The historian David Hackett Fischer identifies presentism as a fallacy also known as the "fallacy of nunc pro tunc". He has written that the "classic example" of presentism was the so-called "Whig history", in which certain 18th- and 19th-century British historians wrote history in a way that used the past to validate their own political beliefs. This interpretation was presentist because it did not depict the past in objective historical context but instead viewed history only through the lens of contemporary Whig beliefs. In this kind of approach, which emphasizes the relevance of history to the present, things that do not seem relevant receive little attention, which results in a misleading portrayal of the past. "Whig history" or "whiggishness" are often used as synonyms for presentism particularly when the historical depiction in question is teleological or triumphalist.[2]

Cosmos was unlike any previous book about nature. Humboldt took his readers on a journey from outer space to earth, and then from the surface of the planet into its inner core.

sumption of decreasing virulence with time is a double-edged sword in NativeAmerican disease history. Recent Native Americans have extreme susceptibility to oftenacute infections such as influenza and tuberculosis (Indian Health Service 1999; Koenig1921; Matthews 1886). Although, as detailed later in this paper, many factors, includingsocio-economic conditions, diet, and other concurrent infections, could be contributing tothis incidence, these factors seem to pale by comparison with disease history. Essentially,current incidence rates account for the absence of crowd infections prior to Columbus andabsence explains the present incidence rate

se diseases, once introduced, severelywinnowed Native American populations.

Since the mid-twentieth century it has been widely accepted that Old World populationsintroduced infectious diseases to Native Americans beginning with the Columbianvoyages of AD 149

There were no Jews in England to consult with, since they had all been expelled from the country by King Edward I in 1290.

But sometimes Alter’s comments seem exactly wrong. Alter calls Proverbs 29:2 “no more than a formulation in verse of a platitude,” but Daniel L. Dreisbach’s Reading the Bible with the Founding Fathers devotes an entire chapter to that single verse, much loved at the time of the American Founding: “When the righteous are many, a people rejoices, / but when the wicked man rules, a people groans.” Early Americans “widely, if not universally,” embraced the notion that—as one political sermon proclaimed—“The character of a nation is justly decided by the character of their rulers, especially in a free and elective government.” Dreisbach writes, “They believed it was essential that the American people be reminded of this biblical maxim and select their civil magistrates accordingly.” Annual election sermons and other political sermons often had Proverbs 29:2 as “the primary text.” Far from being a platitude, this single verse may contain a cure to the contagion that is contemporary American political life.

Yeah, I want back in search history and see Sascha started around 2014. There are hardly any references to ZK before 2012.

Within a decade, William Whewell had published his History of the Inductive Sciences (1837) (online here). In a section on antipodes, he admitted that most people throughout history had known the earth was round.

Crosley's intent for his car was well summarized by his proclamation "You wouldn't cross a river in a battleship," nor would you want to cross town in a large family car just to purchase groceries or have coffee with a friend.

Nein. Ich habe den Zettelkasten aus der simplen Überlegung her-aus angefangen, daß ich ein schlechtes Gedächtnis habe. Zunächsteinmal hatte ich Zettel in Bücher gelegt, auf die ich mir Notizenmachte, auf diese Weise gingen die Einbände der Bücher kaputt.Dann habe ich mir mit Mappen geholfen, als die jedoch dickerwurden, fand ich nichts mehr in ihnen. Ab 1952 oder 1953 begannich dann mit meinem Zettelkasten, weil mir klar wurde, daß ich fürein Leben planen müsse und nicht für ein Buch.

I'm going to kind of give you my 00:04:56 take on what I believe to have been the natural history of or what I believe is the natural history of awareness a sort of a sequence of innovations that occurred that facilitated the appearance 00:05:09 of consciousness on Earth

I'm not so much saying Adler and Van Doren were trying to prevent readers from coming to grips with the unresolved issues of American history illustrated in this example. But I am suggesting that the idea that there's a "message" in these foundational texts and they know what it is and our job is to find out, is flawed. Too deterministic, too hierarchical, too supportive of a master narrative that needs to be challenged so truth can be appreciated in its complexity.

