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learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com
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Collini turns to the OxfordEnglish Dictionary, which defines the humanitiesas ‘the branch of learning concerned with humanculture; the academic subjects collectively compris-ing this branch of learning, as history, literature,ancient and modern languages, law, philosophy, artand music’ (Collini 2021: 63
This part explains the definition of Humanities according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
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- Jun 2024
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www.reddit.com www.reddit.com
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I like the Penguins just fine, and have to confess to enjoying the look of their matte-blank ranks on a shelf when stood all together. I wish they were still priced at the same as a pack of cigarettes, but I guess Allen Lane couldn't have predicted the sorry state of our world. As far as alternatives go, the Oxford World's Classics imprint offers comparable breadth and (often) superior critical material. They're also willing to print interesting variants; one example of this may be found in their offering of both the widely-known 1831 single-volume edition and the original 1818 edition, which contains significant differences. Two other imprints for which to watch out: The Norton Critical Editions are distinctive in all their colourful, oversized splendour, but they offer some of the best value for money if you're seeking an edition of a classic work that also includes a host of useful supplemental documents, critical writings, timelines, and other things that may be of use to those seeking a wider context. This can admittedly get a bit ridiculous in its scope (though I wouldn't have it any other way; the Norton edition of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darknessis around 500 pages long, for instance, with maybe a fifth of that being accounted for by the novella itself. Similarly to the above, the Broadview editions (put out by a Canadian company of the same name) tend to have extremely in-depth supplementary materials. They're also known for offering just as serious and useful editions of comparatively obscure works as they are for well-known classics.
Publishers that are good in general, for older material: * Penguin Classics * Oxford World Classics * Norton Critical Editions * Broadview Editions
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Awesome! I will look into Oxford and the New York Review of Books lines. I have a couple Norton Critical books from school, (one of which is Heart of Darkness, as a matter of fact) and they are crazy good if you are looking for a wide slice of criticism and analysis (thus the critical edition moniker, I guess). For me though, it's really too much for a book you just want to read. I like informative introductions and frequent notes on the personal or literary context (these were great for Monte Cristo), but any more than that begins to weigh things down.
Some publishers can be too much for certain works (depending on the goal for reading)
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munk.org munk.org
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- May 2024
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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who is among 32 academics who signed a letter in Nature arguing against the SBTi announcement, s
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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Seit dem Pariser Abkommen finanzierten die 60 größten Banken 425 fossile Großprojekte - sogenannte carbon bombs mit einem zu erwartenden CO2-Ausstoß von jeweils über einer Gigatonne - mit insgesamt 1,8 Billionen Dollar. Der Standard-Artikel geht auf ein Projekt zurück, bei dem Daten des Carbon Bombs-Projekts, des Global Energy Monitor und von Banking on Climate Chaos ausgewertet und visualisiert werden. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000193065/billionenkredite-fuer-fossile-grossprojekte-wie-banken-die-klimakrise-mitfinanzieren
Bericht/Visualisierung: https://www.carbonbombs.org/
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- Bill Farren-Price
- Deutsche Bank
- BNP Paribas
- Abdulaziz bin Salman
- USA
- Unicredit
- fracking
- Net Zero Banking Alliance
- banks
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- Eni
- by: Philip Prayer
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- by: Alicia Prager
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- by: Anastasia Trenkler
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Annotators
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- Mar 2024
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www.derstandard.at www.derstandard.at
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Oxford Institute for Energy Studies
Hintergrundbericht zur Abhängigkeit Österreichs von russischem Gas mit Informationen über die take-or-pay-Verträge der OMV. Pro MWh zahlt Österreich 48 Euro- das liegt über den Preisen für nichtrussisches Gas. Nirgendwo in Europa haben sich die Gaspreise seit 2021 so erhöht wie in Österreich. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000188805/zu-beginn-der-heizsaison-2023-sieht-oesterreichs-energiebilanz-trist-aus
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- Feb 2024
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Local file Local file
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All thequotations have one thing in common – they hail from the Brisbane Courier-Mail.
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Those times are better captured in the ten volumes, 414,825entries, and 1,827,306 quotations that were finally published in 1928.
The first edition of the Oxford English dictionary was published in 1928 in 10 volumes containing 414,825 entries and 1,827,306 quotations.
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On 3 June 1912 Edward Peacock wrote inshaky handwriting to James Murray from his deathbed: ‘I have been so longill – more than a year and a half, and do not expect ever to recover, that Ihave made up my mind to discontinue The Oxford English Dictionary for thefuture.’ He added in a postscript, ‘I am upwards of eighty years of age.’ Bythen Peacock had been a volunteer for the Dictionary for fifty-four years,making him one of the longest-serving contributors. He had submitted24,806 slips and had given great service to Murray not only as a Reader butas a Subeditor and Specialist too.
One of the longest serving OED contributors, Edward Peacock wrote 24,806 slips over 54 years which comes to approximately 1.25 notes per day.
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reading John Almon’s Anecdotes of the Life of William Pitt (1792), andproduced 600 slips, alongside her social work, in 1879.
