1,256 Matching Annotations
  1. Jul 2026
    1. no single architecture dominates; rather, effectiveness depends on aligning the memory structure with the specific workload bottleneck

      对智能体记忆系统的批判性审视。当前业界没有一刀切的完美架构,记忆模块的设计必须与具体的任务瓶颈相匹配。这打破了“通用记忆系统”的幻想,提示我们在构建 Agent 时需要针对局部维护成本和任务特征进行定制化设计。

    1. presidential chief of staff for policy even offhandedly proposed a “national dividend” for citizens based on excess tax revenue from South Korean’s companies’ AI-driven profits

      该提议触及了AI时代财富分配的深层矛盾。政府试探性地提出将企业的超额AI利润转化为全民红利,这不仅反映了政策制定者对科技垄断的警惕,也暗示了AI引发的技术性失业需要激进的财富再分配机制来平息社会不满,值得深入探讨。

    2. South Korean labor unions pushing back against the prospect of humanoid robots entering the workforce.

      文章揭示了AI热潮中的非共识性社会阻力。当科技公司描绘人形机器人在工厂取代人力的美好愿景时,劳工阶层并未被动接受。这种自动化技术带来的直接就业威胁引发了强烈的反弹,表明AI的商业化落地必须跨越深刻的政治经济障碍。

    3. it took nine years for the company to build a cluster of chip manufacturing facilities in Yongjin within the Seoul metropolitan area.

      这是一个反直觉的关键背景信息。尽管政府规划了五年内DRAM产量翻倍的宏伟目标,但业界高管指出过去建设一个芯片集群就花了九年。这暗示政府的政治时间表与产业实际落地周期之间存在严重脱节,产能缓解可能遥遥无期。

    4. South Korea’s Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment said it was working to secure 6.3 gigawatts of electricity and 650,000 tons of water for the southwestern chip plants, along with an additional 8 gigawatts of power to support the new AI data centers

      这些惊人的具体数字暴露出AI产业的隐形资源代价。14.3吉瓦的电力需求和海量水资源对韩国的气候与环保目标构成直接挑战。在AI繁荣的背后,高耗能基础设施对当地环境承载力的压榨是一个反直觉但亟待关注的关键问题。

    1. It has been an amazing tool, and I am using it daily

      通过基层工程师的口吻给出高度正面的评价,是常见的公关金句手法。这种非量化的主观感受被用来佐证“日常工作中不可或缺”这一论点。批判性阅读时应注意,个案的 enthusiasm(热情)无法等同于系统性的投资回报率(ROI),需警惕以个体 testimonials 代替群体效能评估的修辞陷阱。

    2. a directional estimate of roughly 82 hours/week of security-team capacity unlocked.

      “释放了每周约82小时的安全团队产能”是一个引人注目的量化指标,但修饰语“directional estimate(方向性估计)”暴露了该数据的非严谨性。这种表述常用于企业公关以规避精确审计,读者应警惕此类将模糊估算转化为具体工时收益的话术,需考察其计算模型是否经得起推敲。

    3. A security team used these models to remediate several software bugs in a day, work they estimated could otherwise have taken up to a month.

      “一天解决原本需一个月的bug”是典型的反直觉观点和吸睛金句。这里的“estimated(估计)”一词表明数据带有强烈的主观预判色彩。一个月的工作量被压缩至一天,究竟是AI的功劳,还是原本的时间评估过于冗长?这需要更严谨的对比实验数据来支撑,而非单一的个案估计。

    4. One engineer used OpenAI models to move through 122 pull requests across 43 projects in a matter of weeks.

      这是一组非常具体的生产力数据。但在批判性阅读时需追问:这122个PR是否都被成功合并?其代码质量、安全性和长期可维护性如何?“几周内完成”的基准线是否过于模糊?此类数据在公关稿中常被用来夸大AI工具的效用,需结合代码审查通过率等硬指标进行交叉验证。

    1. Oil up slightly ahead of long US weekend as peace efforts hold

      该新闻标题将原油价格的微涨直接归因于和平努力的维持和长周末效应。这是一种带有简化因果论偏见的市场叙事。在批判性阅读视角下,原油价格波动受供需基本面、OPEC+政策等多重复杂变量影响,不宜单线归因。

    2. [Analyze on Supercharts](https://www.tradingview.com/chart/?symbol=NASDAQ%3AANTHROPIC)

      页面嵌入了针对代码为ANTHROPIC的纳斯达克股票图表链接。这一隐含信息暗示Anthropic已经完成IPO并上市交易,或者TradingView平台创建了相关的追踪代码。这是一个值得深入核查的关键背景数据,用以评估该公司的市场化进程。

    3. Refinitiv Sign up to read this news Join for free

      文章正文完全被付费墙阻挡,这构成了严重的批判性阅读障碍。读者无法核实该AI平台的具体功能、目标用户群或商业定价模式。这种信息真空容易导致市场参与者仅凭标题进行情绪化交易,需警惕信息不对称带来的认知偏差。

    1. The 2026 version of a [great engineer](https://venturebeat.com/technology/the-enterprise-risk-nobody-is-modeling-ai-is-replacing-the-very-experts-it-needs-to-learn-from) is not the one who writes the most code. It is the one who knows what to build, can prove it is worth building, and has the agent fleet plus the review discipline to ship it without the system collapsing under its own velocity.

      这篇文章的核心论点是关于未来工程师的角色转变,需要深入探讨这种转变的必要性和其对行业的影响。

    1. Micro-agents belong in the router because the router already owns the things micro-agents need: model aliases, provider policy, credentials, cost metadata, signals, decisions, retries, timeouts, traces, and OpenAI-compatible response semantics.

      本文解释了为什么微代理应该属于路由器,因为路由器已经拥有微代理所需的所有东西,这是对微代理概念的重要阐述。

    1. Robot Park and other global sites collect real-world data from Apollo 2 robots in logistics and manufacturing, training the embodied-AI models crucial for Apollo 3's performance and scalability.

      需要核实的是Robot Park和其他全球站点是否真的在收集Apollo 2机器人在物流和制造中的真实世界数据,以及这些数据是否真的对Apollo 3的性能和可扩展性至关重要。

    1. But because AI browsers run locally on user machines and meld the once-distinct functions of displaying Web content and performing actions on the user’s behalf, the fallout has the potential to be more severe.

      文章强调AI浏览器本地运行的风险,需要进一步探讨这种本地化如何增加了安全风险。

    2. The malicious site in the proof-of-concept exploit presents the browser with an instruction to win a game by solving a puzzle. The puzzle, however, rewards incorrect answers, such as 2 + 2 = 5.

