for - progress trap - reducing nitrogen air pollution - reduces soil carbon storage

Treibhausgasemissionen und Luftverschmutzung haben zum Teil dieselben Ursachen, vor allem fossile Brennstoffe, und ihre Wirkungen verstärken sich. Das neueste Bulletin der WMO dazu beschäftigt sich intensiv mit den katastrophalen Waldbränden dieses Jahres. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/feux-de-foret-pollution-de-lair-et-changement-climatique-forment-un-cercle-vicieux-avertit-lonu-20240905_XJ5WLTR4MZHXVN4KYGO6DTBAXA/

WMO-Bulletin: https://wmo.int/publication-series/wmo-air-quality-and-climate-bulletin-no-4-september-2024

https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/aug/16/biden-inflation-reduction-act-tax-benefit-wealthy

Die G7 Staaten haben sich beim Treffen ihrer Energieminister in Turin darauf geeinigt, ab 2035 keinen Strom mehr aus Kohlekraftwerken zu produzieren – es sei denn, es werde Carbon Capture and Storage verwendet. Länder, die auf Kohlestrom angewiesen seien, werden nicht zum Verzicht auf Kohle aufgefordert. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/30/g7-agree-to-end-use-of-unabated-coal-power-plants-by-2035

In den USA unterscheidet sich die Regulierungspolitik der Biden-Administration in der Energiepolitik drastisch von der der Trump-Administration. Ein Sieg Trumps im Herbst würde zu einer weiteren Kursumkehr führen. Diese Veränderung enbedeuten für die amerikanische Wirtschaft ein großes Risiko. die New York Times berichtet über Einschätzungen der Schädlichkeit der politischen Kurzwechsel aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht und informiert dabei über die wichtigsten regulierungsmaßnahmen der demokratischen Administrationen. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/26/climate/biden-trump-environmental-regulations.html

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:00][^1^][1] - [00:36:07][^2^][2]:

La vidéo présente une table ronde sur les actions publiques efficaces pour réduire la pollution de l'air, avec des intervenants de différentes régions partageant leurs stratégies et défis. Elle met en lumière les efforts de la Pologne et de la Catalogne pour améliorer la qualité de l'air et les mesures prises pour atteindre les objectifs de l'OMS.

Points forts: + [00:01:45][^3^][3] Stratégies en Pologne * Surveillance de la qualité de l'air * Actions spécifiques nationales + [00:10:13][^4^][4] Programme prioritaire polonais * Aide à la rénovation énergétique * Subventions pour changer de chauffage + [00:15:50][^5^][5] Efforts en Catalogne * Stratégie catalane d'amélioration de l'air * Plan d'action à court terme + [00:26:09][^6^][6] Plan catalan 2023-2027 * Mesures pour divers secteurs * Objectifs alignés avec les directives de l'OMS + [00:34:25][^7^][7] Actions à Montpellier * Priorité aux mobilités * Réduction de la pollution routière Résumé de la vidéo 00:36:09 - 01:00:18 : La vidéo aborde la mobilité décarbonée et la qualité de l'air à Montpellier, soulignant les défis environnementaux et sociaux. Elle présente des mesures comme la gratuité des transports, l'investissement dans les infrastructures et la coopération pour améliorer la santé publique et réduire la pollution.

Points forts : + [00:36:09][^1^][1] Mobilité et environnement * Modes de transport inchangés depuis 1999 * Croissance démographique et augmentation des véhicules + [00:37:48][^2^][2] Stratégie de mobilité * Gratuité des transports pour la transition énergétique * Double effet : écologie et pouvoir d'achat + [00:39:24][^3^][3] Investissements et infrastructures * 1 milliard investi dans les mobilités décarbonées * Actions pour la qualité de l'air et réduction de la pollution + [00:45:01][^4^][4] Politiques publiques * Synergie entre actions climatiques et qualité de l'air * Importance du chauffage au bois et des ZFE + [00:49:41][^5^][5] Urgence et mesures * Conférence sur la pollution de l'air * Coopération et solutions holistiques pour la santé Résumé de la vidéo [01:00:19][^1^][1] - [01:07:04][^2^][2]:

La vidéo aborde la question des objectifs environnementaux de la France, la lutte contre la pollution de l'air et son impact sur la santé. Elle souligne l'importance d'avoir des objectifs réalisables et un plan crédible pour les atteindre d'ici 2030.

