When we redefine libraries as means rather than as physical places—as conduits of knowledge rather than as physical buildings filled with physical books—we may think that the new, more “visionary,” more megatrendy definition embraces the old, but in fact it doesn’t: the removal of the concrete word “books” from the library’s statement of purpose is exactly the act that allows misguided administrators to work out their hostility toward printed history while the rest of us sleep.

A shelf list is a card catalogue arranged in call-number order, cataloguers use it to help them shelve like books with like.

”Library hand” was a special kind of backward-slanting penmanship meant specifically for card catalogues, and taught in library school through the nineteen-twenties.

In what follows, I take evolutionists to be scholars who see some conceptual continuity between human history and biological evolution, who consider sociocultural evolution to be governed by identifiable mechanisms functioning somewhat like natural selection, who see these mechanisms as involving adaptation to the environment, who believe that the mechanisms operate on all societies regardless of time and space, and—usually, but not always—who recognize stages of social and cultural evolution, from egalitarian foraging bands through hierarchical agricultural empires and pastoral tribes, to modern fossil-fuel-based nation-states.

There are other cases of what I call 'compound notes' thatoccasionally make their appearance in the work of every or

In this system I use three distinct types of cards, each 3 in. X5 in. and of 'medium weight,' which, for convenience of referencehere, I shall designate 'condition card' (Fig. 1, card 1), 'barredcard' (Fig. 2, card 1), and 'extension card' (Fig. 1, card 2; Fig.2, card 2). The cards for these plates were not selected withreference to contemporaneity, which I hope will not confuse, butselected with a view to illustrating to better advantage the plan ofamplifying notes on the 'extension cards.'

A better method is toarrange the cards alphabetically and rely on the assist-ance of signals to indicate the days on which they are toreceive attention.

press copy

Imagine a system where a candidate you support has a much higher chance of being elected to Congress, regardless of their party (especially if they belong to a minor party). The catch is that your representative might live a bit further from your house because of an increase in the size of a district. Would you take this trade? An election system called proportional ranked choice voting (proportional RCV) or single transferable vote gives voters an option to rank candidates running in an election to elect multiple representatives for a single district. This approach was proposed in 2025 by House Representative Donald S. Boyer as a part of the Fair Representation Act, which aims to reform elections for the US House of Representatives.

How can we identify gerrymandered maps if not by sight? Numerical metrics such as the Polsby–Popper test attempt to measure the “compactness” of an electoral district (the ratio of its area to the square of its perimeter), while the efficiency gap calculates the number of “wasted” votes by computing the proportion of votes that are not used to elect a winner.

Many participants thought that it was important to consider how closely the final product aligned with their initial conceptions (P7, novelist; P8, web developer; P11, filmmaker), "almost like a success-type question" (P3, dancer). This idea can be thought of as an aspect of intentionality — as P11 (filmmaker) stated, "Did your intentions translate into the final work?"

Intentionality can be supported through periodic intent check-ins and visual diffs that surface drift from initial goals.

Levene and Friedman [20] examined the effects of creation and intent on ownership judged and found that the effects of creation hold even when controlling for other factors. They also showed that successful and intentional creations are ascribed more ownership than unsuccessful or unintentional creations, and that creation is ascribed more ownership than the equivalent labor.

Even though the majority of participants stated that intentionality doesn't play a role in their conceptions of ownership as it is "a given" (P5, architect) and that "everything is intentional" (P17, illustrator, graphic designer), these cases showcase that intentionality can indeed play a role in ownership sentiments, especially when the ability to be intentional is taken away.

there seem to be times when material constraints can indeed shift ownership feelings, especially when control, intentionality, and creative vision all lie at an intersection: "I lose ownership points there, because I'm limited by this specific tool even if I have a specific vision" (P4, nonfiction writer)

The one participant who did directly reference intentionality did so more in terms of the medium they work with: "We're still digging up shards of pottery from hundreds and thousands of years ago; once you fire something, it doesn't go away. It's hard as rock. So you really want to be sure and confident and intentional when you make something out of clay and fire it, because it can't be undone" (P20, ceramicist).

While continuity is distinct from control or intentionality, it can still shape one's capacity to make intentional creative decisions, particularly when involvement is limited to a part rather than the whole project.

Only one participant directly mentioned the term intentionality, but a few participants reported that whether or not they were able to work on the project from start to finish (a sense of continuity perhaps) was important to their sense of ownership.

Intentionality – How intentional were you about the creative decisions that you made?