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An article on the Scriptorium by the classical scholar Basil LanneauGildersleeve, who was a Specialist and had visited Murray in 1880,
identify and get a copy of this
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A quarter of the Americans in the address books were like Gildersleeveand Ernst, Specialists. The rest were Readers. Proportionally, there were halfas many Specialists in America than in Britain, which makes sense because adictionary editor usually wrote to a Specialist for a quick response, whileworking on a particular word, and the delay of the post to America wouldhave proved too slow for Murray and his tight schedule.
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Arber also suggests to Murray in this letter that he should use atypewriter. ‘I am quite certain’, he wrote, ‘that the only way to keep down thecost of corrections is to type-write the copy’, suggesting a model called theIdeal Caligraph, no. 2 price £18. Murray did read The Snake Dance of theMoquis of Arizona but he did not buy a typewriter.
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The Dictionary’s coverage of the leading transcendentalist, HenryDavid Thoreau, is largely due to the monumental efforts of a single woman,Miss Alice Byington of Stockbridge, Massachusetts, who sent in 5,000 slipsfrom books that included several by Thoreau:
over how long a period?
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Surprisingly, the American author who is quoted most in the OED isnot Mark Twain or Emily Dickinson or Edgar Allan Poe, but rather EdwardH. Knight, a patent lawyer and expert in mechanics who wrote the AmericanMechanical Dictionary and The Practical Dictionary of Mechanics. Knight isthe seventy-fourth-most cited author in the Dictionary, quoted morefrequently than Percy Bysshe Shelley, George Eliot or Ralph Waldo Emerson(who comes in at 116, the next-most quoted American).
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The American who sent in the most slips was a clergyman in Ionia,Michigan, Job Pierson. A Presbyterian minister, book collector, and librarian,Pierson had the largest private library in Michigan (which included a bookpublished in the earliest days of printing, from Vienna in 1476). Over elevenyears, from 1879 to 1890, Pierson, who had studied at Williams College andattended Auburn Theological Seminary, sent in 43,055 slips from poetry,drama, and religion. His correspondence with Murray shows the breadth ofhis reading, from Chaucer (10,000 slips) to books on anatomy (5,000 slips),and lumbering (1,000 slips).
Job Pierson 43,055 slips over 11 years<br /> 10.7 notes per day
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In this context, Marsh invited members of the American public to helpcreate a radical new dictionary of all English which applied the scientificmethod, was collaborative in its making, and was based on written evidence.They were asked to collect current words and especially to read books fromthe eighteenth century – because literature from earlier centuries was harderto get in America at the time. Marsh ended his appeal with the warning thatAmericans would be paid nothing for their help.
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In 1858, the year after the idea of the Dictionary had been mooted by theLondon Philological Society, the New York Times informed American readersof a ‘fresh appeal to scholars, and lovers of learning and philological inquiry,for additions to their vocabulary’.
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Some Americans did write directly to Murray, and these – 196 ofthem – are the ones underlined in the address books. They represent 10 percent of all the Dictionary People with addresses and produced a total of238,080 slips that crossed the ocean before coming to rest on Murray’s deskin the Scriptorium.
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Stephen kept sending slips toMurray for twelve years, until 1891
What was his slip total to give a notes per day calculation?
(obviously not taking into account his other work...)
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Katharine also read her friend John Ruskin’s book The Eagle’s Nest(1872), lectures on the relationship between natural science and art, for theDictionary, writing out 1,000 slips.
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Robert Browning was a great favourite and also a greatfriend. Katharine sent in 500 slips from his Dramatic Idyls of 1879, and Amyproduced 300 slips from the same book.
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Dr Minor would read a text not for its meaning but for its words. It wasa novel approach to the task – the equivalent of cutting up a book word byword, and then placing each in an alphabetical list which helped the editorsquickly find quotations. Just as Google today ‘reads’ text as a series of wordsor symbols that are searchable and discoverable, so with Dr Minor. A manualundertaking of this kind was laborious – he was basically working as acomputer would work – but it probably resulted in a higher percentage of hisquotations making it to the Dictionary page than those of other contributors.
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Over thetwenty-three years that Minor had sent in slips to the Scriptorium, he mainlyread travellers’ tales and medical texts from the sixteenth and seventeenthcenturies. It was the travellers’ tales that interested me because they broughtthousands of words from indigenous languages around the world into theEnglish language.
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Ranking below Thomas Austin, who sent in 165,061 slips, and WilliamDouglas, who sent in 151,982, there is a big drop to the third-highestcontributor Dr Thomas Nadauld Brushfield, who sent in 70,277 slips.
repetition here from before to introduce mental health...
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The Indian languages Specialist, Edward Brandreth, had D, D4, and D5beside his name in the address books and spent tireless hours in the BritishMuseum searching for fillers. Murray sent this retired member of the IndianCivil Service a total of 35 lists of desiderata, and Brandreth sent himthousands of quotations in return.
thousands of slips...
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Alexander Beazeley, an engineer who specialized in lighthouses andsent in a total of 38,233 slips, many of which were desiderata and did notrelate to lighthouses.