Points forts: + [01:00:19][^3^][3] Objectifs environnementaux * Importance des objectifs clairs * Nécessité d'un plan pour 2030 + [01:01:52][^4^][4] Pollution de l'air et santé * Discussion sur les indices de pollution * Introduction du potentiel Occident + [01:04:08][^5^][5] Coût économique de la santé * Coût du traitement du cancer * Impact économique des maladies liées à la pollution

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:00][^1^][1] - [00:27:27][^2^][2]:

La vidéo présente une conférence sur l'impact sanitaire des perturbateurs endocriniens, en mettant l'accent sur leur présence dans l'air ambiant et les risques pour la santé. Elle aborde la définition des perturbateurs endocriniens, leur classification par l'OMS, et les efforts de la France pour les identifier et comprendre leur impact.

Points forts: + [00:00:21][^3^][3] Définition des perturbateurs endocriniens * Substance interférant avec le système endocrinien + [00:01:33][^4^][4] Classification par l'OMS * Catégories: avérés, présumés, suspectés + [00:04:08][^5^][5] Efforts de la France * Stratégie nationale et biosurveillance + [00:07:00][^6^][6] Les ftalates * Plastifiants ubiquitaires et leur impact + [00:10:01][^7^][7] Présence dans l'environnement * Évaporation des plastiques et contamination + [00:17:01][^8^][8] Effets sur les femmes enceintes et les bébés * Risques liés à l'exposition et à la pollution atmosphérique Résumé de la vidéo [00:27:28][^1^][1] - [00:51:25][^2^][2]:

La vidéo aborde la réglementation européenne sur les perturbateurs endocriniens, leur impact sur la santé et l'environnement, et les défis liés à la révision des lois existantes. Elle souligne l'importance de considérer les effets combinés, les expositions multiples et les populations vulnérables.

Points forts: + [00:27:28][^3^][3] Révision réglementaire * Mise à jour des critères d'identification * Application horizontale dans la législation + [00:28:01][^4^][4] Nécessité de révision * Importance de la révision de la réglementation REACH * Impact sur les polluants industriels + [00:29:01][^5^][5] Coût pour la santé * Coût annuel de 163 milliards d'euros * Lié à l'exposition aux perturbateurs + [00:30:00][^6^][6] Droits de l'enfant * Impact de l'exposition sur les droits de l'enfant * Nécessité de jouer et d'étudier en sécurité + [00:33:21][^7^][7] Vignobles et pesticides * Discussion sur l'exposition aux pesticides dans les régions viticoles * Réglementation européenne et son efficacité + [00:51:12][^8^][8] Recherche accélérée * Utilisation de systèmes de bio pour avancer la recherche * Validité sur les milieux à risque Résumé de la vidéo [00:51:28][^1^][1] - [01:17:42][^2^][2]: La vidéo présente une méthode bioanalytique pour détecter les perturbateurs endocriniens dans l'eau et l'air, soulignant l'importance de surveiller l'imprégnation des milieux aquatiques et atmosphériques par ces substances pour évaluer les risques pour les organismes et l'environnement.

Points forts: + [00:51:28][^3^][3] Détection des perturbateurs endocriniens * Importance des modes d'action multiples * Nécessité d'évaluer les risques pour la santé + [00:54:19][^4^][4] Complexité chimique des milieux aquatiques * Présence de micropolluants variés * Interactions avec l'atmosphère et le vivant + [00:56:02][^5^][5] Approches analytiques et bioessais * Limites des analyses chimiques ciblées * Pertinence des bioessais pour évaluer les effets de mélange + [01:00:04][^6^][6] Quantification de l'activité endocrine * Utilisation de bioessais pour mesurer l'activité spécifique * Comparaison avec des valeurs seuil pour évaluer les risques + [01:03:05][^7^][7] Transposition de la méthode à l'air * Surveillance de la contamination par HAP et dérivés * Identification des molécules actives non détectées par analyses chimiques + [01:06:08][^8^][8] Implications réglementaires et surveillance * Intégration des mesures bioanalytiques dans la réglementation * Projet européen pour la surveillance environnementale Résumé de la vidéo [01:17:44][^1^][1] - [01:39:49][^2^][2]:

La vidéo aborde les actions et les acteurs impliqués dans la réduction de l'exposition aux perturbateurs endocriniens, l'importance de la recherche, l'engagement des collectivités, et les initiatives gouvernementales en France.

