题。

      【注意:教授说,预测和推断是有区别的, prediction and inference is different】

      什么是 bayesian statistics?

      different target between bayesian and frequentist

      【注:这里从参数模型parameters model 来考虑】

      • a particular mathematical approach to apply probability to statistical problems.

      • incorporating our prior beliefs and evidence, to produce new posterior beliefs.

      这是bayes学派的思路。而频率学派的思路是:对于模型的某个参数,先得到其【点估计】,然后给出这个点估计的【准确度 confidence?】, bayes 不是得到一个点估计,而是得到一个【distribution】

      bayes 的来源

      \(P(A|B) = \frac{P(B|A)P(A)}{P(B)}\)

      \(P(B|A) = \frac{P(A|B)P(B)}{P(A)}\)

      bayes 来自于 bayes' Rule --- 一个条件概率计算式子。

      顺序:今天下雨,我带伞的概率; 逆序:今天带伞,外面下雨的概率;

      bayesian inference

      \(P(\Theta|D)=\frac{P(D|\Theta)P(\Theta)}{P(D)}\)

      • posterior: \(P(\Theta|D)\)
      • likelihood: \(P(D|\Theta)\) ,通过数据可以学习到。
      • prior: \(P(\Theta)\)
      • evidence: \(P(D)\)

      因为 evidence 可以消掉,所以我们经常把 bayesian inference 写作:

      \(P(\Theta|D)\propto P(D|\Theta)P(\Theta)\)

      posterior propto likelihood * prior

      Frequentist vs. Bayesian

      频率学派和贝叶斯学派最大的不同在于,random 来自哪里,前者认为其来自 data,后者认为其来自 parameter

      • Frequentist statistics: the probabilities are the long-run frequency of random events in repeated trials

      一般大学的统计学教学都是 频率学派,杜克大学是个例外,他是bayes学派。MLE 就是典型的频率学派的研究对象。这个学派的特点是得到的是模型参数的【点估计】,它认为在宇宙表象之后有一个【绝对的公理】在支配宇宙万事的运行,它认为 random 来自于 data,比如 linear model 只有两个参数 w and b,\(y = wx+b\),这个 linear model 的 w 和 b 是有两个绝对正确的量的(标准答案)。那为什么我学习or估测的这两个参数的结果会与标准答案不符合呢,是因为我的 data 来自于 random sample。

      亦即:parameter is fixed, data is random.

      所以,这也就解释了

      • where error come from --- random sample;
      • why get a value not a distribution --- parameter is fixed.

      • Bayesian statistics: preserve and refine uncertainty by adjusting individual beliefs in light of new evidence.

      bayes 学派得到的是模型参数的【分布】,认为这个参数并不是一个 fix 的值,这体现了统计学中 random 这一概念。与频率学派不同的是,bayes学派认为 data 已经在那了,我不可能去改 data 来 fit parameter,所以它认为: data is fixed, parameter is random. 它认为 parameter 不是固定的,而是符合某种分布的。比如 Linear model 的两个参数 w 和 b, bayesian 认为他们【没有绝对正确】的值,所以我寻找他的先验估计,通过 fitting 不同的 data 对其进行 update (ps:怎么看着有点像是 iterative 优化方法)从而得到 posterior, 而 posterior 就是模型对这个参数的估计。

      Frequentist vs. Bayesian 举例 Linear Regression

      Linear Regression model: \(y_i = w_0 + \sum_jw_jx_{ij}=w_0+w^Tx_i\)

      Maximum Likelihood Estimation(MLE):