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theRevd William Lees, a vicar outside Reigate who sent in a total of 18,500slips;
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Volunteers like Taylor who could fill gaps in quotations and search outdesiderata were invaluable to Murray. They were marked in the addressbooks by numbered D’s when desiderata lists had been sent to them, and by asmall Star of David sign when a third list had been sent.
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Murray responded a week later, giving instructions on how to read.This was towards the very end of his life and his instructions to Miss Taylorgive rare insight into Murray’s reading tips, especially instructions for readingfor desiderata, in this case words beginning with S, T, and U–Z: ‘I shouldsuggest looking it through and marking with a pencil dot such words as arementioned in the enclosed note, and any others that strike you as noteworthy,and then go through it copying out from the marked ones those immediatelywanted for the letters at which we are working the better parts of S & T, andsending these as soon as ready; then proceed to those in U to Z, and finallythe earlier words for our Supplement. I hope you will not find it too tedious;and I should be sorry if it were allowed to interfere with other calls.’
James Murray's instructions to Miss E. Hilda Taylor in 1914 for how to read for excerpting of useful words for the Oxford English Dictionary.
Compare this with his original instructions from circa 1879.
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The random selection of words by volunteers often resulted in themchoosing the same words with similar dates, and produced gaps in thequotation paragraphs, which Murray and his assistants had to fill by their ownmanual searching. This must have been like trying to find a needle in ahaystack. It was remarkable how successful Murray’s small team was at fillingthose gaps and finding earliest or latest quotations. Murray told thePhilological Society that this manual trawling for words had to be done forthe majority of words: ‘For more than five-sixths of the words we have tosearch out and find additional quotations in order to complete their historyand illustrate the senses; for every word we have to make a general search todiscover whether any earlier or later quotations, or quotations in other senses,exist.’
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two small flaws in the Dictionary’s compilation process
It is incredibly difficult to plan in advance what to collect for any zettelkasten, even when its scope is tightly defined, like it would have been for the Oxford English Dictionary.
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And yet he desperately needed the help of Subeditors because the task wastoo massive to do alone. Two years into the job, Murray had estimated thathe had sent out 817,625 blank slips to Readers. If they returned them withquotations, and if he spent a minimum of 30 seconds reading each one andallocating it to the correct sense of an entry, it would take him three workingyears to get through a third of the materials gathered.
By the second year into his editing work on the OED, John Murray estimated that he had sent out 817,625 slips to readers.
At the average price of $0.025 for bulk index cards in 2023, this would have cost $20,440, so one must wonder at the cost of having done it. How much would this have been in March 1879 when Murray tool over editorship?
How many went out in total? Who cut them all? Surely mass manufacture didn't exist at the time for them?
Sending them out would have helped to ensure a reasonable facsimile of having cards of equal size coming back.
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Murray received a poignant letter in 1906 fromthe wife of William Sykes of South Devon who had been a one-timeassistant, and faithful Reader and Specialist for twenty-two years, sending in atotal of 16,048 slips: ‘My dear husband died last Friday, the day he receivedyour letter, he was able to read it, and wrote your name in one of the books Iam going to send you eight hours before he died. It took him an hour to writeit, but he made up his mind to do it, and did. The last words he ever wrotewere to you.’ A poignant last line from the impoverished widow reads, ‘I shallsend the books when the probate duty has been paid.’
William Sykes 16,048 slips over 22 years<br /> (approximately 2 notes per day)
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From the moment in March 1879 whenMurray signed the contract with Oxford University Press to be the next Editorof the Dictionary, and he took possession of 2 tons of slips at his house, hisfamily was immediately part of the project (whether they liked it or not)sorting out the slips. Their house was a workplace and the family aworkforce.
Perhaps one of the first sources of counting slips in weight rather than number!
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Helwich was the fifth-highest contributor
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The most prolific Reader in Europe – we might call him a ‘super-contributor’ – was Hartwig Helwich, a professor at the University of Viennawho wrote out the entire Cursor Mundi onto 46,599 slips. His efforts madethe medieval poem the second-most-frequently cited work in the Dictionaryafter the Bible (though in the current OED, it has dropped to eleventh in thetop sources).
This practice of writing out everything onto slips sounds like that used later (double check the timing) by the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae in creating their slip corpus for later work.
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We think of the OED as a radical dictionary because of its size, itsscholarship, and its methods, and it was radical for English. But if youcompare it with other languages, there was nothing about its creation in themid-nineteenth century that had not been done before in Europe. English wasrelatively late to the table. The English editors were able to pick and choosethe best methods from different European dictionaries. The OEDimplemented European lexicographic practices, and advanced upon them, tocreate something truly revolutionary, something that would in fact end upbeing the envy of Europe.
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By the time the OED project commenced, Europe already had majordictionaries under way or completed in German, French, Italian, Russian, andDutch, all of which were taking advantage of the new methodologies ofContinental philology. In Germany, the Brothers Grimm had begun theDeutsches Wörterbuch in 1838. In France, Émile Littré had begun theDictionnaire de la langue française in 1841 (a dictionary of post-1600French). In the Netherlands, Matthias de Vries had begun Woordenboek derNederlandsche Taal in 1852 (a dictionary of post-medieval Dutch).