Points forts: + [01:17:44][^3^][3] Actions contre les perturbateurs * Société civile active * Recherche en cours + [01:21:44][^4^][4] Engagement régional * Initiatives en Occitanie * Plans pour la santé environnementale + [01:30:05][^5^][5] Réponse de l'État * Focus sur la santé environnementale * Importance de l'eau et de l'air Résumé de la vidéo [01:39:51][^1^][1] - [02:02:23][^2^][2]:

Cette partie de la vidéo aborde les effets des polluants atmosphériques et des perturbateurs endocriniens sur la polyarthrite rhumatoïde et la santé publique, en se concentrant sur deux études spécifiques menées en France.

Points forts: + [01:39:51][^3^][3] Projet E3N * Étude sur la polyarthrite rhumatoïde * Impact des perturbateurs endocriniens + [01:40:49][^4^][4] Charge toxique des particules * Analyse de la qualité de l'air * Identification d'indicateurs sanitaires + [01:43:43][^5^][5] Révision réglementaire * Importance de la réglementation européenne * Réduction des expositions aux perturbateurs + [01:45:36][^6^][6] Mesures des perturbateurs * Nécessité de connaissances approfondies * Impact des sources multiples sur la contamination + [01:47:37][^7^][7] Accès aux données publiques * Difficultés rencontrées par les citoyens * Importance de la transparence des informations + [01:53:50][^8^][8] Financement de la santé environnementale * Manque de soutien financier * Appel à une reconnaissance accrue de l'importance de la santé environnementale

https://www.liberation.fr/international/europe/recyclage-plastique-a-usage-unique-pfas-ce-que-contient-le-nouveau-texte-de-lue-sur-les-emballages-20240305_RIOCOZ2CORG6FO774SLPD2N7IE/

https://taz.de/Verschmutztes-Mittelmeer/!5989785/

Eine neue Studie ergibt, das Bestandteile von Plastik sogenannte EDCs eine Ursache für die Zunahme von Krebs und anderen Krankheiten vor allem bei Menschen unter 50 Jahren sind. Die EDCs sind nur ein Teil der chemischen Umweltbelastung durch Produkte und Abfälle aus fossilen Brennstoffen, die für mindestens 1,8 Millionen vorzeitige Todesfälle im Jahr verantwortlich ist. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/mar/06/increase-fossil-fuel-pollution-health-risk-report

for - innovation - tire pollution - tire pollution - tire collective

Eine Koalition von NGOs wird weiterhin gegen das Project One genannte größte petrochemische Werk Europas kämpfen, das in Belgien errichtet werden soll. Mit großer Energie wird bei der EU für dieses Projekt lobbyiert, das wegen seiner Umweltfolgen bereits einmal gestoppt wurde. Das Projekt würde die Plastikverschmutzung enorm vergrößern und zusätzlich zu hohen Treibhausgasemissionen führen. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/feb/22/ngos-lodge-legal-challenge-against-vast-new-petrochemical-plant-in-antwerp

Das Verbrennen von Holz-Pellets ist in den USA pro Energieeinheit für 2,8mal soviel gesundheitsschädliche Emssionen verantwortlich als fossile Brennstoffe erzeugen. Die Treibhausgase, die durch die gesamte Produktion der Pellets erzeugt werden, werden of unzureichend bilanziert. Eine neue Studie fordert nachdrücklich dazu auf, die Verwendung von Pellets als Ersatz für fossile Energieträger in Frage zu stellen. https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2024/02/13/news/stufe_a_pellet_inquinamento_vs_petrolio_carbone-422099948/

for - dorsal light response - flying insects attracted to light - light pollution - progress trap - light pollution

