Real world results.

00 houseswith 1000 episodes each, and 10k houses with 10 episodeseach.

Effect of context window

Comparing different image encoders

Swapping transformer encoder and decoder with alternative architectures.

Training on single tasks, IL outperforms RL even with meticulous reward shaping.

our IL-trained SPOC dramatically outperforms thepopular RL-trained EmbCLIP architecture

SPOC withground truth detection (provided by the simulator) shows15% absolute average success rate gain across all taskson CHORES-S and an even larger 24.5% absolute gain onCHORES-L where the detection problem is harder due tothe larger object vocabulary.

Whentrained jointly on four tasks – Object-Goal Navigation(OBJNAV), Room Visitation (ROOMVISIT), PickUp Object(PICKUP), and Fetch Object (FETCH) – SPOC achieves animpressive average success rate of 49.9% in unseen sim-ulation environments at test time.

success rate of 85% for OBJNAV.

If warming reaches or exceeds 2 °C this century, mainly richer humans will be responsible for killing roughly 1 billion mainly poorer humans through anthropogenic global warming, which is comparable with involuntary or negligent manslaughter.

It sounds like the OP's needs have been met, but for future explorers, here's some tools to tell if something is clickable.

Not what you asked, but as this question is linked to from a few places I hope someone finds this answer useful.

Indeed, the Jose-phinian card index owes its continued use to the failure to achieve a bound

The Business Strategy stems from a detailed strategic planning process. However, the question we want to answer in this article is whether we can execute multiple strategies side by side while they do not interfere with each other. We compare multiple strategies for business, information provision and IT and focus on Strategic planning.

The possibility of arbitrary internal branching.

The fixed filing place needs no system. It is sufficient that we give every slip a number which is easily seen (in or case on the left of the first line) and that we never change this number and thus the fixed place of the slip. This decision about structure is that reduction of the complexity of possible arrangements, which makes possible the creation of high complexity in the card file and thus makes possible its ability to communicate in the first place.

Tip for those who run into the same error message and find this bug report by Google: Your cause for this error message might be a different cause entirely. To find your cause, set a breakpoint, and look at the call stack.

that's why I bolded "same column" with the or query. I can delete the comment altogether, but thought it would be helpful for people perusing "or" query SO questions.

The plain, unstyled emails resulted in more opens, clicks, replies, and conversions, every time.

Genetic analysis confirmed the clonal origin of the SCNTmonkey offspring

The slightly more dangerous scenario where the market has a winner-take-all effect, where one firm or organization ends up controlling over 70% of the market.

Make your functions return something meaningful, typed, and safe!

Using a terminus to indicate a certain outcome - in turn - allows for much stronger interfaces across nested activities and less guessing! For example, in the new endpoint gem, the not_found terminus is then wired to a special “404 track” that handles the case of “model not found”. The beautiful thing here is: there is no guessing by inspecting ctx[:model] or the like - the not_found end has only one meaning!

A major improvement here is the ability to maintain more than two explicit termini. In 2.0, you had the success and the failure termini (or “ends” as we used to call them). Now, additional ends such as not_found can be leveraged to communicate a non-binary outcome of your activity or operation.

It’s so simple that I sometimes wonder why it took years to develop it!

Bacteria will then begin to exhibit phenotypic and genotypic plurality: the former allows bacteria to adapt to different growth conditions such as nutrient availability, pH, and oxidizing potential within the biofilm, while the latter allows for virulence and bacterial resistance to drugs.

That outcome, in fact, is why the General Data Protection Regulation has been introduced. GDPR is being billed by the EU as the biggest shake-up of data privacy regulations since the birth of the web, saying it sets new standards in the wake of the recent Facebook data harvesting scandal.

mpulsive agresive behavior may have a different neurophysiological corelates and therefore from the clinical and forensic point of view represent a totally different category from non-impulsive aggressive behavior.

significantly higher occurrence of specific and non-specific EEG changes in offenders of violent criminal activity evaluated as impulsive, non-deliberate, affectively motivated and affectively aggressive

neither specific nor non specific EEG findings as predictors of criminal behavior in general

significant EEG abnormalities only in the group of impulsive criminals

mpulsive aggressive offenders shows the most significant difference in EEG abnormalities in comparison to healthy control

the most significant difference is found in total count of EEG abnormalities and alpha abnormalities.