Oxford English Dictionary (1857 - )
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showing the hundreds of volunteers who corresponded with the brothers; theeditors’ lists of words and statistical counts of entries; the tracing ofetymology using the new scientific philological methods of the day; thegathering of citations from historical, published sources. I had worked in theOED archives for years and the contents of the Grimmwelt Museum lookedidentical.
They looked exactly like the slips sent into the OED by the Dictionary People. There was a world map
Lexicographer Sarah Ogilvie, a previous editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, said she "had worked in the OED archives for years and the contents of the Grimmwelt Museum looked identical" to them. She indicated that the similarity of the dictionary projects extended to the hundreds of volunteers, lists of words, counts of entries, etymology work, citations from published sources, and general philological methods used by the editors of the era.
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absolutely drew the line with a word which he considered so obscene it had tobe sent to Murray in a small envelope marked PRIVATE, sealed within alarger envelope. Inside the intriguing packaging was a message advising himnot to include the word condom. ‘I am writing on a very obscene subject.There is an article called Cundum ... a contrivance used by fornicators, tosave themselves from a well-deserved clap; also by others who wish to enjoycopulation without the possibility of impregnation’, he wrote to Murray.‘Everything obscene comes from France, and I had supposed this affair wasnamed after the city of Condom, which gives title to a Bishop.’ But he hadfound a quotation from 1705 referring to a ‘Quondam’ which made himrethink his assumption that it was named after the town in France. ‘I supposeCundom or Quondam will be too utterly obscene for the Dictionary’, heconcluded. Murray left it out.
Each of Murray’s advisers had different notions of what was offensively salacious. His adviser on medical terms, James Dixon, who was a retired surgeon living in Dorking, Surrey, had been all right with including cunt, but
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By the time that section of the letter C was published for the OxfordEnglish Dictionary the only cunt that was listed by Murray was cunt-, a cross-reference to the prefixes cont-, count- with no mention whatsoever of thefemale body part. Fuck was also left out. Although these old words had beenin use since the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries respectively, they wouldhave to wait until the 1970s to be included in the OED. Murray did, however,include pudendum, a word derived from Latin for ‘that of which one ought tobe ashamed’, which he defined as ‘the privy parts, the external genital organs’with no reference to a woman or – God forbid – her vulva.
1970s!
the shame attached to pudendum has lasted culturally for a terrifically long time in the West.
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He had helped Murray with the very firstentry in the Dictionary – A: not only the sound A, ‘the low-back-wide vowelformed with the widest opening of the jaws, pharynx, and lips’, but also themusical sense of A, ‘the 6th note of the diatonic scale of C major’, and finallythe algebraic sense of A, ‘as in a, b, c, early letters of the alphabet used toexpress known quantities, as x, y, z are to express the unknown’. Ellis washappy to see these and other results of his work on the printed page, includingthe words air, alert, algebra.
He here is A. J. Ellis
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the outright winner was a mysterious character called Thomas Austin Jnr whosent Dr Murray an incredible total of 165,061 over the span of a decade.Second place goes to William Douglas of Primrose Hill who sent in 151,982slips over twenty-two years; third place to Dr Thomas Nadauld Brushfield ofDevon, with 70,277 over twenty-eight years; with Dr William Chester Minorof Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum coming in fourth place with 62,720slips.
Top slip contributors to OED: 1. Thomas Austin Jnr. 165,061 slips over 10 years (45.22 notes per day) 2. William Douglas 151,982 over 22 years (18.92 notes per day) 3. Thomas Nadauld Brushfield 70,277 over 28 years (1.98 notes per day) 4. William Chester Minor 62,720 slips over 23 years (to 1906) (7.5 notes per day)
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tensof thousands of books
Tens of thousands of books were used to draw the quotations used in the OED.
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He devised a systemof storage for all the slips in shelves of pigeonholes that lined the walls of theScriptorium.
The scriptorium for the OED relied on shelves of pigeonholes into which the slips could be sorted and stored.
There are photos of Murray with these pigeonholes stuffed behind him. Dig one of these up.
This pigeonhole practice is in marked difference to other projects like the TLL which relied on boxes on shelves.
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urray’s house at 78 Banbury Road to receive post (it is still there today).This is now one of the most gentrified areas of Oxford, full of large three-storey, redbrick, Victorian houses, but the houses were brand new whenMurray lived there and considered quite far out of town.
Considered outside of Oxford at the time, Dr. Murray fashioned the Scriptorium at his house at 78 Banbury Road. Murray received so much mail that the Royal Mail installed a red pillar box just to handle the volume.
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Readers received a list of twelve instructions on how to select a word,which included, ‘Give the date of your book (if you can), author, title (short).Give an exact reference, such as seems to you to be the best to enable anyoneto verify your quotations. Make a quotation for every word that strikes you asrare, obsolete, old-fashioned, new, peculiar, or used in a peculiar way.’
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A 4 x 6-inch ‘slip’ sent in by one of the most prolific femalecontributors, Edith Thompson of Bath, who sent in 13,259slips. The underlinings and markings were made by Dr Murray.