Before we dive into this I want to quickly talk about the definition of the term “AI”. I do not think that “AI” is a very useful term

An FSM is a model of discrete computation applicable to dialogues. In computer science, an FSM is a special case of a Turing machine that reads but does not write on the tape.

Gulf of evaluation: This gulf refers to knowing how a perceived change in the computer has moved it closer to the intended goal state.

Gulf of execution: This gulf is about knowing what to do to bring about a desired state change in the computer.

A mode refers to the variation in the interpretation of a user's input according to an internal state. In a modeless dialogue, all inputs are possible in all states and their interpretation is always the same.

Mixed-initiative interaction is the idea of organizing interaction in dialogue where both the computer and the human can take initiative.

Code-switching refers to a switch in language to match the capabilities of the communication partner.

Robustness refers to the communication partners' ability to achieve shared understanding even in light of misunderstandings and other unanticipated troubles.

Communication repair refers to the "work of restoring shared understanding" when conversational partners misunderstand each other.

Interaction may be viewed as a dialogue, that is, a conversation that occurs between two partners in a context for some purpose.

TAM posits that the intention to adopt a particular technology is driven by two kinds of perceptions: (1) how easy it is to use a system and (2) how useful it will be to use it.

Cognitive integration means that we internalize the operation of the tool.

TTF refers to the ability of technology to support a task. The capabilities of the technology should match the demands of the task and the skills of the individual; in this case, the fit is perfect.

acceptability of the tool, that is, whether users choose to use the tool when given that option.

One prominent definition of accessibility is given by ISO 9241-171, which defines it as

Usability concerns how easily computer-based tools may be operated by users trying to accomplish a task.

The utility of an interactive system concerns its match with the tasks of users. If the match is good, the tool has high utility; if the tasks that users want to do are not supported by the tool, the tool has low utility.

the idea of tool use in human–computer interaction (HCI) is that a computer system is a tool for controlling something else.

Because “open” may face a similar fate as befell “design” and “innovation,” terms that are alternatively inspiring and incomprehensible, both motivation and muddled jargon.

In terms of defining the “open” in open web annotation, I tend to take a standards approach: the Hypothes.is tool is built upon, and our organization advocates for, open standards in web annotation.

The apparent link of music to speech is because of a trait calledprosody, which seems to be a separate skill, also impacted by NF1.In linguistics, prosody is the difference between speaking in amonotone compared with adding expression by varying pitch,loudness, duration, stress and rhythms. People exaggerate theprosody in their speech when talking to young children because ofthe impact dynamic expression has on comprehension andengagement. Those with the NF1 disorder, most of whom suffermusical challenges, often don’t perceive prosody in speech. Thatsuggests that our fully functioning NF1 gene also helps us withprosody.

A cylinder seal was a stone cylindrical beadcarved in relief with a scene, so that when rolled on a piece of clay itproduced an endless tiny frieze of figures or patterns.

The ancient Near East is defined here as comprising the “cuneiformlands,”

Excerpts? Only if they are formal definitions or concise formulations. Do not copy pages and pages.

Bois is the mind behind “Scorigami,” a term he defines as “the act, and art, of producing a final score in a football game that has never happened before.” He conjured that portmanteau after a 2014 Seattle Seahawks victory over the Green Bay Packers. That game finished 36–16, the first time those two numbers had ever appeared side by side at the end of an official NFL contest.

Digital badges can be stacked together to replace or supplement formal and informal learning experiences and be understood by learners, higher education, and the workforce

For well over a century now,this discipline has called itself economics and its subject matter hasbeen the economic decisions made by individuals as participants inmarkets of many kinds. People as such play almost no part in thecalculations of economists and they find no particular reflection ofthemselves in the quantities published by the media. The economyis rather conceived of as an impersonal machine, remote from theeveryday experience of most people. The idea that we put forwardhere of a ‘human economy’ is intended to remind readers that theeconomy is made and remade by people in their everyday lives.

umbrella concept of ‘the human economy’ whichrefers to an emphasis both on what people do for themselves andon the need to find ways forward that must involve all of humanitysomehow.

We have just been through a prolonged social experiment in whichmarkets and money were left to find their own way around theworld without much political interference. This experiment has beencalled ‘neoliberalism’, at one time ‘the Washington consensus’.

A recessive allele influences the phenotype only when thegenotype is homozygous.

syngamy

Information is people in disguise, and people ought to bepaid for value they contribute that can be sent or stored on a digitalnetwork.