Different statistical significance in delta or theta abnormality was not found even between groups of impulsive criminals and control group

Total count of abnormalities was found as the most significant differentiating parameter among studied group

70% of subjects show an EEG abnormality and multiple abnormalities were found in 35%. Non-impulsive delinquents still show higher rate of EEG abnormalities incidence - 30% and multiple abnormalities in 5%. Other groups – thefts and control group show no significant EEG changes.

The actual frequency of violent behav-iour, however, seems relatively low

focal orbitofron-tal injury specifically impairs capacities forsocial judgment, risk avoidance, and empathythat inhibit inappropriate or reflexive aggres-sion

Retrospective data strongly support alink between the disinhibited type of frontalnetwork syndrome and aggressive dyscontrol

d poverty.4Studies of subjects with acquired frontal lobeinjury support the expected association ofincreased aggression with focal orbitofrontal,or ventromedial frontal injury

Subjects with both traumatic and neurodegen-erative disorders primarily involving the pre-frontal cortex display increased rates of aggres-sive and antisocial behaviour compared withsubjects who have no, or non-frontal braininjury. Studies employing neuropsychologicaltesting, neurological examination, EEG, andneuroimaging have also tended to find evi-dence for increased rates of prefrontal networkdysfunction among aggressive and antisocialsubjects. Prefrontal network dysfunction seemsto be most specifically associated with a recur-rent, impulsive subtype of aggression that maycontribute to some violent behaviour.

The reportedreductions in prefrontal size or activity may,therefore, represent a predisposition to aVec-tive states relevant to aggressive behaviour,without necessarily signifying an incapacity toavoid actual violent acts.

a strong associationbetween increased aggression and reducedprefrontal cortical size or activity

patients with personality disorders(chiefly antisocial, borderline, and narcissistic)showed decreased anterior medial and leftanterior orbitofrontal metabolism, which cor-related with increased scores on a self reportedaggression scale

patientswith aggressive dementia with the same degreeof cognitive and psychiatric impairments hadsignificant left anterior temporal and bilateralsuperior frontal hypoperfusion, but no signifi-cant diVerences in orbitofrontal regions

antisocial personality disordershowed significant diVerences on three meas-ures: more violent crimes, more psychopathic

alcoholic subjects with an antisocialpersonality disorder had significantly greaterfrontal hypoperfusion than other alcoholicsubjects

clinical signs offrontal lobe dysfunction are prevalent in popu-lations of persons prone to violent and antiso-cial behaviour

Persistently violent patients, however, hadsignificantly more frontal lobe impairmentthan transiently violent patients and theirbehaviour seemed less responsive to environ-mental factors.

abnormal frontal EEG activ-ity, as well as diminished frontal event relatedpotentials, correlating with antisocial personal-ity disorder or histories of aggression

In populations with prior risk of antisocialbehaviour or aggression, the presence ofexecutive function deficits may have value inassessing the future likelihood of aggression

A prospective study found that low scores onexecutive function tests significantly predictedself reported aggression in 10 to 12 year oldboys with paternal histories of substancemisuse

subjects with lesions limited to thefrontal lobes tended to show more aggressiveand violent behaviours compared with patientswith non-frontal head injury and controlswithout head injury.

cohorts of warveterans with head injury have also tended tofind an association between frontal lobe lesionsand aggressive or antisocial behaviou

Case reports have described a similarsyndrome of “acquired sociopathy” in personswho had ventromedial prefrontal injury inadulthood.14–

al-though the prevalence of actual violent crimeseems small

Thegroupsthatseemedtodothebestinourstudywereuniversitystudentsand the police recruits, all of whom were currently enrolled in a universitydiploma program

these findings not support the role of investigative experienceas the key to effective profiling

the chemistry students equaled or outperformed allpolice groups on all but the cognitive responses measure of accuracy.

performance was inversely related to experience

Homicide detectives answered significantly fewer questions correctlyabout social history and habits of the offender than did the police recruits

Our results provide physiological and behavioral evidence that sensitivity to pleasant touch emerges early in development and therefore plays an important role in regulating human social interactions.