      • Frequentist approach
      • \(y_i=w^Tx_i+\epsilon,\ where\ \epsilon \sim N(0,\sigma^2)\)
      • choose paramters which maximize the likelihood of data given that paramter
      • \(w_{MLE} = argmin_{w}\sum_i(y_i-w^Tx_i)^2\)
  4. May 2018
    1. Tudo começou como um site de namoro há 13 anos. O que hoje conhecemos como o YouTube surgiu como um espaço para homens e mulheres compartilharem vídeos contando quem eram e o que buscavam no amor. Seus criadores, Steve Chen, Chad Hurley e Jawed Karim, registraram o nome do portal no Dia de São Valentim, o dia dos namorados em diversos países do mundo, em 2005. Em 23 de abril daquele ano, Karim publicou o primeiro vídeo do YouTube, intitulado "Eu no zoológico", um clipe de meros 18 segundos que não era nada romântico. "Bem, estamos aqui, em frente aos elefantes. O legal desses caras é que eles têm trombas muito, muito, muito grandes. Isso é legal. E é basicamente o que tenho a dizer." Não levou muito tempo para que os rapazes vissem que sua ideia havia sido um fracasso. Mas nem tudo estava perdido. Eles se deram conta que tinham em mãos uma plataforma valiosa em uma época em que publicar vídeos caseiros na internet começava a decolar. Nesse momento, o trio resolveu acabar com o lado romântico do negócio e aceitar qualquer tipo de vídeo no portal, explicou Chen há alguns anos em uma conferência no Texas. E isso se provou um grande acerto. Um ano depois, em outubro de 2006, os três fecharam o negócio de suas vidas ao vender o site para o Google por US$ 1,65 bilhão (à época, o equivalente a R$ 3,55 bilhões). Hoje, o YouTube tem mais de 1 bilhão de usuários em 88 países e 76 idiomas, segundo o Google. A chegada ao Vale do Silício Os três cofundadores do YouTube não têm origens em comum, mas seus caminhos se cruzaram ao sair da universidade. Chen nasceu em 1978 em Taiwan. Quando era adolescente, se mudou com a família para os Estados Unidos, onde se formou na Universidade de Illinois. Karim também é imigrante. Nasceu em 1979 na então Alemanha Oriental e chegou com a família aos Estados Unidos no início da década de 1990, onde estudou na mesma universidade de Chen. Hurley nasceu no Estado da Pensilvânia em 1977 e estudou na Universidade de Indiana. O trio se conheceu em 1999 em seu primeiro dia como funcionários do site de pagamentos PayPal no Vale do Silício, na Califórnia. Como engenheiros, Chen ajudou a desenvolver o serviço, enquanto Karim trabalhou no seu sistema antifraudes. Hurley, formado em Belas Artes, colaborou com o desenho da interface de uso do portal. Em 2005, eles criaram a primeira versão do YouTube. Novos negócios Os três continuaram como executivos do YouTube após a venda, mas, com o passar dos anos, saíram da empresa para empreender novamente. Chen e Hurley se uniram em 2011 para fundar a AVOS Systems, uma empresa que ajuda a desenvolver aplicativos para celulares e serviços online. Também se envolveram novamente no mercado de vídeos com dois programas, o Mixbit, que facilita a edição de clipes, e o Wanpai, para compartilhar vídeos curtos. Também estiveram à frente, entre 2011 e 2014, da plataforma Delicious, um dos serviços pioneiros para salvar e gerenciar links, mas que já não existe mais. Chen ainda faz parte da Google Ventures, um braço da Alphabet, a matriz do Google, dedicada a investimentos em novos negócios. Ele já atuou como consultor para diversas companhias, segundo a Bloomberg. Hurley também integrou a Google Ventures, mas deixou a companhia. Atualmente, segue na AVOS como diretor-executivo. Seus negócios se expandiram para a área de esportes, e ele se tornou membro da diretoria da equipe de basquete Golden State Warriors e um dos donos do time de futebol Los Angeles FC. O discreto Jawed Karim Apesar de ser o primeiro rosto que apareceu no YouTube, Karim mantém um perfil bem mais discreto em seus negócios, sem muitas aparições públicas. Depois de participar do conselho do YouTube, ele criou em 2008 sua própria empresa, a Youniversity Ventures, para ajudar universitários a tirar suas ideias de negócios do papel. Atualmente, é conselheiro da TokBox, empresa dona da plataforma de vídeos e mensagens OpenTok. Também é sócio do fundo Sequoia Capital, que teve entre seus clientes o próprio YouTube em 2005 e que já investiu em empresas como Google, Apple, Yahoo!, LinkedIn, Cisco, Airbnb e Atari.
  5. Apr 2018
  6. Mar 2018
    1. Complexity Theory - Dynamical Systems Theory

      If we want to make change we should come at a problem from as many different areas as possible.

      We should be wary of the magic bullet. Complexity theory may be seen as post-structuralist or even further?

      This is part of an agency structure debate.

      There are varied factors that contribute to change.

      The connections of neurons are more important than the number of cells are more important for consciousness or the mind. This is a good analogy for why complexity theory is so essential.

      Consciousness emerges when critical mass is reached in a system.

      It's hard to know how much of a factor something can be in a causal system. For example, how much do we cause do we attribute to butterfly wings causing a storm in India.

      What causes change in the education system?

      We need to use words like compounding effects to explain change.

      We need to conceive of change in terms of speed and direction, like a mathematical function.

      We need to be wary of one dimensional change or one kind of initiative. You need to think of multiple factors.

      Effective intervention means intervention from every possible angle.