Sollte Trump zum zweiten Mal Präsident der USA werden, wird er wesentlich systematischer und ideologischer gegen alle Regelungen vorgehen, die die Treibhausgasemissionen einschränken. Der Guardian beschreibt die wahrscheinlichsten Maßnahmen aufgrund von Gesprächen mit Republikaner:innen. Schon jetzt sind die USA der größte Öl- und gasproduzent der Welt. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/feb/06/trump-climate-change-fossil-fuels-second-term

for - progress trap - tires - micro plastic p pollution

https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000197439/luftverschmutzung-durch-fossile-energie-sorgt-fuer-mehr-als-fuenf-millionen-todesfaelle

In Delhi wurden die Schulen ein weiteres Mal wegen der akuten Luftverschmutzung geschlossen. Hauptursache ist Kohleverbrennung. Der Grenzwert für die besonders gefährlichen PM 2,5-Partikel wurde um das 35fache überschritten. In den vergangenen 7 Jahren stiegen in Indien die Emissionen pro Einwohner um 29%. 2020 starben ca 1,67 Millionen Menschen in Indien durch Luftverschmutzung. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/pollution/inde-delhi-suffoque-encore-et-toujours-sous-la-pollution-les-ecoles-ferment-pour-deux-jours-20231103_WQ22QAO745BQ5GOGW7JPNB4SXY/

Vor allem der Druck Frankreichs und Italiens hat eine Verschärfung der europäischen Abgasnormen für die Automobilindustrie verhindert, wie sie die Europäische Kommission geplant hatte. Damit soll die europäische Industrie vor allem angesichts der Konkurrenz bei Elektroautos aus den USA und China geschützt werden. In der EU ist Luftverschmutzung im Jahr für 70 000 Todesfälle mitverantwortlich, 98% der Stadtbewohner:innen sind zu hohen Feinstaubmengen ausgesetzt. https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/pollution/pendant-que-macron-parle-environnement-la-france-empeche-lue-dabaisser-les-normes-de-pollution-des-voitures-20230926_GDIL5OWTEVDUXMIAN2467ZMDEU/

Zu den vielen negativen Folgen von Hitzewellen gehört, dass sie die Luftqualität verschlechtern. Die World Meteorological Organisation zeigt in ihrem Bericht über Luftqualität und Klima 2022 u.a., dass die Hitzewellen des Jahres zu sehr viel mehr Waldbränden und zu einem bedeutend höheren Anteil an Sahara-Staub in der Luft einiger Regionen führten.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/sep/06/world-meteorologists-point-to-vicious-cycle-of-heatwaves-and-air-pollution

• Air pollution impacts
  • 5.5 million people die each year of air pollution from
    • burning coal
    • driving cars
    • burning fires to clear land
      • and forest fires

• quote
  • "When their antennae become clogged with pollution particles,
  • insects struggle to
    • smell food,
    • smell a mate, or
    • smell a place to lay their eggs,
  • and it follows that their populations will decline,"
• Author
  • Prof Mark Elgar

• Title
  • Air pollution particles may be cause of dramatic drop in global insect numbers
• Date
  • July 12, 2023
• Publication
  • https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/07/230712124747.htm

Very interesting article, there are few evaluating the effect of actions

Fifth boundary : air pollution

!- leverage point : ocean plastic pollution

World Health Organization

WHO guidelinesfor indoor air quality

Huh? The plastic ends up in the Garbage Patches - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_garbage_patch

This is a surprising and disappointing oversight by ESA.

Example of a progress trap Planetary Boundary / Doughnut Economic Category: Biophysical: Chemicals, Water Socio-Economic: Food, Health

This is an example of the manufacturer / consumer dualism created by the Industrial Revolution. Since manufacturers have become a separate layer that no longer exist as part of the community, as artisans once did, along with globalized capitalism, the consumer does not know the life history of the product being consumed. The sensory bubble limits what a consumer can directly know.