      这里提到的恶意网站和逻辑陷阱是攻击方法的核心,需要深入了解其技术细节和潜在的防范措施。

    3. After that, an attacker has free rein to invoke all kinds of destructive actions, such as extracting code from a private repository or extracting credentials from the built-in password manager.

      原文提到的破坏性行动如提取代码或凭证,需要核实这些行为的具体实例和可能性。

    4. New research puts this predicament on sharp display. It demonstrates how a website can lull AI browsers into a false reality where the rules governing its behavior no longer apply.

      这里提到的‘虚假现实’和‘行为规则不再适用’是研究的关键发现,需要进一步调查这些发现的具体内容和影响。

    1. The model proved critical at the end of treatment. His final PET scan — the imaging used to detect active disease — came back ambiguous. His oncologist began discussing a second line of therapy, potentially radiotherapy, near his heart and lungs.

      文章提到主人公的PET扫描结果模糊不清,需要核查PET扫描的准确性和解释标准,以及医生建议放射疗法的依据。

    2. For a condition as rare as his — one an oncologist might see once a year — access to a model that had absorbed the full body of medical literature was, he says, simply not the same as a Google search.

      文章提到AI模型吸收了全部医学文献,但没有提供具体的信息或数据来支持这一观点,需要深入了解AI模型的具体功能和医学文献的覆盖范围。

    1. For comprehensive TabArena benchmark results—including detailed per-fold metrics and head-to-head win rates against specific baseline models—please visit our GitHub page.

      建议初学者访问GitHub页面以获取全面的TabArena基准测试结果,这是一个值得注意的批判性阅读建议。

    1. As such, we expect **power generation** to be a major bottleneck to grid-connected datacenter load growth (transmission is another one and will be the topic of a follow-up deep dive).

      本文指出电力生成将是数据中心负荷增长的主要瓶颈,这是对电力行业挑战的深入分析。

    2. The chart above shows the three core building blocks of our forecast: Expected Datacenter US Gross Power Demand, available US Grid Capacity, and New Grid Supply.

      本文提供了一个清晰的图表,展示了预测的三个核心组成部分,有助于初学者理解预测模型。

    1. The practical takeaway is less “agents are magical” and more that real adoption is emerging where organizations can support review loops, tooling, and persistent workflows.

      实际应用中,AI代理的成功不仅仅依赖于技术,还需要组织支持,如审查循环、工具和持续工作流程。

  2. Jun 2026
    1. The Man Who Reads Books For a Living (One Every Two Days)
      • The Profession of "Coverage": Clarke Speicher works as a freelance professional book reader, a rare and highly specific Hollywood gatekeeper who evaluates literature solely to determine its potential for screen adaptation. He reads books blindly sent by agents or executives and writes a detailed, beat-by-beat synopsis known in the industry as "coverage."
      • Massive Reading Volume: To make a living in the modern gig economy, Speicher reads about six books a week. Over a 25-year career, this volume totals more than 6,000 books—amounting to roughly 300 books a year, or one every two days, excluding his personal reading.
      • The "Secret" Power Balance: Speicher's evaluation ends in a binary choice to either "pass" or "consider" a property. For years, he was the principal reader for a powerful, high-profile producer, meaning his personal opinion on a manuscript routinely decided whether multi-million dollar film deals lived or died.
      • The Evolution of the Pipeline: The bridge between publishing and Hollywood has transformed. Studios used to maintain dedicated physical offices in New York to scout books, requiring Speicher to physically pick up manuscripts. Today, the job is entirely digital and highly isolated; Speicher hasn't stepped into an office in seven years and has only ever met two other industry readers in person.
      • What Makes a Book Adaptable: According to Speicher, successful adaptations rely on plot and a strong "hook" rather than dense, beautiful prose. High literary works driven entirely by interior character thoughts (like Mrs. Dalloway or A Little Life) are incredibly difficult to translate visually, whereas thrillers or books with a clear, single-sentence conceit (like Hamnet) inherently thrive in a visual medium.
  3. May 2026
    1. Many educators already report signs of dehumanization, where people may “know many things” but struggle to find direction in their lives, partly due to an inability to connect information with deeper knowledge or maintain a sense of purpose. A genuinely healthy attitude is needed, requiring rhythms that incorporate silence, in-depth study, reading and judicious analysis, for without these elements inner freedom may be compromised.
    1. Dex Horthy, coiner of Context Engineering and 'the Dumb Zone', [publicly retracted](https://www.youtube.com/live/6IxSbMhT7v4?si=tMzmqM103KDbPyE6&t=3424)his extremely vibe-coding-pilled call 6 months ago and encouraged people to **please read the code**, citing [Alex Volkov](https://open.substack.com/users/152216110-alex-volkov?utm_source=mentions)'s [Z/L continuum from AIE Europe](https://x.com/altryne/status/2046246775414276142)**:

      Dex Horthy's retraction of his previous stance and emphasis on code reading suggest a shift towards a more cautious approach in AI development.

  4. Mar 2026
  5. Feb 2026

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  6. Jan 2026
    1. Want mijn gebruik van emoji is fundamenteel anders. Ik plaats emoji niet ín de tekst maar ervóór, als eerste toegangspunt. De emoji staat aan het begin van een bestandsnaam of aan het begin van een regel. Het brein hoeft niet te schakelen tijdens het lezen, want de emoji is al verwerkt voordat het lezen begint. Ik gebruik emoji als visuele ankers. Als herkenningspunt. Precies zoals het brein fijn vindt.

      Auteur gebruikt emoji als visuele marker van een categorie aan begin regel. Visuele bulletpoint. Neemt aan dat dat geen verstoring geeft.

    2. Hier ontdekte ik iets interessants: recent onderzoek naar emoji-verwerking in tekst laat zien dat emoji in lopende zinnen de cognitieve belasting verhogen, niet verlagen. Eliza Barach [4] en haar collega's zagen dat emoji in zinnen je leestempo vertragen. Het brein moet schakelen tussen twee verwerkingsmodi binnen dezelfde leeshandeling. En elke keer als het brein moet schakelen kost dat energie en calorieën. Daar waar het kan moet je dat proberen te vermijden.

      Are emojis processed like words?: Eye movements reveal the time course of semantic processing for emojified text in Zotero

      Emojis in text clash with reading (two different modes of processing) esp when the emoji are incongruent.

  7. Dec 2025
    1. This leisurely pace made Middle-Earth blossom before my eyes. When I paused after each comma, and let each sentence ring for a small moment after the period, the events of the story reached me with more weight and strength.