Siren Servers are not interchangeable. While they allshare certain traits (narcissism, hyperamplified risk aversion, andextreme information asymmetry), they also represent particular, morespecialized philosophies

This is a key sign of a Siren Server. The lowly non-Sirens are asresponsible as possible, while the Siren Server presides from an arm’slength.

A robust solution would be “scalable,” meaning that it willbe strengthened, not weakened, as more and more people embrace it.

palliative

Many creative people think these are the only options—both for them and their audience. Either they give the audience what it wants (the entertainer’s job) or else they put demands on the public (that’s where art begins).

The whole language approach assumes that reading is a naturally learned skill, much like speaking, and that exposing children to reading material will allow it to emerge.

Phonics stresses fundamental instruction in the letters and letter combinations that make up sounds, thus allowing children to “sound out” words and later whole sentences and passages.

individualism

morals have more and more tended to be~come merely limits circumscribing the sphere within which the individualcould behave as he liked.

Employers must understand the credential to ensure that it meets their needs and allows them to assess candidates and recognize verified skills.

Lack of standard definitions makes it harder for learners to navigate options and for employers to assess value

LGN

V1

unam-biguous low-contrast stimuli (

secondary cues

predictive context.

you can write your draft in one long, stream-of-thought rant. I call these “splat drafts” — you get everything in your head out on the page at once, without regard for form (hence the “splat”). Then you treat it as the raw material for a second, proper draft. Think of it as the act of dumping the puzzle pieces out on the table so you can sift through them and see what fits together.

If architecture is defined as construction aesthetically conceived, then stone circles, which often have a clear entrance and worked surfaces to distinguish between the interior and the exterior, are unquestionably architecture.

Matthew also introduced the Type-Away—quiet, dedicated time and space to work on writing projects without distraction. These once-a-month gatherings take place in a library meeting room, as opposed to a coffee shop, to provide an atmosphere for focused writing.

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE

The term Galli/Galatae, which may mean ‘stranger’ or‘enemy’, is more likely to be a general-purpose name by whichnorthern barbarians, among them the Celts, were referred to byothers. Whether all Galli/Galatae regarded themselves as Celtsis completely unknown.

Julius Caesar. Writing of Gaul(France) in the mid-first century Bc he states, quite deliberately ofthe inhabitants, presumably in an attempt at clarification, ‘we call[them] Gauls though in their own language they are called Celts’.

R(h)odomontade From the Life of Cato the Elder, the word means pretentious bragging. Its roots reach deep into Italian epics no one reads anymore. Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso has a character named Rodomonte, whose name means “he who rolls away mountains.” Apparently, Rodomonte swells with braggadocio throughout the poem, and the English language likewise now contains not one, but two Italian words for prideful boasting.

poverty is no equalizer.

Poverty is the feeling that your government is against you, not for you

Poverty is the constant fear that it will get even worse.

poverty is instability.

Poverty is pain, physical pain

Poverty is often material scarcity piled on chronic pain piled onincarceration piled on depression piled on addiction—on and on it goes.Poverty isn’t a line. It’s a tight knot of social maladies. It is connected toevery social problem we care about—crime, health, education, housing—and its persistence in American life means that millions of families aredenied safety and security and dignity in one of the richest nations in thehistory of the world.

Poverty is diminished life and personhood.

Poverty is embarrassing, shame inducing.

Poverty is the loss of liberty.

According to the latest national data, one in eighteenpeople in the United States lives in “deep poverty,” a subterranean level ofscarcity. Take the poverty line and cut it in half: Anything below that isconsidered deep poverty. The deep poverty line in 2020 was $6,380annually for a single person and $13,100 for a family of four. That year,almost 18 million people in America survived under these conditions. TheUnited States allows a much higher proportion of its children—over 5million of them—to endure deep poverty than any of its peer nations.

Income volatility, the extent to which paychecks grow orshrink over short periods of time, has doubled since 1970.

poverty is about money, ofcourse, but it is also a relentless piling on of problems.

But itwill also require that each of us, in our own way, become povertyabolitionists, unwinding ourselves from our neighbors’ deprivation andrefusing to live as unwitting enemies of the poor.

The auctorial equivalent to the artist’s sketchbook is the “commonplace book,”

Vegetative state

Hot zone

No‑report paradigm

.