One answer is to promote a trend back to local and artisan production. Relocalizing production can empower consumers to inspect producers of the products they consume, holding them accountable.

Another answer is to develop globalized trust networks of producers who are truly ethical.

Cosmolocal production has networks by the commons nature can promote such values.

Artificial Light pollution endangering moth species

Kevin Courtney #NEU💝NHS. (2022, January 5). Ventilation isn’t just for Covid.... ...It’s for Education This study looks at the impact of CO2 not just as a marker of pollution but as a pollutant in itself. It shows that as CO2 rises above 700/800 ppm cognitive function begins to be impaired https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/27662232/4892924.pdf?sequence=1&fbclid=IwAR2kWIHIJfssa_sw72MD6W1hnkDvSm4bikK5FOLxwQxhjYLEYjfPCfzXz3E [Tweet]. @cyclingkev. https://twitter.com/cyclingkev/status/1478778857536860170

noise pollution

the Guardian. “Wildfire Smoke Has Caused Rise in Covid Infections and Deaths, Study Finds,” August 13, 2021. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/13/wildfire-smoke-covid-infections-deaths-study.

Escandón, K., Rasmussen, A. L., Bogoch, I. I., Murray, E. J., Escandón, K., Popescu, S. V., & Kindrachuk, J. (2021). COVID-19 false dichotomies and a comprehensive review of the evidence regarding public health, COVID-19 symptomatology, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, mask wearing, and reinfection. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 710. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06357-4

Doctors for XR on Twitter: “https://t.co/OwN3VQsGqw @richardhorton1 speaking to @DrTedros today on video link at #WHA74 about the similarities of #COVID19 and #climatecrisis and the cost of inaction. This before Tedros addressed Doctors + Nurses protesting at the WHO. #WHO #RedAlertWHO https://t.co/yComw7YNR3” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved June 6, 2021, from https://twitter.com/DoctorsXr/status/1398656730570145796

In King County, pollution makes ZIP codes predictors of your health | Crosscut. (n.d.). Retrieved 5 March 2021, from https://crosscut.com/video/new-normal/king-county-pollution-makes-zip-codes-predictors-your-health

In addition to setting standard "social costs" for greenhouse gases, it would be useful to set social costs for non-greenhouse gas co-pollutants such as PM2.5. While focusing on GHG emissions is useful, it results in an underestimation of the true social cost of fuel combustion.

As the number of industries increases as well as vehicles, it impact air which we breath. Diseases caused by pollution are severe and WHO states that 9 out of 10 people in the world breathe in polluted air. Allergy solutions are many but the key to keep pollution allergy at bay is to ensure the air quality is high. Outdoor allergies caused by pollution cannot be controlled instantly but with certain measures the risk can be reduced.

Achakulwisut, P. (n.d.). The U.S. Risks Locking In a Climate Health Crisis in Response to COVID. Scientific American. Retrieved December 10, 2020, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-u-s-risks-locking-in-a-climate-health-crisis-in-response-to-covid/

Raimondo, S., Benigni, B., & De Domenico, M. (2020). Environmental conditions and human activity nexus. The case of Northern Italy during COVID-19 lockdown. ArXiv:2010.07721 [Physics]. http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.07721

Dang, H. H., & Trinh, T. (2020). The Beneficial Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Air Pollution: Evidence from Vietnam. IZA Discussion Paper, 13651.

How monitors (specific measures of specific criteria) are identified in AQS data.

Cicala, S., Holland, S. P., Mansur, E. T., Muller, N. Z., & Yates, A. J. (2020). Expected Health Effects of Reduced Air Pollution from COVID-19 Social Distancing (Working Paper No. 27135; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27135

Koren, M. (2020, April 2). The Pandemic Is Turning the Natural World Upside Down. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/04/coronavirus-pandemic-earth-pollution-noise/609316/

Burke, Marshall, Anne Driscoll, Jenny Xue, Sam Heft-Neal, Jennifer Burney, and Michael Wara. ‘The Changing Risk and Burden of Wildfire in the US’. Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2020. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27423.