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In addition tobeing Readers, volunteers could help as Subeditors who received bundles ofslips for pre-sorting (chronologically and into senses of meaning
The slips for the OED were sorted alphabetically and then grouped chronologically and by sense of meanings of the words.
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The volunteer ‘Readers’ were instructed to write out the words andsentences on small 4 x 6-inch pieces of paper, known as ‘slips’.
Volunteer 'Readers' for the Oxford English Dictionary were encouraged to write down interesting headwords along with their appearances in-situ along with the associated bibliographical information. The recommended paper size was 4 x 6-inch pieces of paper which were commonly called 'slips'.
(Double check this against the historical requests from James Murray.)
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Ogilvie, Sarah. The Dictionary People: The Unsung Heroes Who Created the Oxford English Dictionary. 1st ed. New York: Knopf, 2023. https://amzn.to/3Un0sv9.
Read from 2023-12-04 to 2024-02-01
Annotation URL: urn:x-pdf:c95483c701c7fc677e89f2c44f98a30b
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Annotators
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pressbooks.online.ucf.edu pressbooks.online.ucf.edu
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ou wicked women, cease from juggling lies. You want your men. But what of them as well? They toss as sleepless in the lonely night, I’m sure of it. Hold out awhile, hold out, But persevere a teeny-weeny longer. An oracle has promised Victory
By refusing sexual connection, Lysistrata directs an unconventional attempt among women to put a stop to the Peloponnesian War. Lysistrata threatens gender norms by making us wonder who actually holds the power and what happens when the conventional is no longer seen as such. Consider the possible disruption of existing power systems and the social consequences of her scheme in a time period such as this where men obtained what seems as totalitarian power in comparison to woman.
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findingaids.lib.umich.edu findingaids.lib.umich.edu
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https://pages.oup.com/ol/cus/1646173949115570121/submit-words-and-evidence-to-the-oed
The modern day digital version of an OED contribution slip includes database fields for the following:
- Submission type (new word or sense of a word; information about origin/etymology; other)
- the word or phrase itself
- the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, other)
- pronunciation (recording, IPA, rhyming words, etc.)
- the definition or sense number as defined in the OED
- quotation evidence with full text, and bibliographical references/links)
- additional notes
Only the first two fields are mandatory.
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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Image of slips used for gorilla in the first edition of the OED.
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www.oed.com www.oed.com
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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User input in OED entries https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UD7grPoShzA
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- Nov 2023
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Vielle Aufforstungsprojkete, vor allem in den Tropen, schaden der Artenvielfalt und führen zu empfindlichen Monokulturen. Eine Studie untersucht die Funktioen tropischer Walt-Ökosysteme über die CO<sub>2</sub>-Speicherung hinaus. https://taz.de/Studie-ueber-Aufforstung/!5966549/
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- Oct 2023
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www.lrb.co.uk www.lrb.co.uk
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Murray edited the OED from his grandly named ‘Scriptorium’, which was in fact a large corrugated iron shed, built first in the grounds of Mill Hill School, where he taught, and then in his garden at 78 Banbury Road.
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Hay, Daisy. Review of Rare, Obsolete, New, Peculiar, by Sarah Ogilvie. London Review of Books, October 19, 2023. https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n20/daisy-hay/rare-obsolete-new-peculiar.
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The numbers are giddying – millions of slips in the Scriptorium, thousands of contributors,
are there specific numbers?
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Dixon’s standards were variable: he was happy for Murray to include ‘cunt’ but drew the line at ‘cundum ... a contrivance used by fornicators, to save themselves from a well-deserved clap; also by others who wish to enjoy copulation without the possibility of impregnation’.
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To the outside world Mary Pringle was the model of a Victorian wife and mother, but every morning, after she had waved her husband off to work at the War Office, she went into her garden to measure the night’s rainfall via an eclectic range of homemade gauges. She then returned indoors to collect quotations for the dictionary from 17th-century biblical commentaries. (She appears in a chapter called ‘R for Rain Collectors’.) Her enthusiasms, recorded in Murray’s address book, provide a glimpse of the way clever Victorian women, barred from the worlds of education and work, sought alternative expressions of endeavour and community in work for the OED. Pringle’s story also reveals, in the sudden silence of its ending, other forms of female experience. In 1884 her son died, and overnight she stopped collecting both rain and words, fading back into history.
loss of the quotidien as the result of grief
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The famous OED slips – 4 x 6 inch pieces of paper, some pre-filled with title and publication details – were to be completed by readers, whose task was to write down instances and examples of words in need of definition.
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Gilliver suggests that the dictionary with the strongest claim to have influenced the OED is not Johnson’s but the fourth edition of Franz Passow’s Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache, published in 1831.
Presumably compiled by zettelkasten as well?
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This is great and yes it makes perfect sense, thank you!The comment on reading is super helpful. As I've mentioned on here before I've come ti PhD straight from industry, so learning these skills from scratch. Reading especially is still tricky for me after a year, and I tend to read too deeply, and try to read whole texts, and then over annotate.It's good to be reminded that this isn't how academic reading works.
reply to Admirable_Discount75 at https://www.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/17beucn/comment/k5nzic6/?utm_source=reddit&utm_medium=web2x&context=3
If you've not come across it before you'll likely find Adler & Van Doren (1972) for reading a useful place to start, especially their idea of syntopical reading. Umberto Eco (2015) is also a good supplement to a lot of the internet-based and Ahrensian ZK material. After those try Mills.