Neural correlates ofconsciousness

Not all eeting notes need be transformed into main notes. For bestresults, practice non-attachment when it comes to eeting notes.

e main note has a title that tells you about the idea found in the note

daily notes

“Personal knowledge management,” or “PKM” as it’s oen called,provides an umbrella under which people of disparate vocations engage indiscourse surrounding not only notes and note-taking, but every niche andnuance of managing information.

A Note on Terminology

“analog” zettelkästen, although in this book I use theterm “paper-based.”

e term comes from German, usuallytranslated as “slip box” or “note box,” less oen, “card catalog,”

writing as a holistic process

embodied in a ScJieme,

But, the more heexamines the subject, and the more he goes by hispersonal experience, the more he will find it worthwhile to spend time on, and to practise carefully,fthisfirst department of Composition, as opposed to the mereExpression^] Indeed one might almost say that, if thisfirst department has been thoroughly well done, that isto say, if the Scheme of Headings and Sub-Headingshas been well prepared, the Expression will be a com-paratively easy matter.

The Zettelkasten technique is a unique, strategic way for individuals to think and write. It may be best characterizedas an organization system that assists people in organizing their information while working, making it one of the mostefficient knowledge management strategies (studying or researching) [2].

Z orn ’s lemma. Suppose S, < is a partially ordered set with the property that every chain in S has an upper bound. Then S contains amaximal element.

The axiom o f choice. Suppose {Si}, i E I, is a family of nonemptysets. Then there is a function / from I into U / Si such that f(i) E Sifor each i e I.

Geometrically, topologywas the study of properties preserved by a certain group of transformations, the homeomorphisms. Geometry itself can be considered as thestudy of properties preserved by certain types of functions; e.g., Euclideanmetric geometry is the study of properties preserved by rigid (that is,distance-preserving) transformations (known sometimes as congruences).(Of course, as with topology, it is somewhat unfair to try to define geometry as the study of one particular thing.)

This kind of gathering is called gleaning, which is when excess food in public areas gets harvested.

The ‘industrial revolution’ is often understood imprecisely and expansively, encompassing anything and everything from mechanisation and the development of the factory system to the division of labour and the shift of employment from agriculture to manufacturing, as well as commercial and financial innovations, the take-off of economic growth and the development of capitalism itself.

As a ‘form of inquiry’, Samuel wrote in the LRB of 14 June 1990, history is a ‘journey into the unknown’.

Because “open” may face a similar fate as befell “design” and “innovation,” terms that are alternatively inspiring and incomprehensible, both motivation and muddled jargon.

In terms of defining the “open” in open web annotation, I tend to take a standards approach: the Hypothes.is tool is built upon, and our organization advocates for, open standards in web annotation.

In his 1926 work, The Meaning of a Liberal Education, heargued that education’s task is to “reorient the individual, to enablehim to take a richer and more significant view of his experiences, toplace him above and not within the system of his beliefs and ideals.”

“democratic” portion of democratic culture?

David Hollinger’s notion of“communities of discourse.” First forwarded at the 1977 WingspreadConference, he emphasized this mechanism as a way to wrest thefocus from singular individuals (great men) identified as intellectu-als and situate them among specific social and cultural contexts

It begins with Clifford Geertz,who, in Interpretation of Cultures (1973), defined culture as follows:“an historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in sym-bols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic formsby means of which [people] communicate, perpetuate, and developtheir knowledge about and attitudes towards life.”11

what do I mean by democratic culture

The “great books idea” becomes, then, a singular theoretical tool fordealing with change over time.

The phrase “great books idea” arose to capture the evident diversityin thinking about the topic—the who, what, where, when, and howassociated with the notion of a great book and great books. The word“idea” allows for the abstraction from material circumstances: lists,institutions, book production, particular debates, people, et cetera.

Holacracy is a system of corporate governance whereby members of a team or business form distinct, autonomous, yet symbiotic, teams to accomplish tasks and company goals. The concept of a corporate hierarchy is discarded in favor of a fluid organizational structure where employees have the ability to make key decisions within their own area of authority.

A religious experience (sometimes known as a spiritual experience, sacred experience, mystical experience) is a subjective experience which is interpreted within a religious framework.[1] The concept originated in the 19th century, as a defense against the growing rationalism of Western society.[2] William James popularised the concept.[2] In some religions, this may result in unverified personal gnosis.[3][4]

1. The Sylvan Historian refers to the way in which the urn tells the tale. “Sylvan” means, by definition, Inhabitant of forest: a person, animal or spirit that lives in a forest. This implies that the Sylvan historian, who is located and familiar with the woods, is best fit to tell the tale.