Association, N. S. and P. (n.d.). Covid-19 lockdowns will have little lasting impact on global warming. New Scientist. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/2251313-covid-19-lockdowns-will-have-little-lasting-impact-on-global-warming/

Air Pollution Exposure and COVID-19. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 7, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/air-pollution-exposure-and-covid-19/

Almond, D., Du, X., & Zhang, S. (2020). Ambiguous Pollution Response to COVID-19 in China (Working Paper No. 27086; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27086

Deregulation in a Time of Pandemic: Does Pollution Increase Coronavirus Cases or Deaths?. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13231/

Pandemic Meets Pollution: Poor Air Quality Increases Deaths by COVID-19. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved July 31, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13418/

Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Improve Global Air Quality? New Cross-​National Evidence on Its Unintended Consequences. COVID-19 and the Labor Market. (n.d.). IZA – Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://covid-19.iza.org/publications/dp13480/

Knittel, C. R., & Ozaltun, B. (2020). What Does and Does Not Correlate with COVID-19 Death Rates (Working Paper No. 27391; Working Paper Series). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w27391

Lenzen, M., Li, M., Malik, A., Pomponi, F., Sun, Y.-Y., Wiedmann, T., Faturay, F., Fry, J., Gallego, B., Geschke, A., Gómez-Paredes, J., Kanemoto, K., Kenway, S., Nansai, K., Prokopenko, M., Wakiyama, T., Wang, Y., & Yousefzadeh, M. (2020). Global socio-economic losses and environmental gains from the Coronavirus pandemic. PLOS ONE, 15(7), e0235654. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235654

Rosenbloom, D., & Markard, J. (2020). A COVID-19 recovery for climate. Science, 368(6490), 447–447. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc4887

Rutter, H., Horton, R., & Marteau, T. M. (2020). The Lancet–Chatham House Commission on improving population health post COVID-19. The Lancet, 396(10245), 152–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31184-3

Sharma, R., & Hossain, M. M. (2020). Household air pollution and COVID-19 risk in India: A potential concern [Preprint]. SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/4ghde

Expert Reaction

Miami pilots e-cargo bikes to reduce congestion, pollution. (n.d.). Smart Cities Dive. Retrieved May 25, 2020, from https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/miami-e-cargo-bike-pilot-dhl-city-congestion-pollution/578115/

Pieper, D. (2020, May 1). Challenging social systems under the threat of pollution: Replication and extension of Eadeh and Chang (2019). Retrieved from psyarxiv.com/axbj4

we should avoid using plastics as much as possible.

2050 is only 31 years way...we have to do something

https://www.strawlessocean.org/faq

Voici les exigences de Santé Canada.

42.86

13.89

41.07

22.22

15.58

45.95

50

0

17.65

14.91

12.30

16.67

29.51

18.10

14.17

18.94

Environment - Gift to Humans by Nature - Amazing Speech on Environment

The "magic" is now gone from a "magical" place that once inspired poets to write about love and beauty- now it's empty and becoming polluted.

A lot of polution in urban areas and pesticides

Relates to Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/Air-Pollution.aspx "The main changes to MARPOL Annex VI are a progressive reduction globally in emissions of SOx, NOx and particulate matter and the introduction of emission control areas (ECAs) to reduce emissions of those air pollutants further in designated sea areas.

Under the revised MARPOL Annex VI, the global sulphur cap will be reduced from current 3.50% to 0.50%, effective from 1 January 2020, subject to a feasibility review to be completed no later than 2018. The limits applicable in ECAs for SOx and particulate matter were reduced to 0.10%, from 1 January 2015. "

The Mountain passage continues Eliot’s theme of Nature and the effects of human pollution upon it. This instance has a more distinct visual of man’s impact on the world that surrounds us. It focuses not so much on contrasting dirty vs. clean imagery, but on the disfiguration of nature. The “Dead mountain” suggests human intervention as it and the surround lines seem to bring to mind imagery of mining within the mountains. In the line on 385, it evokes this with the line: “In this decayed hole among the mountains”. This could be a reference to how we would mine mountains by either blowing them up or digging holes right through them. This hole could be a result of this human intervention.