Adler, Mortimer J., and Charles Van Doren. How to Read a Book: The Classical Guide to Intelligent Reading. Revised and Updated ed. edition. 1940. Reprint, Touchstone, 2011. https://amzn.to/45IjBcV. (audiobook available; or a video synopsis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_rizr8bb0c)
Eco, Umberto. How to Write a Thesis. Translated by Caterina Mongiat Farina and Geoff Farina. 1977. Reprint, Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2015. https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/how-write-thesis.
Mills, C. Wright. “On Intellectual Craftsmanship (1952).” Society 17, no. 2 (January 1, 1980): 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02700062.
Should it help, I often find that audiobook versions of books or coursework sources like The Great Courses (often free at local libraries, through Hoopla, or other sources), or the highest quality material from YouTube/podcasts listened to at 1.5 - 2x speed while you're walking/commuting can give you quick overviews and/or inspectional reads at a relatively low time cost. Short reminder notes/keywords (to search) while listening can then allow you to do fast searches of the actual texts and/or course guidebooks for excerpting and note making afterwards. Highly selective use of the audiobook bookmarking features let you relisten to short portions as necessary.
As an example, one could do a quick crash course/overview of something like Marx and Communism over a week by quickly listening to all or parts of:
- https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/the-rise-of-communism-from-marx-to-lenin
- https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/communism-in-power-from-stalin-to-mao
- https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/legacies-of-great-economists
- https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/modern-intellectual-tradition-from-descartes-to-derrida
These in combination with sources like Oxford's: Very Short Introduction series book on Marx (which usually have good bibliographies) would allow you to quickly expand into more specialized "handbooks" (Oxford, Cambridge, Routledge, Sage) on the subject of Marx and from there into even more technical literature and journal articles. Obviously the deeper you go, the slower things may become depending on the depth you're looking to go.
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- Jun 2023
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Mit der ENI wird zum ersten Mal auch in Italien eine Firma dafür angeklagt, dass sie für mehr Verbrauch von fossilen Brennstoffen warb, obwohl ihr die klimarisiken bereits seit 1970 bekannt waren. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/09/italian-oil-firm-eni-lawsuit-alleging-early-knowledge-climate-crisis
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- Mar 2023
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web.archive.org web.archive.org
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Auch das grammatische Verhalten eines Wortes nach Flexion und Rektion ist der Sammlung vollständig zu entnehmen. Und schließlich und vor allen Dingen lag hier der Schlüssel zur Bestimmung der Wortbedeutungen. Statt jeweils ad hoc durch Konjekturen einzelne Textstellen spekulativ zu deuten (das Raten, von dem Erman endlich wegkommen wollte), erlaubte es der Vergleich der verschiedenen Zusammenhänge, in denen ein Wort vorkam, seine Bedeutung durch systematische Eingrenzug zu fixieren oder doch wenigstens anzunähern. Auch in dieser Hinsicht hat sich das Zettelarchiv im Sinne seines Erstellungszwecks hervorragend bewährt.
The benefit of creating such a massive key word in context index for the Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache meant that instead of using an ad hoc translation method (guessing based on limited non-cultural context) for a language, which was passingly familiar, but not their mother tongue, Adolph Erman and others could consult a multitude of contexts for individual words and their various forms to provide more global context for better translations.
Other dictionaries like the Oxford English Dictionary attempt to help do this as well as provide the semantic shift of words over time because the examples used in creating the dictionary include historical examples from various contexts.
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Blair, Ann M. “The Rise of Note-Taking in Early Modern Europe.” Intellectual History Review 20, no. 3 (August 4, 2010): 303–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17496977.2010.492611.
Annotation target: urn:x-pdf:202007e9836543a7b69e7045c81f5965
Hypothes.is: https://hypothes.is/users/chrisaldrich?q=url%3Aurn%3Ax-pdf%3A202007e9836543a7b69e7045c81f5965
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agate.academy agate.academy
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Altfranzösisches etymologisches Wörterbuch : AGATE
I recall that the Oxford English Dictionary was also compiled using a slip box method of sorts, and more interestingly it was a group effort.
Similarly Wordnik is using Hypothes.is to recreate these sorts of patterns for collecting words in context on digital cards.
Many encyclopedias followed this pattern as did Adler's Syntopicon.
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web.archive.org web.archive.org
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When I looked it up in the OED (the Oxford English Dictionary), I discovered to my surprise that it wasn't even in the main volumes but had been added in the Supplement, because the first known written reference in English ("non-fictional wares") occurred in a library journal in 1903. That is to say, "nonfiction" was evidently a term coined by a librarian trying to decide how to label all the works of narrative prose in her collection that weren't fiction, and rather than call them, say, "fact," had thoughtlessly exiled them into the Slough of Non.
According to the Oxford English dictionary, 'non-fiction' was coined in 1903 in a library journal by a librarian attempting to define the opposite of fiction.