The Varidex is the name given to onemethod-a direct expanding index made inletter , bill and le gal sizes. In this systemthe general plan of tab positions is similarto the direct alphabetic system. It main-tains the fam iliar sectional arrangementfor guide s, individual and )Jliscellaneousfo ld er s.

Brother

Brother

to classify means to draw up a scheme, to class meansto apply it.

ClassificationIV CLASSIFICATION98 Meanings To explain the meaning of the term classifica-tion, let us take a family of related terms andcompare the range of their meaning. The following will serveour purpose:to enumerate, to arrange, to class, to classify, to systemise,to organise.

For the purpose of indexing we shall divide 73our stock of names or terms into those ofconcretes, processes and countries, concretes being the com-modities with which we are concerned, processes indicatingtheir actions, and countries indicating the localities with whichthe concretes are connected (295 et seq.) .

Form u hi l

Concretes are only known to us superficially.

What we record is whatwe observe, what we reason out. The subjects of our observingand reasoning arc things in general, real or imaginary, andthe conditions attaching to them. We shall call them concretesand processes respectively.

summarisingwe bring the various extracts into one consistent statement.

Stated briefly the work of the intelligence department can be 50brought under the three heads: filing, indexing and summarising.

ur materials naturally fall into two classes,Materials Camples and literature; they represent oneand the same thing— commodities, the one inconcrete form and the other in abstract form. One is thecommodity and the other describes it.

an organisation, i.e. a set of specialised systemscoordinated to work collectively with the same end in view.

One transaction at a time would generallynot lead either to much work or muchbusiness, and besides, a transaction cannot always be completedwhile you wait. The consequence is that we arrive at a num-ber of transactions going on simultaneously. When we nowreach the stage of too much work, then we must find waysand means to supplement our energy. Thus we arrive at amultitude of transactions by means of concerted action.

The dif-ference between a catalogue and an index is so great thatthey ought not to be confused; a catalogue mainly deals withbooks, an index mainly handles information.

Indexing, whichis the process by which our information is collected and madeaccessible is therefore a subject whose importance it would bedifficult to overestimate; it is. a subject which no man aspiringto success can afford to ignore altogether.

When our stock of information has been systematically arranged,and is available for use, it has ceased to be a mere note-book,which it may have been at the start; it h;i^ x'adually developedinto tin- nucleus of an intelligence department, «>\crin- .-illthe subjects and their ramifications within the scope of oaractivity.

One of his most effective tools is what we might call the Trump Two-Step, in which the former president says something outrageous, backs away from it in the face of criticism, and then fully embraces it. The goal here is to create a veneer of deniability. It doesn’t even need to be plausible; it just needs to muddy the waters a bit.

The term 'knowledge work' appeared in The Landmarks of Tomorrow (1959) by Peter Drucker.[12] Drucker later coined the term 'knowledge worker' in The Effective Executive[13] in 1966. Later, in 1999, he suggested that "the most valuable asset of a 21st-century institution, whether business or non-business, will be its knowledge workers and their productivity."

Correspondence

Kegisters refer to the materials and help tolocate them, indexes refer to the information contained in thesematerials. Ag their function, so their construction is quite distinct.Both however treat the same materials, only in different ways.In some offices no indexes may be required.

It is the object of crossreferences to bring these materials together again when required.

registering

filing

indexing

registersor directories

recording.

cataloguing

The card system suffers at presentunder one great disadvantage, it has no fixed terminology.

It requires but a moment's reflection to perceivethat even the vertical files with the correspondence binders arebut an imitation of a set of cards, on a larger scale. The set ofcards can fairly be regarded as the basis of the entire system,hence it is properly called the card system.

The charging cabinet, which provides a system, by whichmaterials withdrawn from their places can be debitedto the person having possession of them for the timebeing, that is : each article is charged out to whoevercalls for it and is charged off when returned.

under the direction of anambitious projector.

“lazy lubbers,” meaning stupid, clumsy oafs,the word that came to describe the vagrant poor of Carolina.11

unemployed men entitled to poor relief.

“Leet-men,” who were encouraged to marry andhave children but were tied to the land and to their lord.

waste people

It starts withthe rich and potent meaning that came with the different names given theAmerican underclass. Long before they were today’s “trailer trash” and“rednecks,” they were called “lubbers” and “rubbish” and “clay-eaters” and“crackers”—and that’s just scratching the surface.

economic stratification createdby wealth and privilege.