The pollution of nature is seen on the line preceding the dead mountains. Eliot notes how there is no “water among the rock”. It suggests that by our tampering with nature we have driven the key element of life from this area: water. Without water, the life around the mountain will die, leading to Eliot calling it a “dead mountain”. This pattern can be seen a few times in the poem, the idea of a dead land not able to contain life. In line 23 and 24, Eliot states how “[…] the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief, And the dry stone no sound of water”. The broken mountain can give no protection to life. The dry rocks have no water, as the mountain’s “carious teeth that cannot spit”. Even with out rain there is still “dry sterile thunder” that cannot hurt the land due to it already being dead. As Eliot says, “There is not even solitude in the mountains”. When humans try to change nature, it can lead to disastrous consequences that destroy the land from even the simple pleasures of life and nature. This is not only disastrous for nature but come back to haunt humans as well.

This passage continues Eliot’s motif of nature throughout the poem. However it does not present nature as pristine. The imagery of a cold winter fog is mixed in with a dirty brown fog, offering a strong contrast between nature and pollution. The “Brown Fog” seems to be a reference to the industrial revolution in Victorian London. During the time industrial pollution was rampant, especially due to the now iconic imagery of the smoke towers of factories around the city. It seems to suggest how humans cause pollution through our industry and our numbers. The brown fog is a result of the dirty smoke mixing in with the clean air, producing a dirty haze. However, we would only notice this contrast because it’s mixing with clean nature.

In life we only seem to notice the effects of pollution when they begin to mix in and change the clean nature, giving us a way to contrast the dirty from the clean. Eliot is well aware of this and uses this to his advantage. He pairs the words and imagery together of “the brown fog” (the dirty) with “a winter dawn”, with winter evoking sterile white, clean imagery. Eliot’s poem works in a similar way. The contrast of Eliot’s techniques, poetic and non-poetic, stands out more when thrown in together. The broken pieces of the poem would not be as noticeable if they were separated into their own short little poems. However the fragmented nature of the poem is more noticeable when it is mixed together, contrasting much like clean nature highlights pollution.

Another interesting note is how directly after the mention of a brown fog, Eliot mentions, “a crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many, I had not though death had undone so many”. The rapid growth of humans seems to be creating a different form of pollution. While their actions effect nature, the growth of the population could be affecting the city itself. Perhaps its meant to suggest the larger crowds dirtying the city like the fog dirties the air. Perhaps the crowd pollutes the city by another means? The line “I had not though death had undone so many” makes the crowd seem like walking corpses. However, Elliot might be suggesting that the crowds are only behaving like corpses. As the city grows, so does society and they way people act in a big city is far different from a small town. Society makes the crowd behave a certain way, polluting their individualism into something the fits in line more with society. Elliot sees them as being “undone” because they have been polluted by society.

Dead land, dull roots, dried tubers. These are all images of dead or dying nature. However, in the winter this is not visible. Because in the winter, everything is covered in forgetful snow. The snow covers the land and hides all the broken and dead images under its snow-white blanket. White is the color of innocence. As long ans the land is covered in snow pollution seems to be non existent or at least forgotten for some time.

However, as soon as the snow melts, the cruel reality shows its face again. That is why April is described as the cruelest of all months. It is the month that confronts mankind with the damages it has done to nature. Over the winter men could forget about pollution, because they could not see it as well as in the other seasons, when it was not covered by “forgetful snow”. Now that it melts the dull roots, and the dead land become visible again. Memory and desire get mixed. The memory of pollution and the desire that it was not there. But it is and April shows it, when it start waking up the dying land. The “spring rain” washes away the “forgetful snow” and confronts people with their hidden secrets. Nothings stays hidden forever.

The poem, therefore, starts with a relevation of pollution by the melting snow. As the poem goes on it explores and examines this relevation of pollution further.