坐在向前急行的火车里，你如果不看看窗外风景，只管朝着车内的旅客、座位、查票员、茶房等等留心，甚至于闭起眼来假寐，那末，隆隆然车轮的转动声你是听到的，而车子向着什么方向进行，已经走了多少路程，就一点也不会清楚。或许反以为车子没有动，甚而以为正在倒退中。要清楚有无进行以及方向速率，就非望望窗外的风景不可。见了电线柱子的向后飞奔，桑圃菜畦的旋转，近山平畴的渐渐移动，因为一路的印象无时不在变动之中，于是你才知道车行十里了五十里了一百里了。我们大概都是已经丧失了喜欢望望窗外风景的那种小孩子的天真，而只管在人气十足的车室里烦闷的旅客。无论外面是春光秋色，晨曦晚霞，在我们一样是苦恼。小孩子就不如此，他爱窗外的景色；火车的司机者也不如此，他负了车内全部旅客运命的责任，不能不留心前途的信号，车行的速度。人生原是旅行，我们便是旅客。窗外的景色原是旅行的背景，有背景做了我们的标识，才能清楚进行的有无，以及进行的方向、进行的这率、进行的结果……这便是所谓历史。不明历史，只能醉生而梦死。不然，就难免生于苦恼，死于烦闷了。进行认识的标识，有种种级次，那些专记人名、地名、年月日的政治史，好比是车外电线柱子的飞奔；在绿叶里隐现的桑圃菜畦，好比是经济史；近山平畴的移动，好比是文化史；再远一点，就好比是人类史；连山的蜿蜒，就好比是生物史、地质史；至于那无论车行几何，总是不觉得有所移动的星辰，这正是宇宙史。我们清楚了那些背景，换句话说，清楚了人生站在政治、经济、文化、人类、生物、地质、宇宙里面的地位，才能知道我们自己是什么。

story is chronotopic. Chronos is the Greek word fortime, topos the Greek word for place.

"Poetry is more philosophical than history," wrote Aristotle.By this he meant that poetry is more general, more universal.

a transcendental is something that is, or not a thing, of course, but it's very well known and it has been well known for a very long time.

Day One for me has created journal nirvana, in the same way that Things created multi-platform to do syncing and iA Writer perfected multi-platform text editing.

Merchants and traders have a waste book (Sudelbuch, Klitterbuch in GermanI believe) in which they enter daily everything they purchase and sell,messily, without order. From this, it is transferred to their journal, whereeverything appears more systematic, and finally to a ledger, in double entryafter the Italian manner of bookkeeping, where one settles accounts witheach man, once as debtor and then as creditor. This deserves to be imitatedby scholars. First it should be entered in a book in which I record everythingas I see it or as it is given to me in my thoughts; then it may be enteredin another book in which the material is more separated and ordered, andthe ledger might then contain, in an ordered expression, the connectionsand explanations of the material that flow from it. [46]

I was searching for notecard systems after reading Will and Ariel Durant’s dual autobiography and not having much luck. The book talks a lot about his writing and the use of “classification slips” to cover the depth of material, especially for The Story of Civilization series they did.

Back in the day, the de facto standard for sending binaries across electronic mail was uuencode. It still exists, but has numerous usability problems; if at all possible, you should send MIME attachments instead, unless you specifically strive to be able to communicate with the late 1980s.

500 cd/m2 max brightness (typical)

Adler's record of ineptness is pret ty good so far — but he surpasses it with his third Revolution. He dis likes both Marxists and Moscow, so how did the Russian Revolution be come one of the great sources or change in modern society? Because “with the Russian Revolution, we have, for the first time, the emer gence of the welfare state” — mild offspring sired from such ferocious parents. In the past, only right‐wing kooks thought F.D.R. derived his in spiration for W.P.A. from the Bol shies!

Essentially, @mac.com is legacy users and was in place from the debut of osX to late 2000s. It required a annual paid subscription to have an email address, lol. Then the short-lived mobileMe era happened, which lasted only a couple years before Apple retracted and replaced it with iCloud, a much more sweeping service. MobileMe was also a paid subscription and included primordial versions of photo sharing and web hosting, etc. The iCloud era starting in 2012 finally ushered in free email addresses and free operating system updates. That's when the business model of large tech companies turned more into user accumulation wars to see who can attract the most subscribers and retain them in their ecosystem of products.

facilitated by having selected passages typewritten anddistributed to the class in mimeographed sheets.

As late as 1884 the four hundred American institutions of higher education had about twenty full-time teachers of history.”

other jokes did not land because I did not know the movie star or celebrity referenced.

The main thing I learned while reading through Phyllis Diller's jokes is that comedy has changed a lot since she started her career in the mid-1950s. Her comedy is focused on short one-liners that get laughs in quick succession, while today's comedy is more story-driven. Although a lot of her jokes are very time-bound due to their content, it was interesting to get a glimpse of what was happening at the time a joke was written. Each joke card has a date on it, and the cards span the 1960s to the 1990s. The topic of the jokes told a lot about what people were worried about or focused on at the time the joke was written, whether it was the inflation or student protests of the 1970s, a celebrity's many marriages, or gossip about the president at the time. While, like any comedian, some of her jokes fall flat, I appreciated Diller's hard work in meticulously recording, testing, and filing each joke in the gag file, along with her ability to make a joke about almost any topic.