      I don’t think I had ever considered this. There was always a desire to finish books quickly, and I have been admonishing myself for not reading fast enough. Perhaps it is time to slow down with purpose; or rather treat my natural slow reading as intentional and give it purpose.

    1. New features Allow asking AI questions about any book in your calibre library. Right click the "View" button and choose "Discuss selected book(s) with AI" AI: Allow asking AI what book to read next by right clicking on a book and using the "Similar books" menu AI: Add a new backend for "LM Studio" which allows running various AI models locally

      AI features in Calibre. discuss book w C, book suggestions, and LMStudio back-end. I set up Calibre w the LM Studio back-end, so things remain loca.

      A posting elsewhere suggested it woud also suggest better metadata through AI. But that article seems generated itself, so disregarded.

    1. Hieronder de lijst van AI-boeken die ik gelezen heb en je aan kan raden. Klik meteen door naar de langere omschrijving of scroll verder. Ze staan op de volgorde waarin ik ze uitgelezen heb: Weapons of Math Destruction: over desastreuze algoritmes Code Dependent: over de achterkant van AI Onze kunstmatige toekomst: over de etische kant van AI Empire of AI: over de opkomst van OpenAI Your face belongs to us: over de opkomst van ClearView AI Atlas van de digitale wereld: over de geo-politiek van AI The Digital Republic: over het reguleren van technologie Toezicht houden in het tijdperk van AI: over de juiste vragen stellen over AI

      [[Elja Daae]] recommended reading list wrt AI [[Weapons of Math Destruction by Cathy O Neil]] (have it since 2017) [[Code Dependent by Madhumita Murgia]] bought it in August in ramsj [[The Digital Republic by Jamie Susskind]] I noted in 2024 as possible reading. [[Atlas van de digitale wereld by Haroon Sheikh]] I have too Other's are unknown to me. Interesting list, as it shaped their view on their role in AI public policy I presume

  8. Nov 2025
    1. BUT, knowing now that they would have her speak,

      (https://youtu.be/91t7U1SjCTU)

      In this YouTube video, “The Defence of Guenevere” is read by a female narrator whose soft, but firm tone highlights Guenevere’s resilience during her defense, making Guenevere appear more assertive. The narrator’s voice demonstrates Guenevere’s emotional state more vividly and convincingly, allowing listeners to better empathize with her defense against Sir. Gauwaine and other knights.

  9. Oct 2025
    1. https://www.instagram.com/nprfreshair/reel/DNVlf2tMstg/?hl=en

      Terry Gross reading a book has rendered it useless for others to read.

      Dog earing of top corner for interesting sections or questions she may have for the author.

      Dog earing bottom corner as an indicator of remembering facts for the intro or for sentences she wants to quote.

      Uses front of book for connecting themes and focus, so she won't forget it.

      Introductions/prologues for quick overviews of what the book is about and why they wrote it.

    1. Adler, Mortimer J. 1940. “How to Mark a Book.” Saturday Review of Literature 6: 250–52. https://www.unz.com/print/SaturdayRev-1940jul06-00011/ (January 11, 2023).

      Annotations: https://via.hypothes.is/https://docdrop.org/download_annotation_doc/Adler---1940---How-to-Mark-a-Book-fehef.pdf

      Annotations alternate: https://jonudell.info/h/facet/?user=chrisaldrich&max=100&exactTagSearch=true&expanded=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdocdrop.org%2Fdownload_annotation_doc%2FAdler---1940---How-to-Mark-a-Book-fehef.pdf

      Prior [.pdf copy]9https://stevenson.ucsc.edu/academics/stevenson-college-core-courses/how-to-mark-a-book-1.pdf): - Annotations https://hypothes.is/users/chrisaldrich?q=url%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fstevenson.ucsc.edu%2Facademics%2Fstevenson-college-core-courses%2Fhow-to-mark-a-book-1.pdf<br /> - Alternate annotation link https://jonudell.info/h/facet/?user=chrisaldrich&max=100&exactTagSearch=true&expanded=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fstevenson.ucsc.edu%2Facademics%2Fstevenson-college-core-courses%2Fhow-to-mark-a-book-1.pdf

      Summary

      • Marking a book helps in increasing "the most efficient kind of reading."
      • The marked (pun intended) difference between physical vs. intellectual ownership of books
      • 3 types of book owners:
          1. collector of wood pulp and ink
          1. one whose read most and dipped into some
          1. one who's annotated and sucked the marrow out of them
      • Active reading (annotating and staying awake) and engaging deeply, arguing with, and questioning the author is the point of reading.
      • A historical record of your active reading allows you to continue the conversation you've had with the author and yourself. (p12)
      • Adler's method of reading and marking:
        1. Underlining major points of importance
        2. Vertical lines for emphasis
        3. Marginal marks (stars, asterisks, etc.) (10-20 per book) to indicate the most important statements in conjunction with dogearing these pages for making it easier to find them subsequently
        4. Numbers in the margin to sequence arguments
        5. Page numbers in the margin for linking ideas across pages, ostensibly for juxtaposing them later
        6. Circling key words or phrases (unsaid here, but this is helpful for indexing as well as helping one to come to terms with the author)
        7. Marginal writing for synopsis of sections as well as questions raised by the text; use of endpapers for a personal index of ideas presented chronologically throughout the book
      • Objections to marking books:
        • Using scratch pad (or index cards, which he doesn't mention specifically, but which could be implied) so as not to destroy a precious or rare physical copy (this is a repetition from earlier in the article)
        • Marking slows you down. This is part of the point! Slowing down makes you engage with the author and get more out of the text.
        • You can't loan books because they contain your important thoughts which you don't want to give away (and lose the historical record of your thinking). Solution: Simply require friends to buy their own copy.
  10. Aug 2025
    1. They Don’t Read Very Well: A Study of the ReadingComprehension Skills of English Majors at Two MidwesternUniversitiesSusan Carlson, Ananda Jayawardhana, Diane MinielCEA Critic, Volume 86, Number 1, March 2024, pp. 1-17 (Article)Published by Johns Hopkins University PressDOI:For additional information about this articlehttps://doi.org/10.1353/cea.2024.a922346https://muse.jhu.edu/article/922346[149.40.62.25] Project MUSE (2025-08-03 17:52 GMT)

      Susan Carlson, Ananda Jayawardhana, Diane Miniel, They Don't Read Very Well. A Study of the Reading Comprehension Skills of English Majors at Two Midwestern Universities. In: CEA Critic 86 (2024) 1, pp. 1--17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1343/cea.2024.a922346

  11. Jul 2025
    1. In the end, the lesson is clear: if we teachers inthe university ignore our students’ actual reading levels, we run the risk ofpassing out diplomas to students who have not mastered reading complextexts and who, as a result, might find that their literacy skills prevent themfrom achieving their professional goals and personal dreams.