The omnibus test statistic, Pillai’s Trace, indicated the presence of a significant group difference among the log lobe volumes (F = 2.886, df = 4,37; p = 0.040).

ID: 001
Value: log lobe vol
Variable: diagnosis
ModelID: Pillai's Trace
F: 2.886
DF: 4, 37
P: 0.040

Cerebellar white matter was significantly larger in the ALI group (28.2 cc) than in the SLI group (25.1 cc), F(3,38) = 3.0, p = 0.04, contrast t(38) = 2.96, p < 0.005.

ID: 002
Variable: cerebellar WM vol
Group: ALI
Cerebellar WM Vol: 28.2
Units: cc

ID: 003
Variable: cerebellar WM vol
Group: SLI
Cerebellar WM Vol: 25.1
Units: cc
ID: 004
Variable: cerebellar WM vol, diagnosis
Group: ALI, SLI
F: 3.0
DF: 3, 38
P: 0.04
ContrastDF: 38
ContrastT: 2.96
ContrastP: <0.005
*Break into test of all groups, then contrast is ALI SLI

Whole cerebellum and cerebellar cortex volumes did not differ among the four subject groups

ID: 001
Variable: whole cerebellum volume, cerebellar cortex volume, diagnosis
Interpretation: Whole cerebellum volume and cerebellar cortex volume did not vary across diagnostic groups NC, ALN, ALI, SLI

Cortical analyses vertexwise across the surface were performed with general linear models to investigate relations of birth weight to regional cortical area and thickness, controlling for variation in age, sex, household income, and GAF as well as scanner used. When a commonly used approach to correct for multiple comparisons was used [false discovery rate (FDR) < 5%], minute effects of birth weight were observed on cortical thickness. However, significant positive relationships between birth weight and area were observed across large parts of the cortical surface (Fig. 1). On the medial surface of the brain, effects were seen bilaterally in the rostral anterior cingulate, retrosplenial, paracentral, precuneus, superior frontal and medial orbitofrontal cortices, parahippocampal, and fusiform gyri. On the lateral brain surface, bilateral effects extended from parsorbitalis to cover parts of lateral orbitofrontal cortices, and there were also effects in the rostral middle frontal, inferior parietal, and superior and middle temporal cortices as well as in the pre- and postcentral gyri. A few somewhat more scattered unilateral effects were also seen. Medially, effects extended into the caudal anterior cingulate in the left but not right hemisphere, whereas superior and orbitofrontal effects were more pronounced in the right than left hemisphere. Lateral effects were also more pronounced in the left orbitofrontal cortex, but otherwise, lateral effects also seemed slightly more extensive in the right hemisphere, covering somewhat larger temporal and parietal areas. Because the use of FDR for correction for multiple comparisons may influence the detection of specific effect sites, the full range of effects uncorrected at P < 0.05 is also shown in Fig. S1. Uncorrected, effects were somewhat more extensive, but the general pattern described was similar. A scatter plot of the relationship between birth weight and anterior cingulate area (partial β = 0.19, P < 0.0001) is shown in Fig. 2A. It appears from the plot that the low birth weight cases were not disproportionately influencing the relationship and that the relationship between cortical area and birth weight was also monotonous. The relationship between birth weight and anterior cingulate area remained virtually identical when excluding the low birth weight (1,500–2,499 g) cases (partial β = 0.18, P < 0.0001).

There were no significant effects of birth weight on Flanker performance

ID: 019
Variable: incongruent condition Flanker performance, birth weight
Interpretation: no relationship found

Birth weight was positively related to total anterior cingulate area in this subsample (partial β = 0.14, P < 0.001, df = 20, 502).