Methodenstreit mischten sich zahlreichenamhafte Historiker und andere Geisteswissenschaftlerein. Warburg leistete keinen direkten publizistischen Bei-trag, nahm jedoch, wie der Zettelkasten belegt, als passi-ver Beobachter intensiv an der Debatte teil.359

on Aug. 12, the National Museum of American History is giving the artifact pristine treatment.WpGet the full experience.Choose your planArrowRight"Have You Heard the One . . . ? The Phyllis Diller Gag File" is an exhibition of the beige cabinet in the quiet Albert H. Small Documents Gallery.

These revolutions appear invisible in the history of science, Kuhn explained, because each successive generation learns science through the lens of the current paradigm.

BookmarkZettelkasten for historical research?

the Auto industry built for us and what's most Insidious is the financials behind all of this

Auto industry actively demonized pedestrians making fun of pedestrian victims of auto accidents and coining the term jaywalker from the term J used in the late 1800s to mean worthless 00:10:26 fourth rate a hick or a dope and walking in the suburbs is actively discouraged through City planning

Lots but the people living in the suburbs continued to work and commute in the cities what's the solution High-Speed Rail and Incredibly 00:08:08 efficient mass transit no dummy cars obviously but it wasn't obvious the obsession with and Reliance on cars that seems uniquely American was manufactured as not a symptom but a feature of the 00:08:20 suburbs

the GI Bill provided a range of benefits to returning World War II veterans including low-cost mortgages job training and college tuition the implementation of these benefits was not Equitable across racial lines though the 00:04:36 legislation itself didn't explicitly differentiate benefits based on race in practice the distribution of its benefits was largely influenced by social and institutional racism the GI Bill worked in tandem with existing racially discriminating housing and 00:04:48 lending practices such as redlining and restrictive covenants which effectively excluded black veterans from enjoying the same opportunities for homeownership as their white counterparts redlining was a discriminatory practice where 00:05:00 lenders would designate neighborhoods with a high percentage of black people as high risk areas for mortgage lending these areas were often outlined in red on maps used by Banks and other lending institutions hence the term redlining 00:05:13 this led to a systemic denial of Home Loans or Insurance to People based on the racial or ethnic composition of their neighborhoods

毛奇制造的两个唱片圆筒是唯一已知的 18 世纪出生的人的录音。

中共上海情报科，是中央特科的延续，是「最后的特科」留下的种子。1934 年到 1935 年，中共上海地下党受到国民党特务的反复大规模破坏。为保存力量，1935 年 8 月决定撤销上海临时中央局、中央特科等机构并分批撤离。特科在上海只留下一个办事处，由丘吉夫负责。1935 年 11 月 18 日，国民党特务又将特科上海办事处破获，丘吉夫被捕。1936 年 4 月，陕北中央派冯雪峰回到上海。冯雪峰指示徐强，将主要任务转向情报工作。1937 年 7 月全面抗战爆发，国共合作之后，上海特科被改组为中共上海情报科，负责对日战略情报侦察。之所以能够担负这项任务，是因为特科的王学文发展了中西功和西里龙夫两名日籍党员。1933 年春，西里龙夫来到上海谋职，就任日本新闻联合通讯社上海总局记者。1934 年，他设法找到王学文，加入中共，开始进行情报收集和分析工作。1937 年，日军攻陷南京后，西里龙夫就任日军「北支派遣军」司令部奏任级嘱托（顾问）、伪「中华联合通讯社」指导官和日本同盟社首席记者，打入日军高层。1934 年，中西功经尾崎秀实介绍到大连「满铁总社调查部」就职。经过一段时间的观察，他认为日本侵华的策划中心已移至上海，于是设法调到上海，通过西里龙夫与王学文接上联系。1938 年，中西功加入中共，就任日军「支那派遣军」特别嘱托（顾问）、「满铁上海办事处」调查室主任、日本「中国抗战力量调查委员会」派驻上海委员，打入日本驻华情报机构。1939 年，徐强调回延安，吴纪光接手上海情报科工作。在潘汉年直接领导下，吴纪光调整加强了上海情报科：上海以中西功为核心，利用中西功的地位，在「满铁上海办事处」调查室名下成立了一个「特别调查班」。名义上，这个调查班的任务是搜集南京、延安和上海租界方面上层人物的活动情报；实际上，这个特别调查班里安插了多名上海情报科的中共党员，特别调查班的班长程和生担任联络员。【注：程和生为化名，本名郑文道。】在南京，有西里龙夫、李一峰（伪「中央社」采访部主任，汪伪特工总部顾问）、汪敬远（汪精卫随从秘书）三名战略情报员，李得森及其妻子张敏以行医为掩护设立南京情报站，张明达担任与上海方面的联络员。在华北，尾崎庄太郎打入日军「北支派遣军」司令部任情报课长，白井行幸在太原以经商名义活动，并派钱志行到北平建立联络站。这样，上海情报科构成了埋伏在日军内高层的情报网络，为延安提供了大量侵华日军以及汪伪、日蒋之间活动的战略情报。据八路军总部作战参谋杨迪回忆，当时日军的重要军事、政治行动，总部均能提前得到可靠的情报。