Eliot explores the themes of nature and non-nature, focusing specifically within the themes on the motif of pollution. Pollution exists as the link between nature and non-nature. In this case the “river” signifies nature whilst “Oil and tar” signify non-nature. It is only through spoiling nature, that “Oil and tar” become pollution. Eliot successfully captures the industrial state of America during the 1920s through the motif of pollution. Due to the huge boom in industry, more and more waste was subsequently created. Eliot effectively forms a commentary on the negative ways in which society therefore spoils nature through the waste and by-products it creates. The image of pollution spreading throughout water is particularly effective as it suggests how pollution formed by society becomes almost uncontainable after it has been created. As “Oil and tar” continue to spread further down the river, pollution too continues to spread, spoiling nature and leaving it in a state of ruin.

Additionally through Eliot’s choice of oil and tar as the materials to represent pollution he emphasises the extreme nature and impact that society has upon nature. As the process of removing oil and tar from water is particularly challenging, Eliot suggests the severe significance of the pollution created by society, even perhaps proposing its irreversible nature.

The motif of pollution runs throughout the poem however it could also be said that the poem itself is polluted. The poem being a combination of fragments appears almost jumbled together, each stanza different to another. Pollution in the form of waste or rubbish is jumbled together in a similar way, each fragment within the poem can therefore be interpreted as a different piece of waste that collectively forms pollution.

Throughout the piece Eliot seems to frame the modern world and its denizens against the natural world. It is possible that the "hooded hordes" described in this segment depict the brutal force of the transition into modernity, thundering through nature in the name of progress and at the expense of the natural world. The impact of those hordes on nature is apparent in the other lines that allude to nature's decline - rivers sweating oil and tar, the brown fog, the hole in the mountain. At the same time, the image of those hordes - cloaked, faceless, swarming - suggests that the very process of relentless advancement in itself can be destructive, contributing to adversity and degradation of the swarming hordes in addition to their environment.

A corpse flower is a certain sort of flower. With this meaning, the sentence could be read literally as a question about the flowers the person planted. However, there is a double meaning in this line. Corpse can also mean “dead body”. A dead body is a impurfying entity. A possible interpretation of this line would, therefore, be that mankind even pollutes their self-created nature by burying dead bodies in their gardens.

Gardens are a symbol of men wanting to dominate and control nature. They appear several times in the poem. There is the Hyacinth garden, there are the gardens with the frosty silence and other gardens in the Unreal City. In the form of these gardens, men create their own nature, within their range of control. Gardens are orderly and beautiful and predictable. Nature outside of gardens, real nature, however, is anything but predictable. It can be harsh and cruel and deadly. These features are taken from it, when creating gardens. Gardens are some kind of “fake nature”, that only present the good features of nature. They are not threatening. They should be beautiful and pure.

Pollution, however, does not make a exception for them. Mankind is, therefore, even polluting their own creation. They are not only polluting the wild, untamable nature outside of their control, but also their very own gardens. Pollution is slowly turning all kinds of nature, no matter whether inside or outside of society, into a Wasteland.

The dead body is, furthermore, polluting not only nature but society as well. Gardens are part of domesticity, the household of a person. By burying a dead body in ones household, this household or domestic realm of a person gets polluted and contaminated.

This line is also connected to the very opening of the poem: “April is the cruelest month”. In April the first flowers start to sprout, the snow that covers everything in forgetfulness and hides the secrets and sins of everyone, is melting and leaves behind the cruel reality. Pollution becomes visible in April, because there is no longer snow to cover it and everything that had be buried comes back to the surface.

Perhaps another example of human impact on the natural world?

I feel like this subtly captures the natural world vs. modern world hints we discussed last class.

Purpose of the Inland Wetland agency.

A. minimizing disturbance and pollution

B. maintaining/improving water quality

C. prevention of erosion, turbidity (soil in water), and siltation.

D. prevention of loss of beneficial aquatic life/habitat.

E. deterring/inhibiting floods and pollution

F.protection for economic,aesthetic, and recreational use.

G. protecting water resources from drought, overdraft, pollution, misuse, and mismanagement.

H. balance between need for economic growth and protection of environment.

Air pollution by indoor cooking and lighting is a major health risk. With half the world's population relying on open fireplaces, this is truly a problem of global scale... I found an inspiring company that works on both increasing the accessibility to electricity and a less harmful alternative to conventional open fireplaces. You might be interested in this. You can read about their vision here: http://www.biolitestove.com/pages/mission