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- Nov 2022
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www.digitalmedievalist.com www.digitalmedievalist.com
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Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru The Really Big Welsh dictionary, the Welsh equivalent of the OED
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www.programmableweb.com www.programmableweb.com
- Aug 2022
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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One dose of Pfizer or Oxford jab reduces Covid infection rate by 65% – study. (2021, April 22). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/apr/23/one-dose-of-pfizer-or-oxford-jab-reduces-covid-infection-rate-by-65-study
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www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
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Munro, A. P. S., Janani, L., Cornelius, V., Aley, P. K., Babbage, G., Baxter, D., Bula, M., Cathie, K., Chatterjee, K., Dodd, K., Enever, Y., Gokani, K., Goodman, A. L., Green, C. A., Harndahl, L., Haughney, J., Hicks, A., van der Klaauw, A. A., Kwok, J., … Appleby, K. (2021). Safety and immunogenicity of seven COVID-19 vaccines as a third dose (booster) following two doses of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2 in the UK (COV-BOOST): A blinded, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet, S0140673621027173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02717-3 s
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Pozzetto, B., Legros, V., Djebali, S., Barateau, V., Guibert, N., Villard, M., Peyrot, L., Allatif, O., Fassier, J.-B., Massardier-Pilonchéry, A., Brengel-Pesce, K., Yaugel-Novoa, M., Denolly, S., Boson, B., Bourlet, T., Bal, A., Valette, M., Andrieu, T., Lina, B., … Trouillet-Assant, S. (2021). Immunogenicity and efficacy of heterologous ChadOx1/BNT162b2 vaccination. Nature, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04120-y
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Davis, N. (2021, October 18). Valneva Covid vaccine could be as effective as Oxford jab, study suggests. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/oct/18/valneva-covid-vaccine-could-be-as-effective-as-oxford-jab-study-suggests
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www.nature.com www.nature.com
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Pritchard, E., Matthews, P. C., Stoesser, N., Eyre, D. W., Gethings, O., Vihta, K.-D., Jones, J., House, T., VanSteenHouse, H., Bell, I., Bell, J. I., Newton, J. N., Farrar, J., Diamond, I., Rourke, E., Studley, R., Crook, D., Peto, T. E. A., Walker, A. S., & Pouwels, K. B. (2021). Impact of vaccination on new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United Kingdom. Nature Medicine, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01410-w
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Nature Portfolio. (2021, October 15). A study in @NatureMedicine indicates that the effectiveness of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infections with symptoms or high viral burden is reduced with the Delta variant compared to the Alpha variant. Https://go.nature.com/3vecpoj https://t.co/XQdnMYguFz [Tweet]. @NaturePortfolio. https://twitter.com/NaturePortfolio/status/1449145321188216836
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- Mar 2022
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Geddes, L., & Sample, I. (2022, March 7). Covid can shrink brain and damage its tissue, finds research. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/07/covid-can-shrink-brain-and-damage-its-tissue-finds-research
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developer.oxforddictionaries.com developer.oxforddictionaries.com
- Nov 2021
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www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
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Holder, Josh. ‘Tracking Coronavirus Vaccinations Around the World’. The New York Times, 29 January 2021, sec. World. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker.html.
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- Oct 2021
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www.medrxiv.org www.medrxiv.org
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Hulme, W. J., Williamson, E. J., Green, A., Bhaskaran, K., McDonald, H. I., Rentsch, C. T., Schultze, A., Tazare, J., Curtis, H. J., Walker, A. J., Tomlinson, L., Palmer, T., Horne, E., MacKenna, B., Morton, C. E., Mehrkar, A., Fisher, L., Bacon, S., Evans, D., … Goldacre, B. (2021). Comparative effectiveness of ChAdOx1 versus BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines in Health and Social Care workers in England: A cohort study using OpenSAFELY [Preprint]. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.13.21264937
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- Aug 2021
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Ledford, H. (2021, August 24). COVID vaccines and blood clots: What researchers know so far. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02291-2?utm_source=twt_nat&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=nature
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Leif Erik Sander. “1/6 Our Study Comparing Reactogenicity & Immunogenicity of Homologous (2xBNT/Pfizer) vs Heterologous (AZ/ChAdOx +BNT) Vaccination Is Available Https://Medrxiv.Org/Content/10.1101/2021.05.19.21257334v2 Great Team Effort @vmcorman #FlorianKurth #DavidHillus #TatjanaSchwarz #PinkusToberLau et al. @ChariteBerlin 🧵 Https://T.Co/4zXfY4rV9c.” Tweet. @Sander_Lab (blog), June 2, 2021. https://twitter.com/Sander_Lab/status/1400178343123853321.
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www.medrxiv.org www.medrxiv.org
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Nasreen, Sharifa, Hannah Chung, Siyi He, Kevin A. Brown, Jonathan B. Gubbay, Sarah A. Buchan, Deshayne B. Fell, et al. “Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines against Variants of Concern in Ontario, Canada,” July 16, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.28.21259420.
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- Jul 2021
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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the Guardian. “Australian Medical Association Says NSW Covid Lockdown Failing and Urges Change to AstraZeneca Advice,” July 23, 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/jul/23/australian-medical-association-says-nsw-covid-lockdown-failing-and-urges-change-to-astrazeneca-advice.