      Problem: This seems to be MOSTLY about the devaluation of diplomas?

    2. instead of mak-ing a generalized statement to summarize the entire sentence, the subjectcarefully attempts to interpret each successive clause. He is interested inthe details of the setting, stating that the setting is in London and then try-ing to find a reason why so many people would be “slipping and sliding”on the road.

      But there is not only understanding involved in this, but also "taste" specific to a group and cultural "class".

    3. everal of the problematic read-ers in this category admitted that they had successfully used skimming andSparkNotes to read Jane Austen’s novels and Shakespeare’s plays in otherEnglish classes.

      There is also some tech involved here. SparkNotes as a tool for understanding. It is unclear if they have problems readings because they lack the skill in the first place or because they are to dependent on tech to maintain it.

    4. 58 percent (49 of 85 subjects) understood so little of the intro-duction to Bleak House that they would not be able to read thenovel on their own. However, these same subjects (defined inthe study as problematic readers) also believed they wouldhave no problem reading the rest of the 900-page novel

      This is hard. almost two thirds could not understand the paragraphs?

    5. According to Wolfgang Iser in The Actof Reading, one’s ability to read complex literature is partly dependent onone’s knowledge of what he calls the “repertoire” of the text, “the formof references to earlier works, or to social and historical norms, or to thewhole culture from which the text has emerged” (69). With Bleak House, thisknowledge is crucial.

      Idea of the repertoire is crucial, this can explain parts of why somethings are understandable and others not.

    6. In their2014 article for Contemporary Education Psychology, C. M. Bohn-Gettler andP. Kendeou further note how “These verbalizations can provide a measureof the actual cognitive processes readers engage in during comprehen-sion” (208)

      Have to look this up, but this might be dependent on culture and historical moment -- how important is the verbalization of writing (and often scripture). Thinking here of Plato's time when reading aloud was seen as the easier one to understand in contrast to repetition from memory. Or the Romans and early Christianity where silent reading was not as common.

  12. May 2025
  13. Apr 2025
  14. Mar 2025
    1. One of the most interesting events of the past week, was the holding of what is technically styled a Woman’s Rights Convention, at Seneca Falls.

      Please excuse me for saying this but why does there have to have men in attendance since this is a Woman's Rights Convention? Are the men feeling like they are missing something or perhaps a male dominance issue? Was Frederick Dougla.

  15. Feb 2025
  16. Jan 2025
    1. Good books are complex and multi-dimensional books with a plethora of themes and symbols. Your job is to pick out the major ones, but maybe even focus your attention on a niche theme you want to tackle in an essay (if your teacher/ professor gives you the liberty of choosing).For example, when I read In Cold Blood, I decided to focus on how Capote portrayed the American Dream through both the victims and perpetrators. This required a much closer read for some parts, as the theme itself was woven through passages and not blatant or very apparent. Figuring this out early on will guide you as you read the book.Even if you aren’t reading a book for a class, it’s always lovely to see how a theme progresses throughout the book. I know a lot of people focus on character and character development, but themes are as equally as important. How does an author develop and deepen the reader’s understanding of a certain topic? How does it manifest in different characters? How does it branch out?
      • pick out one theme and see how it is developed throughout the book
    2. Knowing even a little bit of the author's background and ideology or philosophy behind the book you are reading really helps.

      which is why i love books that provide an introduction to the author before the actual content. i find that the authors are equally (or more) interesting as the work itself.

    1. reading essay collections: essay collections are an ongoing obsession—I love a good essay collection that is cohesive and articulate and thoughtful, and they’re so great to read when I’m short on time because I don’t have to stop in the middle of a storyline.

      love this. i haven't tried reading an essay collection but i definitely want to now

  17. Dec 2024
    1. what mightbe taken as the symbolic passing of the torch from Mortimer Adler toOprah Winfrey, a number of the Penguin classics chosen by Oprah forher Book Club have carried on their covers the seal with the words,‘Recommended for Discussion by the Great Books Foundation’.

      Daniel Born places Oprah and her book club into the tradition of Adler & Hutchins' The Great Books of the Western World.

    1. Reading:  Books boost your vocabulary whether or not you stop every 10 seconds to look up a word. So instead of torturously plodding through some famous piece of literature with a dictionary, do this: Find a book in a genre that you actually like (The Harry Potter translations are reliably great!) Find and read a chapter-by-chapter summary of it in your target language (you’ll often find them on Wikipedia). This is where you can look up and make flashcards for some key words, if you’d like. Find an audiobook for your book. Listen to that audiobook while reading along, and don’t stop, even when you don’t understand everything. The audiobook will help push you through, you’ll have read an entire book, and you’ll find that it was downright pleasurable by the end.

      Reading to deepen understanding suggests any book and go through, find online chapter summaries in target langauge, listen to audiobook while reading it, as it forces you along.

  18. Nov 2024
    1. Conkin admonished students that for every hour they spend reading, they should spend an hour in reflection.

      Paul Conkin 1929-2022 no wikipedia page, US historian suggested to graduate students to spend an hour reflecting for every hour read. Anecdotal quote from David Blight lecture (link to vid in post). There is a point here, wrt to keeping one's own pace and intent behind attention. [[Attention literacy and the value of slow learning 20211209063437]] [[Stuur aandacht met intentie 20220213080032]]

  19. Oct 2024
    1. Is "Scoping the subject" a counter-Zettelkasten approach?

      Sounds like you're doing what Mortimer J. Adler and Charles van Doren would call "inspectional reading" and outlining the space of your topic. This is both fine and expected. You have to start somewhere. You're scaffolding some basic information in a new space and that's worthwhile. You're learning the basics.

      Eventually you may come back and do a more analytical read and/or cross reference your first sources with other sources in a syntopical read. It's at these later two levels of reading where doing zettelkasten work is much more profitable, particularly for discerning differences, creating new insights, and expanding knowledge.

      If you want to think of it this way, what would a kindergartner's zettelkasten contain? a high school senior? a Ph.D. researcher? 30 year seasoned academic researcher? Are the levels of knowledge all the same? Is the kindergartner material really useful to the high school senior? Probably not at all, it's very basic. As a result, putting in hundreds of atomic notes as you're scaffolding your early learning can be counter-productive. Read some things, highlight them, annotate them. You'll have lots of fleeting notes, but most of them will seem stupidly basic after a month or two. What you really want as main notes are the truly interesting advanced stuff. When you're entering a new area, certainly index ideas, but don't stress about capturing absolutely everything until you have a better understanding of what's going on. Then bring your zettelkasten in to leverage yourself up to the next level.

