For each wave, one of the miners is elected as the leader, and if the first round of thewave has a block produced by the leader, then it is the leader block.

We might view human social organization in general in this lens: social organization exists to maximize the extraction of energy from the environment to the group and individual (X), and the efficiency of the conversion of extracted energy into offspring (E). This is identical to the claim that social organization exists to maximize the fitness of the group (Wilson and Sober 1994) and/or the individuals which compose the group (Nowak et al. 2010), given an energetic definition of fitness.

Ricklefs and Wikelski 2002)]. In this context, Pianka (1970) argued that, “…natural selection will usually act to maximize the amounts of matter and energy gathered per unit time.” Brown et al. (1993) likewise offered an energetic definition in which fitness is “reproductive power, or the rate of conversion of energy into offspring.” This reproductive power was taken to be a function of both the rate of assimilation of energy from the environment and the rate of conversion of energy to offspring (but see (Kozlowski 1996)).

when you see that the rates of domestic abuse among police officers in the United States is higher than the general average in the public. So, you know, when you think about why that's happening, perhaps it's that the job is making them a bit more on edge or causing them to behave in certain ways. I think what's more likely is that people who are abusive 01:32:41 are disproportionately likely to seek out a job in which you can abuse people. Now, this is not to say that police officers are bad people, but it is to say that, for the slice of the population that is abusive, especially the people who like to wield power and carry a gun and terrorize people, for them, as one of the police officers in London told me who's in charge of recruitment for the Metropolitan Police, she said to me, "Look, if you're an abusive bigot, 01:33:06 policing is an attractive career choice. It doesn't mean that police officers are generally abusive bigots. It means that for that slice of the population, they like the idea of being able to professionally abuse people."

Doraville, Georgia.

we have all sorts of stupid biases when it comes to leadership selection.

when we think about self-selection bias and survivorship bias in tandem, we have a really important understanding of how power actually operates

The same is true for power. People who are power-hungry, people who are psychopaths tend to self-select into positions of power more than the rest of us. And as a result, we have this skew, this bias in positions of power where certain types of people, often the wrong kinds of people, 00:14:51 are more likely to put themselves forward to rule over the rest of us

self-selection effect

Parler ainsi de transformation du bois de noyer noir nous a amenés à la troisième plénière qui se penchait sur laproblématique du choix des plants nucifères qui présenteront un potentiel commercial intéressant autant par lesproduits dérivés (le bois, le brou, l’écale) que par les quantités de fruits produites et leur qualité. Cette plénière étaitanimée par M.Alain Rémillard, un des principaux fondateurs du Club, et son trésorier actuel.Des dizaines de variétés de noyers noirs ont été mises au point aux États-Unis durant le vingtième siècle et chacuneprésente des caractéristiques intéressantes en fonction du type de production recherchée : il y a des variétés de noyersnoirs qui font du meilleur bois, des variétés dont l’écale est plus ou moins épaisse, le brou plus ou moins abondant, lefruit plus ou moins charnu... Et il y a eu aussi de nombreux développements de variétés pour les autres arbres à noixnordiques, sans parler des nouvelles espèces hybrides qui ont été mises au point par des croisements inter-espèces :noyers cendrés hybrides, noyers en cœur, hicaniers, bitcaniers, châtaigniers d’Amérique résistants à la brûlure etproduisant de plus gros fruits que les spécimens indigènes, etc.Pour en arriver à produire suffisamment d’arbres à noix qui conviennent au climat québécois, certaines lacunesdevront être comblées. Il faudrait d’abord s’assurer de la rusticité des variétés qui nous apparaissent les plusintéressantes en fonction des différents objectifs que nous nous fixons (culture du bois, des fruits).

un projet de recherche visant àidentifier des individus résistants au chancre a débuté à l’été 2010. Dans 6 différentes localités du Québec où lamaladie fut identifiée et évaluée au préalable, 142 noyers cendrés potentiellement résistants ont été répertoriésen se basant sur les critères de rétention d’Ostry et collaborateurs (1996) et suivant l’adaptation de DesRochers(2010). Au courant de l’hiver 2011, des boutures ont été prélevées sur 75 de ces individus afin de les multiplier,pour ensuite les soumettre à un criblage permettant d’évaluer la résistance au chancre. Parallèlement à ceprojet, des noyers cendrés ont été dégagés, sur un site de Saint-Bruno et un autre à Saint-Augustin, selon deuxtraitements expérimentaux différents afin d’évaluer la réaction des arbres à la maladie suite à une mise enlumière des cimes.