. Positivism asserted that allcultures move through progressive stages of development: first the-ological, then metaphysical, and finally “positive.”

scholastic learning would favour externaldemonstration over inner revelation, intellectual agility over endlessmeditation.

HASDAY: The joke about criminal conversation is that it's not criminal, and it's not conversation. That's how you can remember it.BERAS: That's good.HASDAY: It's not criminal. It's not conversation.BERAS: It's sex. That's what it is - just sex. Essentially, you had sex with my wife. It was often the husband suing.

Together, over the years, they achieved what one of their earlymasters, Charles Ammi Cutter, called a “syndetic” structure—that is,a system of referential links—of remarkable coherency andresolution.

“Library hand” was a special kind ofbackward-slanting penmanship meant specically for card catalogs,and taught in library school through the 1920s.

One of Murray’s most helpful advisers on American words was aGerman living in Boston, Carl Wilhelm Ernst. Ernst was a journalist, theeditor of the Beacon newspaper, and a former Lutheran minister who hadmoved to America when he was eighteen years old. Murray wrote to thejournalist in a panic when completing the entry for public school. ‘In workingat this, I overlooked the fact that we had nothing for the US use, and findmyself now almost stranded, and unable to complete the article.’ He wrote toErnst asking for illustrative quotations and for clarification on the Americansense of the word: ‘It is said to be synonymous with Common School. I donot know which of these is the official appellation, and which the popular, orwhether they are both so used. We should like to know this. The designationin England has a long and rather complicated history coming down from theL. publican schola, which is already used by Jerome of Quintilian.’Murray started the entry by defining the use of public school in Englandas ‘originally a grammar-school founded or endowed for the use or benefit ofthe public’ but more recently, in the nineteenth century, as ‘the old endowedgrammar-schools as have developed into large boarding-schools, drawingfrom the well-to-do classes of all parts of the country or of the empire’. Henoted that ‘the ancient endowed grammar-schools or colleges of Eton,Winchester, Westminster, Harrow, Rugby, Charterhouse, Shrewsbury’ aresometimes referred to as ‘the Seven Public Schools’. He contrasted this senseof public school with that in Scotland, the British colonies and the UnitedStates of America, as a school provided at the public expense, usually free.Above six American quotations spanning from 1644 to 1903, Murray added alengthy note, thanks to Ernst’s advice, ‘The term has been used in NewEngland and Pennsylvania from the 17th c., and has been adopted in all Statesof the American Union. An early synonym was “free school”, and a later onein some States, “common school” which is now however generally confined toa school of the lowest grade or “public elementary school”.’

The experiences of the atomic scientists clearly show the need to takepersonal responsibility, the danger that things will move too fast, andthe way in which a process can take on a life of its own. We can, as theydid, create insurmountable problems in almost no time flat. We mustdo more thinking up front if we are not to be similarly surprised andshocked by the consequences of our inventions.

The only realistic alternative I see is relinquishment: to limit de-velopment of the technologies that are too dangerous, by limiting ourpursuit of certain kinds of knowledge.

Among the cognoscenti of nanotechnology, this threat has becomeknown as the “gray goo problem.” Though masses of uncon-trolled replicators need not be gray or gooey, the term “gray goo”emphasizes that replicators able to obliterate life might be less in-spiring than a single species of crabgrass. They might be superiorin an evolutionary sense, but this need not make them valuable.

Definitions. The central sliding part of the rule is called theslide, the other part the body. The glass runner is called the indi-cator and the line on the indicator is referred to as the hairline.

The Charging This consists in its interior arrangement ofCabinet rows of pigeon-holes constructed on an inclineupwards so that the base of each horizontalrow of pigeon-holes is higher than its predecessor. Into thesepigeon-holes the charging shps are placed and there is a guidecard to each pigeon-hole marking the divisions of the charging slipsby giving the number of the slip which is to be filed immediatelybehind it.

Top-down approaches work in the opposite direction. Instead of allowing the materials to inform the whole, a perception of what the whole should be determines which materials are allowed to be used. It's "having an overarching concept before working out the details."5

working "bottom-up" pertains to the manner in which a sense of wholeness and coherence emerges from the information collected from the individual components that constitute or contribute to the whole.

incommensurat

( 1) The rearranging of the file, as I have already said, isone way. One simply dumps out heretofore disconnectedfolders, mixing up their contents, and then re-sorts themmany times. How often and how extensively one does thiswill of course vary with different problems and the devel-opment of their solutions. But in general the mechanics ofit are as simple as that.