ID: 018
Variable: birth weight, total anterior cingulate area
PartialBeta: 0.14
P: <0.001
DF: 20, 502

no relationship was observed in the congruent condition

ID: 017
Variable: incongruent condition Flanker performance, total anterior cingulate area
Interpretation: no relationship found

alid Flanker data were available for 522 participants, and we used reaction time in the incongruent condition, related to cognitive control, as the measure of interest. With GAF, MR site, sex, socioeconomic status, and age as covariates, better Flanker performance was significantly related to larger total anterior cingulate area [partial β = −0.092, P = 0.011, degrees of freedom (df) = 20, 502]. This effect was specific to cognitive control, because the relationship survived adding congruent reaction time as an additional covariate area (partial β = −0.064, P = 0.006, df = 21, 501);

ID: 015
Variable: Flanker performance, total anterior cingulate area
Model:
PartialBeta: -0.092
P: 0.011
DF: 20, 502

ID: 016
Variable: Flanker performance, total anterior cingulate area
Model: ? (includes congruent RT)
PartialBeta: -0.064
P: 0.006
DF: 21, 501

an effect of method of delivery on rostral anterior cingulate area, where larger area was observed with cesarean section (standardized β = 0.09, P = 0.018). This finding did not, however, attenuate the relationship with birth weight, for which the effect size remained virtually identical (standardized β = 0.185 vs. 0.193, both P values < 0.0001) when method of delivery was included or not included in the analysis, respectively.

ID: 010
Variable: rostral anterior cingulate area, birth method
Group: c section
ModelID: ?
StandardizedBeta: 0.09
P: 0.018

ID: 011
Variable: birth weight, birth method
Group: c section
ModelID: ?
StandardizesBeta: 0.193
P: <0.0001
ID: 012
Variable: birth weight, birth method
Group: vaginal birth
ModelID: ?
StandardizesBeta: 0.185
P: <0.0001
*Assumption made about which beta corresponds to which birth method

a unique relationship between birth weight and caudate volume remained (partial β = 0.11, P = 0.002)

ID: 009
Variable: birth weight, caudate vol
Model: ? (include TBV as regressor)
PartialBeta: 0.11
P: 0.002

These relationships also remained largely similar when excluding the low (1,500–2,499 g) birth weight cases (partial β for putamen: 0.09, P = 0.022; pallidum: 0.11, P = 0.004; caudate: 0.19, P < 0.001; TBV: 0.17, P < 0.001)

ID: 005
Variable: birth weight, putamen vol
Group: birth weight >2499g
PartialBeta: 0.09
P: 0.022
Interpretation: birth weight positively associated with putamen volume

ID: 006
Variable: birth weight, pallidum vol
Group: birth weight >2499g
PartialBeta: 0.11
P: 0.004
Interpretation: birth weight positively associated with pallidum volume
ID: 007
Variable: birth weight, caudate vol
Group: birth weight >2499g
PartialBeta: 0.19
P: <0.001
ID: 008
Variable: birth weight, TBV vol
Group: birth weight >2499g
PartialBeta: 0.17
P: <0.001
Interpretation: birth weight positively associated with TBV vol

Birth weight was uniquely and positively associated with each volume (partial β for putamen: 0.11, P = 0.006; pallidum: 0.12, P = 0.002; caudate: 0.20, P < 0.001; TBV: 0.16, P < 0.001)

ID: 001
Variable: birth weight, putamen vol
PartialBeta: 0.11
P: 0.006
Interpretation: birth weight positively associated with putamen volume

ID: 002
Variable: birth weight, pallidum vol
PartialBeta: 0.12
P: 0.002
Interpretation: birth weight positively associated with pallidum volume
ID: 003
Variable: birth weight, caudate vol
PartialBeta: 0.20
P: <0.001
ID: 004
Variable: birth weight, TBV vol
PartialBeta: 0.16
P: <0.001
Interpretation: birth weight positively associated with TBV vol

No associations were found between the lobes or individual PUs and the following clinical variables: antipsychotic dose in chlorpromazine equivalents, YMRS score, duration of illness, presence or absence of ADHD, and current mood state (manic, mixed, depressed, or euthymic)

ID: 015
Variable: lobe vol, antipsychotic dos in chlorpromazine equivalents, YMRS score, duration of illness, ADHD, current mood state
Interpretation: No associations were found between lobe volume and these clinical variables

ID: 016
Variable: PU vol, antipsychotic dos in chlorpromazine equivalents, YMRS score, duration of illness, ADHD, current mood state
Interpretation: No associations were found between PU volumes and these clinical variables

When we looked at the gyri in the BPD group, we found only that volumes of the left log POG were significantly and positively associated with scores on the GAF (B = 0.012; t = 2.22, p = 0.035).