当年，中央特科的王学文在上海日本东亚同文书院担任经济学教授时，在日本学生中组织了一个学习小组，学习马克思主义，并发展其中的一些日本学生加入中国共产主义青年团。中西功、西里龙夫等后来加入中共的一批日籍党员都是出自这个小组。当时，尾崎秀实作为派驻上海的日本记者，同情中国革命，也经常参加这个小组的活动，因而与中西功等人建立了深厚的情谊和长期的联系，中西功进入「满铁上海调查课」就是尾崎秀实介绍的。

佐尔格知道，此时，苏联获取对日战略情报的希望只能寄托在另一个方向的两条情报线上了。这个方向，就是中国。两条情报线，一条线是中国共产党的上海情报科，它的战略情报员，包括打入上海满铁调查课的中共日籍党员中西功和打入华中派遣军司令部的中共日籍党员西里龙夫；另一条线就是红军总参四局派遣原佐尔格上海小组的中共党员，分别部署在上海、北平、天津等地构成的情报网络，这些小组都有电台，直接与莫斯科联系，张放就是天津站站长。佐尔格知道，这两条线将能够继续侦查并向莫斯科提供日军的战略动向。其中，中共上海情报科的能力更强。此前获知日军「南进」战略的情报，其实就是出自中共上海情报科的中西功之手。

这是尾崎秀实被捕前最后的文学发言。完成史沫特莱著作译介工作的他也日益转向有关中国的政治经济评论，他转到东京朝日新闻社的东亚问题调查会、参加太平洋关系协会的国际会议，最后位列首相近卫文麿的「早餐会」，成为日本外交政局的智囊。不幸的是，一九四一年十月中旬，苏联红军情报局的特工理查德·佐尔格的身份暴露，包括尾崎秀实在内与他相关的三十多人先后被日本军部逮捕。

Unlike Turkophobic reviews I know real history behind WW1, Armenian gangs (most famous ones Henchak and Dashnak) killed lots of people and rob their neighbors. My mom side ancestors came from Van and I heard stories about Armenian neighbors came to rob them when their husbands went to war.Turkey suggested Armenia for a joint historians board for so-called Armenian Genocide research and opening state archives. Armenia denied their proposition.Let me explain this to you: you don't accept historians to decide, you praise (millions of) so-called Armenian Genocide supporter films without historical proof and if you see one film which just picture real situation it is propaganda. You say it is a propaganda because it conflicts with your propaganda.

we regard this disappearance as an aberration, and notas an indication of progress.

The idea that what happened was not inevitable. Understanding the contingency of the past, I think, may suggest to them that the present and future are similarly “not a done deal”.

There’s no evidence ofdisputes requiring intervention by mediators or arbitrators, and reading all the edits gives a verygood idea of what all the rumpus over the years has been about.

In Chile, two million Chileans were estimated to have been killed by the Pinochet regime

“中国”的名称是在天下观念的崩溃和王朝循环历史终结的废墟上建立起来的，并最终由革命者将其规定为中国人集体的认同。在国际上，把华人、华侨、中国人等混同使用，以淡化一国之概念，这恰恰是天下观念的历史遗产，也因此说明中国并非一个经典意义上的民族国家。

The object of the present volume is to point out the effects and the advantages which arise from the use of tools and machines ;—to endeavour to classify their modes of action ;—and to trace both the causes and the consequences of applying machinery to supersede the skill and power of the human arm.

In a note, he dryly remarks: “Appearanceof the card index and constitution of the human sciences: another invention the historianshave celebrated little”.7

Incidentally, when a straightforwardly “I’m a Nazi” Nazi showed up in the beta, people used the report function, and the Bluesky team labeled the account and banned it from the Bluesky app and restricted promotion of the account of the person who invited him. This changed exactly none of the tenor of the Nazi conversation on Mastodon, but it happened.

It’s great that there’s interest in this stuff. Your articles are inspiring, as is Jillian Hess’s NotesSubstack, team Greene/Holiday/Oppenheimer, and the German scholars who focus on the technology of writing, such as Hektor Haarkötter. But I don’t see this as nostalgia. For me it’s history in service of the present and the future.