      • Adler, Mortimer J. “How to Mark a Book.” Saturday Review of Literature, July 6, 1940. https://www.unz.com/print/SaturdayRev-1940jul06-00011/
      • Adler, Mortimer J., and Charles Van Doren. How to Read a Book: The Classical Guide to Intelligent Reading. Revised and Updated edition. 1940. Reprint, Touchstone, 2011.

      reply to u/jack_hanson_c at https://old.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/1g9dv9b/is_scoping_the_subject_a_counterzettelkasten/

    1. "You can see I have quite a lot notes I have to make."

      This is a difference in mentality between Ryan Holiday and me (as well as Muhammed Ali Kilic)

      @M.AKilic50

      Our mentality (inspired by GTD and other standard productivity stuff, mostly Flow) is to avoid creating homework.

      You don't HAVE to make notes on something. You select what you deem valuable and are interested in working with at the moment.

      Because of the marginal gains effect I wrote about earlier, it doesn't matter if you don't make a lot of notes. Besides, you can always return later--especially with a proper bib card and potentially a custom index/ToC for a book.

      A Zettelkasten is the lazy man's path to excellence.

      (this is an ironic statement of mine because a Zettelkasten asks a lot of work over time. However, it doesn't have to be on a day to day basis. Plus you work only on what you want, hence it doesn't require that much discipline.)

    2. "If you do one or two positive contributions a day, it adds up." - Ryan Holiday

      Perhaps this is the essence of both Zettelkasten and Commonplace books; Marginal Gains.

      Exponentional Increase over time. Upon first glance, it seems linear (1+1 = 2)... However, the formula is different because, at least in Zettelkasten, a new note means N new possible connections as this new note can virtually be connected to all other notes. In a Zettelkasten this is explicit, in a commonplace book connections are implicit.

    1. Engaging in a Zettelkasten/Commonplace book in this way is equal to inherent spaced repetition and recall perhaps?

      Especially if you allow some time of rumination... Read book, wait a few days to a few weeks before processing it. The book's contents remain in the back of your mind.

      Then when processing you get engaged with the substance again and therefore interrupt the ebbinghaus curve.

    2. Perhaps I need to argue more with the authors and the content, as Adler & van Doren also recommend.

      This might be a limitation in (the way I do) Zettelkasten. Because I am not writing in the margins and not engage in "tearing up" the book, I am less inclined to argue against/with the work.

      Maybe I need to do this more using bib-card. Further thought on implementation necessary...

      Perhaps a different reason is that I like to get through most books quickly rather than slowly. Sometimes I do the arguing afterward, within my ZK.

      I need to reflect on this at some point (in the near future) and optimize my processes.

    1. The Periplus also describes the route from China to India, where silk was shipped by land via Bactria to Barygaza and then via the Ganges River to Limyrike. This passage provides evidence of connections between China and Rome during the first century of the Common Era. The trade links were significant, with many travelers focusing on trade, particularly silk, which formed an important part of the economies of several societies.
    1. IN this Chapter I shall try to summarise the main partof this work, so that those who have not the time orthe inclination to go right through it may at any rategrasp the general plan of it, and may be able to referto any particular Chapter or page for further informa-tion on any particular topic.

      This chapter is essentially what one ought to glean from skimming the TOC, the Index, and doing a brief inspectional read (Adler, 1972).

    1. Very often the text gives no or no clear answer to this question about the otherside of its statement. But then you have to help it on its feet with your ownimagination. Scruples with regard to hermeneutical defensibility or even truthwould be out of place here. First of all, it's just a matter of writing things down,looking for something worth remembering, and learning to read

      Learning and Intellectualism can both be found in the act of comparison, or more broadly, analysis. One must do this perpetually when reading to dissect and gain most (long-term) (syntopical) value out of it.

    2. he problem of reading scientific texts seems to lie in the fact that here one needsnot a short-term memory but a long-term memory in order to gain reference pointsfor distinguishing the essential from the unessential and the new from the merelyrepetitive. But one cannot remember everything. That would be memorization. Inother words, you have to be able to read highly selectively and pull out widelyinterconnected references. One must be able to understand recursions. But howdoes one learn this, if no instructions can be given; or at best aboutconspicuousness (as in the previous sentence for example “recursions”, but not“must”)?Perhaps the best method is to take notes – not excerpts, but condensedreformulations of what has been read. The re-description of what has already beendescribed leads almost automatically to the training of an attention for “frames”,for schemes of observation or even for conditions that lead to the text offeringcertain descriptions and not others. In doing so, it is useful to always consider:What is not meant, what is excluded, when something specific is asserted? Whentalking about “human rights”: What does the author distinguish his statementsfrom? From non-human rights? From human obligations? Or culturallycomparatively or historically from populations that do not know human rights andcan live with them quite well?

      In other words, Luhmann is urging to engage in pattern recognition.

      True intellectual work using the Zettelkasten demands pattern recognition when reading. Domain specific knowledge + pattern recognition = efficient reading; for it allows to distinguish signal from noise, value from trash.

    3. Another possibility is read texts on certain topics – liability fordefects in civil law, socialization theory, risk research, etc. – in parallel. Then onegradually develops a feeling for what is already known and knows the “state of theart”. New things then stand out. But you learn something that is mostly veryquickly outdated and then to unlearn again.

      Is this a criticism by Luhmann on the conventional notion of syntopical reading in Adlerian terms? Probably without knowing Adler's work.

      Because science/truth work (knowledge) is constantly in revision, conventional syntopical reading on a topic of science is without necessary value?

      Perhaps unless stored and expanded upon in a ZK?

      Further thought is required to disseminate this paragraph.

    4. Beginners, especially first-year students, initially find themselves confronted with asentence-ordered set of words that they can read sentence by sentence andunderstand according to sentence meaning. But what does it come down to?What is to be “learned”? What is important, what is merely incidental? After a fewpages of reading, one can hardly remember what one has read. Whatrecommendations could be made here?
    5. Beginners' courses or introductory texts are also designed in this way.What one does not or hardly learn, however, are conceptual contexts and, aboveall, problems to which the texts try to give an answer.

      One must read analytically (cf Adler & van Doren) in order to grasp the meaning behind text. Or perhaps syntopically by default if one performs the Zettelkasten method.

      Conventional Syntopical Reading is "immediate" and project-based, at least in Adlerian terms, that is.