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‘Covid: UK Sends Nine Million Vaccines to Vulnerable Countries’. BBC News, 28 July 2021, sec. UK Politics. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-58004934.
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- Jun 2021
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www.newscientist.com www.newscientist.com
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Page, Michael Le. “How Effective Are the Different Vaccines against Covid-19 Variants?” New Scientist. Accessed June 8, 2021. https://institutions.newscientist.com/article/mg25033363-500-how-effective-are-the-different-vaccines-against-covid-19-variants/?utm_campaign=echobox&utm_medium=social&utm_source=Twitter.
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- May 2021
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Vaccine confidence fears as under-30s in UK offered AstraZeneca alternative. (2021, April 7). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/apr/07/under-30s-in-uk-should-be-offered-alternative-covid-vaccine-to-astrazeneca-jab-says-regulator
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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More frequent side-effects reported mixing Pfizer and Oxford Covid jabs, study suggests. (2021, May 12). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/may/12/more-frequent-side-effects-reported-mixing-pfizer-and-oxford-covid-jabs-study-suggests
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www.theguardian.com www.theguardian.com
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Covid vaccine: 96% of Britons develop antibodies after one jab, study finds. (2021, May 18). The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/18/96-of-britons-develop-antibodies-after-one-covid-jab-study-finds
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Cicely Marston on Twitter. (2020). Twitter. Retrieved 2 March 2021, from https://twitter.com/cicely/status/1352346104633946113
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the Guardian. ‘Oxford/AstraZeneca Covid Vaccine Research “Was 97% Publicly Funded”’, 15 April 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/apr/15/oxfordastrazeneca-covid-vaccine-research-was-97-publicly-funded.
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- Apr 2021
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www.politico.eu www.politico.eu
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Deutsch, J. (2021, April 20). Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine shortfall due to production woes in EU: Documents. POLITICO. https://www.politico.eu/article/astrazeneca-vaccine-shortfall-production-woes-documents/
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the Guardian. ‘How UK Doctor Linked Rare Blood-Clotting to AstraZeneca Covid Jab’, 13 April 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/apr/13/how-uk-doctor-marie-scully-blood-clotting-link-astrazeneca-covid-jab-university-college-london-hospital.
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UK’s Covid vaccine programme on track despite AstraZeneca problems | Vaccines and immunisation | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2021, from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/apr/11/uks-covid-vaccine-programme-on-track-despite-astrazeneca-problems
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Dr Duncan Robertson. ‘The JCVI/MHRA Recommendation to Restrict Oxford/AZ in under-30s in the UK (Where There Is “low” Exposure Risk) Is consistent with the EMA Recommendation Not to Do so in Europe (Where There Is “Medium” or “High” Exposure Risk) Meaning the Risk/Benefit Balance Changes. Https://T.Co/C6SS9oN3Vz’. Tweet. @Dr_D_Robertson (blog), 7 April 2021. https://twitter.com/Dr_D_Robertson/status/1379808945750085643.
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twitter.com twitter.com
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Kai Kupferschmidt. ‘“Our Position Has Not Changed”, Says @EMA_News Head Emer Cooke about AZ Vaccine. “According to the Current Scientific Knowledge, There Is No Evidence That Would Support Restricting the Use of This Vaccine in Any Population."’. Tweet. @kakape (blog), 31 March 2021. https://twitter.com/kakape/status/1377268296739913728.
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci. ‘@sarahflecke “Reports Emerging of Rare Types of Multiple Thrombosis, Bleeding, and Thrombocytopenia .. Similar to Disseminated Intravasc. Coagulation ... in Otherwise Healthy Individuals Shortly after Receiving ..AstraZeneca ..Vaccine. These Outcomes Are Not Included in the Present Analysis.”’ Tweet. @SciBeh (blog), 2 April 2021. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1377984798422077446.
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- Mar 2021
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Smith, P. (2021). Interim recommendations for use of the AZD1222 (ChAdOx1-S (recombinant)) vaccine against COVID-19 developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca. WHO.
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Pimenta, Dominic, Christian Yates, Christina Pagel, and Deepti Gurdasani. ‘Delaying the Second Dose of Covid-19 Vaccines’. BMJ 372 (18 March 2021): n710. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n710.
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the Guardian. ‘There’s No Proof the Oxford Vaccine Causes Blood Clots. So Why Are People Worried? | David Spiegelhalter’, 15 March 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/mar/15/evidence-oxford-vaccine-blood-clots-data-causal-links.
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Gaier, Rodrigo Viga. ‘Exclusive: Oxford Study Indicates AstraZeneca Effective against Brazil Variant, Source Says’. Reuters, 5 March 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-brazil-variant-exc-idUSKBN2AX1NS.
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- Feb 2021
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Thompson, B., Baker, N., & Ledford, H. (2021). Coronapod: Is mixing COVID vaccines a good idea? Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00390-8
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Zhang, S. (2020, December 1). The Long Haul of Vaccine Results Is Just Beginning. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/12/vaccine-trials-can-still-surprise-us/617247/
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