Le projet consiste à expérimenter l’implantation et la culture d’une variété prometteuse d’arbre à noix, le noyerdes Carpates (Juglans regia), principalement dans la région du Centre-du-Québec. Le RAC souhaite introduirecette variété d’arbre dans la région et en développer la culture jusqu’au stade de production commerciale.Mentionnons qu’en plus de la production de noix de qualité supérieure, le noyer des Carpates est aussi cultivépour la très grande qualité de sa matière ligneuse. La subvention accordée par Agriculture et AgroalimentaireCanada, en concordance avec le Programme Canadien d’Adaptation Agricole, permettra d’expérimenterspécifiquement différents types de greffe destinés à hâter la croissance de l’arbre ainsi que la production de sesfruits. Les activités se dérouleront jusqu’en décembre 2013 sur le site de Saint-Albert où les partenaires del’entente sont occupés à établir une pépinière spécialisée d’arbres à noix et de noisetiers

je préfère maintenant ceux qui produisent beaucoup de noix de moyenne taille et dont le brou estassez mince, ce qui n’est pas commun

Le nombre de variétés de noix de noyer noirobtenues par les Américains à force de croisements et d’expérimentations est très impressionnant... etles cerneaux de ces noix mises au point par ces passionnés sont beaucoup plus dodus! Nous pensons

En autre; des noix de noyer noir du cultivarSparks 127, variété prometteuse pour la minceur de sa coquille (ressemble à Emma Kay)

N’oublier pas que lesnoix séchées ne serviront plus àdes fins de semences d'arbres.

Pourquoi d’autres végétaux n‘ont-ils pas subiles même dommages (comme les noisetiers)? Toutest une question de teneur en eau contenue dans lesnouvelles tiges récemment en croissance

Chêne bicolor x robur (photo 2): un spécimen àcroissance lente de 25 ans produit une quantitéabondante de glands de gros calibre à chaqueannée, attaché par un très long pédoncule(héritage de mes 2 chênes à longs pédoncules).Ce chêne est plus rustique que le Q. robur et sespetites feuilles sont lustrées et très ornementales

Le chêne Schuettei Q. bicolor x Q. macrocarpa :j’ai 5 spécimens de ce genre d’hybride qu’il estpossible de trouver à l’état indigène au Québec.Certains ressemblent plus à un de leur parentqu’à l’autre et un en particulier est plusornemental par ses feuilles longues très foncées.Les formes des glands et des pédoncules sontassez intermédiaires entre les deux espèces.

Le chêne ellipsoïdal, Q. ellipsoidalis (photo 5): cechêne méconnu mérite une place dans nosjardins, parcs, etc., car il est parfaitementrustique (zone 4a connue). En anglais, il porte lenom de Northern Pin Oak

Le chêne Saulii, Q. alba x Q. prinus, (photo 4) : leplus impressionnant de tous mes chênes avec delongues feuilles découpées et produisant à tousles ans de gros glands. Son colori est à tendancerougeâtre à l’automne. De croissance moyenne,sans plus. Ce chêne provient d’une semence ducultivar Q. x Saulii de Rochester NY .

Chêne robur x macrocarpa (photo 3): 3 spécimensâgés de 20-25 ans dont l’un produit une grandequantité de glands

A decision takes place when the encoding of a cognitive selection triggers, upondecoding, an occurrence of a difference that is, a state change within the system [11 ].

The new lines you mention really are present in the text content of the element. HTML tags are not being replaced by new lines, they just get omitted entirely. If you look at the textContent property of the <p> element you selected in the browser console, and you'll see the same new lines. Also if you select the text and run window.getSelection().getRangeAt(0).toString() in the browser console you'll see the same new lines. In summary, this is working as it is currently expected to. What I think may have been surprising here is that the captured text is not the same as what would be copied to the clipboard. When copying to the clipboard, new lines in the source get replaced with spaces, and <br> tags get converted to new lines. Browser specifications distinguish the original text content of HTML "in the source" as returned by element.textContent from the text content "as rendered" returned by element.innerText. Hypothesis has always captured quotes from and searched for quotes in the "source" text content rather than the "rendered" text. This behavior causes issues with line breaks as well. It might make sense for us to look at capturing the rendered text (as copied to the clipboard) rather than the source text in future. We'd need to be careful to handle all the places where this distinction comes up, and also make sure that all existing annotations anchor properly. Also we should talk to other parties interested in the Web Annotations specifications to discuss how this impacts interoperability.

StopTheMadness is a web browser extension that stops web sites from making your browser harder to use

"The good news is that you can wrest control of your browser back from these malicious, control-freak sites."

are thus differentially perpetuated through the success of a human-microbial holobiont, interacting with its environme

Multilevel selection theory applies to these reproducers,

Self-Managing over Self-Organizing

This idea that plants become desirable or aversive depending on their digestive consequences is simple. But, how do grazing animals figure out exactly which plants made them fee l good or ill? One way herbivores apparently accomplish this task is by regarding unfamiliar plants with caution. Animals associate positive or negative effects of nutrients or toxins with novel foods when offered meals that contain novel and familiar foods. When foraging bouts include several novel plants, plants that dominate the diet are probably 'weighted' more than less-consumed plants, even if the minor foods were primarily responsible for the positive or negative feedback. Furthermore, digestive feedback begins within 10 to 15 minutes of consumption which could help animals attribute digestive benefits or liabilities to specific plants. Finally, livestock grazing on rangelands usually become familiar with the forage resource and may seldom encounter truly novel plants. This allows greater opportunity to 'sort out' feedback from individual or similar groups of plants