      However, when doing Zettelkasten work, one is perpetually reading syntopically and therefore I would call it Delayed Syntopical Reading

    6. When I read a book, forexample, I proceed as follows: I always have a piece of note paper at hand onwhich I write down certain ideas for specific pages. On the back, I write down thebibliographic information. When I have read through the book, I go through thesenotes and think about what can be evaluated for which notes that have alreadybeen written and how. So I always read with an eye to the possibility of writingnotes to the books. Maybe it is simply a collecting instinct I have.
  20. Sep 2024
  21. Aug 2024
    1. For true deep processing and learning, intellectualism, one must think beyond the single source they are consuming and think about everything they know. Although keep in mind selective attention for true learning and thinking.

      This process is habitualized by means of Zettelkasten and further aided in tool like hypothes.is

    1. Unrelated to the song itself. It is interesting that different people interpret the song's meaning differently. Likely due to individual differences in perspective, history, culture, etc.

      Makes me reflect. Is knowledge/wisdom contained solely in content and words? Or is knowledge/wisdom rather contained in the RELATIONSHIP, the INTERACTION, between past experience, previous knowledge (identity) and substance?

      Currently I am inclined to go for the latter.

    1. When switching, do this only at the end of a chapter, not in media res (in the middle of action).

      Also summarize the last thing that happened/got explained for an easy refresher the next time you get back.

      Bib-Card? Potentially Marginaelia? Feeling more like a dedicated notebook for this. Need to work out.

      Vashik does this summary of a chapter on index cards... Useful to do in a Zettelkasten, or too much effort?

    1. One large study by Ben D. Woodand Frank N. Freeman in 1932 paved theway for acceptance in elementary schools.The study included 14,947 children ofelementary-school age in an experimenton the effect of the typewriter on class-room performance (3). The children whohad typing instruction actually spent onlyan hour or two a week at the typewriter,yet at the end of the first year they out-performed the nontyping pupils in read-ing.
    1. He recommends to read in the following order, because of thematic significance, I have to determine if I'll do the same.

      Books: - A Defence of Classical Education, R. W. Livingstone - Weapons of Mass Instruction, John Taylor Gatto - The Republic, Plato - The Social Contract, Jean-Jacques Rousseau - The Abolition of Man, C.S. Lewis - Discourse on Voluntary Servitude, Étienne de La Boétie - The Road to Serfdom, F. A. Hayek - The Political Theory of the American Founding, Thomas G. West

    1. ( ~8:00 )

      This explanation of why to read books in a certain order in dependency of each other is analogous to why a Zettelkasten (in Luhmannian sense) cannot be used collaboratively.

      In order for someone else to understand your notes (not meant to be published), they would have to understand both the source text you are referencing and the implicit references you make. Things you understand instinctively and do not need to write down.

      Because others do not have your experiences and worldview, it is more difficult for them, perhaps impossible, to completely comprehend your Zettels, your notes.

    1. he two groups making most use of librarieswere “students and housewives” (women users outnumbered men by twoto one), but neither group was well served; and among employed men,6 percent of whites borrowed books, but only 0.1 percent of Black min-ers.18 These were dreadful numbers.

      reading as a leading indicator of cultural shift to help provide power to women and non-whites.

      Was the Great Books idea being pressed towards "men" a means of pushing back against this in some sense?

  22. Jul 2024
    1. OLDaily exists because of my practice of paraphrasing anything I read

      For over 2 decades I struggle with this. Because my paraphrasing is mostly unsuited for my blog, regularly because it is mixed language and often bc it contains words that serve as shorthand. A blog is more performance, written for not-me, while annotation is for me, and after editing might be publishable for not-me. Annotating publicly here in .h, even if the readership is highly limited, introduces a level of performance-awareness for me. At times I've done annotated link blogging, but it never became a practice as with [[Stephen Downes]].

    1. Lucy Calkins Retreats on Phonics in Fight Over Reading Curriculum by Dana Goldstein

      Not much talk of potentially splitting out methods for neurodivergent learners here. Teaching reading strategies may net out dramatically differently between neurotypical children and those with issues like dyslexia. Perceptual and processing issues may make some methods dramatically harder for some learners over others, and we still don't seem to have any respect for that.

      This example is an interesting one of the sort of generational die out of old ideas and adoption of new ones as seen in Kuhn's scientific revolutions.

    1. ( ~ 6:25-end )

      Steps for designing a reading plan/list: 1. Pick a topic/goal (or question you want to answer) & how long you want to take to achieve this. 2. Do research into the books necessary to achieve this goal. Meta-learning, scope out the subject. The number of books is relative to the goal and length of the goal. 3. Find the books using different tools such as Google & GoodReads & YouTube Recommendations (ChatGPT & Gemini are also useful). 4. Refine the book list (go through reviews, etc., in Adlerian steps, do an Inspectional Read of everything... Find out if it's truly useful). Also order them into a useful sequence for the syntopical reading project. Highlight the topics covered, how difficult they are, relevancy, etc. 5. Order the books (or download them)


      Reminds me a bit of Scott Young's Metalearning step, and doing a skill decomposition in van Merriënboer et al.'s 10 Steps to Complex Learning

    1. "Some of the smartest dummies Can't read the language of Egyptian mummies" points to the notion of paradoxes, dualism, where even the most knowledgeable, creative, innovative, intelligent and academic can't interpret or make sense of ancient wisdom, the pun "language of the Egyptian mummies" refers to the language of the spiritual - life after death wisdom. the divine, infinite and eternal.

      I will call the guy who gives a full theoretical analysis of this song, Mr. X.

      Well, I wonder where Mr. X got all his analysis from first of all. Is it his interpretation? Or what is his source for the meaning of the song?

      Is it therefore objectively true to the artist's intent or is it merely a (good) explanation that seeks to provoke thought?


      I don't know how accurate this claim is as I have not yet dived deeply into ancient knowledge and compare it to modern interpretations of it, but I do feel like this hits a nail... Either Mr. X does or the artists.

      It is quite logical that it is difficult to interpret ancient wisdom as wisdom often assumes the student or reader is familiar with common knowledge... However, what was common in ancient times might be rare currently, or even forgotten or used in different ways, making it very difficult to interpret and parse such texts without a high degree of mastery of background knowledge.

      It's even harder for certain ancient times where everything was rooted in oral tradition without writing. People back then could've been generally wise, but without texts to refer to as primary sources it is virtually impossible to make sense of it.

    1. The song criticizes the tendency to rush into judgment without fully understanding the underlying problems. It also emphasizes the value of research and seeking out the truth from various perspectives.