ID: 014
Variable: left POG vol, GAF score
Group: BPD
B: 0.012
T: 2.22
P: 0.035
Interpretation: left POG vol positively associated with GAF score

The left log PL volumes in the BPD children decreased significantly in association with increasing numbers of psychoactive medications (B = −0.04; t = −2.138, p = 0.042) (when we examined the possible relationship between type of medication and change in PL volumes, we did not detect any significant or trend relationship between type of medication and PL volume).

ID: 012
Variable: left PL vol, quantity of medications
B: -0.04
T: -2.138
P: 0.042
Interpretation: left PL vol decreased with increased number of psychoactive medications

ID: 013
Variable: PL vol, type of medication
Interpretation: no relationship observed between PL vol and type of medication

Within the BPD group, those children with psychotic symptoms had smaller left log TL volumes (B = −0.092; t = −2.066, p = 0.048) than those without psychotic symptoms

ID: 011
Variable: left TL vol, diagnosis
Group: BPD_psych
B: -0.092
T: -2.066
P: 0.048

No significant group differences were found in the right or left FL

ID: 009
Variable: FL vol
Interpretation: no significant difference in FL vol observed

We did find significant group differences in the right MFG (B = −0.144; t = −2.289, p = 0.027

ID: 010
Variable: right MFG vol
Group: BPD
B: -0.144
T: -2.289
P: 0.027

The bipolar group had significantly smaller log left TL volumes compared with the control group (B = −0.050; t = −2.258, p = 0.029).

ID: 008
Variable: left TL vol
Group: BPD
B: -0.050
T: -2.258
P: 0.029

the BPD had significant reductions in the right and left POG (right: B = −0.116; t = −2.027, p = 0.049; left: B = −0.136; t = −2.592, p = 0.013).

ID: 006
Variable: right POG vol
Group: BPD
B: -0.116
T: -2.027
P: 0.049

ID: 007
Variable: left POG vol
Group: BPD
B: -0.136
T: -2.592
P: 0.013

Interestingly, both age and Verbal IQ for all children in this study (both BPD and HC combined) showed inverse relationships with PL volume, such that children with higher Verbal IQ scores were more likely to have smaller PL volumes, and older children were more likely to have smaller PL volumes.

ID: 004
Interpretation: Observed inverse relationship between age and PL volume

ID: 005
Interpretation: Observed inverse relationship between verbal IQ score and PL volume

The bipolar youth had significantly smaller log right and left PL volumes relative to the HC (right: B = −0.080, t = −2.154, p = 0.037; left: B = −0.102; t = −3.122, p = 0.003), after controlling for the significant effects of age, Verbal IQ, and log cerebral volume (see Table 4 for summary of regression models).

ID: 002
Variable: right PL vol
Group: BPD
B: -0.080
T: -2.154
P: 0.037
Interpretation: BPD youth had smaller right PL volumes than HC

ID: 003
Variable: left PL vol
Group: BPD
B: -0.102
T: -3.122
P: 0.003
Interpretation: BPD youth had smaller left PL volumes than HC

When FA and ADC in forceps major were entered, FA was still significantly related to incongruent RT (β = −0.11, P < 0.01), whereas ADC ceased to be significant.

ID: 024
Variable: Incongruent RT
Covariate: FA of forceps major, ADC of forceps major
*how do we annotate that DTI parameters were included pairwise? does it matter that they were entered pairwise? we have a beta for each FA that varies by its DTI pairing

ID: 025
Variable: Incongruent RT
Covariate: FA
Beta: -0.11
P: <0.01
ID: 026
Variable: Incongruent RT
Covariate: ADC
P: insignificant

In contrast to the cortical results, where a linear reduction in strength of the relationship with age was seen, the relationship between ADC/FA and cognition was strongest around 6–10 and above 16 y, with correlations not significant in the middle part of the age range (Fig. 3)

The relationship between right anterior cingulate surface area and incongruent RT was plotted as a continuous function of age. The relationship was strongest for the youngest part of the sample, and it decreased linearly in strength with age

a positive significant effect on anterior cingulate surface area for boys (partial β = 0.18, P < 0.10−6) was found.

