Each wave surveys a fresh sample of respondents rather than tracking the same individuals, so the results reflect population-level changes rather than changes within the same people.
【局限】研究采用独立样本而非追踪同一组受访者，这意味着结果反映的是人群层面的变化而非个体变化。这种方法无法捕捉个人使用习惯的演变，也无法确定用户增长是来自新用户还是现有用户增加使用频率。
the watermarking is nothing else for the end user than fixing a random seed and making this sampling kind of deterministic
这句拆掉了「水印会让输出变差」的直觉恐慌：水印只作用在采样层，不改模型权重，也不必重训——它是在若干等概率的候选词里按密钥挑一个。代价不在质量而在多样性和可复现性。但也要看到反面：正因为它只是采样偏置，抗改写能力天然有限。
A purposive sampling methodology was used to recruit participants at one acute and two rehabilitation hospitals. The research team liaised with allied health managers and nurse unit managers for recruitment and the managers distributed participant information statements to potential participants. Participants were reassured that there was no compulsion for them to participate and declining to participate would not disadvantage them in any way.
This section of the study shows simple, yet, very purposeful sampling methodology.
Unfortunately, the Supreme Court did not find this argument to be persuasive, ruling instead that the question of partisan gerrymandering is “nonjusticiable”—outside their jurisdiction. Subsequent rulings, such as Abbott v. League of United Latin American Citizens, give little hope that the Supreme Court will impede future gerrymandering.
The Supreme Court in Rucho v. Common Cause (2019) found that Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling wasn't persuasive and found that gerrymandering is "nonjusticable".
A much better mathematical method to detect gerrymandering, known as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling, has been percolating throughout the research literature, and was brought before the Supreme Court in the 2019 case Rucho v. Common Cause. Although it is not possible to compare a contested map against all possible maps, MCMC uses a computational technique called a “random walk” to generate a representative sample of legal electoral district maps by repeatedly making small arbitrary changes to possible district boundaries. Mathematicians, serving as expert witnesses for the plaintiffs and weighing in as amicus curie, argued that if a specific map is an outlier from the rest of samples in terms of political advantage, it indicates possible gerrymandering. The mathematicians found that maps proposed by the 2012 and 2016 North Carolina legislatures fell at the extreme ends of bell curves generated from MCMC-sampled maps, based on measures such as the number of Democrats elected and the number of Democratic voters in specific districts.
brief description of Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling with respect to gerrymandering and it's application in the courts so far
The political calculus—and actual math—of gerrymandering<br /> by [[Rachel Wallach]] in Johns Hopkins University Hub<br /> accessed on 2026-05-19T15:14:23
A small number of samples can poison LLMs of any size<br /> by [[Anthropic]] from 2025-10-09 accessed on 2025-12-30T15:26:42
Technique #2: Sampling
How do you load only a subset of the rows?
When you load your data, you can specify a skiprows function that will randomly decide whether to load that row or not:
```
from random import random
def sample(row_number): ... if row_number == 0: ... # Never drop the row with column names: ... return False ... # random() returns uniform numbers between 0 and 1: ... return random() > 0.001 ... sampled = pd.read_csv("/tmp/voting.csv", skiprows=sample) len(sampled) 973 ```
Morens, D. M., Taubenberger, J. K., & Fauci, A. S. (2021). Universal Coronavirus Vaccines—An Urgent Need. New England Journal of Medicine, 0(0), null. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2118468
Villanueva, Cynthia, Stevi Ibonie, Emily Jensen, Lucca Eloy, Jordi Quoidbach, Angela Bryan, Sidney D’Mello, and June Gruber. ‘Emotion Differentiation and Bipolar Risk in Emerging Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic’. PsyArXiv, 19 February 2022. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xya43.
Generally, bootstrap involves the following steps:
Follmann, D., & Fay, M. (2021). Vaccine Efficacy at a Point in Time (p. 2021.02.04.21251133). https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.04.21251133
ult to provide workable guidelines here.
In Grounded Study - decide where to start and what tools will be used to collect information.
Nabavi, N., & Dobson, J. (2021, April 21). Covid-19 new variants—known unknowns. The BMJ Opinion. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/04/21/covid-19-new-variants-known-unknowns/?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=socialnetwork
Coenen, A., & Gureckis, T. (2021). The distorting effects of deciding to stop sampling information. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/tbrea
Surveys in a time of Covid [u/hamilton_ian] (2020-01-28). Reddit. Retrieved from: https://www.reddit.com/r/BehSciAsk/comments/l739ru/surveys_in_a_time_of_covid/
Health Nerd on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved October 17, 2020, from https://twitter.com/GidMK/status/1316511734115385344
Abbott, K. R., & Sherratt, T. N. (2013). Optimal sampling and signal detection: Unifying models of attention and speed–accuracy trade-offs. Behavioral Ecology, 24(3), 605–616. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/art001
M.B can’t be reduced to stereotypes, of course. But there’s also a bar to entry into this social-media network, and it’s a distinctly technophilic, first-world, Western bar.
You can only say this because I suspect you're comparing it to platforms that are massively larger by many orders of magnitude. You can't compare it to Twitter or Facebook yet. In fact, if you were to compare it to them, then it would be to their early versions. Twitter was very technophilic for almost all of it's first three years until it crossed over into the broader conscious in early 2009.
Your argument is somewhat akin to doing a national level political poll and only sampling a dozen people in one small town.
Romanini, Daniele, Sune Lehmann, and Mikko Kivelä. ‘Privacy and Uniqueness of Neighborhoods in Social Networks’. ArXiv:2009.09973 [Physics], 21 September 2020. http://arxiv.org/abs/2009.09973.
EWB Hub x GRiPS Student Workshop—Introduction to Experience Sampling Methods. (2020, June 29). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcEfuSkiR8I
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Mohammadi, A., Esmaeilzadeh, E., Li, Y., Bosch, R. J., & Li, J. Z. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 detection in different respiratory sites: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EBioMedicine, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102903
Vogels, C. B. F., Brackney, D., Wang, J., Kalinich, C. C., Ott, I., Kudo, E., Lu, P., Venkataraman, A., Tokuyama, M., Moore, A. J., Muenker, M. C., Casanovas-Massana, A., Fournier, J., Bermejo, S., Campbell, M., Datta, R., Nelson, A., Team, Y. I. R., Cruz, C. D., … Grubaugh, N. (2020). SalivaDirect: Simple and sensitive molecular diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance. MedRxiv, 2020.08.03.20167791. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.03.20167791
Stock, James H. ‘Data Gaps and the Policy Response to the Novel Coronavirus’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26902.
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Primer Weekly Briefing 01/05/20
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current microbiome profiling approaches such as metagenomic sequencing require homogenization of input material, which means that underlying spatial information is lost
I don't claim to understand the thought processes that would drive someone to do this, but given the rarity and extremity of suicide, we can assume for every worker who goes ahead with suicide for work-related reasons, there are a hundred or a thousand who feel miserable but not quite suicidal.