      This is basically critical thinking. Which is also my goal for (optimal) education: To build a society of people who think for themselves, critical thinkers; those who do not take everything for granted. The skeptics.

      See also Nassim Nicolas Taleb's advice to focus on what you DON'T know rather than what you DO know.

      Related to syntopical reading/learning as well. (and Charlie Munger's advice). You want to build a complete picture with a broad understanding and nuanced before formulating an opinion.

      Remove bias from your judgement (especially when it comes to people or civilizations) and instead base it on logic and deep understanding.

      This also relates to (national, but even local) media... How do you know that what the media portrays about something or someone is correct? Don't take it for granted, especially if it is important, and do your own research. Validity of source is important; media is often opinionized and can contain a lot of misinformation.

      See also Simone Weil's thoughts on media, especially where she says misinformation spread must be stopped. It is a vital need for the soul to be presented with (factual) truth.

    1. The Early History of Counting is a great article focusing on how long humanity has been offloading its brain, which makes me feel way less awkward about taking so many notes and using fancy tools like calculators and LLMs. Ancient philosophers like Socrates complained about books making people lazy because of not doing oral memorization anymore, which solved into people complaining about computers. Stone Age cavemen probably complained about people offloading their number sense onto tally sticks.

      makes me think of tools that extend parts of ourselves. terms like "second brain" or "pkms"

    1. When I was a teenager, I used to cart an entire duffel bag of books with me whenever I went on vacation. I have a particularly vivid memory of a ski trip with friends in college; one green duffle full of books, and a matching red duffle (borrowed from my parents) full of clothes. I couldn’t imagine going on vacation without books, and for a week away I needed at least twelve.
  23. Jun 2024
    1. There are 3 types of Reading Projects: 1. Doing a research project. Having a well-defined research question and answering it through means of reading. 2. Reading a set of books or a genre in itself or even author; finding out the types or history of it... Mostly applicable to fiction. 3. Becoming more engaged with a specific author or thinker; Reading as much as possible about a specific author (primary, secondary)

    1. I like the Penguins just fine, and have to confess to enjoying the look of their matte-blank ranks on a shelf when stood all together. I wish they were still priced at the same as a pack of cigarettes, but I guess Allen Lane couldn't have predicted the sorry state of our world. As far as alternatives go, the Oxford World's Classics imprint offers comparable breadth and (often) superior critical material. They're also willing to print interesting variants; one example of this may be found in their offering of both the widely-known 1831 single-volume edition and the original 1818 edition, which contains significant differences. Two other imprints for which to watch out: The Norton Critical Editions are distinctive in all their colourful, oversized splendour, but they offer some of the best value for money if you're seeking an edition of a classic work that also includes a host of useful supplemental documents, critical writings, timelines, and other things that may be of use to those seeking a wider context. This can admittedly get a bit ridiculous in its scope (though I wouldn't have it any other way; the Norton edition of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darknessis around 500 pages long, for instance, with maybe a fifth of that being accounted for by the novella itself. Similarly to the above, the Broadview editions (put out by a Canadian company of the same name) tend to have extremely in-depth supplementary materials. They're also known for offering just as serious and useful editions of comparatively obscure works as they are for well-known classics.

      Publishers that are good in general, for older material: * Penguin Classics * Oxford World Classics * Norton Critical Editions * Broadview Editions

    2. Awesome! I will look into Oxford and the New York Review of Books lines. I have a couple Norton Critical books from school, (one of which is Heart of Darkness, as a matter of fact) and they are crazy good if you are looking for a wide slice of criticism and analysis (thus the critical edition moniker, I guess). For me though, it's really too much for a book you just want to read. I like informative introductions and frequent notes on the personal or literary context (these were great for Monte Cristo), but any more than that begins to weigh things down.

      Some publishers can be too much for certain works (depending on the goal for reading)

    1. In Chicago, one catalyst for that growth—as a kind of public sym-bol and tacit approval from the business community—was “the FatMan’s Class,” which had begun meeting in 1942–1943 at Chicago’sUniversity Club. The moniker derived, according to some, from thegroup’s “affluence rather than the girth of its members.” Membersof this class included Chicago notables such as Harold and CharlesSwift, Marshall Field, Jr., Walter Paepcke, Hermon Dunlap Smith,William Benton, Hughston McBain (president of Marshall Field andCompany), and Laird Bell. This group caught the “fancy” of thepopulace, causing the University of Chicago’s University College topartner with the Chicago Public Library in 1944 to set up great bookscourses around the city.43
    2. An anonymous review in The Atlantic touched on the samesnobbish fear addressed by Barzun:Mr. Adler’s notion that “almost all of the great books in every fieldare within the grasp of all normally intelligent men” seems to usto need a deal of sifting. We do not know what he means by “nor-mally intelligent,” but if he means the average run of intelligencein our population, or in the student body of our schools and col-leges, we believe he is deplorably wrong. So also . . . the book’s sub-title, “The Art of Getting a Liberal Education,” savors strongly ofquackery. 39

      Compare this with the ideas of intelligence and eugenics of the time as well as that of class in Isenberg's White Trash.

      Presumably this anonymous author would have been seeing things from a more dominant eugenics viewpoint at this time period of 1940.

      See also: The Eugenics War (American Experience) https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/eugenics-crusade/

    3. Dr. Harry McNeill’s June 1940 assessment in Interracial Review

      Interesting commentary here on conversion of African-Americans to Catholicism as well as self-help nature of reading for improvement. Analogizes African-Americans without Catholicism to Mortimer J. Adler as a Jew.

      Possible tone of colonialism to assimilate African-Americans into Western Culture here? Though still somehow some space for movement and growth.

    1. But consider a new narrative. Imagine instead that books offer us a way to enter into a prolonged conversation across generations. We might even call this the Great Conversation. Imagine instead that authors have generally meant well, and so when they produced difficult works it is because the subject matter is a difficult one. Imagine instead that the past is a kind of mirror for the present, and that history is a guide to the future. New associations are encouraged by this narrative. New works are continuous with old works; both new and old works have something to teach us; difficult works might be more insightful because they engage with the complexity of the world.

      Interesting. Using Mortimer J. Adler's concept of Syntopical Reading to produce motivation, in a good way, for diving into books.

    2. And this is what I believe is happening with students and reading, at least in part. They have convinced themselves that they aren’t readers. They have convinced themselves that reading old books, especially difficult old books, is just too arduous, too boring, too pointless. They have convinced themselves that even if the books are good and soul-enriching, there are better things to be doing with their time.

      Fixed mindset. Self fulfilling prophecies. Ignorance.