When a grazing animal smells and tastes a plant, the flavor is either pleasing or distasteful depending on the animal's previous grazing experiences. When a plant is eaten, it provides feedback during digestion. If consumption of a plant improves the nutrient or energy status of the animal, the plant flavor becomes more desirable or pleasing. If eating of the plant yields illness, the flavor becomes aversive and distasteful (Fig. 2). These flavor-consequence relationships form the basis for dietary likes and dislikes, and the animal then seeks highly palatable foods and avoids aversive foods. The resulting behavior patterns generally lead to increased consump- tion of nutritious foods and limited consumption of toxic or low quality plants.

Limitations: When there are multiple distinct ranges of cells selected, most commands will only be executed against the first range or the focused range. We will continue improving this experience in upcoming releases.

looking up topics that we were interested in.

And – And I seen how – I saw how many, um, scholarly journals or how many sources came up for it, right? Um, number of sources. Right. And then, if I – if I felt like it wasn’t enough for me to thoroughly talk about the topic, I would move on. Right? So, when I did segregation, there – like, I guess, like, my specific topic was modern-day, so there wasn’t really much about it. Right? So, not much info. Right? And then, when I did gentrification, there were a lot, right?

she wanted us to create a research paper about – well, about anything basically. Um, she gave us a bunch of ideas. She ac – like, she gave us, like, um, ideas like – hmm, like organic foods, GMOs, and just, like, you know, just problems in our society. But then, I chose, um, gentrification, so that’s what that’s about.

auxotrophic for specific amino acids

Which makes them exactly the kind of programmers companies should want to hire. Hence what, for lack of a better name, I'll call the Python paradox: if a company chooses to write its software in a comparatively esoteric language, they'll be able to hire better programmers, because they'll attract only those who cared enough to learn it. And for programmers the paradox is even more pronounced: the language to learn, if you want to get a good job, is a language that people don't learn merely to get a job.

this means that you are more likely to be struck by lightning in your lifetime than a Muslim is likely to commit a terrorist attack during that same timespan

American Muslims have killed less than 0.0002 percent of those murdered in the USA during this period

In fact in 2013, it was actually more likely Americans would be killed by a toddler than a terrorist

How many people did toddlers kill in 2013? Five, all by accidentally shooting a gun

you actually have a better chance of being killed by a refrigerator falling on you

QUICKSELECTADAPTIVEbased

Man cannot hope fully to duplicate this mental process artificially, but he certainly ought to be able to learn from it. In minor ways he may even improve, for his records have relative permanency. The first idea, however, to be drawn from the analogy concerns selection. Selection by association, rather than indexing, may yet be mechanized. One cannot hope thus to equal the speed and flexibility with which the mind follows an associative trail, but it should be possible to beat the mind decisively in regard to the permanence and clarity of the items resurrected from storage.

What one-sided preferences, first for this, then for that property of a thing!

It is only by means of forgetfulness that man can ever reach the point of fancying himself to possess a "truth" of the grade just indicated.

What men avoid by excluding the liar is not so much being defrauded as it is being harmed by means of fraud. Thus, even at this stage, what they hate is basically not deception itself, but rather the unpleasant, hated consequences of certain sorts of deception.

In consequence, many students, when they have selected certain words or acquired a certain rhythm of composition from any orator's speeches, think that what they have read is admirably represented in their own sentences. Words come into use or fall into disuse according to the fashion of the day, as the most certain rule for their use is found in custom. They are not in their own nature either good or bad (for in themselves they are only sounds), but just as they are suitably and properly applied or otherwise. When our composition is best adapted to our subject, it becomes most pleasing from its variety.

For nature has not condemned us to stupidity, but we ourselves have changed our mode of speaking and have indulged our fancies more than we ought; and thus the ancients did not excel us so much in genius as in severity of manner. It will be possible, therefore, to select from the moderns many qualities for imitation, but care must be taken that they be not contaminated with other qualities with which they are mixed. Yet that there have been recently, and are now, many writers whom we may imitate entirely, I would not only allow (for why should I not?) but even affirm. 26. But who they are it is not for everybody to decide. We may even err with greater safety in regard to the ancients, and I would therefore defer the reading of the moderns, that imitation may not go before judgment.

This instruction he will give with the best effect, if he select particular passages from plays, such as are most adapted for this object, that is, such as most resemble pleadings. 13. The repetition of these passages will not only be most beneficial to pronunciation, but also highly efficient in fostering eloquence.