ID: 021
Variable: Anterior cingulate SA
Covariate: Sex
Group: male
Model:
PartialBeta: 0.18
P: <0.10^-6

Significant positive RT relationships with forceps major were seen for both ADC (β = 0.18, P < 0.014, corrected for the number of comparisons) and FA (β = −0.20, P < 0.0014, corrected).

ID: 022
Variable: RT, ADC of forceps major
ModelID: ?
Beta: 0.18
P: <0.014
Interpretation: Positive RT relatonship

ID: 023
Variable: RT, FA of forceps major
ModelID: ?
Beta: -0.20
P: <0.0014
Interpretation: Positive RT relationship

There were no effects of sex on RT

ID: 020
Variable: RT
Covariate: Sex
ModelID: ?
P: insignificant

Additional analyses showed relationships of marginally less strength in the left hemisphere (artial β = −0.24 vs. −0.02 in the young and older groups, respectively, with congruent RT as a covariate)

ID: 016
Variable: left caudal anterior cingulate SA
Covariate: congruent RT
Group: Young
ModelID: ?
ArtialBeta: -0.24

ID: 017
Variable: left caudal anterior cingulate SA
Covariate: congruent RT
Group: Old
ModelID: ?
ArtialBeta: -0.02

Partial β was −0.23 (P < 0.05) for the younger sample compared with −0.02 [not significant (n.s.)] for the older sample. With RT from the congruent condition included as an additional covariate, the corresponding partial β values for incongruent RT were −0.32 (P < 0.05) for the younger group and −0.01 (n.s.) for the older participants.

ID: 011
Variable: SA
Group: Young
ModelID: ?
PartialBeta: -0.23
P: <0.05

ID: 012
Variable: SA
Group: Old
ModelID: ?
PartialBeta: -0.01
P: insignificant
ID: 013
Variable: SA
Group: Incongruent_Young
ModelID: ?
PartialBeta: -0.32
P: <0.05
ID: 013
Variable: SA
Covariates:
Group: Incongruent_Old
ModelID: ?
PartialBeta: -0.01
P: Insignificant

A cluster of negative effects covering the entire right anterior cingulate was found for the young group (cluster size = 2,077 mm2, clusterwise P = 0.019, corrected)

ID: 007
Variable: RT, Cluster size
Group: Young
Cluster size: 2077
Units: mm^2
P: 0.019
Interpretation: Cluster of negative effects found in right anterior cingulate of young group

Mean incongruence effect (cognitive conflict) on RT was 14.8% and negatively related to age (Pearson r = −0.33, P < 10−19)

ID: 006
Variable: Incongruence effect on RT
Covariate: Age
Mean: 14.8%
ModelID: Pearson
CorrelationCoefficient: -0.33
P: <10^-19

both were negatively related to age (Spearman ρ, congruent RT = −0.53, P < 10−53; incongruent RT = −0.61, P < 10−76)

ID: 004
Group: Congruent
CorrelationCoefficient: -0.53
P: <10^-53
ModelID: Spearman

ID: 005
Group: Incongruent
CorrelationCoefficient: -0.61
P: <10^-76
ModelID: Spearman

Mean reaction time (RT) in the congruent condition was 789 ms (SD = 217) vs. 906 ms (SD = 293) in the incongruent condition (t = 20.83, P < 10−75)

ID: 001
Variable: RT
Groups: Congruent, Incongruent
ModelID: TTEST
T: 20.83
P: <10^-75

ID: 002
Variable: RT
Group: Congruent
MeanValue: 789
SD: 217
Units: ms
ID: 003
Variable: RT
Group: Incongruent
MeanValue: 906
SD: 293
Units: ms

Significant diagnostic differences were seen in the left and right cerebral volumes in interaction with sex (right: F3,93 = 2.9, P = .04; left: F3,93 = 3.1, P = .04).

n contrast to our initial hypothesis, the genetic deletion of HDAC6 did not reduce the weight loss or the deficits in cognitive abilities and nest-building behavior shown by R6/1 mice, and even worsened their social impairments, hypolocomotion in the Y-maze, and reduced ultrasonic vocalizations.