      We need to pump resources until we have autocatalysis.

      International Journal of Education Development Mark Mason

    1. A majority of Americans use Facebook and YouTube, but young adults are especially heavy users of Snapchat and Instagram

      social media use

  7. Nov 2017
    1. UploadingaVideofromYouTube

      Kaltura does not actual upload YouTube videos. This might be better described as "Embedding YouTube in Kaltura".

  8. Oct 2017
    1. I like the "Stranger Things" AR stickers for the Google Pixel camera.

      I'm glad I can use Hypothes.is for page notes like this, because Google disabled chat for this live stream. (Did you know that in YouTube live streams, chats are destroyed when the event is no longer live? They don't become video comments.)

      I've noticed that if I share this annotation, when the via.hypothes.is link is opened, YouTube gets confused and shows the message: "Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.". It includes a link to: https://via.hypothes.is///www.youtube.com/html5

  9. Jul 2017
    1. "You shall not download any Content unless you see a “download” or similar link displayed by YouTube on the Service for that Content.You shall not copy, reproduce, make available online or electronically transmit, publish, adapt, distribute, transmit, broadcast, display, sell, license, or otherwise exploit any Content for any other purposes without the prior written consent of YouTube or the respective licensors of the Content. YouTube and its licensors reserve all rights not expressly granted in and to the Service and the Content."
  10. Mar 2017
    1. Comme toute marque, enfin, les youtubeurs sont tendus entre répétition et innovation : si la première est nécessaire, pour être identifiée sous une catégorie (« humour », « cuisine », « beauté », « jeux vidéo », etc.), elle peut conduire à la lassitude et trahir un manque de créativité.
    2. Elles sont notamment tributaires des conditions d’utilisation de YouTube et de leurs fluctuations. En 2013, la plateforme durcit sa politique juridique : un extrait d’une œuvre (une musique de film, un jeu) intégrée à une vidéo peut faire l’objet d’un retrait par ses ayants droit. Les revenus publicitaires des youtubeurs sont également affectés : ils sont redistribués aux ayants droit éventuels. Comment, dans ces conditions, peuvent vivre des chaînes dédiées au commentaire de jeux vidéo ? Les éditeurs se sont cependant montrés « cléments », conscients de la publicité, du ciblage et de l’éditorialisation gratuite dont ils bénéficiaient.
    3. Cette initiative met implicitement le doigt sur le fonctionnement de YouTube[+] NoteCette partie s’appuie sur un article universitaire : Agnès GAYRAUD et Guillaume HEUGUET, « De l’industrie musicale à la rhétorique du "service". YouTube, une description critique », Communication & Langages, 184, 2015, p. 101-119. [6] : présenté comme un « service », qui se contenterait de donner un espace d’expression aux internautes, le site est en fait un rejeton des industries culturelles et du capitalisme néolibéral. A priori, YouTube neutralise pourtant toute critique idéologique. Il « a quelque chose d’un dispositif utopique d’accès partagé à la culture »[+] NoteAgnès GAYRAUD et Guillaume HEUGUET, op. cit. p. 102 [7] : l’utilisateur, devenu roi, a le pouvoir de consommer, de commenter, de partager des productions audiovisuelles en apparence diversifiées et personnalisées ; rien ne lui serait imposé. Mieux : le rapport entre les industries et le consommateur semble inversé : c’est maintenant lui qui détiendrait le pouvoir. Pour bénéficier de cette « personnalisation », il doit cependant sacrifier un peu de ses données personnelles : la gratuité tant vantée par les industries dites « 2.0 »[+] NoteSur cette épithète, voir Franck RÉBILLARD, « Du Web 2.0 au Web2 : fortunes et infortunes des discours d'accompagnement des réseaux socionumériques », Hermès, 59, 2011, p. 25-31. [8] n’est que partielle. En s’appuyant sur ses routines de navigation, de consultation, YouTube oriente bien plus qu’il ne propose : c’est toujours sur le mode répétitif que se fait la consommation.
  11. Nov 2016
    1. The online platform has changed the social scenario in various contexts. Mainly with the help of online platform, the people are able to connect to each other. In the field of education also lots of changes have been witnessed by the society. It has changed the dimensions of study. http://blog.selectmytutor.co.uk/youtube-tutoring-a-leap-change/

  12. Sep 2016
    1. But fandom without limits makes Team Internet vulnerable.
    2. This kind of dynamic -- between a digital influencer and a fan -- has become commonplace in the “Team Internet” community. Over the last few years, dozens have come forward to share stories of creators who have had inappropriate relationships with those who see them as bona fide celebrities.