    3. I sometimes see this in YouTube comments. When I recommend Plato to beginners in philosophy, I am told that I am being irresponsible, because Plato is too difficult for a beginner. It would be better to recommend a comprehensive survey of philosophy explicitly written for beginners, the critics say, so that people don’t get overwhelmed. But then I see other comments, sometimes on YouTube but often elsewhere, from people who had never read any philosophy, stumbled on one of my videos, and read Plato. Sometimes these are high school students, sometimes college graduates who did not study philosophy, sometimes mid-career adults who didn’t bother with college. The message is remarkably similar. They were previously convinced that philosophy would be too difficult to them, and reading Plato helped them see that they were wrong.

      Self-fulfilling prophecy?

    1. The more inventive and fecund a great mind is, the more it will shape thelanguage it uses to fit its thought. To express a new idea or insight, a new word isinvented or an old word given a novel meaning. Sometimes in the development ofhis own characteristic vocabulary, a great writer uses a new word for an old ideawhich he has appropriated and assimilated to his own thought. Sometimes theopposite occurs; the traditional word is appropriated or borrowed, but the ideawhich it long expressed is replaced either by a totally new, or at least by a variant,conception.

      Language is essential for the expression of thought, be it novel or ancient.

    2. The foregoing examples illustrate various forms topics take according to thedifferent kinds of subjects they propose for discussion. Some deal with the natureof a thing or its definition, some with its qualities or attributes, some with itscauses, and some with its kinds; some deal with distinctions or differences, andsome with comparisons or contrasts; some propose a general theory for considera-tion, some present a problem, and some state an Issue. Some— such as the lastthree above —are difficult to characterize by any formula.

      The complexity of the topic is determined by the content of the discussion the topic is about.

    3. It is easier to say what a topic is not, than what it is or should be. If it mustalways be a less determinate expression than a sentence, and if it must usually be amore complex expression than a single word or pair of words (which are theverbal expression of terms, such as the great ideas), it would seem to follow thatthe proper expression of a topic is a phrase— often, perhaps, a fairly elaboratephrase involving a number of terms and signifying a number of possible relationsbetween them. This general description of the grammatical form of a topic docsnot, however, convey an adequate notion of the extraordinary variety of possi-ble phrasings.

      To me, it seems that Adler et al., are arguing that a topic should be stated as a phrase with varying degrees of complexity, determined by ?

    4. For example, “The ideal of the educated man’"(Education la) is a simple topic; “The right to property: the ownership of themeans of production” (Labor 7b) is a complex topic; and “The use and criticismof the intellectual tradition: the sifting of truth from erroi; the reaction againstthe authority of the past” (Progress 6c) is a more complex topic.

      Some examples of topics that are formulated and used in the original syntopicon.

    5. A topic, in short, must have greater amplitude than any other logical form ofstatement. The familiar grammatical forms of the declarative or interrogativesentence, or even the complex sentence w'hich expresses a dilemma, arc there-fore inappropriate for the statement of topics. Since it must be able to includeall these and more, the statement of a topic must be less determinate in verbalstructure.

      A topic should never be suggestive, for it would not be a topic in that way.

    6. A topic is essentially a*sub)ect for discussion. The Greek word topos from which**topic^’ is derived literally means a place. Its literal meaning is retained in suchEnglish words as “topography” and “topology,” which signify the study ofphysical or geometrical places. The conception of a topic as a subject for discus’-sion is a metaphorical extension of this root meaning. A topic is a logical place; itis a place where minds meet to consider some common problem or theme.The minds may agree or disagree; they may argue the matter from differentpoints of view; they may contribute to the discussion in a variety of ways — byoffering examples, by proposing definitions or hypotheses, by stating analyses orarguments, by debating what has already been said, or by advancing a new view.But whatever form each contribution takes, it must be relevant, though it neednot be relevant in the same way or to the same degree. The various contributionsare relevant to each other through their relevance to the common theme orproblem, and this gives unity to the variety of things being said.A topic, then, is a place where minds meet through being relevant to a commonsubject of discussion. It is a place at which an intelligible exchange of thought,insight, or opinion can occur.

      A topic is a place where minds meet for discussion.

    7. The topics are the basic units of the Syntopicon. They perform a doublefunction. The Outline of Topics in each chapter is the analysis of a great idea,setting forth its various meanings, its themes and problems; and the individualtopics serve as the immediate headings under w^hich are assembled the referencesto the discussion of each particular subject in the great books. The topics are themajor subdivisions of the discussion in the sphere of each of the great ideas, as theideas are the main divisions of the whole discussion in the great books. As eachidea represents a general field of discourse— a domain of learning and inquiry—covering a variety of related themes and problems, so, under each idea, the varioustopics represent the themes and problems which are the particular subjects ofdiscussion in that field.

      It seems as though an idea is very broad and a "sub-topic" is more granular, though also determined based on the overall content and related to the primary idea.

    8. The reason which operated against such multiplication of chapters was(as already stated) the desire to avoid excessive duplication among topics andreferences.

      Adler et al. operated from a state of efficiency in the sense that they did not want the book to become too long (even though, or maybe because of, the fact that the end result became already two volumes each more than a thousand pages)

    9. Both the great books and the great ideas were chosen to represent the unity andcontinuity of the tradition of western thought. The great l^ks are those whichdeal imaginatively or intellectually with the ideas which arc fundamental through-out this whole tradition. Any important work -ancient, mediaeval, or modern-will necessarily be concerned with these ideas in some uay. What distinguishes thegreat books is the originality, the profundity, and the scope of their treatment ofthese ideas. Other books, important in some special field of learning, may havethese qualities with respect to one idea or even to several related ideas, but thegreat books possess them for a considerable range of ideas, covering a variety ofsubject matters or disciplines; and among the great books the greatest arc thosewith the greatest range of imaginative or intellectual content.

      Adler explains the distinctive factor determining which authors and works were included in the list of the Great Books of the Western World.

      Basically, they were works that were influential, written excellently, and had applicability to a considerable amount of ideas processed by the whole.

    10. The great majority of terms eliminated were those which did not appear to ,receive extensive or elaborate treatment in the great books. They were terms thatdid not seem to have a lively career —a continuous and complex developmentthroughout the three-thousand-year tradition of the great books.The editors usedthe actual content of the great books as the test whereby to separate a small set oftruly great ideas from a much larger number of important concepts or notions.The reader can apply this test himself by comparing the 1800 concepts listed inthe Inventory of Terms, with the 102 ideas that are treated as the principalterms in the Syntopicon.

      The ideas were chosen on the basis of coverage within the Great Works.